GRAMMAR

DETERMINERS

*DETERMINERS TELL US ABOUT THE NOUN,

*IT IS PLACED BEFORE COMMON NOUNS OR ADJECTIVES
*DETERMINERS ARE USED BEFORE NOUNS TO INDICATE WHICH PARTICULAR PERSON OR
THING WE ARE REFERING TO.

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF DETERMINERS.THE ARE

1. CENTRAL DETERMINERS- DEFINITE AND IN DEFINITE ARTICLES

2. PRE DETERMINERS- PLACED BEFORE CENTRAL DETERMINER.

3. POST DETERMINERS- PLACED AFTER CENTRAL DETERMINER.

COMMONLY USED DETERMINERS:
1. ARTICLES-A,AN,THE

A AND AN ARE CALLED INDEFINITE ARTICLES BECAUSE THEY DO NOT POINT TO ANY
PERSON OR THING.

THE - DEFINITE ARTICLE- POINTS TO A SPECIFIC PERSON OR THING.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IS USED-

 TO MAKE SPECIFIC REFERENCE.

THERE’S THE SHOP I WAS LOOKING FOR.

 WHEN WE ARE TALKING TO SOMEONE WHO KNOWS WHICH THING OR PERSON
WE ARE REFFERING TO.

THERE IS WATER IN THE FRIDGE.

 TO GENERALISE A CLASS

THE TIGER IS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES.

 BEFORE AN ADJECTIVE, WHEN IT IS USED AS A NOUN INDICATING NATIONALITY OR

A CLASS.

THE RICH CAN BE SELFISH.

 BEFORE THE NAMES OF THE RIVERS, SEAS, OCEANS OR MOUNTAINS.

THE INDIAN OCEAN.

 BEFORE THE NAMES OF PARTS OF THE BODY WHEN THESE ARE REFERRED TO IN
AN IMPERSONAL WAY.
HE WAS HIT ON THE HEAD.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES ARE USED-

 TO REFER TO SOMETHING MENTIONED FOR THE FIRST TIME..

IT WAS AN INTERESTING IDEA.

 TO REFER TO SOMETHING YOU DO NOT WANT TO BE SPECIFIC ABOUT.

A GIRL CAME TO SEE YOU.

 TO REFER TO A PERSON’S PROFESSION.

HE IS AN ENGINEER.

WE DO NOT USE ARTICLES-

 WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

I ALWAYS WELCOME GOOD NEWS.

 WITH PLURAL NOUNS.

STUDENTS ENJOY LONG VACATIONS.

 WITH THE NAMES OF HOLIDAYS.

I WILL MEET MY UNCLE DURING EASTER.

 WITH THE NAMES OF MONTHS.

LAST SEPTEMBER HE WAS IN LONDON.

 WITH THE NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE

WEEK. WE WILL GO OUT ON SUNDAY.
 WITH THE NAMES OF SEASONS.

BIRDS VISIT THE SCANTUARY IN WINTER.

* WHEN WE SPEAK OF THE TIME OF THE DAY OR WITH NAMES OF MEALS.

I SHOULD FINISH BY NOON
 WITH WORDS SUCH AS ‘HOSPITAL’ ‘UNIVERSITY’ OR ‘SCHOOL’, WHEN THEY ARE
USED FOR THEIR INTENDED PURPOSE, THAT IS MEDICAL , EDUCATIONAL ....

HE’LL HAVE TO STAY IN HOSPITAL FOR A WHILE.

DEMONSTRATIVES (THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE)

DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS HELP TO POINT TO SPECIFIC NOUNS.

 THIS / THESE- REFERS TO PEOPLE OR OBJECTS NEARBY

 THAT/ THOSE- PEOPLE OR OBJECTS AT A DISTANCE.

THIS BOOK IS HEAVIER THAN THAT BOOK.

THESE MANGOES ARE SWEATER THAN THOSE MANGOES.

2. POSSESSIVES (MY, OUR, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR)

 OWNERSHIP/POSSESSION- USED BEFORE SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUNS

REGARDLESS WHETHER THEY ARE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE.

PUT MY BOOK IN HER BAG.

3. POSSESSIVE NOUNS (MIRA’S, UNCLE’S)

4. CARDINAL NUMBERS (ONE, TWO, THREE)QUANTITY OF COUNTABLE NOUNS

5. ORDINAL NUMBERS (FIRST, SECOND, THIRD) SEQUENCE OF COUNTABLE NOUNS

6. QUANTIFIERS (MANY, A FEW, MOST, MORE,

NONE,ANY,MUCH,SEVERAL,LITTLE,SOME,FEW) QUANTITY OF
NOUNS
 THESE CAN BE USED TO SUGGEST NUMBER AS WELL AS QUANTITY AND ARE
ACCORDINGLY USED WITH COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

WE USE MANY, SEVERAL AND FEW WITH PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS SINCE THEY
SUGGEST NUMBER.
MANY LIONS, SEVERAL BUSHES.

MUCH AND LITTLE REFER TO QUANTITY AND CAN BE USED BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS.
MUCH WORK, LITTLE HOPE.
SOME AND ANY CAN BE USED BEFORE COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.
GENERALLY SOME IS USED IN AFFIRMATIVE
ANY IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

7. DISTRIBUTIVES (EACH, EVERY, NEITHER, EITHER)

 POINT OUT THAT THE PEOPLE OR THINGS MENTIONED ARE TO BE CONSIDERED
SEPARATELY.

NEITHER BOY DESERVES THIS AWARD.

YOU CAN TAKE EITHER ROAD TO REACH HIS HOUSE.
EVERY STUDENT MUST ATTEND ASSEMBLY.
SHE HAS SOLVED EACH SAMPLE PAPER AT LEAST TWICE.

8. INTERROGATIVES (WHICH, WHOSE, WHAT,HOW MUCH, HOW MANY)

WHICH SAREE SHOULD I BUY?
WHAT BOOK ARE THEY READING?

ADJECTIVES ARE USED IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES TO GATHER INFORMATION

ABOUT THE NOUN IN QUESTION.
 THE SENTENCE

A SENTENCE IS A GROUP OF WORDS THAT MAKES COMPLETE SENSE.

A SENTENCE ALWAYS HAS ATLEAST ONE FINITE VERB.
A SENTENCE STARTS WITH A CAPITAL LETTER AND ENDS WITH A FULL STOP, ? OR !

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:

A SENTENCE CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS-THE SUBJECT AND THE PREDICATE.

THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE IS THE PART WHICH DENOTES THE PERSON OR THE
THING WE ARE TALKING ABOUT.
THE PREDICATE IS THAT PART OF THE SENTENCE WHICH TELLSUS ABOUT THE SUBJECT.
THE PREDICATE WILL ALWAYS INCLUDE THE VERB.

KINDS OF SENTENCES:
ASENTENCE CAN BE A STATEMENT, A QUESTION, A REQUEST,A COMMAND, ADENIAL OR
A RESPONSE.

1. AN ASSERTIVE SENTENCE MAKES A STATEMENT. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS

A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES- AFFIRMATIVE OR POSITIVE, NEGATIVE (NOT OR NO)

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE: ASK QUESTION

*YES OR NO
WHEN WE ASK A QUESTION WE EXPECT THE ANSWER TO BE YES OR NO
We use verbs like be, have, do, can, should, may or will to ask yes or qn.
 Questions that begins with why, what, when, which, who, where, whom and how are
called wh- Qns.

3.IMPERATIVE :
A sentence that gives a command or an order, makes a request or gives advice .
The subject is left out/ understood

4. EXCLAMATORY :
A sentence that expresses a strong feeling
Ends with !

MODALS
MODALS OR MODAL AUXILLARIES-EXPRESS THE MOOD OR ATTITUDE OF THE
SPEAKER.

PRIMARY AUXILLARIES: BE, HAVE, DO

BE-IS, AM, ARE, WAS, WERE
HAVE-HAS, HAVE, HAD
DO- DO, DOES, DID

MODAL AUXILLARIES:
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHALL, SHOULD, MUST, WILL, WOULD, USED, NEED,
DARE, OUGHT

CAN-ABILITY/ POSSIBILITY/ PERMISSION

COULD-PAST OF CAN/ POLITE REQUEST

MAY- PERMISSION/ WISH/ WEAK POSSIBILITY

MIGHT-PAST OF MAY/VERY WEAK POSSIBILITY

WILL- CERTAIN/ DETERMINATION/ WILLINGNESS/ POLITE

REQUEST SHALL- OFFERS/ SUGGESTION/ PROMISE/ COMMAND/
THREAT WOULD- POLITE REQUEST/ PAST WILL/ IMAGINARY
SITUATION SHOULD- ADVICE/ SUGGESTION/ OBLIGATION/
PROBABOLITY MUST- NECESSITY/ OBLIGATION/ ADVICE
OUGHT- EXPRESS DUTY/ OBLIGATION/ NECESSITY

USED-HABIT
NEED-NECESSITY/ OBLIGATION

DARE- IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES

OBJECT/DIRECT OBJECT: THE PERSON OR THING THAT RECEIVES THE ACTION OF THE
VERB

INDIRECT OBJECT: THE PERSON OR THING TO WHOM THE ACTION OF THE VERB IS
DONE OR WHO RECEIVES THE DIRECT OBJECT.

TRANSITIVE VERBS: WHEN A VERB HAS AN OBJECT THAT RECEIVES THE ACTION OF
THE VERB.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS: WHEN A VERB HAS NO OBJECT.

 SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

A VERB ALWAYS AGREES WITH ITS SUBJECT IN NUMBER AND IN PERSON.

RULES:
1. WHEN TWO NOUNS SUGGEST THE SAME IDEA OR REFER TO THE SAME PERSON
OR THING-SINGULAR VERB
*SLOW AND STEAD WINS THE RACE.

2. IF THE SINGULAR SUBJECTS ARE PRECEDED BY EACH OR EVER-SINGULAR VERB.

*EVERY MAN, WOMAN AND CHILD WAS PRESENT AT THE GATHERING.

3. A COLLECTIVE NOUN TAKES A SINGULAR VERB WHEN THE GROUP IS

CONSIDERED AS A UNIT.
*THE COMMITTEE HAS ACCEPTED YOUR RESIGNATION.
4. SOME NOUNS ARE PLURAL IN FORM BUT SINGULAR IN MEANING.-
SINGULAR VERB.
* THE NEWS WAS SCARY.

5. THE WORDS EACH, EVERY ONE, NEITHER....NOR, EITHER...OR TAKE A SINGULAR

VERB
*NEITHER HE NOR I WAS PREPARED.

6. WHEN TWO SUBJECTS JOINED BY EITHER...OR AND NEITHER...NOR TAKE

DIFFERENT PERSONS, THE VERB AGREES IN PERSON WITH THE ONE NEAREST TO
IT.
* EITHER OU OR SHE IS TELLING THE TRUTH.

7. IF THE SUBJECTS JOINED BY EITHER...OR AND NEITHER...NOR ARE OF DIFFERENT

NUMBERS, THE VERB AGREES IN NUMBER WITH THE SUBJECT THAT IS CLOSEST TO
IT.
*NEITHER THE TEAM MEMBERS NOR THE CAPTAIN HAS REACHED THE STATION.
 8. WHEN TWO SUBJECTS ARE JOINED B AS WELL AS, WITH, ALONG WITH, THE VERB
AGREES WITH THE FIRST NOUN, THAT IS IF IT IS SINGULAR THE VERB MUST BE
SINGULAR.
*RITA ALONG WITH HER FRIENDS , HAS WON THE PRIZE.

9. A RELATIVE PRONOUN ALWAYS AGREES IN NUMBER AND PERSON WITH

ITS ANTECEDENT.
*HE IS ONE OF THOSE MEN WHO KNOW A LOT ABOUT THIS MATTER.
10. MANY-NUMBER-PLURAL. MUCH- AMOUNT-SINGULAR VERB.
*MUCH OF THE MILK WAS WASTED.

11. DISTANCES, WEIGHTS-SINGULAR

*THREE HUNDRED MILES IS NOT A SHORT DISTANCE.

12. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS- CLOTHING, NEWS, STATIONERY, CUTLERY-SINGULAR

*THE FURNIURE IS EXPENSIVE.
 13. BOTH – PLURAL VERB
*BOTH THE GIRLS WERE SCOLDED.
14. PHRASE-ONE OF THE-FOLLOWED B PLURAL NOUN-VERB IS SINGULAR.
* ONE OF THE BOYS IN THE CLASS WAS PRAISED BY THE PRINCIPAL.

15. IF TWO OR MORE SINGULAR NOUNS JOINED BY AND-PLURAL VERB

*MITA AND RITA ARE STUDENTS OF THIS SCHOOL.

16. MEMBERS OF THE UNIT INDIVIDUALLY-PLURAL VERB

*THE COMMITTEE MEMBERS ARE DIVIDED.

17. SOME NOUNS SINGULAR IN FORM BUT PLURAL IN MEANING-PLURAL VERB

* THE POLICE HAVE NABBED THE CULPRIT.

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE.

THE VERB THAT EXPRESSES THAT THE ACTION IS CARRIED OUT BY THE SUBJECT IS SAID
TO BE IN THE ACTIVE VOICE.

THE VERB THAT EXPRESSES WHAT IS DONE TO THE SUBJECT IS SAID TO BE IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE.

RULES:
1. OBJECT----SUBJECT
2. ‘BE’ FORM VERB IS ADDED
3. PAST PARTICIPLE IS ADDED
4. PREPOSITION BY IS ADDED
5. SUBJECT-----OBJECT

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:

LET (NOT) + OBJECT + BE + PP

OPEN THE WINDOW
LET THE WINDOW BE OPENED

LET NOT THE WINDOW BE OPENED

SIMPLE TENSE CONT. TENSE PERFECT TENSE PERFECT CONT.

Do be have TENSE have
been
PRESENT do, does am/is/are Have/has Have been/has
(work/works) (is /am/are (has worked) been
working) (has
beenworking)
PAST Did Was/were Had Had been
(worked) (was working) (had worked) (had been
working)
FUTURE Shall do/will do Will be/shall be Will have/shall Will have
(will work) (will be have been/shall have
working) (will have been
worked) (will have been
working)

Simple continuous perfect Perfect cont.

Present He makes pots. He is making He has made He has been
Active pots pots making pots
Passive Pots are made Pots are being Pots have been No passive
b him made by him made by him
PAST He made pots He was making He had made He had been
Active pots pots making pots
Passive Pots were made Pots were being Pots had been No passive
by him made by him made by him
FUTURE He will make He will be He will have He will have

Active pots making pots made pots been making

 pots.
Passive Pots will be No passive Pots will have No passive
made by him been made by voice
him

REPORTED SPEECH

TWO WAYS OF REPORTING THE WORDS OF THE SPEAKER

1. DIRECT SPEECH
2. INDIRECT OR REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH: REPORTS THE EXACT WORDS OF THE SPEAKER
INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORT WHAT THE SPEAKER SAID WITHOUT QUOTING HIS OR HER
EXACT WORDS.
DIRECT: Reema said, ’We are not going to the picnic.’
INDIRECT: Reema said that they were not going to the picnic.
Reema- Speaker
Reema said- Reporting sentence
Said – Reporting Verb
“ “- Reported Sentence
We- pronoun
are not going-Reported
Verb that- connector
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
COMPARISION THE EXACT WORDS OF THE THE SPEAKER’S WORDS ARE
SPEAKER REPORTED BY SOMEONE IN
ARE REPEATED HIS/HER WORDS
THE WORDS OF THE SPEAKER SINCE THE EXACT WORDS
ARE ENCLOSED WITHIN “ “ ARE NOT REPORTED “” ARE
REMOVED
THE INTRODUCTORY VERB IS THE INTRODUCTOR VERB IS
“SAID” “TOLD” OR “SAID”
A COMMA SEPERATES THE THE SUB. CONJ. “THAT” IS
INTRODUCTOR PART AND USED TO JOINTHE
THE EXACT WORDS OF THE INTRODUCTORY PART TO THE
SPEAKER REPORTED PART. COMMA IS
NOT USED
THE SPEAKER USES THE FIRST THE FIRST PERSON PRONOUN
PERSON PRONOUN TO SPEAK IS CHANGED INTO THIRD
FOR HIMSELF/HERSELF PERSON PRONOUN
THE VERBS ARE USUALLY IN THE VERBS ARE USUALL
 THE PRESENT TENSE FORM CHANGED TO THE PAST
*IS/AM/ARE TENSE FORM
*HAS/HAVE *WAS/ WERE
*CAN *HAD
*SHALL/WILL *COULD
*MUST *SHOULD/WOULD
*HAD TO

SENTENCE TYPE REPORTING VERB CONNECTORS

STATMENT SAY-SAY THAT
SAID-SAID
SAYS-SAYS
SAY TO-TELL
SAYS TO- TELLS
SAID TO-TOLD
INTERROGATIVE SAID/SAID TO/ASKED- ‘Wh’ Qn.-‘Wh’
ASKED/ENQUIRED/QUESTIONED WORD
YES/NO-
WHETHER/IF
IMPERATIVE SAID/SAID TO-
ORDERED/REQUESTED/COMMANDED/ADVISED/ TO/NOT TO
SUGGESTED/WARNED

EXCLAMATORY SAID/ SAID TO-EXCLAIMED/HURRAH THAT

DIRECT INDIRECT
TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
PRE.CONT. PAST CONT.
PRE. PERFECT PAST PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT
PRONOUNS I HE/SHE
WE THEY
 ME HIM/HER
US THEM
MY HIS/HER
OUR THEIR
YOU HE/SHE/WE/THEY
ADVERBS OF NOW THEN
TIME/PLACE/DEMONSTRATIVES AGO BEFORE
TODAY THAT DAY
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY/FOLLOWING
YESTERDAY DAY
LAST YEAR PREVIOUS DAY/DAY BEFORE
NEXT MONDAY PREVIOUS YEAR/YEAR
HERE BEFORE
HEREIN THE FOLLOWING MONDAY
THIS THERE
THESE THEREIN
THAT
THOSE
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. POSITIVE
2. COMPARITIVE
3. SUPERLATIVE

POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE

TYPE 1 ...NOT SO.....AS ER.......THAN
TWO
THINGS/PLACE/PERSON
NO SUPERLATIVE

AS.....AS NOT...ER...THAN
TYPE 2 NO OTHER..... ER THAN ANY/ ALL THE...EST/
‘THE’ TYPE AS....AS OTHER
 MORE THAN ANY/
ALL OTHER THE MOST
TYPE 3 VERY FEW ER THAN ONE OF THE....EST
‘ONE OF THE’ TYPE AS....AS MANY/MOST OTHER

MORE THAN MANY/ ONE OF THE

MOST OTHER MOST......

Forms of adjectives:

ONE SYLLABLE - TALL / TALLER / TALLEST

SHORT/ SHORTER / SHORTEST

TWO SYLLABLE: FUNNY / FUNNIER / FUNNIEST
 HEAV Y / HEAVIER / HEAVIEST

MULTI SYLLABLE : BEAUTIFUL / MORE BEAUTIFUL / MOST BEAUTIFUL

INTELLIGENT / MORE INTELLIGENT / MOST INTELLIGENT
IRREGULAR VERBS : GOOD / BETTER / BEST

BAD / WORSE / WORST

TYPE 1.

P- RAJU IS NOT SO TALL AS RAVI

C - RAVI IS TALLER THAN RAJU
P - RAJU IS AS TALL AS RAVI
C - RAVI IS NOT TALLER THAN RAJU
NO SUPERLATIVE

TYPE 2.

P - NO OTHER BOY IN THE CLASS IS AS TALL AS RAVI

C – RAVI IS TALLER THAN ANY OTHER BOY IN THE CLASS

S - RAVI IS THE TALLEST BOY IN THE CLASS.

TYPE 3
 P – VERY FEW BOYS IN THE CLASS ARE AS TALL AS RAVI

C - RAVI IS TALLER THAN MANY OTHER BOYS IN THE CLASS

S – RAVI IS ONE OF THE TALLEST BOYS IN THE CLASS.
NON-FINITE VERBS

A verb that has a subject and shows tense, person and number is called a finite verb.
Eg. I live in Chennai
My sister lives in Mumbai.
A verb that has no subject, and does not show person or number is called a non-finite verb.
Eg. I love to go to Chennai.
Reena sat waiting quietly.
There are three kinds of non-finite verbs-
*infinitives
* participles
* gerunds.
INFINITIVES:
 I want to sing.
 She wants to improve her English.
In these sentences, the verb want is the finite verb. To sing and to improve are the
infinitives.
Infinitives are also called the to- verb because o is often used to form an infinitive.
An infinitive can be used-
 As the subject of the verb in a
sentence. Eg. To lie is bad.
 As the object of the verb in a
sentence. Eg. I want to dance.
 as a subject of the verb, but it also takes the object.
 Eg. To respect our parents is our duty.
We do not use ‘to’ with the infinitive-
 with modals.
Eg. The child may go.
 After verbs like see, hear, watch, know and feel, make let.
Eg. I saw the clouds.
Let me do this now.
 After the conjunction but.
Eg. The child did nothing but sleep.

PARTICIPLES:
 We saw a man polishing his shoes.
 Noticing a strange animal, we moved away.
The words are present participles that have been used s verbs and as adjectives
connected to the noun and pronoun.
 Present participle forms of verbs laws end in –ing. Such words represent actions that
are going on or are incomplete.

Past participle forms of verbs usually end in –ed /-t /-n.

The describe actions that have been completed.
Eg. We saw a few women bent b the weight of heavy sacks.
Past participles have been used as verbs and s adjectives modifying the underlined
pronoun and noun respectively.

Perfect participle:
He had lost all his money. He went to his mother for help.
Having lost all his money, he went to his mother for help.
We convert the verb denoting the first action into a participle. The action has been
completed at some point of time in the past.

GERUNDS
 Wrestling is popular in India. (subject)
 I enjoy reading English poetry. ( object)
 He is fond of drinking cold coffee. (object of the preposition)
The –ing words function like nouns. However, all these words are derived from verbs.
When the –ing form of the verb is used s a noun in a sentence, we call it the gerund.

RELATIVE PRONOUN

A pronoun that relates noun that comes before it group of words that follow is called is
called relative pronoun.

The most frequently used relative pronouns are who, whose, whom, which and that.
 The relative pronouns who and whom are used only for people, irrespective of gender
or number.
Eg. Students who forget to bring their notebooks will not be allowed to sit for the test.

 We use whose to refer to both people and non living things.

Eg. The teacher scolded the students whose results were
poor.
 We can use which for non-living things and animals.
Eg. The sparrows which lost their home in the storm are building a new nest.

 The relative pronoun that usually refers to non-living things.

Eg. We were the first to find the clues that would lead us to the hidden treasure.

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunction is a word that is used to join words, groups of words or sentences.

There are three types of conjunctions.

 Coordinating conjunctions.
 Subordinating conjunctions.
 Correlative conjunctions.
 Coordinating conjunctions:
A conjunction used to join two independent statements or two statements of equal
importance.
A coordinating conjunction usually comes between the words, phrases or clauses they
join. Commonly used conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
Subordinating Conjunctions:
They join a subordinate clause to a main clause.

Commonly used subordinate clauses are after, although, as, because, before, how, if,
once, since, that, than, though, till, until, when, where, whether and while.
TYPES:
 Subordinating conjunction of time (when the action happened- when, before)
 Subordinating conjunction of place (where- wherever, where)
 Subordinating conjunction of reason (why- because, since)
 Subordinating conjunction of result (consequence- that, such that)
 Subordinating conjunction of purpose( purpose- so that, that)
 Subordinating conjunction of condition ( condition under which something may or may
not happen- if, in the event that, in case, unless, even if, whether)
 Subordinating conjunction of contrast or concession(conditions or events different
from what we expected-although, even though, though)
 Subordinating conjunction of comparison (to compare two opposite person or thing-
as...as, than)
 Subordinating conjunction of manner (how an action takes place- as, as if, as though)

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS:
Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that are always used in pairs.
 As the morning is, so is the day.
 Neither he nor I can accompany you today.
 He spoke so fast that I could not understand him.
 Ronnie will either meet you today or call you tomorrow.
 The student was both applauded and rewarded by the school.
 Such was his motivation that he refused to give up.
 No sooner had I entered the station than I heard the announcement.
 The flood water not only damaged the earthen dam but also contaminated
the drinking water.