dent's Book

I Student's Book

Amanda French and Andrea Langton

£$ macmillan with David Spencer
education
www.frenglish.ru
Welcome to

■(©)' GREATLEARNERS
V GREATTHINKERS
Learn about the world through real-world
documentary video and improve your thinking skills
by following Visible Thinking Routines. This section,
along with the Learner Profile, also helps develop
your Social and Emotional intelligence.

Collaborative projects
and Virtual Classroom
Exchange
Become a global citizen and build meaningful
connections with students in other regions
and countries by sharing your culture, via a
project and a Virtual Classroom Exchange.

2 www.frenglish.ru
 Real-world content

David Spencer
David Spencer, best-selling author, is still teaching Secondary
students. He knows what you like and what is interesting for you
in the classroom, and brings this knowledge to his writing.

On-the-Go Practice
Use On-the-Go Practice to improve your English
with gamified content. Win rewards in challenge
mode and have fun while you learn.

Flipped classroom grammar presentation videos

All-new grammar presentation videos in four different styles help
you understand English grammar, before, during or after class.

www.frenglish.ru
 Contents
Vocabulary Grammar Reading Listening

High hopes Synonyms: challenges and 1 Present perfect forms and past Position vacant: The power
p6 achievements simple Dream job of grit and
Word formation - prefixes Culture exchange: Five wishes An article perseverance
0 2 Modifying comparative and A podcast
superlative forms

Trending Trends 1 Present and past habits 10 years of trends The life of
■ ■ * now Expressions related to fashions and © 2 Relative clauses An article Andy Warhol
*■ •
p18 trends A podcast
S Ji r %
_ *L~
Culture exchange: From
Woodstock to Coachella - festivals
• ▼w •
▼
I 1
and fashion in the USA
Formal and informal language
VA f r
\v '• r Vi
X \ \ i > - V -*] । Making Words that are similar in meaning 1 Narrative tenses Bringing history back Historical films
I history Phrasal verbs - separable and Culture exchange: Noteworthy to life and TV series
inseparable people An article Five people talk
; P32
© 2 Inversion with negative
s SsHv
. <•*v r
adverbial phrases
V

^ ra H M Future Support and opposition 1 Future forms Why are dystopian The future of
T_ ^uF 0 2 Advanced future forms novels so popular? smartphones
visions Suffixes
! p44 ‘ Culture exchange: Rewilding An online forum An interview
Australia for a better future
The Internet and online
communication

Find your Getting meaning across Are you ready for Street
0 1 Review of conditional forms
voice Expressions with communication your close up? artist, Libby
Culture exchange: The British Schoettle
p58 and voice are coming!
An article
Expressions with say, speak and tell A discussion
2 Advanced conditional forms

New Collocations: travel 1 Mixed conditionals The lure of the Events, trips
Inverted conditionals and holidays
horizons Phrasal verbs - experiences subterranean world
p70 Culture exchange: US National ® 2 Past regrets An article Three
Parks conversations
Collocations: describing places

Identity Personality and behaviour 1 Passive constructions Human nature: Taking selfies
Causatives What does it take to
■ P8 4 Expressions with self Five people talk
& Culture exchange: Truly British 0 2 Adding emphasis - cleft survive?
nk sentences An article
habits?
Describing data: synonyms 3 Adding emphasis - auxiliary
verbs

j£ * K Giving Positive action © 1 Reported speech 2040 Review. Hope Work

■ * Jp for the future? placements
back Expressions with give and take 2 Order of adjectives
in the UK and
p96 Charity A review
Nepal
A monologue

p T Seen on Viewing habits 1can, could, may and might Television through Music videos
| screen Phrasal verbs - the film industry Culture exchange: Hollywood time Three
| P110 North An article conversations
0 2 Ellipsis and substitution

Lead the People who make a difference 1 Gerunds and infinitives Role models for the Heroes in
way Words with prepositions © 2 Participle clauses future literature
p122 Skills and qualities An article A podcast
l _ Culture exchange: Ayakha
Melithafa, climate activist

Reach higher p136 Writing checklist p141 Learner profile p142 Exam success p144

4 Contents www.frenglish.ru
Speaking Writing GREATLEARNERS Exam success
GREATTHINKERS Collaborative projects
Personal interviews Studying abroad Different paths to success
Talking about you, the An informal email of @ Video: Making your own career Reading: Cloze p30
people around you, your advice *SEL: Being flexible Writing: An essay p30
culture and personal life * Social and Emotional Learning Listening: Multiple-choice p144
Speaking: Personal interview p!44

Extended discussion 1 Different methods of Making the swap

Events and festivals in your country
Agreeing, disagreeing selecting products Video: Swap shop
p31
and justifying your An opinion essay 1 SEL: Being aware of our habits
opinion Virtual ClassroomExchange

Discussing photos 1 Working at the Design Piecing together the past Exam success 3-4
r>
The impact of inventions Museum Video: Mission Jurassic Reading: Sentence transformation
A cover letter SEL: Acknowledging the contribution of p56
others Speaking: Comparing photographs
p56
Listening: Gap fill p145
Reading: Matching p!45
Collaborative tasks 1 The effects of digital The future of robotics
Life in the future technology T> Video: Meet MekaMon! Collaborative project 2
An academic essay SEL: Developing perseverance An important historical figure from
your country p57
1®) Virtual ClassroomExchange

Collaborative tasks 2 A new extra-curricular Fan communities Exam success 5-6

Express yourself club (§) Video: Be More Chill Reading: Gapped text p82
A proposal 1 SEL: Forming supportive communities Listening: Matching p146
Writing: A report p!46
Speaking: Discussion p146
Collaborative project 3
Giving a talk A place you recently Eco-tourism: A win-win solution? National parks in your country p83
An unusual place you visited on holiday @ Video: The hotel that saved the forest
stayed in A review SEL: Showing social responsibility Virtual ClassroomExchange

Discussing photos 2 The declining uniformity Our multiple identities Exam success 7-8
Making people happy of boys' and girls' •> Video: Photography and cultural Reading: Multiple-choice p108
names identity Writing: A review p147
Describing visual SEL: Understanding people as Reading: Open cloze p147
information individuals Speaking: Extended discussion p147
Collaborative project 4
Discussing photos 3 Collaborative learning Inter-generational friendship Habits and customs in your country
People doing activities at your school (?> Video: A cure for loneliness p109
together A report SEL: Appreciating diversity
* Culture exchange: (S?) Virtual ClassroomExchange
Fundraising in the UK

Extended discussion 2 The influence of reality Patience Exam success 9-10

Movies and the film TV shows (§) Video: Behind the scenes Reading: Matching p134
industry An opinion essay 2 SEL: Being patient Listening: Multiple-choice p148
Reading: Word formation p148
Writing: A proposal p!48
Collaborative project 5
A debate Celebrating a Unsung heroes Films or TV series from your country
Opinions on society modern-day hero £ Video: Unsung heroes p135
A proposal 2 SEL: Developing your social and
emotional impact Virtual ClassroomExchange

Communication activities p149 and p150 Irregular verbs p15l

www.frenglish.ru
Contents 5
 HIGH HOPES
SPEAKING What is your dream job? Why?

7 Read the article about people who found their dream

Reading jobs. Which sentence (a-c) best summarises the
experience of all four people in the article?
Vocabulary in context - Synonyms:
a it has generally been a positive one
challenges and achievements
b it has not entirely lived up to expectations
SPEAKING Read these sentences and
c it has made them appreciate normal life more
discuss the meaning of the words in
•-------------------------------------------------1
bold. Use the context to help you. Exam tip
1 Delivering a speech in front of my In multiple-matching reading tasks, first underline the key
classmates would be a feat for me. I hate words and phrases in the questions. This can help you to
speaking in public because I'm quite shy. find the relevant information in the text(s). As you read the
2 Taking any kind of exam is an ordeal. text, look out for synonyms or paraphrasing of those key
I hate exams and I usually end up feeling words and phrases.
exhausted afterwards.
3 I think one of the biggest obstacles in the
8 @ E ) Read the article again. For questions 1-10, choose
way of my success is my disorganisation.
from the people (A-D). You can choose each person
4 I'm looking forward to going swimming more than once.
with sharks next summer, and telling
people all about my exploits afterwards. Which person ...
1 admits to not being fully aware of how demanding
5 It would be a battle trying to convince my
the job would be?
parents to let me study abroad.
2 says they have formed strong relationships since
.
SPEAKING
Discuss whether the doing the job?
sentences in 1 are true or false for you. 3 implies that they were inspired by people they
encountered in their job?
3 Decide which of these words are closest
4 says that they initially lacked knowledge required
in meaning to the words in bold in 1. Are
for certain technical tasks?
there any differences between the two
words? 5 explains how they managed to cope when they felt
frustrated and angry?
accomplishment • adventure • hurdle • 6 acknowledges that their job has provided
struggle • trial opportunities they had not believed possible?
7 often recalls enjoyable moments spent doing
4 Choose the correct alternative. their job?
1 In my opinion, a lack of education is the 8 suggests that the local climate can sometimes
biggest struggle/obstacle to success in life. present a challenge?
2 I wouldn't take part in a reality TV show 9 mentions a widely-held belief that does not
because it would be one long feat/ordeal. apply to their situation?
3 If I passed my driving test the first time, it 10 believes that it was their young age that gave them
would be a huge trial/accomplishment. confidence to accept a job?
4 Achieving good exam results will be the
main battle/hurdle I have to get over in 9 What do the underlined words and phrases in the article
order to get to university. mean? Guess and then check in your dictionary.
5 Some people see leaving home as an
adventure/exploit, but I'd just get Critical thinkers
homesick. In your opinion, what personal qualities and
Use it ... don't lose it! practical skills would people need to do the jobs
mentioned in the article?
SPEAKING

sentences in 4? Why/Why not? What makes you say that?

Use ideas from the text and/or other facts, opinions
Reach higher > page 136 and experiences to justify your opinion. Then share
your ideas.

6 Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
 __ Position vacant: - For some people, w o rkin g in a rem ote location would be an ordeal,

Dream job
H
but fo r others, it sounds ideal. K atherine Purvis speaks to fo ur
people to discover how their dream job worked out.

A Karen Aspen, onboard cook, Scotland and C Craig Stanford, archaeologist of

the Caribbean St Kilda, Scotland
The first time Karen Aspen set foot on a boat, she ended up on an eight­ 'There wasn't really an average day on St Kilda, it's a
month adventure sailing around the Caribbean. As a temp for a catering pretty wild place,' says Craig Stanford, who worked
company, she was sent to work as the onboard cook for a group on a as resident archaeologist on the isolated archipelago.
weekend sailing trip around Scotland's west coast. But then she decided The islands of St Kilda are home to seabirds, sheep,
to stay with the yacht, helping out with a two-month renovation before and the St Kilda field mouse, but most human
joining its next voyage across the Atlantic. 'I just said: "I could do that," residents left in 1930. The post is a 'semi-legendary
as you do when you're 19,' laughs Aspen. Once in Antigua, she cooked job in Scottish archaeology', says Stanford, who spent
for wealthy tourists who chartered the yacht before it was hired by the six months conserving, promoting and protecting
filmmaker Gregory Colbert to track whales for his film Ashes and Snow. the archipelago's cultural heritage, including 1,260
'I was one of those girls who had dolphins on her pencil case,' says Aspen. unique stone huts that were once used by farmers.
She never thought she'd see a whale or dolphin in real life, let alone learn A helicopter will try to deliver food twice a week,
to listen out for them on a hydrophone or have a job 'where you could provided wind conditions are favourable, but in a place
walk up on deck and there'd be a whale 10 feet from you. It was a real where 'every hour of your day is defined by nature} this
turning point for me,' says Aspen. 'I was meeting all these people who is no easy feat. 'You end up eating some weird things
were following their passions and doing what they really wanted with their from the back of the cupboard,' Stanford confesses.
lives ... it's something I would aspire to do - to live life on my own terms.' And with poor satellite internet connection a major
obstacle to communicating with the outside world, the
B Jada Yuan, The New York Times '52 Places' traveller tiny St Kildan community must make their own fun.
When The New York Times announced it wanted to send a journalist to Whether it's a burger night, film night or gathering to
every location on its annual list of the top 52 Places to Go, the posting celebrate a birthday, 'the social life on the island can be
went viral, memes were generated and 13,000 people applied. Who brilliant', says Stanford. 'I made some extremely good
wouldn't want the chance to visit places like Croatia, Mexico and Chile? friends I imagine I'll have for the rest of my life.'
Jada Yuan was chosen as the lucky writer and soon embarked on a tour
covering 38 countries over six continents. Yuan knew she was going to
D Mari Huws, warden of Ynys Enlli, Wales
be busy pumping out Instagram updates about her exploits, photographs It was somewhat by chance that Mari Huws and
and a print column each week, but then she learned last-minute that she'd Emyr Glyn Owen became the new wardens of Ynys
also be organising the transport and accommodation herself. 'It wasn't Enlli - a remote island off the Welsh coast, famous
until two days before I left that I realised that would mostly be on me,' she for its wildlife and sites of archaeological interest.
says. Despite missing trains in India, running out of money in Sao Tome, The couple met on the island as day-trip visitors on
and battling an ever-growing list of articles to file, Yuan found ways to 'a perfect summer afternoon' two years ago, so when
overcome any 'travel rage' and enjoy the small wins. 'Even if you were in a they spotted the vacancy to run the place, 'we shared
place where you weren't having the greatest time, one of those looks between us - the looks that speak
you could always take a pause to watch the louder than words. We had to go for it,' says Huws.
sunset,' she says. 'I have flashbacks all the 'Many people assume that people who want to live on
time. I'll just be doing something and it an island are escaping from something, but for us it
reminds me of a fruit I ate somewhere was more about realising a dream.' The pair quit their
or a time I was driving in the rain ... jobs, and have been working hard ever since they
I can't even pinpoint what arrived last September. As the island is now largely
triggers them but I'm grateful uninhabited, they have to be self-sufficient. 'We are

DREAM for them. None of them

are bad.'
responsible for the upkeep of 10 listed buildings,' says
Huws. 'There's always a wall to paint or a ceiling to
plaster.' She adds, Tve had to get my head around
J OB things I've never had to consider before, like how the
water system works and the language of volts and
amps and solar panels.' Huws has also dug drains
AH EAD and mixed cement, and has been building fences at
weekends, too. But no matter how tough the work,
the pair can always end their day with a walk through
the fields and a swim in the sea at sunset. 'There
aren't many aspects of mainland life that we miss,'
says Huws.

Reach higher > page 136

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 1
Grammar in context 1
Present perfect form s and 3 Rewrite the sentences using the word given.
past sim ple Do not change the meaning.
Look at the sentences and 1 After I visited China ten years ago, I considered
identify the tenses of the verbs in bold. learning Chinese and I still am. (been)

1 She's met some wonderful people that she's I I visited China ten years ago.
still in touch with today. 2 It's three years since they visited me. (not)
2 The couple met on the island two years ago. They three years.
3 She has been building fences at weekends. 3 This is my first visit here, (have)
4 I've had to get my head around things I've I
never had to consider before. 4 We haven't seen each other for nearly a month, (last)
5 The webpage is slow to load because so many The was nearly a month ago.
people have been commenting on her blog! 5 The river level is at an all-time high, (been)
6 We've read a text about people's experiences The river level is
of doing their dream jobs.
7 I've been filling out this application form for 4 Complete the text with the past simple, present
30 minutes and I still haven't finished! perfect simple or present perfect continuous form
of the verbs given.
1b Match the sentences 1-7 in 1a to the uses
a-g. Some sentences can go with more than
one use. Culture exchange
a an action that occurred and was completed at
a specific time in the past Five wishes
b an experience that happened at an (a) you (ever /
unspecified time in the past or that has never make) a wish? In the UK in 2019, the Scottish
happened Ballet (b) (decide) to help make
c an action or event that occurred at an some dreams a reality to celebrate their
unspecified time in the past and that has a 50th anniversary. As part of the Five wishes
result in the present project, they selected five people and granted
d a single action or event that occurred and was them their wishes. Over 400 people entered
completed at an unspecified time in the past the competition, with the public voting for their
e a series of recent actions that has a result in favourites.
the present Fashion graduate, Poppy Camden, was one of
f an activity or continuous state that started in the lucky ones. Poppy grew up in Glasgow and
the past and is incomplete or still in progress she (c) (go) to see Scottish Ballet
and we want to emphasise the duration of the productions since she was very young. Poppy
activity (d) (always / have) a passion for
g a series of repeated actions that started in the clothes, but never thought that one day she
past and is incomplete or still in progress could work in costume design. Scottish Ballet
(e) (invite) her to go on tour with
Check it page 16
the company to learn behind the scenes in the
company's wardrobe department.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs given. Other winners included musician, Colin Bowen,
1 We (hunt) everywhere for my who (f) (live) with Parkinson's
disease. He conducted the orchestra at the
passport until we found it.
world premiere of The Snow Queen. Another
2 I (work) on this presentation
wish (g) (go) to a young ballerina,
since lunchtime, so can I take a break now?
Lily Douglas, who danced onstage with the
3 She (live) here since she was a company. And 85 lucky students from Academy
child, but she (never/be) to this Street Dance Studio (h) (work)
beach before.
with Scottish Ballet to create a special Spring!
4 I'm afraid Jon isn't here right now. He performance. It's a moment they'll never forget.
(go) to work.
5 In the last few months, they
(grow) their own vegetables, which they can't wait Use it ... don't lose it!
to eat!
Have any of your hopes, dreams
6 She (dream) about living on an or wishes ever come true? What happened?
island since she was a child.
---------------- Reach higher page 136

Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary —
Word formation - prefixes y Exam tip
In w o rd -fo rm atio n tasks, look at the words on either
1 Match the negative prefixes in the box to the side o f the gap, and the rest o f the sentence as well.
words 1-6.
Focus on the w ider context in which a word is being
dis- • il- • im- • in- • ir- • un- used, rather than just one phrase in isolation.

1 approving 4 practical
2 experienced 5 reliable 6 Use the word given to form a word that fits the gap.
3 legal 6 relevant

2 Complete the table with other adjectives that you

know that use the prefixes in 1.
AHOPEFUL
dis- il- im- in- ir- un-

Ethiopia is one of the fastest growing econom ies in the

3 Match the prefixes in bold to their meanings 1-9. world and, according to an article on the UN website, its
(a) (credible) rate of progress is people-
anti-social • cooperate • interactive • mislead •
driven. Agriculture in particular is a high-performing sector.
oversleep • reconsider • subconscious • supersonic •
However, many teenagers in rural areas are (b)
underestim ate
(advantage) as they are often unable to finish their education
because they need to work.
1 too m uch 5 not enough
This was true for Wubetu Shimelash who, from the age of
2 opposed to, against 6 with, together
six, looked after the family's herd in the Simien mountains.
3 badly, wrongly 7 smaller, below The life of a herder can be hard. Wubetu lived with the
4 again, back to way 8 between livestock and often spent the nights with his animals
som ething was before 9 more, better or bigger in (c) (comfort) caves. However, he was
proud to do this important job for his family and it seemed
4 Complete the sentences with these words and a (d) (think) that he would becom e anything else
but a farmer.
prefix from 3.
However, it didn't turn out that way. Wubetu's father worked
behaving • climax • discover • paid • personal • as a porter for tourists and, when he was (e)
rated • store • zero (available) Wubetu took over, carrying bags and teaching
himself a bit of English which he picked up from the visitors.
1 Are there any actors that you like that you feel are This sparked Wubetu's interest in learning and he asked
and should be given m ore credit for his parents if he could attend school. At first, they
their talent? (f) (agree) with the idea, but Wubetu wasn't
2 Do you think professional footballers are (g) , (courage) and he persisted until they
for the work that they do? changed their minds. It was (h) (deny) a good
3 Did you have any hobbies as a child that you would decision because Wubetu thrived.
like to now that you're older? But that wasn't the end of the story. After a chance meeting
4 Do you ever set out to be on your best behaviour but with an American tourist, Blake Mycoskie, Wubetu's life
then end up instead? changed. Wubetu invited Blake to join in a football match and,
in return, Blake gave Wubetu something (I)
5 Have you ever looked forward to som ething which
(valuable) - an offer to help with his education, which Wubetu
turned out to be a disappointing ?
was determined to accept. Wubetu was (j)
W hat was it?
(able) to contact Blake from his village, so he walked 12
6 Have you ever experienced freezing hours to an internet cafe to send him an email. Blake kept
tem peratures? W here and when? his promise and Wubetu went to study in the US, where he
7 W hich skills do you think are m ost gained a diploma.
im portant for getting along with people? Which Now in his twenties, Wubetu is supporting children's
would you like to develop? education in the Simien mountains and employs local people
8 Do you think it's better to buy groceries in a at Simien Eco Trek. By doing this he's giving other people the
or in sm aller shops and markets? Why? chance to have hopes and dreams for their futures.

Use i t ... don't lose it!

SPEAKING i Q j j
5 Ask and answer the questions in 4.
Reach higher > page 136

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 1 9
 I

GREATLEARNERS
V GREATTHINKERS
DIFFERENT PATHSTOSUCCESS
Lesson aim: To reflect on different ways of finding the right career
Video: Making your own career
0 3 Social and emotional learning: Being flexible

® Look at the lesson title and the photos. What do you think the
SPEAKING

main photo represents?

GREATTHINKERS
Generate-Sort-Connect-Elaborate

SPEAKING @ Follow the instructions.

Generate ideas about what 'career
success' means to you. Spend one or two
minutes thinking and making some notes.
Career success
2 In your group, create a mind map with the words
'career success' in the centre. Sort your ideas by
spending about five minutes quietly adding your
ideas to the mind map. You can also respond to
other people's ideas by adding questions, comments or more details.
3 Look at the mind map your group has created. What connections can you
see between different people's ideas? Is there a definition of 'career success'
that you can all agree on?
4 Does the mind map contain any ideas that you hadn't considered or don't
agree with? What questions arise from these ideas? Can you elaborate on
the ideas by expanding them and taking them in new directions?

L.
@ Watch the video. What
VIDEO

do Nick and Alex's stories have

in common? Are Nick and Alex
successful according to the
ideas you came up with in 2?

© Watch the video again and decide if these statements are T (True)
VIDEO

or F (False). Correct the false statements.

1 To develop his app, Nick worked with a team. T /F
2 Nick's app converts online information into a shorter, simpler form. T /F
3 Alex opened her own salon at the age of 14. T /F
4 Alex had shown an interest in business from a young age. T /F
5 According to Alex, not many of her peers went to university. T /F
6 Nick's dad says that Nick didn't have to work hard because he enjoyed
what he was doing. T /F

10 Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
 5 Read the blog post and answer the questions.
How did the writer react at the beginning when she heard about
her friend's long-term career plans? Why?
2 What point does the writer illustrate using the example of her aunt?
3 What does the writer believe is the best way to achieve success?

BLOG About Latest posts Archives

Time to stop dreaming and start doing

Posted by Mia 124 April
A friend recently announced that she'd drawn up a detailed career plan for the next 25 years
which included what she'd study at uni, what job she'd get after graduating and what she'd be
doing by the time she was 40. At first, this news sent me into a panic. I couldn't even decide
what to do next year, let alone in decades to come. But after giving it some more thought,
I realised that my own 'wait and see' approach might not be so bad after all.
The one thing we know for certain is that nothing turns out the way we expect it to. The world
is constantly changing and so are we. My aunt now runs a web design business, and yet in the
early nineties, when she was my age, she hadn't even heard of the Internet. If she'd stuck to
the dreams she had then, she'd still be designing CD covers for rock bands. The reason she's
been successful is that she's embraced new opportunities, developed new skills and acquired
new interests along the way.
None of us can predict what we'll want, how we'll feel or what kinds of job opportunities will
exist in the future. We can only live in the present. We need to get out there, observe the
world around us and try things out. We must take risks and not be afraid to fail. Everything we
do, whether or not we succeed, teaches us a bit more about ourselves, reveals what we're
passionate about and opens doors to places that we never knew existed.
Other people can plan their lives out if they want to, but I've decided that from now on, I'll be
focusing on the here and now. Success comes to those who stop dreaming and start doing!

® T h e blog post in 5 argues against setting long-term

SPEAKING

goals. To what extent do you agree with the writer's argument?

What are the possible drawbacks of only living in the present?
Would this approach be appropriate for all types of career?

GREATLEARNERS 1SEL
Great learners are flexible and open to new opportunities.

Why is it important to be flexible and open to new opportunities?

What effect does this have on setting goals and making plans for
the future?

page 142

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 1 11
— Listening Grammar in context 2
L. @ ) Which of the personal qualities in
SPEAKING
Flipped classroom video
the box do you think are most likely to ensure a
person will achieve success? Why? Watch the Grammar Presentation video

being determined being hard-working

being optimistic being well-educated r Modifying comparative
believing in yourself having big dreams and superlative forms
6 Look at the sentences. Put the word(s) in
bold in the correct part of the table.
2 You are going to listen to a podcast about grit and
how it is relevant to successful learning. Before you 1 It is by far the grittiest subject we've
listen, look at the notes in 3. What type of word or discussed.
phrase do you think is missing in each sentence? 2 People who are significantly more passionate
about their goals will be high achievers.
3 (§19 Listen to the first part of the podcast and
3 It's simply the clearest way to really
complete the notes with a word or short phrase.
understand what Angela means by grit.
Write no more than three words and/or a number.
4 Education is without doubt the most
Learning matters podcast - grit important point in relation to grit.
Angela Lee Duckworth's definition of grit the 5 A person with grit is far stronger mentally than
ability to pursue (a) with passion and most people.
perseverance. 6 Some people work a great deal harder than
Sam says that a person with grit is far others.
(b) than most people. They never 7 She observed that doing well academically
(c) , despite distractions or knockbacks. wasn't nearly as simple as she had thought.
Grit is important in education because it is thought
8 It's better by far to learn 'grit' as a child
(d) isn't dependent on education or
because it prepares you for life.
even IQ, but on grit.
It's important for students to learn that if they want modifies modifies modifies
to (e) , they need to develop grit. comparatives superlatives as... as
Some people believe that people who are more
passionate about their goals and who have more
perseverance and (f) will be high
7 Add the modifying words and phrases in the
achievers, no matter what their background is. box to the table in 6. Some can go in more
than one column.
4 © O Listen to the second part of the podcast.
Complete the notes with a word or short phrase. a bit • a little • altogether • barely (any) •
Write no more than three words and/or a number. by miles • considerably • ever • hardly (any) •
much • not quite • nowhere near • (quite) a lot •
scarcely (any) • slightly

8 Decide if the words and phrases in the first

two columns of the table go before or after
the comparative or superlative adjective
they are modifying. Some of them can go
both before and after.
Check it page 16
M Use it... don't lose it!]
Complete the sentences with a
modifying word from 6 and 7 and your own
ideas. Then compare your answers.
1 Learning to is more
difficult than learning to
2 I like more than all the
other subjects.
3 In our town, is the most
1 interesting place to visit.
5 Critical thinkers
4 is as fascinating as
Do you think grit is something that you
are born with, or can it be learnt?
What makes you say that? Reach higher > page 136

12 Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Personal interviews 3 (§ E ) Listen again. Put these expressions used
by the speakers in the correct place in the
Speaking bank.
1 in fact 4 I should begin by
2 To be honest 5 As I was saying
3 They say that 6 Basically
k

Speaking bank
Useful expressions in personal interviews
Structuring your response
• Also, / In addition, I should explain / say /
la Look at the questions that an examiner might ask mention th a t...
a student during a speaking test. Match the topic • Finally, I mustn't forget...
headings in the box to the groups of questions
• Anyway, that's my ...
(1-4).
• So, to cut a long story short...
Freetime • People • Work/studies • Your country
Reporting something you believe to be true
• Apparently, / It seems th a t...,
a Who has had a big influence on you? •
b Can you tell someone's personality by the Emphasising
clothes they wear? • Actually,...
c Do you prefer to take photos of other people or • In actual fa ct,...
photos of yourself?
2 Repeating or paraphrasing information you've
d What is special about the culture of your country? already given
e Are there many places to listen to live music • Like I mentioned already ...
near where you live? • As I told you ...
f What are the differences between home-cooked
food and eating out in your country? Expressing your attitude to what you're saying
3 • Honestly, ...
g How much time do you spend studying
compared with other activities?
h What kind of career would you like in the future?
i What do you find difficult about making plans? 4 Choose three questions from 1a and make notes
4 to prepare your answers.
j If you took up a new hobby what would it be?
Pidclice makes perfect
k How do you spend time with your friends?
5 SPEAKING Work in groups of three and
I What has been your most interesting travel
follow the instructions.
experience?
Student A: Ask Student B the questions they
Which group of questions in 1a would prepared.
be the easiest for you to answer? Why? Student B: Use your notes to answer the
questions.
V Exam tip Student C: Take notes under the following
When you are answering personal questions, try to headings and use them to give feedback
give extra information in your responses. If you can't to Student B.
remember a word or make a mistake, don't worry. • Answers the question
Correct yourself quickly and continue. • Gives extra information
• Intonation and pronunciation
• Uses a range of vocabulary and grammar
2 (§19 Listen to three students answering some of • Corrects mistakes
the questions in 1. Answer the questions.
Then change roles and repeat the task.
1 Which question in 1does each person answer?
2 What does each person do when they can't SPEAKING Take turns to ask and answer
remember a word or they make a mistake? some of the other questions in 1a.
3 Does each speaker answer the question well?

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 1 13
 Developing writing
An informal email of advice
Look at the quote. Do you agree?
Why/Why not?

The best way to

succeed in life
is to act on the
advice we give
to others.
luTfic‘i iwkmw
Well, after a long, relaxing summer holiday it's back to school.
As you know, I'm taking my A-Level exams this year, so I need
SPEAKING Answer the questions. to plan a revision timetable. I thought perhaps you could advise
me as you did your exams last year. I've got about eight months
1 In which situations have you had to give to prepare. I'm thinking of stopping my gym membership so I
someone advice? can have more time to study. What do you think? How should I
2 What expressions and grammar structures are organise my time? Any tips to help me focus?
useful forgiving advice? Thanks a lot! Eva
3 What should you consider when giving
someone advice?

3 Look at these sentences which give advice.

Identify the more informal sentence, a or b, Hi Eva,
in each pair.
Great to hear from you - I'm happy you had a good summer.
1a You ought to find a quiet place to study. Me too!
1b I reckon you should find a quiet place Anyway, first things first - it's brilliant that you're planning
to study. your study timetable now. When it comes to revision, I think
2a Why don't you study a bit every day? you should try to do little and often. Have you thought about
2b My advice would be to study a little dividing each subject into blocks and revising each block over
a month? That's what I did and it worked for me! And break up
every day.
the time evenly, so you could do two hours a day, for example.
3a Have you thought about having a snack first?
OK, next - you asked for tips to help you focus. To be honest,
3b If I were you, I would have something to I find it hard to focus too, but I know what you're supposed to
eat first. do, even if I don't always do it myself! To start with, find a quiet
4a Would you consider revising for two hours space where you can work. Apparently, you shouldn't have any
a day? distractions, so put your phone away! Having said that, I often
listen to music while I'm working as it helps me get in the zone.
4b Maybe you could try doing two hours a day. Talking about getting in the zone, I don't think you should study
if you're tired or hungry. Maybe have a snack after school and
Eva has emailed her friend, Gorka, asking for then start revising. Also, I really found it helped to take a break
advice. Read part of Eva's email and Gorka's every hour.
reply on the right. Does Gorka answer all
Finally, your gym membership ... I don't think it's a good idea
Eva's questions? What is his advice?
to give it up. If you enjoy going to the gym, then stick with it.
Maybe you could try going to the gym after you've done your
Read Gorka's email again and answer the revision?
questions.
I hope my suggestions are helpful. Why don't you let me know
1 Is it formal or informal? How do you know? how it's going in a few weeks' time?
2 Which expressions does he use to give advice? Until then - happy studying!
3 Which words and expressions does he use to Gorka
organise his ideas?

14 Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
6 Complete the Writing bank with words and
expressions from the emails in 4. Writing bank
Useful expressions for informal writing
Complete the text messages with phrases Introducing ideas and paragraphs
from the Writing bank.
First of a ll,...

Josh: Hi, Lula! Can you help me? I'm stuck! ~

I know I need to start my exam revision, but I Adding information
just can't get down to it! Any tips? Thanks! And another th in g ,...
On top of t h a t,...
Lula: I know how you feel! To Changing the subject
I was the same last week, but I sorted myself out!
By the w a y ,... Incidentally,...

Josh: How??? Please tell!

Generalising
• All in a ll,... By and la rg e ,...
first, organise At the end of the d a y ,...
your study space. Clear your desk and Giving opinions
get everything you need. • Frankly,...
• To tell the tru th ,...
Josh: OK. Reporting
It seems th a t...
, I think you should just
sit down and start working. I've heard th a t...
just being at your desk will get you in the zone. Qualifying what has been said
Do anything. It doesn't matter what. • All the s a m e ,... • ..............
• Even s o ,...
Josh: Right. But my problem is that even when I Emphasising the most important point
sit down and study, I find it hard to focus because
At any ra te ,...
it's so noisy here. And (e) ,1 often
forget what I've just read.
9 Read the writing task and make notes with ideas for advice
Lula You could wear headphones? And why you can give in response to the questions in the email.
don't you try reading your notes aloud to
yourself? It that actually You've received an email from a British friend:
hearing the words, as well as reading them, can
help you remember.

Josh: Brilliant idea! I will, (g) that, Yesterday I got some fantastic news! This summer, I'm
I'm bored with studying by myself. coming to your town to study for six weeks. I'm so excited!
But I've never been abroad before and I need your help.
Maybe you could try studying with a First of all, what should I pack? What will the weather be
friend - a study buddy. I've like? Will I need a raincoat? Also, I want to explore your
that it can help you remember things better - town. Where should I go and what can I do?
and it improves your mood! Can you give some advice?
Cheers,
Josh: Wow. I didn't know that. Thanks! Do you Sam
want to be my study buddy?

Practice makes perfect

8 SPEAKING Discuss the questions.
10 Write your email. Use your
1 Do you agree or disagree with the study tips notes in 9, expressions from
in 4 and 7? Why/Why not? the Writing bank and the
2 What study tips do you know that have advice from the exam tip.
worked for you?
When you finish writing
0 Exam tip your email, use the Writing
When writing any type of text, including
checklist on page 141
to check it.
informal letters or emails, use linking words
to organise your writing. With informal
texts, remember to use an informal style
and features of informal writing such as
contractions and words and phrases that have
an informal register.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 1 15
 Grammar reference
Past simple • We don't use the present perfect continuous
• We use the past simple to talk about an action, to talk about the number of times something
event or state in a finished time in the past. happened.
She stu d ie d French when she wasyounyer. He s been souring mure than tw entygoals fur the

i
England football team.
Present perfect simple
• We use the present perfect simple to talk about
Modifying comparative and superlative
kc a past experience that is relevant to or being
discussed in the present. The experience is
forms
We can use a number of words and expressions to

e completed, but the exact time of the event or modify comparative and superlative forms.
action is unknown or not stated. • Before a comparative: significantly, ever, a great

h /r£ visited several European countries, b a t I ’ve never deal, slightly, far, much, (quite) a lot, barely (any),

C
been to Germany. considerably, a little, hardly (any), a bit, scarcely
• We also use the present perfect simple to talk (any)
about something that has happened recently. He is a g rea t deal more confident than he was last
M y brother ’s j u s t bought a hover board. year.
• We can use the present perfect simple to talk about • After a comparative: by a long way, by far, by miles
repeated past actions, and we use this form to The festival was more popular by fa r than in previous
emphasise the number of times it happened. years.
I've watched this video so many times. • Before a superlative: easily, altogether, simply,
H e’s scored more than twentygoals for the national much, quite, by far, by far and away, hardly
football team. That's simply the worst song I've ever heard.
• After a superlative: ever, by a long way, by far, by
Present perfect continuous miles
• The present perfect continuous focuses on the He's the tallest student in our class by miles.
incomplete or temporary nature of an activity or
Note that ever before a comparative means
situation that started in the past.
'increasingly' whereas ever after a superlative means
They ’ve been arguing a lot lately.
'of all time'.
They’ve been staying a t theirgrandmother's house. This TV series is getting ever more ridiculous.
They'regoing home tomorrow. = This TV series is getting increasingly ridiculous.
• The present perfect continuous is also used to talk In my opinion, it's the w orst film ever!
about the duration of an activity or situation. = In m y opinion, it's the worst f l m o f all time!
I've been looking forw ard to the new 'Star Wars 'film
• Modifying as ... as: nowhere near as ... as, not
nearly as ... as, not quite as ... as
We can also use the present perfect continuous to I t’s not nearly as cold here as in Alaska.
talk about repeated past actions.
He s been scoring a lot o f goals this season.

— Vocabulary
@191 Synonyms - challenges and achievements
battle - struggle • exploit - adventure • feat - accomplishment • obstacle - hurdle • ordeal-trial

©EJ 2 Word formation - prefixes

anticlimax (n) anti-social (adj) • cooperate (v) disadvantaged (adj) • disagree (v) disapproving
(adj) • discouraged (adj) • illegal (adj) • impractical (adj) • incredible (adj) • inexperienced (adj) •
invaluable (adj) • interactive (adj) • interpersonal (adj) • irrelevant (adj) • misbehave (v) • mislead (v) •
overpaid (adj) • oversleep (v) • reconsider (v) • rediscover (v) • subconscious (n, adj) • subzero (adj) •
supersonic (adj) • superstore (n) unable (adj) unavailable (adj) • uncomfortable (adj) • undeniably
(adv) • unreliable (adj) • unthinkable (adj) • underestimate (v) • underrated (adj)

www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test ■
Present perfect forms and Modifying comparative
past simple and superlative forms
1 Decide if the sentences are correct. 2 Complete the sentences with these words.
Tick (>/) the correct sentences and
rewrite the incorrect sentences. a little • by far • ever • not quite

1 What have you been doing? This is a total 1 I've never seen such an amazing movie.
mess! It's the best film
2 We've just got back from holiday in France. 2 He's the kindest person
3 I made a present for my cousin all I know.
morning but I still haven't finished! 3 I'm 165 cm, she's 166 cm. She's
4 I have lived in Germany when I was taller than me.
younger. 4 The weather was as good as
5 We swam in the sea lots since we arrived! it was on our last visit.
6 I've read that book you gave me. It's so
barely • by miles • nowhere near •
exciting - don't tell me the ending!
significantly
7 They haven't bought Ellie a present yet, so
we could buy something together. 5 It's the hottest day of the year
8 We haven't been playing in the band for ■
long - just about six weeks. 6 They're any fitter than
9 You've sat in the sun all day! I'm not before they started training.
surprised you've got sunburn! 7 This chair is as comfortable
10 She's been opening all the windows in as that one.
here. That's why it's so cold. 8 Manu's cake is bigger than
/10 points mine. It's enormous!
/ 8 points

Vocabulary te s t 1
r- Synonyms - challenges Word formation - prefixes
and achievements 2 Match the prefixes in the first box to the words
1 Complete the sentences with the in the second box.
words in the box. anti • co- • dis • in • inter • mis • over • re •
exploits • feat • obstacles • ordeal • sub • super
struggle
active • approve • conscious • consider •
1 In his autobiography, the intrepid experienced • lead • operate • sleep • social • sonic
explorer gives an in-depth
account of all of his 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the words given.
2 Despite coming up against many
, we managed to set 1 Don't (estimate) how much money
up our new business successfully. you'll need to save. It's very expensive!
3 Was it a(n) to 2 I was so (comfortable) on the plane - cz>
understand the plot of the film or there was no room to stretch my legs.
was it quite straightforward? 3 I really think you should (consider)
4 Itwasa(n) getting now that the prices have gone down.
here! All the trains have been 4 It is (legal) to drive if you don't have a
cancelled. valid licence.
5 The crowd praised the building 5 This plan won't work because it's completely
as a remarkable
architecture.
of
6 This is an
(practical).
(valuable) opportunity to
(/>
/ 5 points get some experience in journalism.
7 I found that part of the book a bit boring and
(relevant).
/17 points

Total: / 40 points
17
www.frenglish.ru
 TRENDING NOW
® Exam tip
In activities in which you complete a summary of a text with
words and phrases, the information you need to find is not
Reading always in the same order as the information in the text, so
it is important to have a good and broad understanding of
Vocabulary in context - Trends the content. Several phrases might fit a gap grammatically,
SPEAKING Discuss the meaning of the but only one will reflect the content.
words and phrases in bold.
Hashtags are a really good way to
encourage community spirit on 3 @ E J Read the article again. Complete the summary
social media. with the phrases in the box. There are two extra phrases
that you do not need to use.
2 I'm pretty sure that wearing coloured
contact lenses is just a fad. It'll be cyclical nature • environmental impact • footwear trends •
over soon. general stress • instant fame • mixed reactions •
3 I feel sorry for celebrities who have to face original ideas • passing fads • peer pressure • social benefit
a public backlash after they've simply
expressed an opinion. The writer starts off by referring to the (1)
4 To be a successful fashion blogger, you of trends in clothing. She then explains how some
have to be in the know about next year's (2) that some people find unattractive are
trends. It would be a very interesting job. now considered the height of fashion. She also comments on
the way that men's hair produced (3) on
5 The punk look of the 1970s will probably
social media.
never make a comeback.
Although the writer appreciates the reason behind the Ice
6 Superfoods have become a cultural Bucket Challenge, she questions the (4)
phenomenon - although there's no of other challenges that followed, and hopes that extreme
evidence they are particularly good selfies and insta filters might be (5)
for you.
The writer criticises the lack of (6) in
The dance moves that catch on the the movie industry over the past decade, and comments
quickest tend to come from the US. on the way that dance moves led to (7)
8 The idea that people need to dress smartly for some people. Finally, she wonders whether the current
for work is very outdated. interest in organisational skills can be put down to a rise in
9 I'm not influenced by articles that say (8) amongst Millennials and Gen Zs.
something is this year's must-have
accessory or gadget. What do the underlined words and phrases in the article
mean?
10 Young people are more likely to view
musicians as iconic rather than political SPEAKING [<§) Discuss these questions.
leaders.
What do you think about the trends mentioned in the text?
Use i t ... don't lose it! Have you ever worn or done any of the things the writer
talked about?
1b @ Do you agree with the
SPEAKING

statements in 1a? Why/Why not? 2 How important is it to you to stay up to date with trends in
music, technology and clothes?
Reach higher > page 136
1 Critical thinkers
Read the article quickly. Which sentence In your opinion, how do people decide whether
(a-c) provides the best summary of it? something is 'fashionable' or 'unfashionable'?
a It explains how to identify a trend and Why do you think that some fads - in particular,
gives reasons why one might begin. those connected with clothing and hairstyles -
b It suggests that people who follow trends attract a great deal of criticism?
are shallow, and provides examples of
What makes you say that?
their behaviour.
It discusses a variety of trends and talks
about some of their effects.

18 Unit 2 www.frenglish.ru
10 YEARS OF TRENDS
Fashions come and go ut which ones do we want to forget forever?
Last week, just as the tiny and overpriced sunglasses I'd Another trend was the extreme selfie - people standing on
ordered finally turned up with the courier, I discovered cliff edges, tip-toeing towards large carnivores, dangling
they were no longer fashionable. I guess that's the way it's off bridges, falling into zoo enclosures - it seems that many
always worked. One minute, an accessory will make you amateur photographers will keep putting themselves in
look super cool, and the next minute it'll make you look like physical jeopardy in pursuit of the perfect picture. We've
a relic from a bygone era. I try to make smart purchases: also seen the explosion of beautifying filters on social
I do plenty of online research whenever I have money media recently, offering users an instant makeover. While
to spend, and I visit lots of shops to get the best price these hugely popular filters may seem like a fun way to try
and quality. But fashion moves too quickly! However, the out a glamorous look, studies show that for many people,
good news is that fashions will often repeat themselves. using them can end up damaging their self-esteem, as they
When my parents were teens, they'd wear dungarees and measure their real face against unrealistic and false beauty
flowers in their hair. In my grandmother's day, it used to standards. I can't help but hope that soon, people will stop
be leopard print that showed you were fashion-forward. putting themselves at risk just for the likes, and move on to
And then a few years ago, leopard print, denim dungarees something altogether healthier for mind, body and soul.
and floral hair pieces all made a comeback. No doubt we'll
see those tiny sunglasses I regretted buying back on the Talking of moving on, isn't it time to admit that most movie
catwalk some time soon! franchises are well past their expiry date? My friends and
I often used to go to the cinema together to see the latest
Of course, there are some things that we can only hope action movie on the big screen, but there isn't that same
are well and truly consigned to the past decade. In my excitement any more. Essentially, we've been revisiting
opinion, sandals are ugly enough, but combined with white those super spies, dinosaurs, light sabres and killer cyborgs
socks? Once, many people might have thought that if forever! Even the most avid fans are realising they're
you made a fashion faux pas like this, you would have to paying for the same old story with slightly different special
ensure that no photographic proof remained! However, effects. And while time seems to have moved slowly in
while to many the word 'ugly' sounds rude, fashion has the world of action films, dance-wise, there were some
recently reclaimed the socks-and-sandals look as a pretty interesting and short-lived moves - Gangnam Style
hyper-trend. Cheap and humble sneakers and shoes tell for instance - and of course, who could forget The Floss?
the world that you can be yourself and comfort is more After a dancer named The Backpack Kid demonstrated the
important than looking pretty. 'Ugly' is suddenly chic. move in 2017, 'flossing' soon went viral - even ending up
as a victory dance on Fortnite. All these dancers suddenly
As for personal grooming, the online chatter about hair, found themselves in the spotlight and being sought out for
beards and moustaches was endless. The grey/silver interviews - for a brief time at least.
look for young women came and went, as did shaving one
side of the head (think Miley Cyrus, Rihanna and Selena Meanwhile, organising suddenly became cool with
Gomez). It was men's hair though, that was the most influencers like Marie Kondo gaining millions of social media
polarising. Full beard, stubble, goatee, man bun and beard followers by showing how to be organised, and you'd hear
combo - styles would come and go, and be ridiculed and people talking about how cool it was to fold their jeans in a
admired in equal measure. I should know. My fashion­ special way and criticising others for being disorganised:
conscious older brother was constantly spending money 'You're always losing your house keys - set a pattern for
at the barber and coming back with a new look. I never them.' 'She would have a messy room, wouldn't she? She
knew what to expect when he walked through the door. never tidies up!' Experts have given a variety of reasons to
explain this phenomenon, noting that Millennials and Gen
The last ten years also saw people encouraging each Zs seem to have bought into it more than any other age
other to do weirder and weirder things. The Ice Bucket group. The consensus is that they're increasingly turning to
Challenge kicked it all o ff-w ith friends inviting each other structure at a time when the world around them can cause
to dump ice over their own heads. While this particular concern and anxiety. Although it's not something Ifind
challenge was intended to raise money for charity, its particularly cool, I can sympathise with people looking for
popularity prompted other people to come up with their a way to cope. Personally, all I need is a plate of avocado
own challenges, most of which were not exactly designed toast, but maybe that's no longer fashionable either!
to put an end to world hunger or inequality.

Reach higher > page 136

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2 19
 Grammar in context 1
<- Present and past habits 3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs
1a Look at the sentences and identify the given. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
tenses of the verbs in bold.
a You're always losing your house keys.
b I always used to go to the cinema to see
CLASSIC 08 TREND?
c
the latest action movie.
I do plenty of research whenever I have
HOWTO BE A BETTER SHOPPER
money to spend.
d Many amateur photographers will keep Fashions come and fashions go. And fashion trends
putting themselves in physical jeopardy. aren't limited to clothing; even our eating habits are
subject to trends. Whereas in the past most people
e My fashion-conscious brother was (a) (drink) cow's milk, now W
constantly spending money at the barber.
many more people (b) (buy)
f When my parents were teens, they'd wear 'milk' made from almonds, oats and even peas!
dungarees and flowers in their hair. This could be due to the recent trend for investing
g Fashions will often repeat themselves. in our health. While living healthily will always be a
great idea, some health trends may just be fads.
h She would have a messy room, If you (c) (constantly sign
wouldn't she? up) for unusual new gym classes that you don't
enjoy or (d) (forever buy) new
1b Answer the questions. sportswear and gadgets, you may be too easily seduced by
trends, and better off sticking to classic activities you enjoy.
A Which sentence(s) describes:
With clothing too, it's easy to be attracted by trends. In the
1 a present habit in a factual, neutral
past, people (e) (keep) their clothes for
way?
many years, whereas now some people (f)
2 a past habit in a factual, neutral way? (wear) clothes just once or twice before throwing them away.
3 a present action that we feel is typical The amount of waste produced by fast fashion is damaging the
behaviour of the subject, in a way that planet, so we must all make more educated buying choices.
shows annoyance or criticism? So, if you want to keep up with fashion, but don't want to waste
4 a present habit in a way that shows your money, how can you tell whether a fashion is going to be
annoyance or criticism, or a sense of a passing fad or something that will stick around for longer?
repetition? Some trends (g) (catch on) quickly, but
then fade equally fast. These are more likely to be things
5 a past habit in a way that shows that are impractical so you won't miss them when they're
annoyance or criticism, or a sense of gone. Do you remember a few years ago when everyone
repetition? (h) (wear) those plastic glasses? Who
B In which of the sentences (a-h) do we wears them now?
stress will and would? Some trends, however, last longer and stand the test of time.
C Do we need to use a time expression with They might even become classics and stay
would or used to when we talk about popular for years. Year after year, people
(i) (choose)
habits in the past?
denim jeans, white trainers, and biker­
Check it page 28 style leatherjackets-these items have
become classics. It is obviously much
2 Decide which sentences express habits. better for your purse and the planet
to follow long-term trends or to
1 High-street fashion is constantly mimicking the
shop like our grandparents
styles created by high-end brands.
did. In the past, people
2 My favourite shop is selling all summer-season (J)
clothes at half price. (buy) things that lasted
for years. Will that
3 My sister will probably wear her new dress for
shopping trend ever
the party.
come back into fashion?
4 My sister will wear any clothes that are Let's hope so.
fashionable.
5 When I was younger, my parents would often tell
me not to spend so much money on clothes.
6 My parents would prefer me not to buy clothes if H Use i l ... don't lose it!
I don't need them.
Discuss these topics.
7 He was always thinking about what he was going
• Your shopping habits.
to wear.
• An annoying habit that some people have.
8 He was busy trying to choose what to wear.
• A childhood memory about summer holidays.

-------------------- Reach higher / page 136

20 Unit 2 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary
Expressions related to fashions and 5 Complete the text with expressions from 1 and 3.
trends
1 Complete the collocations with trend or Culture exchange
fashion. Two of the expressions collocate
with both words. From W oodstock to Coachella - festivals
a be back in : become popular and fashion in the USA
again. The first music festival took place in Woodstock,
b a passing : something that is USA, in August 1969. It was the hippy era and
popular for a short while only. hippy fashion was all (a)
c make a statement: wear During this counterculture period, hippies started
something in a bold way that attracts (b) of going barefoot and
attention. wearing flowers in their hair. Their clothes bucked
d be on : have characteristics (c) of conventional fashions
because they were home-made and often used
that conform to what is currently popular in
tie-dye, embroidery and crochet. It's ironic that
fashion.
now, 50 years later, festival fashion has become an
e keep up with the latest : know
industry, with factory-made hippy-style clothes back
and/or wear what is popular at the moment.
(d)
f buck the : go against the norm.
In the 70s and 80s, festivals weren't really
g start a new : do something that (e) vogue in the US, and there
becomes fashionable and which others copy.
were very few. The exception was the charity concert
h a setter: someone or something Live Aid that took place in London and Philadelphia in
that starts a new fashion. 1985. The band Queen stole the show in London and
singer Freddie Mercury's white jeans became iconic.
2 Replace the underlined words in the O f course, jeans were never a (f)
sentences with expressions from 1. trend, being a fashion staple of many rock stars.
1 Do you think that influencers should wear It's probably still true today that you should head
clothes that stand out from the crowd? to one of America's music festivals to keep up
2 Some people believe that environmentalism (g) . Coachella in particular
is a temporary fashion. Do you? is a (h) for both music and
3 Do you always like to wear clothes that are the fashion and appearing at Coachella can really
very latest fashion? raise (i) of new bands and help
4 What old clothing styles do you think will them become the next (j) .And
become fashionable again soon? many performers use festivals to make a huge
5 Haveyouever done something that other (k) . Rihanna is the ultimate
peoplethenstarteddoingtoo? fashion icon and her influence has attracted
companies such as Fendi and Puma to help keep
3 Look at these sentences and work out the them on the (I) of young people.
meaning of the words and phrases in bold. Beyonce, Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande are also
Then use a dictionary to check your ideas. (m) artists for many advertisers
because of their influence in the fashion and
1 These jeans are all the rage now - everyone
beauty world.
is wearing them.
2 It takes a combination of hard work, good 1 Collaborative project 1/ page 31 ------
networking and luck to raise your profile.
3 She is the fashion-industry's go-to designer
for quality, affordable basics.
4 If you want your brand to be on the radar of
more people, celebrity endorsements really
help.
5 Have you seen these sunglasses? They used
to be in vogue in the 90s!
6 One fashion magazine is predicting that pink
is going to be the next big thing.

Use it ... don't lose it!

& Ask and answer the
SPEAKING

completed questions in 2.
7
---------- Reach higher / page 136

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2 21
 GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
MAKINGTHESWAP
Lesson aim: To reflect on changing consumer habits
Video: Swap shop
S 3 Social and emotional learning: Being aware of our habits

ESPEAKING
2 S2 U 3 ® Think back to the last time you bought a new item of clothing
What did you consider before deciding to buy it? Compare your answers
with a partner.

VIDEO

what are they doing? Why?

VIDEO

complete the sentences in pairs.

1 Loanhood offers an alternative to fast fashion by enabling people to
2 Fast fashion is a problem because ...
3 The fashion industry now faces a challenge because ...

VIDEO

When Lucy worked in the modelling industry, she used to shoot between

Samantha is pleased to have found a way to get new things for herself and her
son without buying more

Tamara Cincik runs a parliamentary group that brought

together.
Cincik says that we should ask ourselves if we're going to wear an item of
times

4a Read the article

FAST FASHION
Clothes shopping may once have seemed like harmless fun, but we technology and transport made mass production increasingly efficient and
are now beginning to realise its true environmental and human cost. enabled companies to move factories to countries where labour costs were
Fashion is the world's second highest polluter, after the oil industry, low. Meanwhile, in many Western countries, people were becoming more
and in 2019, it was estimated that the carbon footprint of clothing affluent, with more money to spend on the latest must-have items. Between
outweighed that of international shipping and aviation combined. 1986 and 2016, as prices continued to plummet, clothing sales rose by 100%
Meanwhile, it is reported that less than 2% of garment workers earn a For many people, clothes had become virtually disposable, often bought for
fair wage. But how did we get here? next-to-nothing, worn once or twice and then discarded once a fashion fad
has passed.
The 'fast fashion' business model didn't appear overnight but
through a very long process of industrialisation and globalisation. In recent years, as awareness of climate change and ethical fashion has
Before the late 1700s, a seemingly basic garment like a cotton shirt grown, so too has the call for an end to fast fashion. Meanwhile, more
would have been hugely time-consuming to make and expensive and more people are opting to cut back on non-essential spending and
to buy. Not only did clothes need to be painstakingly sewn by hand re-evaluate their relationship with clothes. So where do we go from here?
but textiles had to be spun or woven manually too. Clothing prices What might a sustainable clothing industry look like and what can we, as
fell steadily during the 19th and 20th centuries, as developments in consumers, do to make that happen?

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4b Answer the questions about the article in 4a.
What two major problems with fast fashion are mentioned in the
first paragraph?
2 Why have clothes become so much cheaper since the 1700s?
3 How have people's attitudes towards fast fashion started to
change in recent years?

GREATTHINKERS
I used to think ... Now I think ...

5 Follow the instructions.

Think about a time when your attitudes towards fashion
and clothes shopping were different. It could be a time in
the recent past or when you were much younger. Write one
or two sentences summarising your attitude then: / used
to think...
Now consider how your attitudes towards fashion and
clothes shopping have changed since then. Write one or two
sentences summarising your attitude now: Now I think...
3 SPEAKING Share your sentences. Has your thinking
changed in similar or different ways? Why? What has
influenced your thinking the most?

SPEAKING Discuss the questions.

What can we do to change our own shopping habits and make
more responsible purchasing decisions?
2 How can we persuade others to do the same?
3 What other habits might we and other people need to change in
order to live more sustainably?

GREATLEARNERS 1SEL
Great learners are aware of their habits.

Why is it important to be aware of the nature of our habits, the

impact they have and the feelings and emotions that drive
them? How can we do this?

Learner profile page 142

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2
 Listening • Grammar in context 2

Flipped classroom video

Watch the Grammar Presentation video

x- Relative clauses
4a Read the sentences and decide what the
relative pronouns in bold refer to.
a Welcome to The Influencer podcast - the
programme that/which explores the stories
behind passing trends.
b We'll be discussing the artist Andy Warhol,
SPEAKING Do you know who the artist in the photo
who/that changed the art world.
is? What do you know about him and his works?
c The gallery where Jade currently works is in
/ Exam tip the heart of New York.
In multiple-choice listening tasks, before you listen, d He used to hang out with rock and film stars,
read all the questions carefully and try to predict the which meant he was always in the public eye.
kind of information you are going to hear. Underline e The rock band (that) he managed for a short
the key words in the questions and the options. time went on to be very successful.
f The young Andy Warhol, who was very shy,
collected signed photos of film stars.
2 (§E> Listen to a podcast about the artist in 1 and
choose the best answers. 4b Answer the questions.
1 What do Jade and George agree about the fact that 1 Which sentences in 4a contain defining
Warhol spent time with other famous people? relative clauses and which contain non­
a They were creating his brand for him. defining relative clauses?
b They helped him be in the spotlight. 2 When do we use commas with relative clauses?
c They liked the fact that he was an influencer. 3 When can we use that instead of who
2 Why does Jade say Warhol was like an or which?
Instagrammer? 4 When can we omit the pronoun?
a Because he liked keeping a record of his life. Check it page 28
b Because he didn't keep up with fashion.
c Because he was a trendsetter. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using a
3 What does Jade suggest made Warhol's magazine relative clause. Include commas if necessary and
different? omit the relative pronoun if possible.
a He only interviewed celebrities.
1 Andy Warhol grew up in Pittsburgh and was born
b Celebrities always told him more than in 1928.
they should.
Andy Warhol Pittsburgh.
c Celebrities interviewed each other.
2 Andy Warhol began painting iconic American
4 What is Jade's opinion of Andy Warhol's art? consumer items in the 1960s.
a It was groundbreaking. It was in the 1960s
b It inspired some better artists. consumer items.
c It can't really be considered art. 3 Andy Warhol used to work in a Manhattan studio
5 When asked about Warhol's fascination with famous called The Factory.
people, Jade reveals... The Manhattan studio
a his phrase 'Fifteen minutes of fame' related to The Factory.
his Warhol superstars. 4 Warhol created screen prints and they were hugely
b his fascination with celebrity culture lasted his popular.
whole life. The screen prints
c his shyness led to his attraction for fame. popular.

1
Use i t ... don't lose it!
Critical thinkers
SPEAKING
Write sentences about someone
In your opinion, do you think anything influential using relative pronouns who,
can be art? which, that, when, where and whose. Then
What makes you say that? share them with a partner.

Reach higher > page 136

24 Unit 2 www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Extended discussion 1 4 Com plete the Speaking bank with these
expressions from the discussion.
1 Perhaps to some extent, b u t...
2 I would go along with the idea th at...
3 This is only anecdotal, b u t...
4 There's evidence to show th at...
5 I'm not sure I agree with you on that.
6 Quite a lot of research has been done to back this up.

Speaking bank
Useful expressions for an extended discussion

Justifying your opinion

• I believe that studies have already proved this to
be true.
• This is just what I've heard other people talking
about.
• There's already proof of this happening.

Agreeing
• It seems like a reasonable assumption to make.
•

Disagreeing
• That's evidently/demonstrably untrue.
• I agree partially, b u t...

5 kSPEAKING @In groups of three, choose three

1 SPEAKING W hat do you think the trends m ight be questions from 2 and m ake notes to prepare your
in ten years' tim e f o r ... answers.
• social media?
y Examti
• shopping?
• styles of clothes? In extended discussion tasks, there are no right or
wrong answers. The examiner is not evaluating your
SPEAKING ■ Read the questions which an exam iner personal opinions, but the language you use to
m ight ask during a speaking exam . Take turns to express and justify them.
answ er alternate questions.
1 Some people say that trends reflect the society we I f l Practice makes perfect
live in. What's your opinion?
6 Work in groups of three and
2 Is it better to choose clothes in classic styles rather follow the instructions.
than going with passing fads?
Student A: You are the examiner. Ask Students
3 Some people think that buying designer clothes is a
B and C one of the questions you prepared in 5.
waste of money. What do you think?
When they discuss the question, listen carefully
4 Are you the sort of person who always wants the and take notes under the following headings.
latest gadget? Why/Why not? Give feedback to Students B and C.
5 How has consumer culture changed over the last • Answers the question
50 years? • Gives reasons and examples to justify their
6 Do you think marketing influences what people buy? opinion
• Uses the correct intonation and pronunciation
3a ©ED Listen to two students answering questions • Uses a range of vocabulary and grammar
2 and 6 in 2. Do the students m ention any of the • Corrects mistakes
points you m entioned in 2?
Students B and C: Use your notes to answer the
3b © E ) Listen again and m ake notes about the question.
students' main points. Then change roles and repeat the task.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2 25
 Developing writing
An opinion essay 1 3 Read a student's essay based on the task in 2
and answer the questions.
1 Which two suggestions has the student
discussed?
2 Which suggestion does the student think
would do most to encourage people to buy
sustainable fashion?

Excessive consumerism is adversely affecting

the environment and creating a world that will
become increasingly difficult to live in. Fast
fashion is a big culprit (a) as a result/because
people are purchasing inexpensive clothes
SPEAKING Discuss these questions.
with the view to wearing them once or twice,
1 Do you think it is important that new clothes are only to then dispose of them. The energy
produced in an environmentally-friendly way? required to create the fabric, manufacture
Why/Why not? and transport the garment has been wasted,
2 How do you think you could encourage more people to (t Since/That is why we urgently need to
buy sustainable fashion, such as second-hand clothing? change how we shop for fashion.
One suggestion is to target the most popular
SPEAKING Read the writing task and answer the influencers and fashion icons and to educate
questions. them on the environmental impact of their
endorsements. The level of international
1 How many of the suggestions in the bullet points must
influence that these personalities have is
you discuss?
well-documented, and reflected in billions of
2 Do you have to use the opinions in the notes? dollars of sales of the products they promote.
3 Do you agree with the opinions from the discussion? Because/For that reason, I think that
ensuring fashion icons and influencers are
seen wearing environmentally-conscious
You have listened to a panel discussion about the damage
fast fashion does to the environment. Experts debated brands is a good way of changing the way
what could be done to encourage people to become more people think. However, these brands are often
aware of the environmental impact of the clothing industry. beyond young people's budgets, (d) with the
You have made notes below. result that/therefore we need to encourage
more affordable high-street stores to produce
Suggestions to encourage people to shop for more sustainable only environmentally-conscious clothing and
clothing use influencers and celebrities to promote
them, (e) So/As a result, people will purchase
• Encourage fashion icons a n d influencers to wear the product.
environmentally-conscious brands
Another proposal is to increase tax on new
• Encourage more people to wear second-hand clothes clothing. To a certain extent I think this is a
• Increase the tax on new clothes so people don't buy so many good initiative (f) since/therefore it should
Some opinions from the discussion reduce the number of garments going to
landfill. However, this penalises people on a
‘Theproblem with fashion icons wearing sustainable clothing is
low income. An alternative solution could be
that most people don't have the same disposable income as them to increase tax on high-end fashion and use
to spend on clothes. ’ the money to support high-street brands that
‘ifyou encourage more people to wear second-hand clothes, that produce sustainable clothing.
will really help the environment, bu t only i f they recycle them To sum up, it is essential that we revolutionise
when they've finished wearing them, a n d don't send them to the clothing industry before we cause
landfill ’ irreversible damage to the environment.
By encouraging influencers to wear
‘increasing tax on new clothes may be a good idea, b u t it's not
sustainable clothing and incentivising
completely solving the problem a n d ju st hurting poorpeople — high-street stores to sell it, too, we could
it's not their fa u lt a t all.' encourage people to cease buying cheap
clothing, (g) Consequently,/As we should
Write an essay discussing two of the suggestions in reverse the trend of over production of cheap
your notes. You should explain which suggestion is more clothes, (h which means that/because the
important to encourage people to shop for more sustainable fashion industry should produce less waste.
clothing, giving reasons in support of your answer.
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in
the discussion, but you should use your own words as far
as possible. Read the essay again and choose the correct
linkers of cause and result (a-h).

26 Unit 2 www.frenglish.ru
 Look at the Writing bank. Find the features of a Examti
formal essay in the essay in 3. In guided essay-writing tasks, you must discuss
two of the bullet points in the notes you are given,
and say which point you think is most important
Writing bank
or relevant. You may use the opinions given in the
Features of a formal essay
notes, but make sure you use your own words and
an introduction and a conclusion express your own opinions, too. Develop any points
• impersonal style: more use of the passive; less use you make and remember to use the features of a
of / and you formal essay, as well as linkers of cause and result.
• complex sentence structure (two or more clauses)
• fewer phrasal verbs
8 SPEAKING Read the task and discuss which of the
• formal language
methods and opinions you will include in your
no contractions, slang and idioms essay. Make notes.

Vocabulary - Formal and informal language You have listened to a podcast about how to shop
wisely. A panel discussed the pros and cons of the
6 Match the words in bold in the essay in 3 to the different methods of selecting the right products.
less formal words (1-14). You have made notes below.
1 make 8 buying
What's the best method to helpyou choose the right
2 get rid of 9 suggestion product for you?
3 too many/much 10 idea
• Choose the most highly-ratedproduct from buyers ’
4 making sure 11 stop reviews
5 badly 12 make big changes in/to • Follow the advice o f y o u r fa vourite influencer
6 clothes 13 punishes • Find recommendations iny o u r favourite e-magazine
7 more and more 14 needed or website
Some opinions from the discussion
7 Complete the sentences using formal words
I f you only look a t the ratings, you may be tricked into
from the essay in 3.
buying something that isn't the right thing for you. The
1 It's essential that people stop goods
people who gave the product a high rating may have
that they don't need or use.
different expectations toy ou. ’
2 The top-selling second-hand on eBay
'Theproblem with listening to an influencer is that they
include brands like Nike, Puma and Levi's.
are being p a id to endorse a product, so canyou really tru st
3 The manufacture of cotton is problematic because it
produces amounts of waste. w hat they say?’

4 The environment has been affected by 'Recommendations listing similargoods may be the
pollution, and air quality has suffered as a result. most reliable source o f information, bu t only i f they are
5 We need to the fashion industry in comparing with other excellentproducts. ’
order to reduce the amount of clothing that ends up
in landfill. Write an essay discussing two of the methods for
choosing in your notes. You should explain which
6 There are more people who consider method is more important for choosing the right
the environment before they make a purchase. product, giving reasons in support of your answer.
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions
expressed in the discussion, but you should use your
own words as far as possible.

Pidclice makes perfect

9aWrite your essay in an appropriate style.
Use your notes from 8, features of a formal
essay in the Writing bank and the advice in
the Exam tip.
9t When you finish your essay, use the Writing
checklist on page 141 to check it.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2 27
 Grammar reference
Present and past habits Relative clauses
To talk about present habits in a factual way we use: Relative clauses give us information about something
• the present simple we have already mentioned and can help us to avoid
Students consistently achieve highergrades a t school repeating words or clauses. They can be linked to the
when they are interested in the subject. main clause with the relative pronouns which, that,
who, whose, where, what, when, why, whom.
• will to highlight a trend or the repeated nature of
someone's behaviour. Notice that w/7/ is unstressed Defining relative clauses
or contracted. • These clauses give essential information to identify
t i l usually text my mum on my way home. the person or thing being talked about.
However, if we want to show annoyance or disapproval • The main clause and relative clause are not
of a present habit we can use: separated by commas.
• would to emphasise that someone's behaviour • It is possible to replace who and which with that.
is annoying but expected. Note that would is Hew Burgers are a food trend w hich/that is growing
stressed. in popularity.
She would eat my lastyoghurt without asking first! • It is possible to omit the relative pronoun if it is also
• the present continuous with certain adverbs, such the object of the main clause.
as a/ways, /breverand continually. This implies that The TV chef ( who/that) I like most isJamie Oliver.
someone's repeated behaviour is annoying. Berlin was the city (which/that) Igrew up in.
Thy're forever talking about their new dog. • Note, however, that where cannot be omitted.
• will to talk about repeated annoying events. Note •Berlin was the city /grew up.
that will is stressed. Berlin was the city where Igrew up.
He will (eave the lid o ff the toothpaste! Non-defining relative clauses
To talk about past habits that we have stopped doing, • In contrast to defining relative clauses, these
we use: clauses give extra, non-essential information and we
• the past simple know what is being talked about even without the
We visited CL lot o f museums on my childhood holidays. relative clause.
• used to for repeated events or situations as well • Non-defining relative clauses are separated from
as ongoing states in the past. The specific time is the main clause with commas.
unimportant. • We cannot replace which or who with that.
They used to behave a lot better than they do now. One new trend is for South African food, which is
• would to describe repeated past actions, but not a mix o f different culinary styles.
for states. Jamie Oliver, who hasju s t written a new book, is the
My mum would always make our breakfast. chef I admire most.
M y brother w ou ld live in South Africa. When a preposition refers to a relative pronoun, we
When we want to show annoyance or disapproval of put it at the end of the clause and not before the
past behaviour we use: relative pronoun:
• the past continuous with an adverb of frequency. Thefilm which / toldyou about is on at the cinema. S
This usually, but not always, implies repeated Thefilm'about which / told you is on at'the cinema.'
annoying behaviour. We use this in the same way as • Note that we cannot replace which or who with that.
the present continuous for annoying behaviour. Jam ie Oliver, th a t has j u s t w ritten a n ew book, is the
He was always telling the other children what to do. chef t adm ire most:

Vocabulary
© 0 1Trends
backlash (n) • catch on (phr v) • cultural phenomenon (n) • fad (n) • hashtag (n) iconic (adj) • in the know (adj) •
make a comeback (phr) • must-have (n) • outdated (adj)

© 0 2 Expressions related to fashions and trends

all the rage (adj) • a passing trend (n) • buck the trend (phr) • go-to (adj) • (back) in fashion (adj) • in vogue (adj) •
keep up with the latest fashions (phr) • make a fashion statement (phr) • on the radar (adj) • on trend (adj) •
raise your profile (phr) • start a new trend (phr) • the next big thing (n) • trendsetter (n)

© 0 3 Formal and informal language

adversely (adv) - badly (adv) • cease (v) - stop (v) • dispose of (phr v) - get rid of (phr v) • ensure (v) - make sure (v) •
excessive (adj) - too many/much (phr) ■garments (n) - clothes (n) increasingly (adv) - more and more (phr) •
initiative (n) - idea (n) • manufacture (v) - make (v) • penalise (v) - punish (v) • proposal (n) - suggestion (n) •
purchase (v) - buy (v) • require (v) - need (v) • revolutionise (v) - make big changes in/to (phr)

www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test -= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = -
Present habits
1 Choose the best alternative.
1 When I'm buying something I will always read/am always reading reviews of the product first.
2 My sister is taking/would take my new coat without asking. It's so typical of her.
3 She will forever chat/'s forever chatting on her mobile!
4 I do/am doing homework on Saturday mornings.
/ 4 points

Past habits Relative clauses----------------------

2 Complete the sentences with the verb 3 Complete the sentences with an
from the box in the correct form. appropriate relative pronoun, or omit
the relative pronoun if possible. Does
buy • eat • go • live • stay • always tell each sentence contain a defining (D) or
non-defining (ND) relative clause?
1 She abroad for two
years, but she's home now. 1 Websites you can
sell your own clothes have become really
2 How often to the
popular. D/ND
dentist when you were younger?
2 The designer, clothes
3 When they were children, they
are inspired by her Indian heritage, is set
with their
to be the next big thing. D/ND
grandparents every weekend.
3 This is the shop
4 They meat, but now I worked at last summer. D/ND
they eat it at least five times a week.
4 The unique trend,
5 When we were kids, my older cousin originated in France, became popular
me what to do.
around the world. D/ND
He was so bossy!
5 I prefer to buy clothes
6 anything when you
are ethically made. D/ND
were in town yesterday?
1 10 points
/ 6 points

Vocabulary test ...-......-..-.—

Trends Expressions related to fashions
1 Complete the sentences with the words and trends
in the box. 2 Choose the correct alternative.
backlash • comeback • fad • iconic • 1 to be back in/to fashion
know • must-have • outdated 2 to make/do a fashion statement
3 to keep on/up with the latest fashions
1 The singer made a(n) after
being away from the music scene for a
few years.
4
5
to be in/on the radar
to raise/rise your profile es
2 These little gadgets are just a passing
. They won't be popular
6
7
to be in/on trend
buck the fashion/trend t
for long.
3 This equipment is completely
Formal and informal language
/7 points vo
u
. We need to buy new, more
efficient machines. 3 Match the less formal words 1-6 to the
4 There's been a public
against the government's policy.
more formal words a-f.
1 get rid of a garments
rs
5 These jeans are this year's 2 idea b cease
e
fashion item.
6 You should consult with people in the
before making the decision.
3
4
suggestion
clothes
c dispose of
d ensure
lf
7 It became a(n) image for
5 make sure e proposal
u
pop art. 6 stop f initiative n
/7 points / 6 points
i

Total: / 40 points
29
www.frenglish.ru
 3
0
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www.frenglish.ru
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Events and festivals in
your country
SPEAKING ® Starting point Academic skills
What do you remember about festivals Before you start doing research for your project, you
and fashion from the Culture exchange on should make sure your team has completed the planning
page 21? What three festivals are mentioned? stage. This will help to develop a clear structure for your
What fashions are mentioned for each festival? presentation and identify which information is relevant to
search for and which information can be left out.
2 SPEAKING

You want to inform students from other

countries about one or more annual festivals
Collaboration
or another event which is unique or exclusive When you work in a team, it's a good idea to give everyone
to your country or region. Use your own a role. This may be something that each person feels they
knowledge and the Internet for information can do well or something they want to focus on in order to
and facts about the event(s). Prepare one improve. You should discuss together how to allocate the
of these: roles. In some cases, it may work well to share some of the
A poster C video message roles. This will involve working more closely together, which
B presentation D information leaflet
is a great skill to develop.
Useful language
Research areas
• general information about the event I'd like to gain more experience in ..., If nobody minds,
I'd like to ..., Can I suggest...?, Who would like to take
(What kind of event is it? How long does it
charge of...?, Is anybody interested in doing ...?
last? When is it?)
• special clothes or costumes that people
wear to the event Intercultural awareness
• trends (fashion or other) that began at or
are closely related to the event Think about what may seem new or unusual to people from
• the history of the event - when and why other countries and regions about the event you describe,
it started and why that might be. Is there any background information
or any other concepts you could include to explain the
• defining moments in the history of
customs, traditions or behaviour? Check also for any words
the event
or expressions that you think are difficult to translate and
decide how to get the meaning across effectively.
3/ Think about

Digital skills SPEAKING

® Project tim e
Don't limit your online research to Do the project. Then present it to the class.
information only. Look also for useful,
striking or funny images or graphics that ® Evaluation
you can use to illustrate the information
in your project to make it more Give each project a mark from 1 to 5 (5 = very good) for:
interesting, and to make it clearer for Content Design
somebody from another country.
Presentation Language

www.frenglish.ru
31
 MAKING HISTORY
Read the text quickly. Does it mention any of your
ideas in 3?

@13 Read the article again and choose the best

Reading answers.
Vocabulary in context - Words that are 1 What point does the writer make about the teaching of
sim ilar in m eaning history in schools today?
SPEAKING Choose the correct alternative. a It now mostly focuses on the lives of ordinary people.
b It requires students to question and think critically
When watching films or series about
about past events.
historical events, why is it important to
be sceptical/cynical about how the events c It no longer includes subjects that were familiar to
and characters are shown? the older generation.
b Do you agree that young people are 2 The writer claims that the programme Time Team
generally more sceptical/cynical about a set out to entertain rather than educate viewers
the world than they used to be, and only about archaeology.
care about themselves? b proved that archaeology could be a career that was
Imagine your teacher had a time worth pursuing.
machine and offered your class a trip c was responsible for creating a widespread interest in
back in time to any period in history archaeology.
you chose. Is there any period you'd
3 In the third paragraph, the writer says that
have a genuine/authentic interest in
experiencing first hand? a new technology has completely replaced traditional
archaeological methods.
b Which do you think would give the
most genuine/authentic experience of b new methods have enabled archaeologists to make
a past event: virtual reality or a historical discoveries much more quickly.
re-enactment? c some archaeologists are not in favour of using LiDAR.
a More and more people seem to be In the writer's opinion
falling for online scams. Why do you a it is hard for young people to relate to the past,
think this is? Would you say they were
b museums and heritage sites should do more to
unlucky or gullible/nai've?
attract visitors.
b Do you think that young people in the
c modern technology can help us access the past in
past were more innocent and gullible/
new ways.
naive than teenagers are today?
5 What did the writer find most surprising about the
a Do you have a trustworthy/reliable friend
Roman Baths?
you can share all your secrets with?
a the accurate reconstruction of buildings
b Which are the most trustworthy/reliable
news sources for reporting facts rather b the effective use of technology
than opinion? c the fact it was so crowded
Use i t ... don't lose it! 6 An idea recurring in the text is that technology in
archaeology has
SPEAKING Discuss the questions in 1.
a contributed to our understanding of the past,

Reach higher b drawn attention to the historical sites most at risk,

c highlighted ways in which historical sites can be
3 Read the title and sub-title of the text. preserved.
What technology do you think the text will
mention? What do the underlined words and phrases in the text
mean?
0 Exam tip
1
In multiple-choice reading tasks, some
Critical thinkers
questions take the form of incomplete In your opinion, how can a better understanding
sentences, while others are questions. Read of the past help us improve our understanding
them carefully for clues to which part of the of present events and prepare for the future?
text contains the answer.
What makes you say that?

Unit3 www.frenglish.ru
 RINGING HISTORY BACK TO LIFE
digging in Mexico at the site of an ancient and massive city hidden
under jungle vegetation when Fisher had a revelation. As he
was walking around the site, which was 26 km 2 and had as many
buildings as Manhattan, it dawned
on him that the excavation would take him the rest of his career
and he thought 'there's got to be a better way'. There was. Fisher
and his team used LiDAR, a high-tech laser mapping technique,
to reveal in breathtaking detail the 1,000-year-old city. Typically
used on drones and military helicopters, LiDAR was also used
by Australian archaeologists to discover and map vast medieval
cities long-buried in the forests of Cambodia. As well as lasers,
archaeologists are using GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) to
enable them to 'see' what's underground. Just north of Rome,
archaeologists from the University of Cambridge used GPR
to 'uncover' an entire Roman city with no digging. The images
showed incredible 3D shapes of public baths, theatres, shops and
Rose Robson explores how 21st century other structures. Although the use of equipment like LiDAR and
technology can help us step back in time GPR has caused an archaeology revolution, it doesn't mean that
traditional, boots-on-the-ground, Indiana-Jones-style excavation
When I was at school, studying history was knowing about has become redundant, but it has certainly sped up the process.
things like the exact date of the fall of the Berlin Wall or
being able to recite all six of Henry Vlll's wives. During one Other innovations also help to bring the past to us. Virtual
test, I suddenly drew a blank - Which three astronauts first reality (VR) technology is used by museums and heritage sites
stepped onto the moon? Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and, er to allow visitors to go back in time and experience important
...The passive memorisation of names, dates and facts and historical events first-hand. You can 'walk' around ancient Rome,
the focus on invasions, revolutions and the lives of kings or get an up-close look at a Viking battle in all its 360-degree
and queens made history a subject that felt irrelevant and 3D glory. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is another way of
remote, and as dead as the people of the past. But in many taking our understanding of history a step further by bringing
classrooms today, the focus has shifted. Now, students are cities, buildings and even people 'back to life'. The quality of
expected to think more critically about traditional versions the visualisations that CGI technology produces, with realistic
of historical events, and to consider their wider social animation and 3D images, helps make history more relatable,
and cultural implications, helping them to recognise that particularly to younger people.
there have always been many 'stories', as opposed to one. If innovations in technology are helping to make the past more
Moreover, new technology and media have allowed us to exciting, they are also providing solutions to help conserve it
gain fresh insights into history, bringing the past to life in for the future. The Roman Baths in the city of Bath in the UK
really dynamic ways. are an example. Glass walkways have been cleverly suspended
Time Team was a popular TV programme that was helping above the Roman foundations so that no human foot will cause
to propel archaeology into the public consciousness. The erosion. Lighting is deliberately softened, reflecting the moody
specialists in the team spoke about each excavation with atmosphere of a Roman sanctuary, and avoiding deterioration of
genuine passion, and translated the science in a way that artefacts that artificial brightness would cause. Before I visited last
meant audiences felt engaged rather than alienated. An year, friends had advised me to expect snaking queues and rooms
ancient iron nail, a tiny piece of pottery, a mud-encrusted packed with slow-moving bodies. It was a description that turned
gold brooch - at the beginning of each episode the out to be accurate. But the soundscapes and CGI reconstructions
presenter, Tony Robinson, would ask who had owned the brought to life a Roman world beyond my expectations.
item and how it had ended up in that location. People I emerged in awe of this interactive journey.
wanted to know, and, at its peak, the show was so popular Many people believe
that the ratings grew to 3.5 million viewers who wanted that a good imagination
answers. Although Time Team no longer airs, its legacy is all that is needed to
remains. A new generation of archaeologists is digging open a window into the
up muddy fields, piecing mosaic fragments together, past, but I suspect that
examining old bones and holding up their finds to the the more we embrace
camera. the technology of the
future, the closer we will
Cutting-edge technology is helping us uncover even
become to our past
more of the past's secrets. Colorado State University CCCCKCCCCCK
archaeologist Christopher Fisher and his team, had been

Reach higher > page 137

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 3 33
 Grammar in context 1
Narrative tenses 3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs
1a Look at the sentences and identify the given. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
tenses of the verbs in bold.
1 While his colleagues were excavating
the site, Fisher was worrying about how
Culture exchange
long the work would take.
Noteworthy people
2 Fisher used LIDAR to reveal in
breathtaking detail the 1,000-year-old As in many other countries, British banknotes feature
city. images of people, including Queen Elizabeth II, who,
in 1960, (a) (grant) her permission
3 As Fisher was walking around the site,
for her portrait to feature on one side. She wasn't
he realised that the excavation would
take him the rest of his career. the first monarch to do so, as her grandfather, King
George V, (b) (appear) on two
4 Before I visited last year, friends had
banknotes in the early 20th century.
advised me to expect snaking queues.
In 1970, the Bank of England decided to feature well-
5 Christopher Fisher had been digging
known figures from Britain's history on the reverse
in Mexico when he had a revelation.
side of banknotes. They (c)
6 She was working in Rome and (introduce) some guidelines to consider when
spending a lot of time excavating ruins. selecting people: they (d)
7 Time Team was one programme that (cannot) be alive, and should be people who
was helping to propel archaeology into (e) (make) an important
the public consciousness. contribution to society.
The first character to appear on the £20 note
1b Which tense can we use for all of
(f) (be) William Shakespeare.
situations (a-d) below? Match
the relevant sentences in 1a to the Other notable people included the physicist, Sir Isaac
situations. Newton and the nurse, Florence Nightingale.
However, by 2013, all of these historical figures
a an activity that was in progress in the
were men, as the Bank (g)
past when something happened
(choose) politician Winston Churchill
b two activities that were in progress to replace the social reformer, laneAustcn tlOnctc IA 4 i
during the same period of time in Elizabeth Fry, on the £5 note. , victory for '
the past claim campus’***
There was a campaign to select
c with verbs that express the idea of a woman for the new £10 note
change or development in the past and the public (h)
d to describe the general background in (nominate) Jane Austen, the author of
which events occurred the novels Emma and Pride and Prejuc
Campaigners, who up to that point
1c When do we use the other tenses (i) (threaten) legal action against
in 1a? the Bank for discrimination, were delighted.
Check it page 42 In 2014, the Bank of England changed the way
characters were selected to appear on banknotes.
2 Choose the correct alternative. Before then, a committee (j)
1 Mother Teresa refused to be sculpted for (select) the characters, but they decided to
Madame Tussauds waxwork museum. ask the public to nominate people. The public
She was believing/believed that her work (k) (choose) the scientist and
was more important than her physical mathematician, Alan Turing, to appear on the £50
appearance. note. The Queen (I) (approve)
2 It's been an international tradition to the choice.
celebrate renowned people on postage
stamps since 1840, when a stamp called the
------ Collaborative project 2 / page 57 >
'Penny Black' featured/had featured a profile
of Queen Victoria.
X U s e i t ... don't lose it!j
3 In 1940,18-year-old Marcel Ravidat was
looking/looked for his dog, who fell/had Think of a famous person from history
fallen down a hole, when he was discovering/ and make notes about their life. Without saying the
discovered the famous cave paintings at name of the person, tell your partner about their
Lascaux in France. life. Can they guess who it is?

---------------------------- Reach higher / page 137

34 Unit 3 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary
Phrasal verbs - separable and inseparable 5 Put the phrasal verbs in 4 in the correct
column in the table in 3a.
1 SPEAKING Read the sentences and check that you
understand the meaning of the phrasal verbs in bold. 6 Complete the text with the correct form of
1 Did you use to make stories up when you were younger? the phrasal verbs in the box.
What about?
call for • carryout • come about • co un to n •
2 As a child, did you ever do something bad and get away coverup • get away with • make off with •
with it? What happened?
set out • stick at • takeu p
3 Have you ever set out to learn a new skill? What?
4 Are you good at sticking at things for a long time, even if
they're difficult? Give an example.
5 Do you have to put up with annoying behaviour from
anyone? Who? What do they do?
6 Do you like to read up on the history of a place before you
visit it?
Samuel Pepys was born in London in 1633.
7 Have you ever carried any research out at school? What was He attended school, unlike many children at
it about? that time, and, after graduating from Cam bridge
8 As a child, did you use to go around with no shoes on? University, he (a) an im portant
Was there anything you didn't like walking on? role in a governm ent department. Although
Pepys didn't (b) to be a writer,
2 SPEAKING Ask and answer the questions in 1. he's best remembered for his diary, in which he
gives a first-hand account of life over 360 years
3aComplete the table with the phrasal verbs in 1. ago. Pepys was unfailingly honest in his diary,
and made no attem pt to (c)
Transitive separable Transitive inseparable Intransitive his faults or failures, which are often described
in detail.
Pepys began writing his diary on 1st January,
1660, and (d) it for nine years,
3b Answer the questions.
docum enting som e of the m ost im portant events
1 What's the difference between transitive and intransitive of the 17th century. These include the plague of
phrasal verbs, and separable and inseparable phrasal verbs? 1665, the coronation of King Charles II and the
2 Are three-part phrasal verbs usually transitive or intransitive? Great Fire of London, which (e)
Are they usually separable or inseparable? after a fire started in a bakery not far from Pepys'
home. His diary describes how, seeing the fire
approach, he buried his gold, his papers and a
4 SPEAKING Match the phrasal verbs in bold in the
large round of parmesan cheese - presumably
sentences 1-6 to the definitions a-j.
to save them from the fire or to stop a thief
1 When he leaves, are you a say publicly that something (f) them. A s the fire swept
going to the airport to must happen across the city, Pepys (g)
see him off? b hide the truth buildings to be pulled down to stop the
2 The authorities tried to spread of the fire, and this was eventually
c give your time to
cover the journalist's (h) by Charles II.
something and make
story up, but she knew Because of his job, Pepys had a unique insight
progress
that she could count on into the lives of powerful people, which he wrote
d say goodbye to someone about in his diary. He (i) sharing
her colleagues to publish
the truth. e accept work or their secrets by using a form of shorthand and a
responsibility 'code' of Spanish, French and Italian words. Today,
3 His story didn't add u p -
f happen historians (j) Pepys' diary as
the police have called for an unparalleled picture of everyday life during a
a full review. g depend on someone to do turbulent tim e in history.
4 How did the idea for this what you expect them to
project come about? I can't do for you H Use i l ... don't lose it!
remember but we should h think about a series
begetting on with it. of things in order to /A Complete the phrasal verbs
SPEAKING

understand them and ask and answer the questions.

5 Let's go over what you
should do if anyone tries i seem correct or true 1 Have you ever set to write a
to make off with any of j steal and escape with diary? Did you stick it?
your belongings. something 2 Who can you count in a crisis?
6 She will take up her post in 3 What sports do people take as
October. they get older? Why?

----------- Reach higher / page 137

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 3 35
 GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
PIECINGTOGETHERTHEPAST
Lesson aim: To reflect on how we know so much about dinosaurs.
Video: Mission Jurassic
CHI Social and emotional learning: Acknowledging the
contributions of others

SPEAKING [@ Ask and answer these questions.

1 Look at the photo of palaeontologists at the top of the page. What do you think
their job involves?
2 What do you think would be the positive and negative aspects of this job?
3 Do you think palaeontologists do an important job? Why/Why not?

Watch the video about Mission Jurassic, a dig taking place in

Wyoming, USA. Does it mention any of the ideas you discussed in 1?

Watch the video again. What are the scientists able to understand
better as a result of this dig? Tick (y) the ideas that are mentioned.
How individual dinosaurs died.

What colour a dinosaur species was.

How big a dinosaur species was.

How different dinosaur species moved.

Why certain species of dinosaurs grew in size.

6 How fast dinosaurs could swim.

4 Read the sentences and choose the correct option. If necessary, watch the
video again and check your answers.
1 The large dinosaur bone that the scientists have just excavated at the beginning
of the video is believed to be a backbone/pelvis/shoulder blade.
2 The dinosaur found buried next to a tree trunk probably died in a
flood/fa rest fire/drought.
3 The dinosaur shown in the digital reconstruction is thought to be
the largest sauropod/an unknown species/the only sauropod with a tail.
4 The rocks that these scientists are studying are around 50/115/150 million
years old.
5 Before populations of the species allosaurus and diplodocus lived in this area,
it was covered in ice/trees/water.
6 The scientists cover the bones with plastic/plaster/earth to protect them before
transporting them to the lab.

5 Read the text on page 37 and answer the questions.

1 What kinds of evidence do palaeontologists examine in order to test
their hypotheses?
2 Why is palaeontology 'as much about the future as the past'?
3 Why is palaeontology described as a 'collective long-term endeavour'?

U n it3 www.frenglish.ru
Given that dinosaurs died out around 65 million years One reason for studying dinosaurs is to satisfy our fundamental
ago, we know an impressive amount about them. But curiosity about the history of life on Earth. But studying dinosaurs
how? It's thanks to palaeontologists, scientists who is as much about the future as the past. It can provide vital clues
study extinct life. By examining fossilised remains about how life forms adapt, why species become extinct and
and other kinds of evidence, palaeontologists are how biodiversity works. This knowledge may hold the key to
able to form and test hypotheses about what those understanding the effects of climate change and to managing and
species were like when they were alive. preserving species that are alive today, including our own.
One source of evidence about dinosaurs is their As well as often working in project groups, palaeontologists belong
skeletons, but palaeontologists also gain insights from to a global community with the common goal of understanding
their eggs, their footprints, impressions of their skin the dinosaur world. No individual palaeontologist will see this
and the contents of their gut. They also study material task completed in their own lifetime; they can only hope to add
found near dinosaur remains. For example, air bubbles another small piece to the giant puzzle. Each new discovery
trapped inside fossils can determine whether a volcano made by palaeontologists builds on the work of others - their
had recently erupted when a particular creature died. contemporaries and those who have gone before them. It also lays
Palaeontologists also study dinosaurs' living relatives the foundations for future breakthroughs to be made long after they
to deduce how they may have been similar. have gone the way of the dinosaurs themselves.

GREATTHINKERS
See-Think-Wonder

SPEAKING [® Follow the instructions.

1 Look at the picture on the left. What do you see?
2 What do you think this dinosaur was like when it was alive?
Why?
3 What do you w onderabout when you look at the photo?
What more would you like to know?

M What are the pros and cons of being involved in a

SPEAKING

long-term team project like the dig in Wyoming? What do you

think you would find rewarding? What might be difficult? Why?

GREATLEARNERS
Great learners acknowledge the contributions of others.

Why is it important to recognise other people's contributions

towards our own achievements? How can we do this?

Learner profile page 142

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 3
— Listening Grammar in context 2
i SPEAKING Discuss these questions. Flipped classroom video
1 Which period dramas are popular at the moment? Watch the Grammar Presentation video
Do you watch any?
2 Have you ever followed a series that recounts a
historical event?
Inversion with negative-------------
adverbial phrases
/ Exam tip
4 Look at the sentences and complete the text
In listening tasks where you match speakers to pieces with the words in the box.
of information or ideas, before you listen, read the
a Never before had I been able to see the
options carefully to get an idea of the topics.
actors' faces and scenery so well.
b Only after working in this area do you realise
how heavily the film industry relies on CGI.
2 @ 0 You will hear five short extracts in which five
people talk about historical films and TV series. auxiliary • emphasis • formal • inversion • negative
Listen twice and complete both tasks. In each
task, there are three extra letters which you do Some adverbial phrases have a (1)
not need. or restrictive meaning, for example no sooner,
seldom .
Task one When we begin a sentence or clause with
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) what a negative adverbial phrase, which include
each speaker has learnt. those with restrictive meaning, we change the
Speaker 1 1 Speaker 4 4 order of the subject and the verb. This is called
Speaker 2 2 Speakers 5 (2) . In sentences without an
Speakers 3 (3) verb, we use the correct form of
the verb do.
A the importance of costumes in films
Inversion with negative adverbial phrases
B you don't always have to be historically accurate are more often used in writing or more
C computer graphics help you to experience the (4) speech, or to add
film more (5) or dramatic effect.
D programmes are not always filmed in the actual Check it page 42
location they are portraying
E most people love to escape into a good film 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using inversion
F the film industry is dependent on special effects
and negative adverbial phrases with the word given.
G their fondness for plays and theatre Do not change the word given. Use between three
H watching historical dramas is good for people's and six words, including the word given.
well-being
1 I rarely go to the cinema as I prefer to watch films at
Task two home, (hardly)
For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) to the cinema, as I prefer
something the speaker intends to do in the future. to watch films at home.
Speaker! 6 Speaker 4 9 2 As soon as the film was released we went to see it at
Speaker? 7 Speakers 10 the cinema, (had)
Speakers 8 No than we went to see
it at the cinema.
A to watch more historical dramas
3 They only found out about being nominated two
B to improve the way they work hours ago. (until)
C to book a trip to the UK they find out about being
D to learn how to write their own plays nominated.
E to make costumes more authentic 4 You mustn't watch that new film without me.
F to visit places where filming took place (account)
G to go more often to the cinema On that new film
H to read stories of the same genre without me.

H Use i l ... don't lose it!

1
Critical thinkers
Make a sentence with Seldom
In your opinion, how much TV is too much? do I that is true for you. Compare with your
partner.
What makes you say that?
----------------- -i Reach higher / page 137

38 Unit3 www.frenglish.ru
■ Developing speaking
Discussing photos 1 V Exam tip
SPEAKING
In tasks where you discuss photos, try to talk about
Look at the photos. What do they show?
each photo for the same amount of time, alternating
2 SPEAKING
Read the speaking task. Then answer your comments between the two photos. Leave time
questions 1-10. to answer the examiner's questions, which are also
printed above the photos.
I'm going to give each of you three photos. I'd like
you to talk about two of them on your own for about
a minute, and also to answer a question briefly 3 Listen to two students doing the speaking
about your partner's photos. task in 2. Do the students do everything in 2 that
Student A: It's your turn first. Here are your photos. they are supposed to do?
They show important inventions. Compare two of
the photos, and talk about the impact the inventions 4 ©E3 Listen again and tick the expressions in the
have had on daily life and how they have contributed Speaking bank that you hear.
to other developments.
Student B: Which invention do you think you would
Speaking bank
find most difficult to live without and why?
Useful expressions to make comparisons
Student A:
Linking words/conjunctions used for comparing
1 should/shouldn't talk about two photos.
• whereas • while
2 should/shouldn't describe all the objects and people • on the other hand • however
in the photos.
Comparisons
3 should/shouldn't start by saying which photos • far (+ comparative form)
they've chosen.
• just as ...a s
4 should/shouldn't talk about the similarities and • nowhere near a s ... as
differences between the two photos.
Other phrases
5 should/shouldn't answer the question before talking • to have something/nothing in common ...
about the photos.
• there are several points of similarity between ...
6 should/shouldn't speculate about the photos and
hypothesise about what the people might be doing.
7 should/shouldn't talk for about one minute until the 5 Write one or two sentences to state
examiner stops them. your opinion on each question below. Use
expressions in the Speaking bank. Then use your
Student B:
sentences to discuss the questions with your
8 should/shouldn't interrupt Student A while he/she is partner.
talking about his/her photos.
1 Which invention was more important: the car or the
9 should/shouldn't compare his/her photos.
telephone?
10 should/shouldn't answer the examiner's question.
2 Which of these has had a bigger impact on daily life:
the Internet or TV?

Pidclice makes perfect

6 SPEAKING Student A turn to page 149.
Student B turn to page 158. Follow the
instructions.
What impact have the inventions had on daily life?
How have the inventions contributed to other

www.frenglish.ru
 Developing writing
*• \

A cover letter 3 Read this task and the cover letter

written by a student. Answer the
SPEAKING Discuss these questions. questions.
1 Would you like to work as a volunteer overseas? Why/Why not?
1 Which of the volunteer roles is the
2 What sort of volunteer work would you be good at? Why? student applying for?
2 What relevant experience does the
SPEAKING Read these adverts and answer the questions. applicant have?
1 Match the volunteering jobs 1-3 to the photos a-c.
You are a student and have seen an advert
2 Which job would you prefer? Why?
for a volunteering job. Write a cover letter.

Dear Sir or Madam,

Volunteering opportunities 1 I am writing in regard to your advertisement
for a volunteer, which is currently posted in
the Volunteering section of the 'Prospects’
1 French castle in the Ardeche outdoor workcamp website. Ifeel confident that the role as
We’re currently looking for new volunteers to work in beautiful a meet-and-greet volunteer would be a
surroundings in the heart of the Ardeche in the South of France. wonderful opportunity for me.
Do you enjoy working outdoors? Are you interested in helping to 2 lam in my second year of a BA in History of
preserve nature and woodland near our medieval castle? If the Art and Design at the University of Brighton
answers are yes, then this role is for you! You'll work five hours a day and would like to gain some relevant work
helping to restore the hiking trails and open up new ones by picking experience during the summer break. I have
up fallen branches and pruning overgrown trees and bushes. found my course motivating and thought­
In return, you will be given food and lodgings in a 16th century provoking, and next year I plan to write my
farmhouse and access to the castle swimming pool. Regardless of dissertation on Art Deco buildings. For that
your experience, we'd love to hear from you. reason, Iwould greatly welcome the chance
to work at Eltham Palace and Gardens to
achieve a deeper appreciation of Art Deco.
2 Meet-and-greet volunteer at Eltham Palace
3 I believe that I am an ideal candidate for the
and Gardens
volunteer meet-and-greet role. As a history
Work at this beautiful Art Deco mansion on the outskirts of London. of art student, I consider myself to have
Your role will include welcoming visitors to the Palace and Gardens, excellent visual analytical skills, as well as
providing them with information, giving them directions and a broad knowledge of periods and styles.
answering questions. You'll receive training to assist people with Last summer, Iworked as a receptionist at
disabilities and learn all about the history of the Palace. If you'd like The Grand Hotel in Brighton. Not only did
to find out more about working in these beautiful surroundings, go this allow me to develop excellent customer
to our Heritage Volunteers website. service and communication skills, but it also
tested my ability to work under pressure and
to problem-solve.
3 Zanzibar Stone Town Conservation - Education
and restoration volunteer 4 As for my personal qualities, I am friendly
and approachable. I also have excellent
We have a vacancy for a volunteer with the Zanzibar Stone Town
communication skills, which will enable me to
Heritage Society. This unique town, with its unusual architecture,
share my passion for history with the public.
has been protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2000.
You'll be working with locals to help them realise the importance of 5 I attach an application form and CV, and
their cultural heritage and to run projects restoring and preserving am available for an interview at your
the buildings. As well as learning some useful skills, volunteering convenience. Please do not hesitate to
is a great way to meet new people from all over the world and contact me if you require further information.
gain insight into what it's like to live in a different culture. There is Yours faithfully,
a choice of accommodation, flexible start-dates and extensive Mia Scott
preparation and training. Apply online with your CV.

40 U nit3 www.frenglish.ru
4 Read the letter again. Which paragraph: Rewrite this cover letter to m ake the language and style
more form al.
A says what is included with the letter and
invites further communication?
Hi!
B gives examples of the applicant's relevant
work experience and interests? I'm writing about the ad on your website for a volunteer role at
C explains the reason for writing and states your charity. I'd really love this job! I'm just about to finish school
which internship is being applied for? and I am thinking of going to uni to do engineering or something
like that I heard about the cool work you have been doing with
D outlines the applicant's relevant formal
homeless people. I read that your organisation plays a key role
education?
in improving our local community-that's great, dudes! But
E describes the applicant's personal qualities? that's why I wanna work at your charity. I would be a good guy to
hire, because I just love people and I'm great at chatting to them.
Look at the letter in 3 again and com plete Anyway, here's my CV. Let me know if you want me to come for
the expressions in the W riting bank. an interview. I would really like that!
k Thanks so much!
Writing bank
Josh Evans
Useful expressions in cover letters

O pening and closing expressions

• I am writing in to/in 8 SPEAKING Discuss these questions.
connection with the role/position/post o f ... 1 What sort of volunteer role would you be interested in?
• la m for an interview at your 2 What experience and skills could you bring to the role of
convenience. volunteer?
• Please do not to contact me if
3 Which skills would you hope to develop?
you require further information.
Giving reasons for applying Practice makes perfect
• I would like to gain relevant work experience 9a Do this task. Follow the paragraph plan in the letter
in the field o f ... in 3 and use expressions from the Writing bank.
I was interested to read/hear t h a t ...
It would be a wonderful for Read the job advertisement for volunteer work at a
me. museum below. Write a cover letter to apply for the
I would greatly the chance post. Remember to:
t o ... • give your reasons for applying
Describing your skills, education and • give details of your relevant skills, education and
experience experience
As you will see from my CV, I ... use features of formal writing
• I am confident that I am an ideal candidate
for an internship with your company. 9b When you finish your cover letter, use the Writing
I believe that I am an for checklist on page 141 to check it.
the role o f ...
I feel confident that my experience HOME ABOUT |OBS FORUM ( Q)
volunteering in the museum last year will
help me in this role.
• I have found the training I received in my
previous job to be very useful.
the DesignMuseum
I to have excellent We are looking for volunteers to work alongside our
analytical and problem-solving skills. sta ff this year as social-media editors. In this role,
you will help to create engaging online content to
advertise our museum exhibitions.
6 Look at the letter in 3 again and find
A high level of English and IT skills is essential.
exam ples of these features of formal
A background in design is not, as training will be
writing.
given. However, a passion for design is desirable,
1 examples of formal vocabulary and applicants should show th at they are
2 use of the passive enthusiastic about working in this unique museum.
3 inversion with negative adverbial phrases It is essential that all volunteers can work 1-2 days
per week. This role would suit students looking for
professional experience.
To apply, complete the online registration form and
send with your CV and a cover letter.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 3 41
 Grammar reference
Narrative tenses Inversion with negative adverbial phrases
CO
The past simple is used for finished actions, situations We can place certain negative adverbial phrases at the
or habits when there is a definite time or context in beginning of a sentence for emphasis. This is more
the past. common in formal English, although we sometimes
The Vikings firs t in vaded England in the 8 th century. use it in less formal English for dramatic effect.
The past continuous is used: Not once had he called them since the day he left.

kc • to describe an activity that was in progress at a

particular moment in the past.
/ wasjustgetting ready for hed when Igot the
Hardly ever would she leave the four walls o f her bedroom.
The subject and auxiliary verb following the adverbial
phrase are inverted. If there is no auxiliary verb, we use

e message. do, does or did.

h • to describe two activities that were happening at

the same period of time in the past.
Not only d id he help me p ick up my shopping, but he also
helped'me carry it home!

C •
The children were playing a new game and they were,
making an aw ful lot o f noise.
to express the idea of change or development in
We use inversion:
• after a number of phrases with no, on/y and not.
Under no circumstances should you attempt to open
the past this door.
The team weregetting better and better as they Only after I met them d id I realise they lived in my
practised more together. street.
• to provide the general background to the main No sooner had we got through the door than the
event, which is expressed in the past simple. phone rang.
The scientists were looking fo r a vaccine when they • after some frequency adverbs such as hardly ever,
accidentally came across a cure. rarely and never.
The past perfect is used to refer to an action that Never (before) ha d we been as afraid as on that awful
happened before another action or situation in the night.
past.
Rarely do /got the chance to sit down and relax.
• The past perfect simple form focuses on the
• after little. This means not at all.
completed action.
Little d id she know that her family were waiting
My friends had already arrived by the time Igot to the
fo r her.
airport.
• The past perfect continuous is used to focus on
the duration or repeated nature of an activity that
happened before another activity in the past.
His parents had been saving up fo r some time so he
couldgo to university.
• We use the simple, rather than the continuous
form, to talk about how many times something
happened before a point of time in the past.
S h e d entered at least 2.5 competitions before she won
a prize.
She'dbeen entering a t least 25 competitions before she
won a prize.

Vocabulary
(©Ei 1Words that are similar in meaning
genuine - authentic • gullible - naive • sceptical - cynical • trustworthy - reliable

©IB 2 Phrasal verbs - separable and inseparable

Transitive separable: carry out • coverup • makeup • see off
Transitive inseparable: call for • counton • go over • stick at • takeup
Intransitive: add up • come about • go around • set out
Three-part: get away with • get on with • make off with • put up with • read up on

42 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
Narrative tenses 1 Narrative tenses 2
1 Complete the text with the 2 Decide if the verbs in bold are in the correct form.
correct form of the verbs given. Rewrite the incorrect forms.
Yesterday, I (1) 1 It was raining while I was walking the dog earlier.
(look for) interesting stories online 2 When they had met, she was 16 years old.
when I (2)
3 I had been living in Manchester for three years when
(come across) a story about
I got my dream job.
the discovery of 7th century
Anglo-Saxon treasure at Sutton 4 Did you spend a long time studying last night?
Hoo, in Suffolk, England. Edith 5 The man left already by the time I got there.
Pretty, the owner of the land, 6 I walked down the road when I saw the accident.
(3) (get)
7 The cars were crashing then spun off the road.
increasingly curious about the
mounds on the property and /7 points
(4) (decide) Inversion with negative
to hire local archaeologist, Basil
Brown, to find out if there was
adverbial phrases
anything buried in them. In 1939, 3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
Basil (5) (make)
the awe-inspiring discovery, which little • never • no sooner • not until • rarely •
continues to fascinate historians under no circumstances
today - a 27-metre Saxon burial
ship, with 263 artefacts hidden 1 had we heard the news, than we
inside. The significance and rushed to see them.
excitement of the find for the 2 should we use this entrance.
people of Britain, who at that time 3 before had I laughed so much!
(6) (prepare)
4 does she visit me any more.
to enter World War II, should not
be understated. Just before her 5 did they know that their house
death, Edith (7) was of historical interest when they bought it!
(donate) the artefacts to The 6 you hear the whistle should you
British Museum. kick the ball.
/7 points / 6 points

Vocabulary test
Words that are similar in meaning Phrasal verbs - separable
1 Write a sentence for each word to show you and inseparable 2
understand the meaning.
3 Complete the sentences. Write
1 trustworthy 3 authentic 5 naive
one word in each gap.
2 sceptical 4 gullible 6 cynical
/ 6 points
1 I need to read
on Paris before I go there this es
Phrasal verbs - separable
and inseparable 1
spring.
2 The art thieves got t
2 Match the verbs to the particles and match the
completed phrasal verbs to the meanings.
with the crime as neither they
nor the painting were ever vo
u
found.
Verb Particle(s) Meaning 3 When the archaeologists set
1 carry
2 count
off with
about
continue to do
do or complete
on the project,
they knew it would be hard. rs
3 get up with revise 4 The government tried to cover
e
4 stick
5 go
6 put
over
out
on with
rely on
happen
persevere at
to see them
the whole scandal.
5 We all went to the train station lf
6 Several ministers have called u
7 make on escape with his resignation. n
8 come at tolerate
/ 6 points
i
/ 8 points

— T o ta l: / 40 points ■■■■■
www.frenglish.ru
43
 FUTURE VISIONS
Use i t ... don ft lose it!
SPEAKING

in 4. Do you think they will come

Reading true or not?
Vocabulary in context - Support and opposition
Reach higher > page 137
® What does 'dystopian' mean? Are dystopian
SPEAKING

novels and films popular in your country?

6 Read the text. Which commentator has
the most negative opinion of dystopian
k ’ > Read these descriptions of dystopian stories
SPEAKING
novels?
and check that you understand the words and phrases
in bold. 0 Exam tip
1 In The Hunger Games, small-town girl Katniss Everdeen In multiple-matching reading tasks
defies President Snow and others begin to follow. with several texts, you are required to
2 Brave New World shows a dystopian future in which people identify different writers' opinions about
are controlled by technology. Individual thought is seen as a specific points. Remember that, as well
threat to authority and everyone conforms to regulations. as explicitly expressing their views, many
3 In Uglies, Tally Youngblood's desire to become a 'pretty' writers convey their attitude in other ways.
clashes with her loyalty to her friend Shay. Unless she turns Ask yourself 'What does the writer really
him in to the authorities, she will be denied the cosmetic think?' when you read opinion texts.
surgery that all 16-year-olds receive.
4 The Road undermines any confidence the reader may have
that humans are moral creatures. Set in a post-apocalyptic
7 © E l Read the text again. For questions
1-4, choose from the four commentators
world, father and son must try to survive in a society where
(A-D). The commentators may be
law and order has broken down.
chosen more than once.
5 The Drowned World is set in an unrecognisable, tropical,
flooded London in the year 2145. Solar radiation and global Which commentator:
warming have begun to facilitate a strange regression 1 has a different view from the others
amongst humans, plants and animals. on why dystopian fiction appeals
to teenagers?
6 High-Rise has rightly been praised as one of J G Ballard's
most provocative novels. At the top of a luxury tower block 2 shares an opinion with C on the
live the most privileged class, unaware of the lives of the optimism present in dystopian
poorer residents in the floors below. It does not take long novels?
for tribes to form, resulting in a violent struggle for power. 3 has a different opinion to D about
7 In Animal Farm, Farmer Jones' cruelty reinforces the character development in recent
animals' negative view of people. They revolt against the dystopian fiction?
farmer to create their own society in which all animals are 4 has the same opinion as A on how
equal, but things do not go according to plan. popular dystopian fiction will
continue to be with teenagers?
Match the words and phrases in 2 to their opposites in
the box. What do the underlined words and
phrases in the text mean?
condemned • obeys • obstruct • rebels against •
strengthens • supports • weakens 1
Critical thinkers
In your opinion, do you think it is
Choose the correct alternative. a good idea for young people to
Some experts predict that, in the future: read dystopian novels and watch
1 robots will eventually rebel against/reinforce humans. dystopian films? Why/Why not?

2 companies probably will expect staff to reinforce/conform to What makes you say that?
even stricter dress codes.
3 people will be clashed with/condemned for not living an
environmentally-friendly life.
4 the influence of giant social-media and tech companies will
be greatly undermined/defiedby new laws.
Unit 4 www.frenglish.ru
V Mixed reviews Home About R eview s

Why are dystopian novels so popular?

F o u r c o m m e n t a t o r s d is c u s s t h e r o le a n d v a I ue o f d y s t o p i an f i c t i o n
The dystopian novel is nothing new. But I doubt that ln the past, whenever I was asked to speak at a literary
A George Orwell, Ray Bradbury or Suzanne Collins
imagined that their respective works 1984, Fahrenheit 451
C festival, questions from the audience were predictable.
They were invariably about the individuals that populated my
and The Hunger Games would still be so popular years after dystopian novels and whether or not I thought they were role
they were first published. Even more remarkable is how this models. But at last year's festival, I knew the questions were
genre has suddenly come to crowd the young-adult shelves going to be different. When I was writing back in the 90s, I
of local bookshops - and I suspect that this will be the case felt I had a moral responsibility towards my young readers;
for many years to come. This is because, unlike the older I understood their urge to question rules and social norms,
dystopian 'classics', in much of the new fiction teenage to stand out rather than fit in. Dystopian stories reflect that
protagonists drive the narrative. Furthermore, although urge more so than any other kind of novel. At the same time,
the concepts of friendship, broken trust and defying they offer a glimmer of hope - faint, but within reach. A few
authority feature in other types of novel, at the heart of any years ago, however, I felt my responsibility shifting. Rather
dystopian story is an uprising against the status quo. This than writing about dark futures, I wanted to focus on the
is of particular interest to teens, since they are at an age very real present, and not everyone in the festival audience
when they are becoming increasingly cynical about society. praised my change in direction. Perhaps it all felt too close,
Several years ago I remember overhearing a couple who too possible? But I have no doubt that teens will always
had clashed with their son over his reading choices - The seek out dystopian fiction, and judging by the standard of
Hunger Games and Divergent series. 'How are we going writing at this year's festival, we're going to see many first­
to persuade him to read something more positive?', they time authors make a name for themselves. Rather than
fretted. I suspect their attitude only served to reinforce his offer advice, I think I'll leave them to it. After all, everyone's
view that 'adults don't get it'. personal view of dystopia is unique.
Film adaptations of modern authors' dystopian The New York Times Young Adult Fiction bestsellers
B novels have given the impression that all it takes to
overthrow a totalitarian state are cartoonish superpowers
D list comes out next month, and we're bound to see at
least one novel set in a dystopian future. Since the well-
and some smart one-liners, and I imagine that we aren't deserved success of the Chaos Walking trilogy by Patrick
likely to see a change here. But in the novels themselves, Ness and the award-winning Station Eleven by Emily St
many of the main characters have considerably greater John Mandel, a great many first-time authors have been
depth and the narrative is often written from the hero or trying their hand at creating increasingly bleak scenarios
heroine's perspective, giving the reader access to their inner for the near and distant future. But this trend can only last
thoughts and the memories that haunt them. As the plot so long: at some point, young readers will realise they are
unfolds, we come to understand why they might choose encountering the same old plot with a slight variation in
to collaborate with the enemy, betray a friend, fall in love scenery. Dystopian authors have long assumed that their
with the wrong person or sacrifice their own freedom to work resonates with teenagers because of the rebellion
facilitate the process of revolution. Then there is the fact factor, but as with all works of young-adult fiction, it simply
that young adults can often see their own lives mirrored in comes down to an exciting storyline. Any book-w hether
fantasy worlds where everyone is expected to conform - set in the past, present or future - has to be gripping and in
which might explain why dystopian works hold such great this respect, Ness and Mandel are experts. They also know
fascination for this particular age group. This is not to say how to make us care; unfortunately, a large number of their
that dystopian novels are all doom and gloom; if readers look contemporaries do not. Presenting people as 'good guys'
carefully enough, even in the darkest story, the author has and 'bad guys' undermines any confidence that they are real.
left a candle burning. There is a message that while human Teens want to read about characters that are complex like
civilisation may be on the verge of collapsing, humans themselves.
themselves will survive.

Reach higher > page 137

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4 45
 Grammar in context 1
Future forms 3 Complete the text with the correct form of the
la Look at the sentences 1-8 and identify the verbs given. Sometimes more than one answer
future forms in bold. is possible.

1 I suspect that this will be the case for many

years to come.
2 How are we going to persuade Alex to read
something more positive?
3 I knew the questions were going to be
different.
4 The New York Times Young Adult Fiction
bestsellers list comes out next month
5 Judging by the current trend, we're going to
continue to see many first-time authors make
a name forthemselves.
6 Kim and I are giving a joint presentation
Space exploration used to be a subject for fiction, but it
next week.
became a reality when NASA began its mission to explore
7 Rather than offer advice, I think I'll leave them space over 60 years ago. As part of their future plans,
to it. NASA (1) (reach) sensational new
milestones that will change the world.
8 They didn't imagine their books would still be
popular years after publication. Firstly, astronauts (2) (go) back to
the Moon as part of the Artemis programme. This time
lb Match sentences 1-8 to the uses a-g. NASA (3) (send) a female astronaut
when a spacecraft (4) (take off) from
a to make decisions about the future at the time the Kennedy Space Center in 2024. She will be the first
of speaking woman ever to walk on the Moon, and the first person
b to express general plans and intentions to visit it since 1972. This time, NASA plans to leave the
astronauts on the Moon as long as possible because
c to make predictions based on present evidence
this (5) (prepare) them for longer
d to refer to schedules and timetables journeys further into space.
e to talk about the future in the past Founded in 2002 to revolutionise space travel by
f to talk about fixed arrangements developing advanced rockets, the private company
SpaceX® (6) (provide) Starship - its
g to make predictions based on opinions, most powerful space launch ever created - for NASA's
often after verbs like think, suggest, suspect, Moon mission. Currently, it is taking cargo and people
imagine. to and from the International Space Station. Sixty years
ago, the idea that a company (7)
1c Look at sentences 9-11. Which expression(s) (launch) people into space on commercial flights was a
is/are used to ... pipe dream.
a say that something will happen in the very Other projects on the horizon include NASA's Parker
near future? Solar Probe, which will be the first ever mission to 'touch'
the Sun. It doesn't sound feasible, but the spacecraft will
b express a probable future outcome? travel directly into the Sun's atmosphere. It will be the first
9 We're bound to see at least one novel set in a time scientists have been so close to a star, so they're
dystopian future. bound (8) (learn) a lot about the
mysteries of the Sun's atmosphere.
10 While human civilisation may be on the verge
Also being planned is NASA's first human mission to Mars.
of collapsing, humans themselves will survive.
Sixty years ago, it probably didn't cross anyone's mind
11 I imagine that we aren't likely to see a change that in the future we (9) (transport)
here. humans 140 million miles to the red planet.
Check it page 54 So, these ambitious plans to go to the Moon, the
Sun and Mars are no longer the stuff of fantasy. Who
2 Choose the correct alternative. knows what will be next? What's for sure is that NASA
(10) (continue) to explore the
1 People are bound to live/on the verge o f living on
universe for signs of life with the hope of answering the
another planet in the future. question, 'Are we alone?'
2 In Anim al Farm, the animals are likely to protest/
on the verge o f protesting about events when they
decide not to. Use i t ... don't lose it!
3 A NASA spacecraft was going to/would fly to the ISS Write predictions about the future
yesterday, but it was cancelled due to poor weather. using appropriate structures from 1a and
4 Do you think humans will ever step/are ever stepping 1c. Compare with a partner. Which of your
on the surface of Mars, or is that just science-fiction? partner's predictions do you think are likely
to happen?
5 I never thought that tourists w ill/w ould travel into
space one day. -------------------- Reach higher / page 137

46 Unit 4 www.frenglish.ru
■Developing vocabulary
Word formation - suffixes / Exam tip
In word-formation tasks, look at the words before and
1 Write the adjective forms for the groups of words after each gap and decide what form of the word -
(1-10), using the suffixes in the box. Make spelling
adjective, adverb, noun, verb etc. - is needed.
changes to the words if necessary.
-able • -al • -ful • -ial • -ible • -ic • -ive • -less
-ory • -ous 4 Complete the text with words formed from the
words in brackets.
1 economy academy science
2 event peace success
3 sense access comprehend Culture exchange
4 breath harm fear
Rewilding Australia for a better future
5 sensation technology practice
Global warming, pollution and loss of habitat
6 discriminate introduce contradict
are problems that (a) (threat) some
7 produce collaborate receive species with extinction. Currently, more than one
8 recognise believe question million species of animals and plants around
9 ambition infect advantage the world are in danger. In Australia, a range of
10 commerce influence territory conservation efforts are being introduced by
th e (b ) (environment) organisation
2 Complete the sentences with nouns formed from Rewilding Australia in a bid to safeguard the
the words given and the suffixes in the box. future of over 500 unique species, such as
Tasmanian devils.
-ance • -ence • -ety • -hood • -ment • -ness • Australia is home to some (c)
-ship • -ure (remark) creatures not found on other continents.
Now, the future of many unique species is
1 Do you share many people's (anxious)
uncertain due to climate change, vegetation­
about the future of our planet?
clearing and (d) (nature) disasters.
2 It will be an incredible (achieve) when Australia has turned to technology in an attempt
astronauts land on Mars. Would you want to go?
to save its precious inhabitants.
3 NASA has a quarantine (proceed) for
Rewilding Australia is working in
astronauts retuning from the space station. Why do
(e) (partner) with WWF on a plan
you think that's necessary?
that will reintroduce some species into the wild.
4 Elon Musk has talked about his (eager) So far, there has been an (f) (effect)
to encounter other civilisations if they exist. Would
repopulation of eastern quolls, a type of marsupial
you like to meet an alien?
which had been extinct from the mainland of
5 Do you think people understand the Australia for over 50 years. Other species will
(relevant) of environmental education? follow.
6 Many species show extraordinary The project will monitor the ecosystem after the
(intelligent). Which do you think is the cleverest? creatures have been reintroduced. Rewilding
7 How are (partner) linking young Australia will be investing in some new
people with environmental projects beneficial? (g) (equip), including drones with
8 What's the (likely) that we can save thermal imaging. Drones are a non-intrusive
animal species in danger of extinction? way of observing animals and can gain access to
otherwise (h) (access) areas. They will
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of also help to locate and manage (i)
verbs formed from the words and the suffixes in (invade) species that are not native to the island.
the boxes.
Rewilding Australia's
familiar • medical • sad • simple vision is to reshape
the country's future by
-ate • -en • -ify • -ise restoring the ecosystems
of the past - something
1 Read the information leaflet to yourself that we should all be
with the environmental issues. aiming for.
2 It's unfortunate that the animals have to be
to make them calmer.
3 It me to think how many animals have Use it ... don't lose it!
become extinct. SPEAKING Ask and answer the questions in 2.
4 Technology has the way we live but has
some negative side effects on the environment. Reach higher > page 137

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4
 GREATLEARNERS
V GREATTHINKERS
THEFUTUREOFROBOTICS
Lesson aim: To reflect on the importance of perseverance in the tech
industry and other areas of life
Video: Meet MekaMon!
G O Social and emotional learning: Developing perseverance

SPEAKING How do you th in k people w ill be using robots 20 years from

now? Think o f as many possible applications o f robotics as you can.
Use the categories in the box to help you.

arts and entertainment • crime • education • medicine* sport • transport • the home

Watch the video. Does it m ention any o f your ideas from 1?

VIDEO U M i Watch the video again and answer the questions.

Where does Silas Adekunle live and what is his nationality?
2 How did Adekunle and the co-founders of Reach Robotics develop MekaMon?
3 How is MekaMon controlled?
4 Where did Adekunle originally get the idea for MekaMon?
5 How does Adekunle believe robots can be useful in schools?

Read the te x t and com plete the sentences.

Before founding his company, Reach Robotics, Adekunle
2 Adekunle believes that, above all, to be successful in the tech industry,
people need
3 In 2019, Adekunle announced that
4 The writer predicts that Adekunle

MAKING TEC H EN TR EPR EN EU R

Few people have a clear vision of how technology will However, according to Adekunle, making it in this fast-
evolve in the future. Fewer still are so confident about paced industry is not just dependent on talent, knowledge,
their vision that they’re prepared to stake everything on skills or even ideas. He believes that the real key to
making it a reality. Those that are might have a chance of success is perseverance. Describing the development of
succeeding as a tech entrepreneur. One such person is MekaMon as ‘an emotional rollercoaster’, he said in an
Silas Adekunle, CEO of Reach Robotics and the inventor interview that 'sometimes people don’t achieve their goal
of the world's first intelligent gaming robot, MekaMon. not because it’s too tough but because they give up’.
Adekunle’s vision began taking shape when he was still Adekunle would have needed to draw on all of his reserves
a student. After moving to the UK from Nigeria, he of perseverance when, in 2019, he announced the closure
studied robotics in Bristol while also working in schools, of Reach Robotics due to difficult market conditions.
teaching students about robotics. It was there that It may be the end of the company, but it's unlikely that
he had the idea for MekaMon - a robot designed both Adekunle will give up on his vision. Reaffirming his goal
to revolutionise gaming and to become a motivating to use robotics to ‘entertain, inspire and educate', he
educational tool for teaching STEM [science, technology, assured his social media followers that he’d 'always been
engineering and mathematics]. By 2018, when Adekunle comfortable with the fact that there will be some minor
was still only 27, Reach Robotics had signed deals with setbacks on this journey as an entrepreneur’.
Apple® and Amazon® to sell MekaMon worldwide.

Unit 4 www.frenglish.ru
 GREATTHINKERS

SPEAKING Follow the instructions.

How could robots, Al and virtual reality be used
to help students understand different subjects
in schools and universities? What do you think
you know about this topic already?
What puzzles you about this topic? What
questions do you have?
What does this topic make you want to
explore? Where might you be able to find this
kind of information?

tliifililliratgy
SPEAKING
The text in 4 discusses the importance
of perseverance in the tech industry. How
important is perseverance in other careers?
How important is it in your own life? Why?

GREATLEARNERS
Great learners persevere in the face of
setbacks.

How can we respond to setbacks in a positive way'

What can we do to get better at persevering in the
face of challenges?

page 142

www.frenglish.ru
— Listening Grammar in context 2
SPEAKING[® You Flipped classroom video
are going to listen
to an interview Watch the Grammar Presentation video
about the future
of smartphones. r Advanced future forms
What features and
functions do you 4a Look at the sentences and identify the
think smartphones tenses in bold.
might have in the 1 Don't call me tonight because I'll be doing my
future? homework.
2 They won't be available for a while yet.
© 0 ' Listen and choose the best answers.
3 I'll be phoning my mother tonight, as usual.
1 What does George say about the number of phones
4 I think the idea for these will have
in the world?
disappeared in a couple of years' time.
a There are fewer smartphones than mobile
5 By the time that technology comes out, we will
phones.
have been carrying these things round with
b The number of smartphones will increase in the us for long enough.
future.
c The number of phones will stay the same now. 4b Answer the questions.
2 What does Sandy suggest about working in the R&D Which sentence:
department? a emphasises the duration of an action that
a People aren't very good, as they make a lot of continues up to a given time in the future?
mistakes. b talks about something that will be finished
b You have to be prepared to be persistent. before a given time in the future?
c It can be annoying, as it's slow, hard work. c talks about something in progress at a time in
3 George assumes that Sandy: the future?
a also has to guess what new developments d illustrates that state verbs are usually used in
there are. the simple and not the continuous form?
b knows what new technology will be out next year. e describes something that is inevitable in the
c will tell him about secret developments in future?
smartphones. Check it page 54
4 When asked about new technologies in the pipeline,
Sandy can: 5 Complete the questions with the correct future
form of the verbs given.
a not talk about ideas that people already know
about. 1 This time next year, do you think you
(study) or
b share what she's currently working on.
(work)?
c tell George about potential ideas that have been
2 How many years (you/study) by
announced.
the time you finish school?
5 What do Sandy and George think of stretchable
3 By the time you reach 25, what things do you think
screens?
you (achieve)?
a They both like how accommodating the
4 When (you/know) what time
technology sounds.
your English exam is?
b They agree that it's possible to have fewer
5 What (do) next Saturday night
screens.
at 10 pm?
c They have different opinions from one another.
6 Do you think you (find) a job by
6 By the end of the interview, George has:
the time you finish your education?
a decided not to carry a phone around with him.
b resolved not to do something.
Use i t ... don't lose it!
SPEAKING
c changed his mind about something. Use the questions in 5 to interview
your partner.
1
3 Critical thinkers
----------------- Reach higher / page 137
In your opinion, what are the clangers of
becoming dependent on smartphones?
What makes you say that?

50 Unit 4 www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Collaborative tasks 1
4 Listen again and complete the phrases in
SPEAKING Discuss these questions. the Speaking bank.
1 Do you do chores at home?
2 Which chores do you enjoy doing the most and the Speaking bank
least? Why? Useful expressions for collaborative tasks

Inviting your partner's response

2 [(§) Look at the diagram for the
SPEAKING
• What's your take on ...?
collaborative speaking task. Brainstorm some
ideas about why a robot might be useful in some • Am I right in thinking ...?
of the situations in the diagram. • Wouldn't you agree th a t...?
• Do you on that?
Responding to your partner's comment
in the • I guess
classroom as in the home as a • That's a
a teacher cleaner • I suppose that
• I see what
• What you said reminds me o f ...
• Let me consider this for a moment.
How might robots be
• To be honest, that's something I've never thought
useful in these situations? about before.

Practice makes perfect

as a friend SPEAKING Do the task below. Use
expressions from the Speaking bank.
1 Here are some situations in life and a question
for you to discuss. First you have 15 seconds to
on holiday as at the doctor's look at the task.
a guide and to diagnose,
translator prescribe and
operate

@ E ) Listen to two students doing the task in 2.

Answer the questions.
1 In which order do the students discuss the five
situations in the diagram in 2?
2 Do they discuss all five situations?
3 Does each student discuss a different situation or do
they discuss the same situations?

/ Exam tip
In collaborative speaking tasks, it is better to discuss
several ideas in depth together rather than trying
to cover all the ideas. You can do this by asking
your partner questions about your ideas, and by
commenting on and adding to what your partner
has already said.

2 Now, talk to each other about how you think

these aspects of life will change in the future.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4 51
 Developing writing
An academic essay Read a student's essay for the task in 4.
Does the student answer the two questions
SPEAKING Discuss these questions. in the task?
1 Do you feel that your personal details are safe online?
Why/Why not? There are many benefits of the Internet: it gives us
2 Would you be prepared to give up using digital access to education, entertainment, online banking,
technology in order to protect your privacy? shopping and social media. However, there is a
negative side. Every single online search, conversation
Vocabulary - The Internet and online or transaction leaves a digital footprint which reveals
communication information about the user. I believe that online
privacy is a serious issue and, for that reason, people
2 Check you know the meaning of the words and are right to be concerned about it.
phrases in the box. Complete the questions with the
correct form of the words and phrases. M any people are aware that in using the Internet, they
are sharing huge amounts of personal information and
browse (the Internet) • cookies • cybercriminal • leaving themselves potentially vulnerable to identity
digital footprint • identity theft • privacy settings • spam • theft and fraud. The risks range from companies who
tools • upgrade • virus sell consumers’ details and social-media sites which
use your information to send you spam, to dangerous
1 What kind of do you think you have cybercriminals who want to use your personal data for
left that shows your activity online? illegal activities. Despite this, many people accept the
2 Do you sometimes spend a lot of time risks because they value the convenience. But everyone
when you should be doing can - and should - do more to protect themselves.
something else?
W ith regard to individuals, there are a number
3 Do you get a lot of messagesand of precautions that people can take to keep their
emails? What can you do to stop it? digital information safe. First of all, it’s essential to
4 Do you disable when you visit protect your identity when using social media. People
websites, so your movements aren't tracked? shouldn’t share personal details and they should make
5 When was the last time you your sure they use privacy settings to control who can see
phone to a newer version? their information. Another thing users can do is clear
6 Have you ever had a invade or cookies after browsing. Moreover, users should use
damage your computer? strong passwords and change them regularly.
7 Are you confident that you have the essential On a wider scale, companies and social-media sites
to stay safe online? need to agree to respect internet users’ right to
8 When did you last check your and confidentiality, and protect their personal information.
make sure only friends and family can see your details? The government can also help by introducing strong
privacy and data-protection laws. Emthermore, all of
9 Do you know anyone who has been a victim of
this should be taught in schools, so young people in
when they had their personal details
particular have the tools to protect themselves online.
stolen?
10 How do you think often get away with To conclude, online privacy is a problem that we all
what they do? need to take seriously. Measures should be taken
by users to protect their data online, but also by
3 SPEAKING Use the questions in 3 to interview your companies and governments to make the Internet a
partner. safer place for everyone to enjoy.

4a Read the writing task and answer the questions.

1 What is the general topic of the task?
2 What questions do you have to answer?
3 What else should you include?

4b SPEAKING Brainstorm some ideas to answer the two

questions.

Write about the following topic.

Many people are worried about online privacy and don't

feel in control o f their personal data. Are they right to be
worried? What measures can be taken to improve online
security?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant

examples from your own knowledge or experience.

52 Unit 4 www.frenglish.ru
6 Look at the essay in 5 again. Complete the Choose the correct alternative.
paragraph plan with notes about what each 1 I'm pretty sure that I disabled cookies on my
paragraph does. computer. Despite the fact that/Nevertheless,
Paragraph 1: Introduction I'm going to check.
2 With regard to/First of all, online security, there is
Paragraph 2: much more that users can do.
3 Moreover,/Another thing companies should respect
Paragraph 3: users' privacy and data.
4 Cookies track your every move online. Furthermore,/
Paragraph 4: That is why you need to clear them from time
to time.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion 5 I get hundreds of spam messages, despite the fact
that/nonetheless I rarely share my email address
online.
Add the underlined words and expressions
in the essay in 5 to the correct sections of the Exam ti
Writing bank. When you write an academic essay, try to avoid
repeating the key words in the question too much.
Learn synonyms and words with similar meanings
Writing bank
for key topics, and make sure you understand the
Useful expressions for academic essays
nuances between the meanings so that you can use
Expressing contrast a variety of words correctly.
Nonetheless/Nevertheless,...
Despite the fact th a t,...
9 Look at the essay in 5 again. Find words and
phrases that have a similar meaning to these
words and phrases from the writing task.
Ordering arguments
1 worried (paragraph 1)
2 online privacy (paragraph 4)
3 measures (paragraph 3)
Finally,... 4 improve online security (paragraph 3)
Adding arguments 5 personal data (paragraph 1, paragraph 3,
paragraph 4)

Practice makes perfect

Giving reasons 1Oa Read the task and identify the topic and the
• Consequently,...
two questions. Think of ideas for your essay
and make notes.
That is w h y...
Write about the following topic.

As we become more dependent on digital

technology, we will suffer from more
negative physical and psychological side
effects of using it. To what extent do you
agree or disagree, and how can we address
the problem?

Give reasons for your answer and include any

relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience.

10b Write your essay. Use your notes from 10a

and the paragraph plan in 6, as well as
expressions from the Writing bank and the
advice in the Exam tip.
10c When you finish your essay, use the Writing
checklist on page 141 to check it.
___________________________________________________________)

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4
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Grammar test
Future forms 1 Future forms 2
1 Decide if the sentences are 2 Complete the sentences with one word.
correct. Rewrite the incorrect
1 They're on the verge selling their house.
sentences.
2 It isn't likely snow this winter.
1 OK, let's meet at the station.
3 Students bound to feel tired after doing
What time will your train
their exams.
arrive?
4 They going to cook dinner, but then their
2 Don't go out in the rain -
friends invited them to eat out.
I'll give you a lift.
5 I didn't think we finish the project on time.
3 We would go by motorbike,
but we went by car instead. 6 A: What time the class start on Saturday?
B: It's at 9.30 every week.
4 I imagine a lot of people
will want to go to his final / 6 points
concert.
Advanced future forms
5 I can't meet you on Friday,
I'm afraid. I'll go to the 3 Choose the correct alternative.
dentist. 1 This time tomorrow, she'll be taking/’ll have been taking
6 When we met, did you think her driving test.
we would be friends for so 2 By the time we arrive, we'// have been travelling/'/1 have
many years? travel/ec/for ten hours. We'll be exhausted!
/ 6 points 3 She hopes they'// be making/'ll have made the decision
by the end of the week.
4 How long will you have been working/will you be
working here for by the time you retire?
/ 4 points

Vocabulary test
Support and opposition
1 Write a definition for each of these words and phrases.
clash with • condemn • defy • facilitate • reinforce • undermine

/ 6 points

Word formation - suffixes

2 Decide if the words in bold are in the correct form. Rewrite the incorrect forms.
1 Take time to familiar yourself with the 6 People felt the policy was discriminate and it was
surroundings first. abolished last year.
2 Winning the award was a huge achievement.
3 Here is a list of all my academic
7 All modern buildings need to be accessible for
everyone. es
qualifications.
4 The disease is very infect so it spreads
8
9
What is the proceed for making a complaint?
I've had such a production morning and t
quickly.
5 Don't worry - this snake is completely
managed to get loads done!
10 I didn't understand algebra at all, but Amy really
vo
harmful. simplify it for me.
/10 points u
The Internet and online communication rs
3 Fill in the letters to make words and expressions related to the Internet and online
communication.
el
1 c
2 pg
e r m
e
I 5
6
b
a m
ow
f
u
3 c o es 7 ig ta oo r t
n
4 i e i y h t 8 p v y tt gs it
/ 8 points 4
Total: / 40 points
55
www.frenglish.ru
 5
6
Exam success Units
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. g h o , t g i
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 C
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lla
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An important historical o
figure from your country
Classroom
Exchange ro
ie
SPEAKING t® Starting point
What do you remember about the Culture
Academic skills
When you are researching material for this project, you may
ct
exchange text that you read on page 34
about famous people that appear on British
banknotes? Can you remember any examples
come across texts that give opinions about the historical
person. It is better to concentrate on facts only. If you
think that the opinion adds an interesting angle to the
2
from the text of historic figures who have project you may include it, but you should reference whose
appeared on British banknotes?
opinion it is. Think about how this opinion might be biased
or subjective and why.
SPEAKING I
f -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X
You want to inform students from other
countries about one or more historical
Collaboration
figure(s) who feature, or has featured at some When you work in a team, having regular catch ups is a
point in the past, on banknotes or postage really good way to ensure that everyone has a chance to
stamps from your country or region. Use your contribute ideas and that there is a consensus among all
own knowledge and the Internet to find facts members for any decisions made. Catch ups can also help to
and interesting information about the person. keep everyone motivated and to help with team-building.
Prepare one of these: Useful language
A poster C video message
What's the latest on ...? Can you give us an update
B presentation D information leaflet on ...? Where are you up to with ...? How are you getting
on w ith ...?
Research areas
• the life of the person / ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\
• why you think they were chosen to
represent your country
Intercultural awareness
• any controversies surrounding this person Is there any background information that is essential
• any other national symbols or landmarks for people from other countries to know in order to
(e.g. sculptures, monuments, public understand how and why this person is important? Make
buildings) that also honour them sure you consider the historical setting and any events that
• If you could choose someone to appear preceded or followed that are essential for understanding.
on your country's banknotes, would you Do you think people from the UK, US or other countries will
select this person or someone else? like the people you have chosen? Why/Why not?
s_________________________________________________________________________ >
If someone else, who, and why?

3/ Think a b o u t...
SPEAKING ® Project tim e
Do the project. Then present it to the class.

Digital skills
Evaluation
To ensure the accuracy of any information
or facts you find, always verify them in at Give each project a mark from 1to 5 (5 = very good) for:
least one other source. Keep a record of
Content Design
all the sources you use, as you may need
to credit them at the end of your project. Presentation Language

www.frenglish.ru
57
 FIND YOUR VOICE'
Read the article. Choose the correct heading (1-8) for
each paragraph (A-F). There are two extra headings that
you do not need.
Reading How to make video meetings more productive and
enjoyable
Vocabulary in context - G etting
2 Failing to understand other people's signals
m eaning across
3 Dealing with disruptive group members
SPEAKING@ ) Read these sentences and
4 Working out which app is most suitable for the group
check that you understand the words
in bold. 5 Understanding the new codes of behaviour
6 Minimising the possibility of technical issues
When someone doesn't look you in the
eye, it implies that they can't be trusted. Being uncertain what silence might signify
2 In general, women tend to be better at 8 Becoming stressed by being constantly observed
recognising social cues than men.
3 If someone is droning on about a subject © E ) Read the article again and choose the best
you find boring, it's best to just nod and answers.
smile. 1 Which TWO of the following video call problems are
4 It's important to know how to interpret mentioned by the writer?
someone's body language, as well as a a lack of some participants' digital expertise can cause
understanding what they are saying. irritation
5 If you invite someone to an event and they b unclear instructions mean some people completely
only give you a vague answer, it probably miss a meeting
means they don't want to come. c less confident and shy participants tend to be ignored
6 Never mumble in a job interview. Instead, by their group
speak a little louder and more slowly than d constant verbal interruptions from participants get in
you usually would. the way of progress
A text can never convey emotion in the e some participants' nerves mean they forget what they
way that a face-to-face conversation can. want to say
8 If a friend constantly dominates the 2 Which TWO pieces of advice does the writer offer for
conversation, a subtle hint won't work. successful video call communication?
You need to tell them directly that you'd
a share a story you think will amuse other participants
like to express your views.
b give each participant a specific role in advance of every
Use i t ... don't lose it! meeting
@ Do you agree with the
SPEAKING c make sure participants know how long they are allowed
statements in 1? Why/Why not? to talk for
d be firm with participants who start to discuss things
?
Reach higher > page 138 that are off-topic
e ensure that your posture shows that you are interested
SPEAKING Discuss the questions. and listening
In your experience, what's the difference
between learning in a physical classroom What do the underlined words in the text mean?
and attending a virtual lesson?
2 What annoys you about participating in a Critical thinkers
video call?
In your opinion, which are the two best pieces of
3 What advantages do video calls have over advice in the text?
face-to-face communication?
What makes you say that?
0 Examti
In reading tasks where you have to match
headings to paragraphs, make sure that
the heading you choose summarises the
content of the whole paragraph.

58 Unit 5 www.frenglish.ru
Are you re ad y for your
If it weren't for new technologies, online video
calls would be impossible. But how do we
dose<>up?
ensure these go smoothly?
A .... D _„...
Here we go again. The online class should have started ten Making the online experience even more exhausting is
minutes ago, but Iva can't find the volume control, Eric reckons the anxiety caused by being on camera, with a group
his mic isn't working and Simon keeps losing his connection. of people scrutinising you and the accompanying self­
Those people who were ready to go from the start are consciousness and discomfort. It's almost inevitable
becoming exasperated. 'If I'd known the class wasn't going that the social pressure caused by this feeling of
to start on time, I'd have stayed in bed,' someone mumbles. being 'on stage' means participants feel compelled to
At the same time, people are talking over one another in an perform. The fact that we can often see our own face in
effort to direct the ones having trouble. 'You need to ''unmute'", the gallery as we strive to complete this 'performance'
'Just click on the gallery icon!' they huff, well aware that time is just makes things worse. Perhaps, if more people
moving on. But no one should assume that every attendee has realised how universally disliked the gallery feature is,
the same level of familiarity with an online app. And all these they would not insist on using it.
problems could probably have been avoided if someone had E_
run a session on how to navigate the software. If a training isn't So how do we maximise opportunities for successful
possible, hosts and guests can always try out the 'test feature' communication via a video call? For a start, it's vital that
that many platforms offer. It allows users to try things out before everyone joining a meeting knows what to expect and
theyjoin a real video call with peers, friends or colleagues. So what is expected of them. For informal chats, a group
if you're intending to take part in a video call with a number of might agree that they will add a virtual background
people, this is a feature you might want to recommend. to add interest and humour in order to alleviate the
B „ strangeness of the encounter. For both formal and
But even when there are no audio and video quality challenges, casual meetings, there is the option to switch off the
the whole experience of communicating via a video call can be camera entirely and agree to voice-only conversation,
unexpectedly demanding, and natural interaction can suffer. but again, this needs to be decided beforehand.
For example, video creates a kind of filter, meaning we have Educational or business meetings must also have a
to work twice as hard to interpret non-verbal cues and work clear agenda. If the purpose of these meetings is vague,
out the feelings or intentions they convey. Facial expressions, people don't know what they are expected to contribute.
gestures and tone of voice - all things that assist with face- Furthermore, allocating speaking time to each person
to-face encounters - are more difficult to access and process will help ensure equal contributions and make the most
online, and we expend a lot of energy searching for these clues. of each speaker's time. This also avoids having to drop
Introverts in particular are often affected, as they are modest hints when a speaker is droning on and dominating the
in their body language and others may not pick up on the fact conversation.
that they are waiting to contribute. 'Well, if Nadia w/7/sit there in
silence, of course no one will notice her,' I heard another student Successful video communication also requires
say recently. But reserved types like Nadia may well have valid familiarity with the protocols. Certainly, there are already
points to make or vital questions to ask and it's wrong that they a number of dos and don'ts emerging. For example,
are overlooked. We may be connected, but the unfamiliarity if you are in a work situation, you will be expected to
of the medium prevents us becoming involved in a natural and look relatively professional and ensure that there are
relaxed way. no distractions in the background. There are similar
c _ expectations in educational contexts: students are
There is also the fact that when people engage in face-to-face expected to have all their class materials ready and
conversations, they often pause - either to give themselves not to join meetings in their pyjamas, or text their
time to think or let someone else have a turn. Online, a pause friends. Sitting forward on a chair implies that a person
can feel like a sudden, jarring stop. There's hesitation as is switched on and paying attention to the speaker,
everyone wonders why it's all gone quiet. Someone eventually whereas slumping back on the sofa gives the opposite
pipes up with 'So, what's next?', hoping it's the appropriate thing impression. Participants are also strongly advised not to
to say. The anxiety and discomfort these pauses cause not only send negative comments via private chat messages. If
compounds the stresses placed on the attendees, but also someone takes a screenshot of the message, it can be
creates an atmosphere that can be perceived as less friendly shared with the entire group, leaving the original poster
or focused. in a very awkward position.

Reach higher > page 138

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5 59
 Grammar in context 1 — — — Flipped classroom video
Watch the Grammar Presentation video
>• Review of conditional forms
1a Look at sentences 1-4 and identify what
type of conditional each one is. When do we 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. Use between
use each type of conditional?
six and three words, including the word given.
1 If the purpose of a meeting is vague, people
1 In the unlikely event of the meeting being cancelled,
don't know what to expect.
we'll call you. (should)
2 If more hosts realised how universally disliked
If , we'll call you.
the gallery feature was, they would not insist
on using it. 2 Unless they talk to us, we'll have to call it off. (won't)
3 'If I'd known the meeting wasn't going to start We'll have to call it off us.
on time, I'd have stayed in bed.' 3 I learnt Japanese so well because you helped me.
4 If you are in a work situation, you will be (couldn't)
expected to look professional. If you hadn't helped me, I
so well.
lb Look at sentences 5-12 and answer the 4 Modern computers wouldn't exist without Alan
questions a-h. Turing's work 70 yearsago, (for)
5 If Nadia will sit there in silence, of course no Alan Turing's work 70
one will notice her. years ago, modern computers wouldn't exist.
6 All these problems could probably have been
avoided if someone had run a training session Complete the text with the correct form of the
on how to navigate the software. verbs given.
7 If it weren't for new technologies, group
meetings online would be impossible.
8 If you're intending to take part in a video call
Culture exchange
with a number of people, this is a feature you
The British are coming!
m.i.g hLwant-tor_e.com mend.
British English is having a moment in the US.
9 If you won't turn your camera on, then I'm
If you regularly (a) (watch)
switching mine off, too.
American TV, you (b) (often/
10 If you would let me explain how to 'unmute' see) Brits such as Hugh Grant showcasing his
yourself, you'd get more out of the meeting.
quintessential English accent or Claire Foy
11 If you should talk to Tom later, could you explaining how she learnt to speak like Queen
remind him there's a meeting in the morning? Elizabeth II for her role in The Crown.
12 If the sound quality is bad, check your If you (c) (ever/hear) either
connection. of these actors, you (d)
a Which sentences are variations of the zero, (might/notice) that they speak what many think
first, second and third conditionals? of as the 'typical' English accent, but if you
(e) (think) that this was the
b In which sentence does the underlined
phrase: only kind of English in the UK, you'd be wrong.

• imply a possibility? Ify o u (f) (want) to

hear other British accents, you're in luck, as
• imply a refusal?
many TV shows and celebrities are raising
• suggest that something is unlikely?
the profile of regional accents, for example,
c In 7, which phrase is used to talk about a
if you (g) (listen) to
necessary condition for a particular result?
singer-songwriter Adele talking, you
d Which sentence uses the passive voice? (h) (hear) her London
e In 5, which will describes the predicted accent. Try dropping some letter sounds if
outcome and which will describes someone's you (i) (like) to speak like
insistence on behaving in a particular way. a Londoner. The 'h' sound at the beginning of
f In 10, which would is used to describe the words is not pronounced, so 'hand' becomes
possible outcome and which would is used to 'and'. There really is no such thing as a typical
describe willingness? 'British' accent.
g In 7, what can weren't be changed to without
altering the meaning of the sentence? Use it ... don't lose it!
h For what two different reasons are the @ ) Make questions about
SPEAKING

continuous forms used in sentences 8 and 9? language learning using conditional

Check it page 68 forms. Then discuss with your partner.

Reach higher > page 138

60 Unit 5 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary
Expressions with communication and voice 4 Read th e te x t and d e c id e w h ich answ er
(a, b, c o r d) b e st fits each gap.
1 C o m p le te th e se n te n ce s w ith c o m m u n ic a tio n or
voice.
1 My parents used to tell me off for my sarcastic
tone of
2 Hieroglyphics is an early means of
3 When you shout at the top of your
there's an echo that comes back to you.
4 I think I can say that we all speak with one
Search for 'good conversation' and you can find lots of
in objecting to what he said.
advice online. For example, you should nod and repeat
5 If there's a breakdown in , it could help something that the other person said in the right (1)
to try mediation. of voice to show you're listening. Or, if you often feel you
6 Do you prefer chatting online or face-to-face have (2) to say in social situations, how about
?■ memorising some interesting facts to start a conversation?
And always remember to smile and make eye contact.
7 You shouldn't raise your in a library - if
Celeste Headlee rewrites some of these rules in her TED
you have to talk you should lower your talk 'How to have a good conversation'. She argues that in
8 If you moved away, would you stay in regular (3) communication, if you actually listen, you won't
with anyone from your class? need to change your body language to make it look like
you're listening!
2 Rew rite th e sen ten ces, re p la c in g th e p h rases Celeste begins her talk by asking the audience if there are
in b o ld w ith th e co rre ct form o f th e u n d e rlin e d people that they aren't on (4) terms with because
e x p re ssio n s in 1. of their strong opinions - someone who has (5)
out against their preferred political party or criticised their
1 Can you speak more quietly, please? I'm trying to favourite singer, perhaps. It's normal to avoid conversation
concentrate. with people whose views we don't share, right? But Celeste
2 'You're late!' he said, saying it in a very angry way. thinks we should be able to have a great conversation with
everyone, even people we disagree with when they tell us
3 If I get in touch with you, what's the best way to
whatthey really (6)
contact you - through social media or by text?
In her talk, Celeste gives ten tips on how to improve your
4 We shouted as loudly as we could to encourage the
conversational style. She advises keeping it brief and
runners to keep going. avoiding repeating yourself, because not only is this boring,
5 There was a difficulty in keeping in touch when she it can also sound condescending. She also encourages
was living on a remote island. people to tell the (7) , and say if they don't know
the answer to a question. Use open-ended questions to
6 My parents have always preferred talking in person,
find out more about the person you're talking to, even if it's
so we video chat. someone that you're in (8) communication with.
7 It's imperative that we all express the same opinion When listening to someone talking, give them all your
when we speak to the government. attention - don't multitask. It's important to be able to
8 If you lived in a remote part of the country with little (9) the difference between really listening and
Internet access, how would you manage to maintain just waiting for your turn to speak. If you're not listening
frequent contact with your friends and family? because you're thinking of what you're about to (10)
next, stop and focus on what the other person is saying
instead. A final piece of advice from Celeste is that you
Expressions with say, speak and tell should approach each conversation assuming that you're
3 C la ssify th e p h ra se s as say, s p e a k o r tell. S o m e going to learn something new.
p h rases can be cla ssifie d m ore th a n once.
1 type b sort c level d tone
be about to... • ... for certain • hate to... • 2 anything b something c nothing d everything
have nothing to ... • hear someone ... • 3 face-to-face b direct c talking d vague
not be on ... terms • not trust yourself to ... • 4 talking b mumbling c speakingd chatting
... on behalf of someone • ... out against • safe to... • 5 talked b protested c droned d spoken
... someone what you think • ... the difference • 6 know b think c express d like
...the truth • ... you so • ...your mind 7 actuality b fact c verity d truth
8 steady b regular c reliable d habitual
/ Exam tip 9 say b speak c tell d make
10 lie b say c speak d wish
In m ultiple-choice cloze tasks, read the whole text
quickly first to get a general understanding. Don't
worry about the gaps or understanding every word Use i t ... don't lose it!
at this stage. Understanding the wider context will SPEAKING ® W rite th re e q u e stio n s u sin g th e
help you choose the correct answer. e x p re ssio n s in 1 and 3. Then in te rvie w y o u r
partner.

Reach higher > p a g e 138

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5
 I

{©)•• GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
FANCOMMUNITIES
Lesson aim: To reflect on the potential benefits of belonging to
fan communities
Video: Be More Chill
Social and emotional learning: Forming supportive communities

SPEAKING Ask and answer these questions.

1 Do you consider yourself to be a fan of something or someone? If so, what?
2 What do you think it means to be a fan?
3 Do you think it's a good thing to participate actively in online fan communities?
Why/Why not?

@ You are going to watch a video about the musical Be More Chill.
VIDEO

Make notes on why a lot of young people like it so much. Compare your
ideas with a partner.
© Watch the video again and make notes using these headings.
VIDEO

Then compare your notes with a partner.

• How Be More Chill became popular
• Evidence of its popularity
• Why the show's producer believes it has been popular with young people
• How the show's popularity affects the actors

4a Read the blog post.

WHYI’MPROUDTOBEAFAN(ANDYOUSHOULDDETOO)
Posted by Declan | 13 November

Most of us consider ourselves a fan of something, whether we're into a genre of music, a TV
show, a game or a series of books. Why, then, are stereotypes of fans often so negative?
If so many of us are participating in fan culture, why do we still get labelled as obsessive
social misfits? Happily for me and for my fellow fans everywhere, this view is now being
challenged by sociologists, who argue that being a fan has all kinds of benefits.
Human beings are social creatures and for our well-being, we need to feel we belong. Fan
communities provide that sense of belonging. They're tribes of like-minded people who share
our passions, interests and values and with whom we can express ourselves openly and
honestly. When we don't find this connection with the people around us 'in real life' - and many
of us don't - online fan communities are a lifeline.
Participating in fan communities can also hone a range of skills, such as our ability to
communicate effectively and to think creatively and critically. Today's fans aren't simply passive
consumers: the Internet offers multiple channels through which we can share our opinions and
make our ideas heard. This can really help us find our voice, especially for those of us who
may lack confidence in face-to-face situations. What's more, we're actively involved in creating
content and shaping the communities we belong to. From fan fiction and fan art to memes and
remixes, there are endless ways that we can show appreciation for the genres we love and put
our own creative stamp on them.
So, let's forget the negative stereotypes and be proud to declare ourselves fans. Fan
communities are just that - communities - and they deserve to be celebrated for all the good
things they bring to our lives!

62 Unit 5 www.frenglish.ru
 SPEAKING @ ) Answer the questions about the blog post in 4a.
According to the writer, how are fans generally perceived in society
and why does he find this strange?
Why does the writer argue that fan communities are beneficial for
people's well-being?
3 What kinds of skills does the writer believe that people can develop
through participating in fan communities? How?

GREATTHINKERS
What makes you say that?

5a Think about the questions.

Do you agree with the ideas in the blog post in 4a?
Why/Why not?
2 What makes you say that? To what extent is your opinion
based on the following?

empirical research • instinct • logic • observation •

other people's opinions • personal experience •
popular stereotypes

5bt*— Compare your ideas with other students. Are

your opinions similar or different? Did you base your views
on the same kinds of evidence?

® The blog post in 4a argues that being a fan can be

SPEAKING

positive for our well-being and help us develop key life skills.
Can you think of any other advantages of participating in fan
culture? Are there any dangers or drawbacks? Are all types of
fan community similar or are there differences between them?

GREATLEARNERS 1SEL
Great learners form supportive communities.

How important is it to form communities with like-minded

people? Why? How can you do this while staying safe?

Learner profile page 142

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5
 Listening

i SPEAKING Discuss these questions. 3 Why does Libby choose the materials she works in?
1 What kind of interesting street art have you seen, a She chooses second-hand things as they're
either in the street or in a photo? cheaper.
2 How does street art make you feel? b She likes recycling used things because they
3 What do you think about the street art in the photos? have a unique personality.
c She doesn't want to use modern technology.
2 @ 0 Listen to a discussion about a street artist, d She wants to create a perfect look for her
Libby Schoettle. Which art in the photos does character.
she make? 4 When asked about Instagram, Libby reveals...
0 Exam tip a a satisfaction from reading some of the
followers' comments.
In multiple-choice listening tasks, read the questions
or question stems and the different options carefully. b a hope that it changes how people see her work.
The question or question stem includes information c a regret that her art doesn't look like it's made
that will help you find the answer in the listening for Instagram.
text. The questions always follow the order of the d a need for her followers to tell her that her work
discussion or interview. While you are listening, is improving.
match the answer you hear to the closest option, 5 How does Sofia think Libby must feel by dressing
then move on to listening out for the next question.
Phoebe in designer clothes?
a jealous of Phoebe as she can't wear them herself
3 @ 0 Listen again and choose the correct answers. b content with the fact that she's able to dress
Phoebe in them
1 How did Sofia feel the first time she saw
c amused that Phoebe wears such expensive
PhoebeNewYork?
clothes
a She felt at home with the work.
d fashionable, as she's selecting designer clothes
b She was very interested in what she saw. for the New York fashion district.
c She felt very fashionable. 6 What do Sofia and Lewis agree on at the end?
d She was annoyed by what she saw. a They both want to go to one of Libby's
2 What do Lewis and Sofia have the same opinion exhibitions.
about? b They both find Libby's work very exciting.
a They both disagree that Phoebe is Libby's c They both want her to achieve success.
alter ego.
d They both feel Libby has a lot of potential.
b They both love the sayings that appear with
PhoebeNewYork. 1
Critical thinkers
c They both think that Phoebe is a form of self­
expression for Libby. In your opinion, how important is art in
our daily lives? How can art make people
d They both love expressing themselves in front
feel better?
of artists.
What makes you say that?

64 Unit 5 www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Collaborative tasks 2 4 Complete the Speaking bank with these
expressions from the discussion in 3.
SPEAKING Look at the photos of different creative
professions. Discuss how each person might 1 Let's agree to disagree.
express themselves through their work. 2 Isn't it true, though, th a t...
3 I'm going to have to stick with ...
2 @ 0 Read the instructions for a collaborative 4 As you heard, we have completely different views
speaking task. Then listen to two students, Carlos on this.
and Elena, doing the first part of the task. Make
notes on what they say about dancers, artists and 5 We'd better pick one of these options.
musicians.
Speaking bank
Here are some different jobs which might enable people to Useful expressions for making decisions
express their emotions, and a question for you to discuss.
Stating your decision
• I'd go fo r...
• My choice would be ...

To what extent might people be able to express Persuading your partner

their emotions when doing these jobs? • Don't you think th a t...?
• Isn't it the case th a t...?

Finalising agreement
• OK, so let's try to reach a decision.
• Can we come to an agreement now?
•
Accepting that agreement is impossible
55 Exam tip
• There's no middle ground here, is there?
In collaborative speaking tasks where you have to
• We're not going to see eye to eye on this, are we?
make a decision, it is more important to show how •
well you can use the language of decision-making
and negotiation than it is to actually reach a decision. Reporting back to the examiner
• We eventually came to the decision th a t...

3 © E) Listen to two students doing the second

part of the speaking task in 2. What decision do Pidclice makes perfect
they reach?
5 SPEAKING Turn to page 149 and do the task.
Now you have about a minute to decide in which job
people are most likely to take on a different persona.

www.frenglish.ru
 Developing writing
A proposal 1
Proposal for a communication-skills club
SPEAKING What are the most important skills you
think you should learn before leaving school to 1
prepare for working life? Use the ideas below or This proposal is intended to highlight the im portance of
your own ideas. running a com m unication-skills club at sum m er school.
A s things stand, many students lack opportunity to
citizenship • com m unication and social skills •
learn com m unication skills at school. A club would
IT and digital skills • literacy • social responsibility benefit all students, as these skills are vital for anyone
m oving into the workplace or higher education.

Read the writing task and answer the questions. 2

1 Who do you think will read the proposal? How Club m eetings would consist of workshops, in which
students study the different features of verbal and
formal/informal should it be?
written com m unication. It would be beneficial to look
2 Which two things should you include in your answer? at real-life exam ples of excellent and substandard
form s of com m unication in order to understand what
SPEAKING What kind of information could makes effective com m unication and w hat to avoid.
you include in your proposal to support your Participants can then try out the skills in roleplays and
arguments? practical exercises. Even if students feel awkward at
first, it is likely that these exercises will help them to
gain confidence.
A summer school wants to offer extra skills
3
courses for students who have nearly finished
The club could include developing both written and
school. You decide to write a proposal for a club
spoken com m unication skills. In writing, students
focusing on communication skills. Explain why you
would learn about levels of form ality and how to
think these are so important and suggesting what
areas of communication could benefit you and understand your audience. Verbal com m unication
could include areas such as body language and
your peers.
understanding non-verbal cues, in case students have
Write your proposal. to give presentations in the workplace or at university.
Unless students are provided with an opportunity to
learn these skills, they will not acquire them.
Read a student's proposal based on the task in 2.
Match the headings (a-e) to the paragraphs (1-5). There are many benefits of a com m unication-skills club.
a Skills the club could cover Currently, students are asked to make presentations
b Conclusion and com plete written projects as a part of their studies.
Provided that we have the right resources, the club
How the sessions would work could allow sessions for students to get advice and
d Introduction tips on their coursework. Moreover, many students are
applying for jobs or university places at the m om ent.
e Advantages of the club
A club which focuses on both the w ritten skills required
to com plete application form s and cover letters and the
5 Read the proposal again. Does the student answer verbal skills for interview s would be useful to everyone.
all the points in the task in 2? Do you think the
proposal is good? Why/Why not? 5
To sum up, a com m unication-skills club would
be an asset to all students, regardless
of their next steps in life. Supposing
that this proposal is successful, we
should encourage as many students as
possible to make use of it, as effective
com m unication is an essential life
skill, which everyone should be given
the opportunity to learn.

66 www.frenglish.ru
6 Look at the W riting bank and check that you
understand the expressions. Which are used in the 8 Rewrite the sentences using the phrases given.
proposal in 4? 1 You think you might know how to write a cover
letter but you can always improve, (even if)
Writing bank 2 Students won't learn how to communicate
Useful words and expressions in proposals effectively if the club doesn't get the go-ahead,
(unless)
Introduction
3 If he applies to university in the UK, he will need to
The purpose of this proposal is to ... be able to write a personal statement in English,
This proposal is intended to ... (supposing that)
• This proposal relates to ... 4 It's useful to learn a wide variety of
Referring to a present situation communication skills because they might be
• Presently/At present/At the moment/Currently,... useful in the future, (in case)
• As things stand,... 5 Prepare and practise your presentation well and
Referring to a possible future situation you'll be fine, (as long as)
• The meetings/initiative/club would/could ...
• It would be beneficial to ...
B Use i l ... don't lose it!
• ... will be important going forward Write sentences about these
There are many benefits o f ... topics, using the phrases in bold in 7. Then
com pare them with a partner.
Conclusions and recom m endations
• To sum up/To conclude ... • What you will need to pack for a camping
• In conclusion,... weekend, and why.
On balance, we would say th a t... • What you will do next summer if you get a
I/We recommend/propose th a t... job or travel abroad.
I/We feel strongly th a t... • What will happen if you pass your exams.

------------- 1 Reach higher / page 138

G ram m ar in context 2 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■

r- Advanced conditional forms G4 Exam tip
7 Look at the phrases in bold in sentences a -e When you write a proposal, you need to write
and answ er the questions. about an imaginary future situation - the
initiative you are proposing. You may be asked to
a Verbal communication could include areas do this with reference to a present, and possibly
such as body language and understanding a past, situation. Read the question carefully to
non-verbal cues, in case students have to give make sure you use time references correctly.
presentations in the workplace or at university. V
b Even if students feel awkward at first, it is likely
that these exercises will help them to gain Practice makes perfect
confidence. 1Oa Read the task. Identify the topic and the
c Unless students are provided with an opportunity two things you should include in your
to learn these skills, they won't acquire them. answer. Think of an idea for a club and
d Provided that we have the right resources, the m ake notes.
club could allow sessions for students to get
advice and tips on their coursework. There are plans to expand the extra­
curricular activities in your college in order
e Supposing that this proposal is successful, we to focus on useful life skills for students who
would encourage as many students as possible are preparing to leave school. You decide
to make use of it. to write a proposal for an idea for a new
Which phrase is used ... extra-curricular club. Explain which life skills
1 to introduce a possible future situation? your club would help you and your peers to
2 to describe the conditions necessary for an develop and why this is important.
action to happen? Write your proposal.
3 to introduce an imaginary or possible situation
10b Write your proposal. Use your notes from
and its results?
10a, expressions from the Writing bank and
4 to say that if something does not happen, the advice in the Exam tip.
something else will happen or be true as a result?
5 to say that although something may happen, 10c When you finish your proposal, use the
another situation will remain the same or be writing checklist on page 141 to check it.
the result?
Check it page 68

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5 67
 Grammar reference
Zero conditional • We use the continuous form to focus on the
Form duration or repeated nature of an activity or
situation rather than its completion.
If + present simple, present simple
I f youpress this button, the light comes on. we h a d been sleeping better a t night, we wouldn't

Use
We use the zero conditional for situations that are
C we felt so ill.

Other conditional structures

generally true. We use when instead of //to show that We can use the continuous form in the //clause to
the situation happens frequently. emphasise that the situation is happening 'right here,
HVhen (g e tu p in the morning, it's usually still dark. right now'.
I f they 'r e coming w ith us, they need to g e t ready.
First conditional
We can use if it weren't for to emphasise who or what
Form
prevented something from happening.
If + present simple, will/going to/might/may/could +
/ f i t weren 't fo r her courage a n d determination, she
infinitive
w ouldn't be here today.
I f theyget here soon, we couldgo to the park.
We sometimes use will, would and be going to in the if
Use
clause in certain situations.
We use the first conditional for possible future
I f yo u would fill in this form, someone w ill be w ith you in a
situations and their likely consequences.
moment, (polite request)
We can make the situation seem less likely by using
I f you w ill keep talking about yourself, I'm not surprised no
should, happen to or should happen to.
one w ants to listen, (continue doing something)
I f it should rain, we'll come home.
I f they're. going to ignore m y advice, ! don't w a n t to help
Second conditional them, (intention)
Form I f you w on't talk to me, / can't helpyou. (refusal)
If + past simple, would/m ight/could + infinitive I won ’t g o out i f it'll make you happier, (result)
I f I h a d more money !'d buy this.
Use
Advanced conditional forms
We often use supposing or im agine instead of //in
The second conditional is used for talking about an
spoken situations. This suggests an act of imagination.
imaginary present or unlikely future situation and its
consequences. Supposing you couldgo anywhere? Where w ould you go?
We can use were to if we want to make a situation Unless tends to be used more in real conditionals and
sound even more unlikely or improbable. means if not. We don't use unless in questions.
I f we were to g e t into the fin a l o f the competition, we Unless we change the way we think about work, we'll
w ould have to train a lot harder. never be able to face the challenges o f the 2.1st century.
Provided (that)/As long as has a similar sense of
Third conditional reservation as unless but means only if.
Form Provid ed /A s long as the stadium is finished, the gam es
If + past perfect, would/wouldn't have+ past participle willgo ahead as planned.
I f th a t speaker had n 't droned on, it w ould’ve been more In case is used to suggest readiness for a possible
interesting. future development.
Use We 'll take snacks in case we g e t hungry.
We use the third conditional to speculate on imaginary Even //talks about a result that will happen whether or
impossible situations in the past and their consequences. not the condition is true.
• We can express a hypothetical possibility in the past We have to eat outside even i f the weather is bad.
with might/may/could have + past participle.
We could'vegone to th a t event i f w e'd known about it!

= Vocabulary
(§E)1 Getting meaning across 3 Expressions with say, speak and tell
convey (v) • drone on (phr v) • imply (v) • interpret (v) • say: be about to say • hate to say • have nothing to say •
hint(n) • mumble (v) • (social) cue (n) • vague (adj) hear someone say • safe to say • say for certain
speak: hear someone speak • on speaking terms •
©E)2 Expressions with communication speak on behalf of someone • speak out against •
and voice speak the truth • speak your mind • trust yourself to speak
at the top of your voice • breakdown in communication tell: tell someone what you think • tell the difference •
face-to-face communication • in regular communication • tell the truth • told you so
lower your voice • means of communication •
raise your voice • speak with one voice • tone of voice

www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
of conditional forms
Decide if the words in bold are in the correct form. Rewrite the incorrect forms.
1 I need to leave now if I'm going to arrive on time. 5 If you won't help me we won't finish on time.
2 If you would please wait here, I'll let the doctor know 6 If you will stay up till 2 am, then of course
you've arrived. you'll be tired in class!
3 We would go to your show if we had known about it! 7 If you would see my keys, please let me know!
4 If it isn't for my teacher, I wouldn't love this subject. 8 If your phone happened to ring I'll answer it.

2 Rewrite the sentences using the word given.

1 If you are not willing to sign the form, I can't give
z- Advanced conditional forms
you the package, (won't) 3 Choose the correct alternative.
I can't give you the package, ... 1 If/Unless you read the first book,
2 She possibly wouldn't have done so well without you'll want to read the next one
your advice, (might) too!
If you hadn't advised her, she ... 2 We'll go to the beach as long as/
unless it's a nice day.
3 They only reached the top because of their guide,
(could) 3 Supposing/Provided you could
meet someone famous, who
If they hadn't had a guide, they...
would it be?
4 They tell lies, so what do they expect? (will)
4 Let's buy tickets now as long as/
They should expect that i f ... in case they sell out.
5 In the unlikely event that I meet someone I know 5 I still would have passed that test
here, I'll text you. (should) even if/provided I hadn't studied!
I'll text yo u,... here. 6 I think I'll get the job unless/
6 I don't want it to fail because I'd feel awful, (were) provided that there is no one
If i t ... feel awful. with more qualifications.
/14 points / 6 points

Vocabulary test -................- -....... -...... -................. -..... -.....-...-...

Getting meaning across
1 Write definitions or explanations for the verbs in the box.

to imply • to drone on • to interpret • to mumble • to convey

/ 5 points

Collocations Expressions with say, speak

2 Complete the sentences with words and tell
and phrases to make collocations with
communication and voice.
3 Complete the sentences with the
correct form of say, speak and tell. e
1 It's important to have an interesting
when you speak.
1 I can't the difference
between these two colours.
st
2 They were in
she lived abroad.
during the time 2 Mike and Carmen had a fight and now
they aren't on terms. vo
3 Do you prefer chatting online or
u
3 Sam finally went to the teacher and
? him the truth about what
4
5
Please . The baby is sleeping!
Cultural and linguistic differences can often 4
had happened.
I hate to it, but I think we rs
lead to a need to start again.
e
6 It's important not to
children, however noisy they get.
with 5 I couldn't for certain, but I
think I saw Ariana Grande last week. lf
7 When you're speaking to an audience you
may have to to be heard.
6 The celebrity out against
bullying in her speech last week. u
n
8 What is your preferred
or phone?
, email 7 I think it's safe to that very
few people have ever heard of this poet.
i
/ 8 points /7 points

Total: / 40 points ■■■■

www.frenglish.ru
 NEW HORIZONS
@ E ) Read the blog again and decide if the sentences are
True (T), False (F) or the information is Not Given (NG).
Find evidence in the text to support your answers.
Reading The writer has become more cautious about
Vocabulary in context - Collocations: entering remote caves since hearing about the
incident in Thailand. T/F/N G
travel
2 The writer was able to see his/her companions in
SPEAKING
Ruakuri Cave once the headlamps were switched off. T / F / NG
to form collocations.
3 Before 1904, Ruakuri Cave was sometimes used by
If you want to see some native/cultural
local Maori groups as a place of shelter. T/F/N G
wildlife in this country, I'd recommend
you go t o ... 4 Visitors are prohibited from accessing Ruakuri Cave
through the main entrance. T/F/N G
2 When someone mentions burial/
prehistoric art, I usually think of caves and
5 The writer was disappointed with the photographs
handprints and ... he/she took during a visit to Barton Creek Cave. T/F/N G
3 If I had to hike through a geological/ 6 There is now widespread agreement regarding
remote location without mobile phone the significance of the handprints at Cave of
coverage, I'd definitely take a ... the Hands. T/F/N G
4 It would be great to do a virtual reality At the top of the Fantastic Pit, the writer dropped
experience of some famous prehistoric/ a stone to see how long it would take to hit
natural wonders, like Victoria Fallsand ... the bottom. T/F/N G
5 If a sign in Australia said ‘scenic/geological 8 The writer was unable to complete his/her descent
route', I'd expect to see a lot o f... to the bottom of the Fantastic Pit. T/F/N G
6 The geological/remote features I most
Read the blog again. Complete the notes with one word
associate with Scandinavia are ...
and/or a number from the article in each gap.
If my friends suggested spending a
night in an ancient native/burial ground,
Ruakuri Cave
I would say... • discovered by a Maori (1)
8 Tourists who want an insight into the • first visited by the public in 1904
scenic/cultural heritage of my country • re-opened with a (2) in 2005
ought to visit... Barton Creek Cave
• visitors use a (3) to explore the cave
lb Complete the statements in la with your (4) produced by the Mayans can still be seen
own ideas. Cave of the Hands
• There are over 800 ochre handprints
Use it ... don't lose it! • It's possible they were made during a religious
SPEAKING Share your ideas in lb. (5)----- — -----
The Fantastic Pit
Reach higher > page 138 • Cavers need a lot of abseiling experience
• The distance from top to bottom is (6)
3 Read the travel blog. What reasons
are given for wanting to explore SPEAKING
Which of the caves in the article would you like
caves today? How is each of the caves to visit? Why?
mentioned in the text special?

0 Exam tip What do the underlined texts in the article mean?

In True/False/Not Given reading tasks,

Critical thinkers
only choose False if the statement says the
opposite thing to what is stated in the text. The author says 'it's not a place that's on the
Choose Not Given when there isn't enough usual tourist trail'. Why do you think some people
information provided in the text to match prefer to visit places like this?
it to the statement.
What makes you say that?

70 Unit 6 www.frenglish.ru
 THE LURE OF THE
SUBTERRANEANWOALO
For thousands of years, humans have had a deep primal Quite a different experience is the Barton Creek Cave in
connection with caves. Where once they provided shelter Belize - home to a Mayan ceremonial site. It requires a rather
to our ancestors, they are now visited and explored for bumpy 4x4 journey over farmland to get to this remote
a variety of reasons. Caves attract those who are keen location, but it is well worth the bruises. Visiting a few years
to discover unmapped terrain. In a cave, you can test ago, we paddled behind our guide's canoe as he led us down
your own courage and push your sense of adventure to an ancient Mayan waterway deep beneath a mountain, our
the limits. For specialists, there are fossils to unearth headlamps casting flickering shadows on the passage walls.
and primitive paintings to analyse. For the casual visitor, Some of those passages were a tight squeeze, but once
there is amusement - and sometimes danger - as indeed through, we were treated to some stunning other-worldly
the young Thai football team who became trapped in scenery; glistening stalactites and stalagmites millions of
the Tham Luang Nang Non cave in 2018 found out. If the years old. Photographs rarely do justice to these natural
rescuers hadn't risked their own lives to save them, the wonders, and, to my dismay, my own blurry shots turned
boys almost certainly wouldn't be alive today. Before out to be no exception. But I'll never forget the experience
that incident, I suspect I took my safety for granted. Now of climbing up to a ledge and viewing pottery that had been
I'll give greater thought to the potential hazards before made by Mayan hands thousands of years ago, and the
heading into a cave that's off the beaten track. skulls that had been placed there.
Earlier this year I had the chance to visit the popular Ruakuri For cave enthusiasts who wish to stay dry, Cueva de las
cave in the Waitomo district of New Zealand. As my group Manos (Cave of the Hands) in the Pinturas river valley in
stood admiring the rock formations, the guide ordered us to Argentina is also truly memorable. Although similar ochre
turn off our headlamps. We obeyed, and instantly we were handprints can be found in other caves around the world,
plunged into darkness. I literally couldn't make out my own the main panel at Cueva de las Manos contains over 800,
hands, let alone my companions standing around me. But making it the largest and most visually-impressive display
then we became aware of a faint glow from the cave ceiling of this kind of prehistoric art anywhere. Various theories
overhead. As we looked up, it seemed as if we were looking have been put forward by archaeologists about what the
at distant stars, twinkling in the blackest night sky. It was a hands signify - they could have been part of a ritual carried
truly mesmerising sight; and the longer we looked, the more out for religious purposes, for example - but no consensus
each tiny pinprick of light grew brighter. ‘Arachnocampa has been reached. Again, it's a bit of a mission to get there
luminosa,' the guide explained. 'More commonly known as (going by horseback is an option!) and it's advisable to leave
the glow-worm'. before dusk begins to fall - unless you want to lose your way
in the desert
Ruakuri is in fact an extensive series of caverns, notable
for its incredible limestone formations and subterranean When I was in my twenties, I was talked into exploring the
waterfalls. But if it hadn't been for the observation skills of a Fantastic Pit in Georgia, in the US. It's not a place that's on
hunter about 400 years ago, we probably wouldn't know that the usual tourist trail because the only way to descend to the
the cave exists. According to local Maori legend, a hunter murky bottom is to abseil down, using a series of ropes. If I
stumbled upon the cave while looking for food and reported wasn't so competitive, I probably wouldn't have agreed to go
this to his chief. It wasn't until 1904, however, that the cave with my friend and fellow caver, Marcel - but I couldn't let him
was opened to tourists. Due to a dispute over ownership, it get one up on me. I knew we had weeks of preparation ahead
was then closed to public access from 1986 to 2004, before of us if we were to survive the 178-metre descent. And then
re-opening in 2005 with the addition of a cleverly engineered the day eventually came when we found ourselves hanging
spiral staircase. This takes visitors to the lowest levels of over the top of the pit. It was at this point that Marcel said
the cave system, avoiding the main entrance, which is a it was supposed to take a full eight seconds for a stone to
Maori burial ground and therefore off limits to any visitors. reach the bottom. Had I been feeling more at ease, I might
The tour itself lasts approximately 1.5 hours, ample time have tested this out. As it was, I was focused purely on the
to admire all the intriguing geological features that Ruakuri equipment and overcoming my nerves. Were I to visit again,
offers. Should you ever visit New Zealand, make sure it's on I'd try to be a little braver.
your itinerary.

Reach higher > page 138

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 6 71
Grammar in context 1
f - Mixed conditionals---------------------- Use it ... don't lose it! J
la Look at the sentences and identify the 3 Complete the sentences with your
tenses and conditional forms in bold. own ideas. Then explain your sentences to
1 If the rescuers hadn't risked their own lives to your partner.
save them, the boys almost certainly wouldn't 1 I wouldn't feel so ... now if I h ad n 't...
be alive today. 2 If I weren't so ..., I would have ...
2 If I wasn't so competitive, I probably wouldn't 3 We wouldn't be ... if we'd ...
have agreed to go with my friend.
------------------ 1 Reach higher > page 138
1b Answer the questions.
Which sentence in 1a ... Inverted conditionals
a describes an imaginary situation in the past 4a Look at the inverted conditional sentences
and its present consequences? and rewrite them to make non-inverted
b describes an imaginary situation in the conditionals.
present and its past consequences? a Were I to visit again, I'd try to be a little braver,
Check it page 80 b Had I been feeling more at ease, I might have
tested this out.
2 Choose the correct alternative to complete the c Were it not for their remote location, many
mixed conditional sentences. If more than one
more people would visit the caves.
sentence is possible, explain the difference in
meaning between each sentence. d Should you ever visit New Zealand, make sure
it's on your itinerary.
1 Would Ryan be/have been at Oxford now if he
didn't do/hadn't done so well in his exams last year?
4b Look at the sentences in 4a and decide if
2 If this book wasn't/hadn't been so long, I would these statements are true or false.
finish/would have finished it by now.
1 The subject and the verb be are inverted.
3 If I hadn't liked/didn't like football, I wouldn't
have gone/wouldn't go to the match yesterday.
2 If can be replaced with should.
4 If you had come/came to visit me yesterday, 3 Inverted conditionals are generally used in
formal contexts.
I wouldn't be/wouldn't have been so bored now.
5 He would have helped/would help clean the house Check it page 80
last week if he hadn't been/wasn't always so lazy.
5 Rewrite the sentences to make inverted
6 We wouldn't be/wouldn't have been so hungry now conditionals.
if we ate/’d eaten a bigger breakfast.
1 If you see James while you're in the US, please give
7 If I liked/had liked seafood I would have tried/
him my best regards.
would try the fishburger last night.
2 If they'd asked me about it, I would have given them
8 If we spent/’d spent more time relaxing while we
some good advice.
were on holiday last week, we wouldn't be/wouldn't
have been so tired now. 3 This place would be really peaceful if there weren't
huge numbers of tourists.

Complete the inverted conditionals in the text

with had, should or were.

(a) you travel out into the ocean by boat from Isla Mujeres,
Mexico you would eventually arrive at the location of one of the first and
largest artworks in the Museum of Underwater Art (MOUA), (b)
you to dive eight metres under water, you'd see the amazing installations by
British sculptor Jason de Caires Taylor. The artwork, which lies on the ocean
floor, shows 437 sculptures of people and objects, (c) you not
be keen on diving, you can also see one of the pieces of art from the coast of
Queensland, Australia. Ocean Siren is a four-metre sculpture, modelled on
a young girl from the indigenous Wulgurukaba tribe. The sculpture highlights
the effects of climate change by changing colour in response to variations
in sea temperature, (d) I known that these museums were
open, I would have made the trip when I was in the area. Jason now has three
underwater museums, (e) you to be in Lanzarote, Spain, you
could visit his equally impressive museum there.

www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary
Phrasal verbs - exp erien ces 2 C o m p l e t e t h e q u e s t io n s w ith t h e c o r r e c t f o r m o f
p h r a s a l v e r b s fr o m 1.
SPEAKING R e a d t h e t e x t . W h ic h o f t h e p h r a s a l
v e r b s ( a - l ) in t h e t e x t d o y o u k n o w ? G u e s s w h a t 1 H a v e yo u e v e r a n y b o d y yo u
th e o th e r p h ra sa l v e rb s m e a n . k n o w s o m e w h e re u n e x p e c te d ?
2 W h ich n a tio n a l p a rk in y o u r c o u n try w o u ld yo u m o st
like to ?
Culture exchange
I

3 D o yo u like to h a v e a g u id e to
th in g s to yo u o r d o yo u p re fe r
US National Parks to e x p lo re on y o u r o w n ?
S h o u ld y o u t r a v e l to t h e U S , d o n 't ( a ) m is s o u t 4 H a v e yo u e v e r s o m e th in g th a t
o n v is it in g o n e o f t h e s t u n n in g n a t io n a l p a r k s . tu rn e d o u t to b e m o re th a n you
M o s t p e o p le h a v e h e a r d o f t h e G r a n d C a n y o n , 5 A re th e re a n y o p p o rtu n itie s yo u d id n 't ta k e th a t you
b u t it (b ) t u r n s o u t t h a t t h e r e a r e 4 2 3 n a t io n a l re g re t now?
p a r k s it e s a c r o s s t h e U S , fr o m t h e m o u n t a in s
o f A la s k a to t h e a llig a t o r s w a m p s o f t h e [G< Exam tip
E v e r g la d e s in F lo r id a . A c c o r d in g to t h e N a t io n a l In o p e n c lo z e ta s k s , lo o k c a re fu lly a t th e w o rd s b e fo re
P a r k S e r v ic e ( N P S ) , w h ic h (c ) s t a r t e d o u t in a n d a fte r e a c h g a p a n d th in k a b o u t w h a t ty p e o f w o rd
1916 w ith 35 p a r k s , a r o u n d 3 0 0 m illio n p e o p le is m is s in g , fo r e x a m p le a p a rtic le fo r a p h ra s a l v e rb ,
n o w v is it n a t io n a l p a r k s e v e r y y e a r . W ith p a rt o f a se t p h ra s e , e tc.
in c r e a s in g n u m b e r s o f p e o p le (d ) g e t t in g in to
o u t d o o r a c t iv it ie s s u c h a s h ik in g a n d c lim b in g ,
Use i t ... don't lose it!
t h e n u m b e r o f v is it o r s in s o m e p o p u la r p a r k s
h a s g r a d u a lly (e ) p ic k e d u p to a p o in t w h e r e 3 SPEAKING ’G D is c u s s t h e q u e s t io n s in 2.
v is it o r n u m b e r s h a v e to b e r e s t r ic t e d .
y
R e a c h h ig h e r > p a g e 138
W h ic h n a t io n a l p a r k y o u c h o o s e to v is it w ill
d e p e n d o n w h a t p a r t o f t h e U S y o u a re
in a n d w h a t t y p e o f a c t iv it ie s y o u w a n t to HOME ABOUT BLOG
d o . S t a r g a z e r s w ill w a n t to ( f ) t a k e o n t h e
f u ll- m o o n h ik e c h a lle n g e in t h e G r e a t S a n d
Myroadtripto
D u n e s o f C o lo r a d o , w h e r e a s lo v e r s o f n a t u r e
m a y v is it t h e G ia n t F o r e s t o f t h e S e q u o ia
N a t io n a l P a rk . M a k e s u r e y o u a s k a p a r k
YOSEMITEM
w a r d e n to (g ) p o in t o u t t h e lo c a t io n o f t h e NATIONAL PARK*
G e n e r a l S h e r m a n t r e e - t h e la r g e s t liv in g
t r e e in t h e w o r ld . It is o v e r 2 ,0 0 0 y e a r s o ld a n d
If you're in California, you should definitely (1) out
a n in c r e d ib le 8 4 m e t r e s t a ll! P la n y o u r v is it
Yosemite National Park or you’ll miss out (2 ) one
c a r e f u lly a s m a n y o f t h e p a r k s a r e b ig g e r t h a n
of the greatest treasures of the region. Yosemite is one of the oldest
m o s t v is it o r s ( h ) b a r g a in fo r, a n d s o m e o f t h e
and most iconic of the US national parks. Having recently spent
s it e s a r e so v a s t t h a t y o u c o u ld w a lk a ll d a y
a glorious weekend in Yosemite, I'll run (3 ) the
w it h o u t (i) r u n n in g in to a n o t h e r p e r s o n ! details of our trip to encourage you to go!
W h ile s o m e p e o p le v is it n a t io n a l p a r k s to Friends recommended that we should visit in spring or autumn
e n jo y n a t u r e , o t h e r s p r e f e r to ( j ) c h e c k o u t when the natural landscape is at its most beautiful. That
a r c h a e o lo g ic a l a n d h is t o r ic s it e s , s u c h a s t h e (4 ) out to be a brilliant suggestion! We arrived
C a s a G r a n d e R u in s N a t io n a l M o n u m e n t in at daybreak and the day didn't exactly (5 ) out
A r iz o n a o r t h e p r e h is t o r ic a rt t h a t y o u c a n as we had hoped. It was so cloudy that we could hardly make

(k ) m a k e o u t o n t h e ro c k s in C a p it o l R e e f, (6 ) the mountains. However, the wind soon

began to (7 ) up and blew the clouds away, just
U t a h . A t t h e D in o s a u r N a t io n a l M o n u m e n t
as the sun broke through and we experienced an amazing sunrise,
in U t a h , y o u c a n v is it t h e Q u a r r y E x h ib it H a ll
enjoying the mountains of El Capitan, Half Dome, and Bridalveil Fall
w h e r e a p a r k r a n g e r w ill (I) ru n t h r o u g h s o m e
all at once.
k e y in f o r m a t io n a b o u t t h e d if f e r e n t d in o s a u r
There are many short walks to enjoy in Yosemite Valley, but we
s p e c ie s . T h e 1,50 0 d in o s a u r b o n e s a n d f o s s ils
decided to (8 ) on the more challenging Yosemite
w ill b lo w y o u a w a y !
Falls Trail which leads to thetopof North America's tallest waterfall.
T h a n k s to t e c h n o lo g y , p e o p le w h o a r e u n a b le We got more than we'd (9 ) for, as the top half of
to g e t to a p a r k in p e r s o n c a n n o w e x p lo r e the trail is very steep. Even so, it was worth it forthe spectacular
t h e n a t io n a l p a r k s t h r o u g h o n lin e g a lle r ie s o f views. The next day, we did another challenging hike-this time
p h o t o s , v id e o s , w e b c a m s , p o d c a s t s a n d s o u n d to Mirror Lake. After the weekend, I felt I was really starting to
r e c o r d in g s . W h ic h w ill y o u e x p lo r e ? (10) into outdoor life. I was enjoying it so much
I didn't wantto come home!
q Collaborative project 3 / p a g e 83
4 R e a d t h e t e x t a n d t h in k o f t h e w o r d w h ic h b e s t fits
e a c h g a p . U s e o n e w o r d o n ly in e a c h g a p .

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 6 73
 GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
ECO-TOURISM:AWIN-WINSOLUTION?
Lesson aim: To think about the environmental impact of tourism
Video: The hotel that saved the forest
S 3 Social and emotional learning: Showing social responsibility

SPEAKING [@ Ask and answer these questions.

1 What benefits can tourism bring to a country or region?
2 What problems can it cause?
3 Do you think it's possible for tourism to be environmentally sustainable?
If so, how?

You're going to watch a video about an eco-hotel in Ecuador

called Mashpi Lodge. Watch the video and choose the adjectives that
describe the hotel.
affordable • innovative • luxurious • minimalist • quaint • remote • spacious

Watch the video again and answer the questions.

1 Why did Roque Sevilla originally buy this area of cloud forest?
2 How did he ensure the hotel was built in an eco-friendly way?
3 What does he want guests to think and feel after their visit?

4a Read the article and the comments below.

O LUXURYECO-TOURISM:BALANCINGSUSTAINABILITYANBPROFITABILITY
In 2019, the South Australian state government had a tricky decision to make. A tourism company wanted to build luxury
eco-lodges within the Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island, one of South Australia’s most remote and
unspoilt locations. Proponents of the development argued that it would make the park more accessible to nature lovers
while encouraging tourism and boosting the local economy. Meanwhile, the plans provoked opposition from those who
believed the eco-lodges would disturb wildlife, spoil the view and detract from other visitors’ enjoyment of the park.
Many other countries and regions face similar dilemmas as they try to balance environmental sustainability with
economic development. Luxury eco-tourism appears to offer a win-win solution but does it really?

Money doesn’t grow on trees Posted by Marco \11:08 1 Q 14 3

If we’re going to conserve our natural wonders for future generations, we have to accept that eco-tourism is the best
solution. Given that we need revenue from tourism to maintain our national parks, we have two options. One is to open
the parks up to mass tourism and risk harming the very flora and fauna we're trying to protect. The other is to restrict
access to a small number of higher-paying visitors - environmentally-conscious people who will respect our native
plants and animals and perhaps even use their wealth and influence to help save our endangered species.

Nature is for everyone! Posted by Chandra 1 14:37 Q 2 Q 47 1

How is it OK to turn our national parks into exclusive resorts for the super-rich?! Surely, they should be places where
everyone can go to connect with nature, regardless of wealth. And what about the environmental impact of these
developments? Even if they’re using sustainable materials and renewable energy, I find it hard to believe that the native
wildlife won’t be adversely affected by the construction process.

Unit 6 www.frenglish.ru
4b Answer the questions about the article and comments in 4a.
1 What decision did the government in the state of South Australia
have to make in 2019?
2 What arguments are given in favour of luxury eco-tourism?
3 What arguments are given against luxury eco-tourism?

GREATTHINKERS

ESPEAKING
S u X H M Read the scenario below. Then discuss the
questions.
There are plans to build a large luxury eco-hotel in your
country's most famous national park. The hotel will be located
in an area of forest which is home to several endangered plant
and animal species. The developers insist that the hotel will be
built and run in an environmentally-friendly way and that it will
em ploy people from the local area.
What excites you about this proposal?
What worries you about it?
What else do you need to know before you can decide
whether you're in favour of it?
What is your current position on the matter and what
suggestions do you have at this point?

SPEAKING

that aim to benefit the environment while also making a profit?

Why might it be difficult to achieve this balance?

GREATLEARNERS

Why is it important to make ethical decisions and show social

responsibility when we make decisions on a local level?
What might be the consequences of not doing this?

page 143

www.frenglish.ru
 Listening - = = = — — = Grammar in context 2
[ ® Do you like reading novels set in places
SPEAKING
Flipped classroom video
you know?
Watch the Grammar Presentation video
(V Exam tip
In listening tasks where you hear a number of short f Past regrets
extracts, the two multiple-choice questions for each
4 Look at the sentences and answer the
extract do not necessarily come in the same order as
questions.
the information you hear.
a I wish I'd had longer to travel.
b He'd rather have stayed in Thailand
2 © E B You will hear three different extracts. For for longer.
questions 1-6, choose the answer (a, b or c) which
c I should have come with you.
fits best according to what you hear.
d If only you'd told me.
Extract one
You hear two people talking about a book festival. 1 Which sentences use the past perfect?
1 What did the authors at the event agree on? 2 What type of word comes after have in the
a they prefer to write about a place they know well other sentences?
b that authors from the past only wrote about places 3 Which word can you replace with sooner
they knew without changing the meaning
c authors should have lived in the places they're Check it page 80
writing about
2 Why does the woman give the example of the author, 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has
George Orwell? a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given.
a to introduce an opposing argument Use between three and six words, including the
b to support the main argument word given.
c to move on to another point 1 It's a pity I chose a novel that isn't set in a place I
Extract two know, (rather)
You hear a man telling a friend about a trip. I a novel set in a place I know.
3 What does the man regret about his trip? 2 We regret not travelling more when we were
a that the woman didn't travel with him younger, (only)
b that he couldn't spend longer travelling If when we were younger.
c that he didn't take the usual tourist trail 3 Why didn't you come to stay with me when you
4 Why did the woman wish she'd known where the man were travelling? (should)
was going? You to stay with me when you were
a he might have travelled with some local people travelling.
she knows 4 It's a shame I didn't take more photos when I was
b he could have visited Krabi in Seoul, (wish)
c she could have put him in touch with some I photos when I was in Seoul.
relatives to stay with
Extract three
You hear a woman telling her friend about her recent
holiday.
5 Who does the man praise?
a someone who helped Jo with her project
b his friends, for going to Seoul
c the woman, for being kind to her daughter
6 What is the woman doing during the conversation?
a explaining what her daughter is currently studying H Use i l ... don't lose it! J
b describing one of the activities her daughter did on
a recent trip
6 Do you have any regrets?
Complete the sentences with your own
c expressing her opinion about megacities like Seoul ideas. Then compare with a partner.
1
Critical thinkers 1 I wish I ...
2 I should have ...
In your opinion, how important is travel in
3 If only I ...
our lives?
4 I'd rather have ...
What makes you say that?
--------------- Reach higher / page 138 - J
76 Unit 6 www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Giving a talk
SPEAKING Look at the photo. What do you think it
shows?

Read the speaking task. Take turns to

SPEAKING

respond to the prompts given.

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 to 2

minutes.
You have one minute to think about what you're
going to say.
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.
4 @19 Listen to Student B talking about the topic
Describe the most unusual accommodation you in 2. What information did you hear that wasn't
have stayed in. in his notes? What follow-up question did the
You should say: examiner ask?
• where it is located
5 @19 Listen again and complete the Speaking
• what is unusual about it bank with the phrases you hear.
• what kind of people stay there
and explain what you liked about it.
Speaking bank
Giving a talk

3 Look at two students' notes for the

SPEAKING Remembering past experiences
speaking task in 2 and answer the questions. • As I recall,...
1 Are the notes well organised? • If I remember rightly,...
2 How helpful do you think each set of notes will be for • Thinking back,...
the speaking task? • I have memory o f...
3 Which approach to organising notes do you prefer? • I vaguely rem em ber...
Why? • What stands out for me is ...
—
Referring back/adding to an earlier point
Student A • I shouldn't leave o u t...
• Just going back to ...
Notes: Unusualplace
Moving on to talk about the final point
• bothy — in Scotland— very remote • A s itg o e s ,...
• Empty old building - very basic - no one else for • In of (what I learnt),...
• On the question of what/how/why ...,
miles around

• Walkers, mountaineers
SPEAKING Turn to page 158 and follow the
• b o n ’t need to pay - feel you 're sharing something special instructions.

5 Practice makes perfect]

Student B Follow the instructions.
The most unusual place you have stayed in Student A: Give your talk. Talk for 1to 2 minutes.
Location
Use the notes you made in 6 and expressions
from the Speaking bank.
Bothies in the UK —usually in the mountains on near
Student B: Listen to Student A's talk and time it.
the sea
Make notes and give feedback about these things:
Stayed a t Guirdil Bothy on the Isle o-F Rum
• Fluency: the speed of speech, language that
w hat is unusual? links ideas and sentences
Often historic with amazing views - com-portable • Vocabulary: use and variety of words and
and warm) but simple with log -FireS) sitting and phrases
sleeping areas • Grammar: use and variety of grammar and
Kind o-Fpeople? complex sentences
People who love nature (waiters) mountaineers)) people • Pronunciation: clear and understandable
who libe the simple lite speech, word and sentence stress
Why Uibe it;
7b Change roles and repeat 7a.
blon-commercial) -Freej no booting

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Unit 6 77
Developing writing
A review Read the review again and answer the questions.
SPEAKING (
Answer the questions. 1 Who is the review written for?

1 How often do you read reviews before going 2 Which of the following pieces of information does
somewhere? the review include? Find examples.

2 How much do reviews influence your decisions? a Recommendations about the best time to visit
particular places.
3 Have you ever written a review for something?
What was it? b Places to eat.
c Locations in the city that are worth visiting.
2 Read the review. Would you choose to visit or 3 Is it an effective review? Why/Why not?
avoid any of the places mentioned, based on
the review? Look at the review in 2 again and complete the
expressions in the Writing bank.
What to see and do in Brighton
Writing bank
Useful words and expressions for a review
No trip to Brighton is complete ★★★★
without a visit to the legendary Giving your opinion
seafront and Brighton Pier with its traditional
In my
arcades. To be perfectly honest, as it is one of the
biggest attractions for tourists, it can get very busy To be perfectly
so the best time to go is first thing in the morning. • Frankly/To be (perfectly) fra n k,...
This is also true if you prefer a leisurely stroll along • Without
the promenade and, although not everyone likes As far as I'm
the pebbly beach, you can always hire a deckchair
for a bit of comfort. • I'm certain th a t...
• I'm afraid th a t...
A short walk away from the sea front are the Lanes,
a maze of narrow, bustling streets. In my view, it's a • To tell the tru th ,...
worthwhile trip, as you can find some great cafes, Evaluating
gorgeous tearooms and unique shops selling vintage • ... it's perfect f o r ...
clothing and hand-made delights. The Lanes are the to visit i s ...
historic heart of Brighton, dating back as far as the
late 16th century. There's something for every budget/every age
group/everyone...
When you feel hungry, the Walking food tour
organised by Tours of Brighton has something for I'd recommend it to anyone looking f o r ...
all tastes. As far as I'm concerned, it was a great The facilities were disappointing.
way to discover some delicious local delicacies. Our We had issues with ...
tour guide, Lucy, was chatty and down-to-earth. For It's th a t...
three hours we walked and ate our way through fresh
seafood, a selection of street food and some tasty
home-made ice creams. Arrive hungry and wear
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
comfortable shoes!
I can highly recommend afternoon tea at That little tea for • frankly • in • perfectly • that • without
shop in the Lanes. It's a lovely cosy cafe with a warm
welcome and a lively atmosphere. They have a wide 1 Tobe honest, I thought it was
selection of drinks and cakes at affordable prices. very expensive for what it was.
The sandwiches and scones were scrumptious. It's a
2 my view this is the worst meal
shame that it's not a bigger place, as it's very popular!
I have ever had, and my friends agreed!
Overall, Brighton is, without doubt, the perfect place
to go for a short break with friends or family. A sunny 3 I'd recommend it teenagers and
weekend in the summer would be ideal, but try to thrill-seekers.
avoid Bank Holiday weekends unless you want to This was, doubt, the most
share the beach with half the population of London. luxurious hotel I've ever stayed in.
5 I hope I'm never going back.
6 I'm afraid the food was cold, the
service was poor and the atmosphere was dreary.

Unit 6 www.frenglish.ru
Vocabulary - Collocations: describing places Read the writing task. Think of a tourist destination
that you know well and make notes about what
6 Look back at the text in 2 and find these kinds of things visitors can do and see there.
adjectives. Which nouns do they collocate with?
1 leisurely 5 local You recently visited a place on holiday and decided
2 worthwhile 6 lively to write a review for a website where people post
reviews about places they've been to. Write your
3 warm 7 bustling
review and include information about the location,
4 vintage 8 affordable activities, what was involved, facilities and other
advice for visitors.
7 Complete the review with collocations from 6.

An outing to the lovely city of Bath in south-west 9 SPEAKING Tell your partner about the place
you're going to describe in your review.
England is always a (a)
Enjoy a (b) through the city's Practice makes perfect
(c) , or grab a bargain in one of
the many (d) boutiques that 10a Write your review. Use your notes in 8 and
are scattered over the city. Glad Rags is the ultimate expressions from the Writing bank and the
destination for fashion fans, for a wide selection advice in the Exam tip.
of authentic pieces at (e)
10b When you finish your review, use the Writing
And no visit to the city would be complete without
checklist on page 141 to check it.
stopping by at The Rose, a historic cafe and tea
room right in the heart of the city. You can enjoy a
(f) at the cafe, which is a perfect
place for a light lunch of soup and a sandwich, or the
(g) , a Sally Lunn bun, which is a
delicious combination of bread and cake!

z
Exam tip
In exam writing tasks, you will be marked on the
range of the vocabulary you use. In a review, avoid
using basic adjectives like nice, lovely, beautiful,
etc. and use less common lexis and interesting
collocations.

www.frenglish.ru
0 Grammar reference
Mixed conditionals Past regrets
Form should have + past participle
Mixed conditionals are a combination of second and We should have left earlier. There's a lot o f traffic on the
third conditionals. roads now.
If + past simple/continuous, would/wouldn't have + You should have spoken to her beforeyou borrowed her
past participle. phone.

kc
'you w eren'tpressing this button, the light wouldn 't have This usually expresses mild regret or criticism
come on. regarding something in the past.
If+ past perfect, would/wouldn't + infinitive. would rather/sooner

e I f we had started our homework earlier, we w ouldn't still Idrather/sooneryou hadn't told me the answer. I w anted

h
be doing it. to work it out m yself
\Ne can also use inverted conditional forms for more R drather/sooner not have overslept. It m eant / was late

C formality in the if clause.

Use
Mixed conditionals are used to speculate about the
fo r school.
We can use rather and sooner interchangeably to show
mild regret or criticism relating to a past situation.
present result of a hypothetical past situation or event We can use would rather/sooner + past simple/perfect
and can also be used to show regret or criticism. or would rather/sooner + have + past participle if the
I f she hadn't stu d ied in Russia, she w ouldn't be able to subject is the same in both parts of the sentence.
speak such good Russian. wish + past perfect
They can also be used to speculate about the past / wish you hadn't eaten the last piece o f cake. I was looking
consequences of a hypothetical present situation fo rw a rd to it.
or event. We use wish + past perfect when we want to express a
I f people hadn't spoken out, there w ouldprobably still be stronger regret about a past situation.
the same outdatedpolicies now.
if only + past perfect
Inverted conditionals I f onlyyou 'd tried it on beforeyou bought it. It's too late to
change it now.
In more formal contexts, we can leave out if and invert
the order of the subject and the auxiliary/modal verb. We use if only in the same way as wish for a regret
This is only possible with had, were and should. about something in the past, although if only can
I f I were to tell you... Were I to tell y o u ... sound like a stronger regret.
I f you should be in our neighbourhood... -» Should you be
in our neighbourhood ...
I f they h a d told m e ... -> H ad they told m e ...

Vocabulary
1©El Collocations - travel
burial ground • cultural heritage • geological feature • native wildlife • natural wonder •
prehistoric art • remote location • scenic route

2 Phrasal verbs - experiences

bargain for • checkout • get into • make out • missouton • pickup • point out • run into • runthrough •
startout • take on • turnout

3 @13 Collocations - describing places

affordable prices • bustling streets • leisurely stroll lively atmosphere • local delicacy vintage clothing •
warm welcome • worthwhile trip

www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
Mixed conditionals
1 Com plete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.
1 If I had stayed in the shade yesterday, I (not be) sunburnt today.
2 If you really loved me, you (give) me a hug when I was sad yesterday.
3 I wouldn't believe it if I (not see) it for myself a moment ago!
4 If I (not be) scared of heights, I would have gone climbing with you last week.
5 They wouldn't be angry if you (not lie) about where you were going last night.
/ 5 points

Inverted conditionals
2 Rewrite each /fclause using an inverted conditional and the word given.
1 If you could travel anywhere, where would you go? (were)
2 If you are in the area, give me a call, (should)
3 If I'd seen him, I would have offered him a lift, (had)
4 If it was a contest, you'd definitely win! (were)
5 If you finish the exam early, please tell your teacher, (should)
/10 points

Past regrets
3 Com plete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

come up with • noteat • not oversleep • take • not tell

1 If only we , we'd have got there on time.

2 I wish I all that ice cream. Now I feel sick.
3 I should more notes in class. Now I can't remember what this means!
4 Do you wish you the idea yourself?
5 He would rather they him the secret. Now he doesn't know what to do.
/ 5 points

Vocabulary test
Collocations - travel Collocations - describing places
1 Match the words in the boxes to make 3 Match the words in the boxes to make
collocations. Then write definitions or collocations. Then write definitions or
explanations. explanations.

burial • cultural • geological • native • affordable • leisurely • lively • local •

natural • prehistoric • remote • scenic vintage • warm
es
art • features • ground • heritage •
location • route • wildlife • wonders
atmosphere • clothing • delicacy • price •
stroll • welcome
t
Phrasal verbs - experiences
/ 8 points / 6 points
vo
2 Com plete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. u
bargain for • checkout • missouton • point out • run into • runthrough rs
1 Don't this once in a lifetime opportunity. Visit a store today!
el
f
2 They got more than they when they chose James to be in their team.
3 Let's meet up in town tomorrow and I can the best shops to visit.
4 'When did you last see Chloe?''I actually her a few days ago on the train.'
u
5 You've got to the new gym. It's great! n
6 We have to the health and safety check before every game - it's very important. it
/ 6 points 6
Total: / 40 points ■■■
81
www.frenglish.ru
 — Reading
1 Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Reading exam tip
For each gap (1-6) choose the correct answer, A-G. In activities where you have to match
There is one extra paragraph which you do not missing paragraphs to gaps in the text,
st need to use. re m e m b e r...

i Check every missing paragraph in each

n E S T U A R Y EN G LISH gap even if you have already selected it.

U A However, this spread is not just

ss All language communities have multiple varieties

of their main language, which may vary according
to pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. These
geographical. It is accompanied by
a dominance in terms of who the
influencers are so we can see a shift away

ec variations are sometimes referred to as regional accents

and often co-exist alongside what is considered to be
a standard version of the main language. Up until fairly
from RP as those who speak Estuary
English form a far larger and more

c
linguistically influential group.
recently, many people in the UK would probably say that
B These changes are happening largely

u
s
an accent called Received Pronunciation - or RP - was
the standardised version of English.
(D ----------
because of the influence of the speech
from London and the south-east and the
change is most noticeable among young
However, the fact that this seemed to be accepted people.

m
rather hid what is possibly still true today and that is
C This consensus was reflected in education
that the English are notoriously sensitive about accents

ax and what your accent may say about you and where you
come from. This may or may not hold for other English-
speaking countries but it has been an issue in the UK.
and media, where professionals like
teachers and news presenters were
expected to speak RP, the argument being

E (2 )----------
Accents are not free of culture and the sensitivities
that this would be more easily understood
by everybody in the larger UK language
community.
referred to earlier manifested themselves into a
D Some of these developments can now be
situation where, traditionally, those who spoke RP
seen in the way that broadcast media now
would generally be the upwardly socially mobile class
of privileged young people, a group who would most incorporate a variety of regional accents
likely be influential in their future careers. However, the and in some cases it has penetrated the
last few decades have brought enormous changes, British establishment.
accelerated by greater social and physical mobility. E There has been a move upwards of
(3 )---------- traditionally working class groups
This has brought significant changes to the dominant alongside a perception that being too
'posh' was undesirable and disconnected
version of English in the UK - a linguistic reflection of
the changes in the class barriers in Britain. from the larger society.

(4 )---------- F This may be why RP was held up as being

a 'desirable' accent throughout much
If you can imagine RP at one end of a spectrum of
of the last century. In language terms
accent and the typical pronunciation of the East End of
though, this perception of RP is historically
London at the other, a variety of English has emerged
in the middle of this that, because of its geographic relatively recent and it looks like its days
origins, is referred to as Estuary English, capturing are now numbered.
the regions around the River Thames estuary. Other G For example, not pronouncing th e 't' at
strong regional accents continue to be vibrant but this the end of 'airport'. It also has certain
newcomer is spreading across much of the south-east grammatical features such as less use
of the country as well as north of London. of adverbs and much more use of
(5)---------- question tags.
So how does this increasingly dominant variety of
English differ from its cousins? Its main differences SPEAKING How important do you think
are in pronunciation, which is more open but also it is to have a standardised version of a
drops some consonants with what is referred to as a language?
glottal stop.
(6 )----------
Some purists think these changes are promoting
incorrect grammar and there has been much comment
in the media about this, but with a rising tide of
ambitious young people fuelling the change, time is
against them.

Exam success \
Listening, Writing and Speaking / Pa 9e 146

Units 5-6 www.frenglish.ru

 C
o
lla
b
o
ra
ti
ve
o
ro
ie
SPEAKING ® Starting point
What do you remember about the two texts
Academic skills
You may need to extract information from a range of
ct
about national parks in the US on page 73?
How many national parks are there in the US?
What unique features or tourist activities are
sources written in different registers. Remember to check
your final project is written in a consistent register that is
suitable for your audience.
3
mentioned? ._____________________________________________________________________________________ /

SPEAKING Collaboration
You want to inform students from other When you work in a team, it is really important to listen to
countries about one or more of the your teammates and not to interrupt. Making eye contact
national parks in your country. Use your and nodding are effective ways to show that you are paying
own knowledge and search the Internet for attention. When it is your turn to speak, referring back to
interesting facts and information about the what people have said or giving a quick summary can help
park. Prepare one of these: show you value other members' opinions.
A poster C video message Useful language
B presentation D information leaflet As (Clara) pointed out e a rlie rF o llo w in g on from what
Research areas (Dmitri) was saying a b o u tT h e suggestion (Alex) had
• the location and climate about... sounds interesting., Referring back to what (Otto)
said about...
• interesting facts and figures, (e.g. history,
average visitor numbers)
• geographical features, landscape, plants Intercultural awareness
and wildlife
• the best time to visit Wildlife and plant species are often unique to a specific
region, so even if you find the English word for an animal
• any must-see things or activities that can
or plant, it doesn't always mean people from outside your
be done in the national park.
country will know what this is. Include photos of the more
unusual flora and fauna you describe and label these
3/ Think a b o u t... appropriately. If you can't find a photo, how else could you
get the meaning across?
Digital skills
When researching your chosen project, SPEAKING
you may find websites, online articles
and virtual tours relating to your topic. Do the project. Then present it to the class.
You can bookmark the most useful ones
in your browser so that you can find them is/ Evaluation
again easily.
I > Give each project a mark from 1to 5 (5 = very good) for:
Content Design
Presentation Language

www.frenglish.ru
83
 You are going to read an article
about two groups of boys who were stranded on
different islands - one in fiction and one in real
ling life. Predict what happened to the boys by using
the words in the box.
ary in context - Personality and
U c lld V IU U l British schoolboys • bully • children • manipulative •
plane crash • steal food • younger
Read the descriptions about fam ily
□ers. Discuss the m eaning of the words in
15 months • damaged boat • resilient • sing •
sticks and leaves • Tongan boys
Two people I really admire are my grandparents.
I'm sure that many lawyers are fairly self-serving
and just want to make money, but my grandfather Read the article, ignoring the gaps. Were your
deliberately chose to represent poor people. He predictions in 3 correct?
was a very principled man, and would never have
dreamt of overcharging anyone. If someone wasn't
able to afford his fees, he was compassionate In tasks where you complete a text with
and worked for free when he could. He was never paragraphs, underline examples of referencing
distant with his clients, like some lawyers can be,
in the missing paragraphs and the main text, e.g.
but warm and friendly. He used to work long days, this, it, they, this kind of, in the same way, and look
which meant that my grandmother took on most of for synonyms and paraphrasing of language in the
the domestic work, raising their family and running missing paragraphs and the main text.
the home. It was often hard for her, but she was an
incredibly resilient woman, and never let things get
her down.
Read the article again. S ix paragraphs have
To be honest, my younger sister Kayla and I weren't
been rem oved. Choose from the paragraphs
close as kids. We were very different. I was definitely
(A - G ) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is
more conscientious and hardworking and got
one paragraph which you do not need to use.
good grades, whereas Kayla used to mess around
at school and get into trouble. Because of this, I
think she was jealous of me and often used to be a What do the underlined words and phrases in
bit manipulative and spiteful. We must have been the article and m issing paragraphs m ean?
a nightmare for my parents at times! We were both
SPEAKING
a bit unruly I suppose and we used to fight a lot. Discuss the questions.
At least that's how I remember it. But we get on 1 Would you rather read Lord of the Flies or find out
so much better nowadays, and actually she's one more about the Tongan boys? Why?
of the most selfless people I know. In fact, she's
2 Do you know of any other stories where a group of
become my best friend.
people had to survive in difficult circumstances?
Use i t ... don't lose it! What happened and how did they deal with it?
@ Describe som eone you
SPEAKING
Critical thinkers
know well, using adjectives from 1.
In your opinion, what skills, abilities and
Reach higher > page 139 personality traits would a group of your
peers need in order to survive for 15
m onths on a rem ote island?
W hat m akes you say that?

www.frenglish.ru
HUMAN NATURE.- WHATDOCSITTAKETOSURVII/E?
Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, was published in 1954. The novel has
/ This meant they were now at the
sold millions of copies, been translated into over 20 languages, and adapted
H mercy of the currents, and ended up
for stage and screen. A haunting tale about a group of British schoolboys
drifting for eight days. Eventually, they sighted
who survive a plane crash and are stranded on a remote island, it has gone
an island, but they had a tough decision to
on to have an immeasurable impact not just on literature, but on the wider
make: stay on the damaged boat or abandon
culture. It is often used as a parable for the supposedly innate selfishness of
it and try to swim across the reef. Even though
human nature.
it was night time, they decided to swim and
i Democracy and kindness give way to greed and brutality. With eventually all crawled ashore. Desperately
J the exception of Ralph, Simon and Piggy, the older boys start to bully thirsty and malnourished, they had no
the younger children and steal the little food they have. As leader, the alternative but to hunt and eat sea birds and
egomaniacal Jack becomes increasingly manipulative and cruel so he can fish.
hold on to power. Today, 'it was like a scene from Lord of the Flies' is still a
r Still, this discovery hardly meant
comment used to describe wild and unruly behaviour.
L) there were no further challenges to face.
That's why any true story of humans facing adversity and still During the summer it barely rained, meaning
2 behaving in an inherently good and altruistic way towards each other,
speaks to our hearts. A highly inspiring story to recently emerge is that of
the boys had little to drink. They managed
to make a raft, only to see it smashed up on
six resilient young boys, now men, from Tonga who went missing in 1965. the reef. Then one of the boys, Fatai, fell off
Like the boys in Lord of the Flies, Tevita David Siola'a, Sione Fataua, Luke a cliff and broke his leg. Showing incredible
Veikoso, Fatai Stephen Latu, Kolo Fekitoa and Sione Mano Filipe Totau were resourcefulness and skill, the boys from
marooned on an uninhabited island, but that is where the similarity ends. Tonga were able to perfectly reset the bone
No Tongan would be surprised at this kind of selfless behaviour as with sticks and leaves.
5 the idea of 'everyone for themself' clashes with their cultural values. It is Kolo even created a crude guitar
customary for young Tongans to be raised with the understanding that they
are part of a community and that they should put other people first. But it
6 from driftwood, a coconut, and wires
salvaged from their wrecked boat. He would
was a great shock for the boys' families when they were informed their sons play this every evening and the other boys
were still alive after having been missing for 15 long months. In fact, by the would sing to keep their spirits up. In the end,
time the boys were found and brought home, funerals had already been held friendship, teamwork and faith kept the boys
for them. Since then, their story has been shared many times in Tonga, but from falling into despair and ensured their
now their epic experience is being brought to the attention of the world in a survival on the island. It is a story that will be
new book, Humankind, by Rutger Bregman. remembered for many years to come.

A Rather than treating each other unfairly, they were E At the beginning of the story, once the boys realise
compassionate. Instead of hoarding food, they there are no adults to supervise them, they attempt
distributed it equally. There was no abuse of power to 'stick to the law' and act with decency. But as time
and disputes were settled in an honourable manner. goes on, relationships and behaviour deteriorate.
B This becomes clearer as the days pass and hope F Regaining a little strength from these meagre rations,
of rescue fades. Although the younger boys resent they used their bare hands to dig out a shelter in
being told what to do by the older ones, they agree the sea cliff. After resting here for three months, and
that a raft must be built and set off in search of wood. desperate to find other resources, they managed to
C It is most often applied to scenes of chaos amongst climb up to the island's volcanic crater. To their relief,
children. However, the dark suspicion that adults they came upon taro and banana plants, as well as a
might behave the same self-serving way in similar population of feral chickens.
circumstances when order is no longer imposed, is G Bored with the routine and terrible food at their strict
one that many of us find hard to shake. boarding school, the boys apparently decided to
D This wasn't their only remarkable achievement. They sneak off, take a fishing vessel, and see whether they
managed to set up a basic food garden in the poor could sail all the way to Fiji. Unfortunately, they soon
soil, and carve out tree trunks so that they could store ran into trouble when the mast was snapped in high
the little rainwater that fell in the hollows. They kept winds and the rudder broke off.
their fire burning and stuck to a duty roster.

Reach higher > page 139

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 85
 Grammar in context 1
Passive constructions ---------\ Causatives
la Look at the sentences and identify the 3a Look at the sentences. Which sentence isn't a
passive tenses. causative? What is the difference in meaning
a This will be remembered for many years between that sentence and the others?
to come. a Bregman had/got an extract from his book
b Lord of the Flies was published in 1954. about the Tongan boys published by a
newspaper.
c They agree that a raft must be built and set
off in search of wood. b Bregman got a newspaper to publish an
d By the time the boys were found, funerals had extract from his book.
already been held for them. c Bregman had published an extract from his
book.
e Ironically, in the novel, the boys were being
flown away from danger when their plane d Bregman had a newspaper publish an extract
crashed. from his book.
f The novel has been translated into over
20 languages. 3b Match the causative sentences in 3a to the
structures 1-3.
g Lord of the Flies is often used as a parable for
the innate selfishness of human nature. 1 have + agent + infinitive without to + object
h Their epic experience is being brought to the 2 have/get+ object + past participle (+ by +
attention of the world in a new book. agent)
i The younger boys resent being told what to do. 3 get + agent + infinitive with to + object
j It is customary for young Tongans to be raised Check it page 94
with the understanding that they are part of a
community. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct causative
form with have or get and the verbs in the box.
1b Answer the questions. clean • cut • decorate • deliver • install • make •
In which sentence(s) in 1a ... repair • send
1 is it obvious who the agent is?
2 is the agent'people in general'? 1 Do you want to come over and see my room?
I it last week and it looks
3 is the agent unknown or unimportant? amazing!
Check it page 94 2 When my sister was in Thailand on holiday, she
a fabulous dress by a
2 Rewrite the active sentences as passive sentences. tailor.
1 What can people do to prevent fake news being 3 Sometimes at weekends we a takeaway
believed? , just for a treat.
What 4 I my mobile phone at the
2 The lifeguards had already rescued them by the time moment, so I can't call or text you.
we arrived. 5 We need new wi-fi
They Our current system isn't working well at all.
3 The press tried to interview the survivors, but they 6 Your hair always looks great! Where you
refused. it ?
The survivors refused 7 If you miss the lesson a classmate
4 People all over the world were following the story. you the homework.
The story 8 When we moved we a professional
company our house.
5 We hope that people will continue to tell this story.
We hope that Use it ... don't lose it!
6 No one rescued the boys until a year after they were SPEAKING® Imagine you
marooned. are a billionaire. Write
The boys sentences using the
7 Psychologists are carrying out some research into causative to say what you
how people behave in survival situations.
would have done or what
you would get people to
Some research do for you. Then share your
8 He doesn't like it when people ask him about the sentences with the class.
time he got lost up a mountain.
He doesn't like Reach higher page 139

86 Unit 7 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary
Expressions with self 3 Complete the text with the correct form of the
expressions in the box. There are two extra
1 Read the definitions and complete the expressions that you don't need.
compound nouns with se lf with the words in
the box. be a shadow of your former self •
keep yourself to yourself • make yourself at home •
deprecation • doubt • esteem • expression •
self-deprecating • self-doubt • self-esteem •
indulgence • preservation
self-expression • self-indulgence
1 the feeling of not having confidence in yourself or
your abilities
self- Culture exchange
2 ways of conveying your feelings and ideas, for
example through painting, writing or acting Truly British habits?
self- The British fondness for dunking biscuits
3 the practice of allowing yourself to have or to do in tea is not merely enjoying the little
something special that you like very much, often pleasures in life as well as a bit of
something that you shouldn't have or do (a) , but, according to
an article in the magazine Country
self-
Living that lists our top-ten habits and
4 the feeling that you are as important as other
traits, biscuit dunking is the number-one thing
people and that you deserve to be treated well
that makes people really and truly British.
self-
Next on the list is avoiding sitting next to someone
5 the wish to stay alive and to protect yourself from on public transport. While it may be true that
things that might hurt you many British people do like (b) ,
self- this is also true in other countries. A more obvious
6 making your achievements or abilities seem less trait perhaps is what many foreigners perceive as
important an unusual way of dressing, but that Brits would
self- prefer to call a desire for (c) , and
showing their personality.
2 Choose the correct word to complete these Also, British people have a strong tendency to be
phrases with self. Check the meaning of any you overpolite (number six on the list), are obsessed
don't know in the dictionary. with queuing (number three), and step awkwardly
1 Welcome! Come in and yourself at from side to side when trying to walk past
home. someone (number eight). Number four on the list
a create b do c feel d make is apologising for everything. Does this mean that
British people are full of (d) and
2 In the evening I like to put my headphones on and
think they are always in the wrong? Or is it a
myself in music.
sign of low (e) and a lack of
a lose b find c disappear d see confidence?
3 Jorge is quite shy - at college he tends to
Like all stereotypes, there is a grain of truth in
himself to himself.
some of these things, but most of them are
a find b keep c stay c feel probably outdated. However, some things on the
4 When I was younger, I used to be list, like eating chips with gravy (number five) and
up in myself - I behaved as if no one else was eating fry-ups for breakfast (number seven) will
important. never change. So, if you are planning a visit to
a wrapped b folded c turned d bound Britain and truly want to (f) , grab
5 After being ill for so long, she was a a biscuit and get dunking.
of her former self.
a person b shade c shadow d version Collaborative project 4 > page 109 y
6 If you're feeling a little lost, you should meditate to
yourself again.
Use it ... don't lose it!
a shape b acquire c find d define
7 You don't yourself today. Are you sure
SPEAKING Which of the expressions in 1 and
you're feeling OK? 2 can you use to describe yourself and people
you know? Make notes and then compare your
a see b look c sound d appear answers in pairs.
8 He is so of himself and thinks he is
very important. It's annoying! ------------------- 1 Reach higher / page 139
a true b bold c confident d full

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 87
 I

GREATLEARNERS
V GREATTHINKERS
OURMULTIPLEIDENTITIES
Lesson aim: To reflect on how we understand our own and other
people's multiple identities
Video: Photography and cultural identity
P H I Social and emotional learning: Understanding people as individuals

SPEAKING [@ Ask and answer these questions.

1 What are some of the aspects that make up your identity? Which aspects are
most important to you? Which are less important?
2 What assumptions do you think other people make about you when they first
meet you?
3 What aspects of other people's identities do you tend to notice first?

Watch a video about a London-based photography exhibition

called Mixed Race Faces. What does the exhibition consist of and what are
its main aims?

Watch the video again. Are these statements T (True) or F (False)?

1 Natalie has mixed Asian and European heritage. T /F
2 The organiser of the exhibition started out by photographing strangers
in the street. T /F
3 According to census data, around 5% of the British population identifies
as mixed race. T /F
4 Jonathan appreciates having the opportunity to discuss the feelings he's
had for a long time. T /F
5 The organiser has always viewed her experience of living in different
countries in a positive way. T /F

SPEAKING /‘A Read the text and answer the questions.

1 Why do we tend to sort objects into categories, according to the article?
2 Why can't we categorise people in the same way?

W H Y DO WE CATEGORISE PEOPLE?
Our brains are wired to try to make complex things simple. to all of those groups and to many others as well. It's equally
When we're presented with a list of random objects - say, obvious that the members of a group are different from each
'apple, pencil, banana, T-shirt, ruler, hat, socks' - w e'll quickly other, even if stereotypes may trick us into thinking otherwise.
sort those objects into categories. This tendency to categorise What's more, we can't possibly know which groups a person
objects is, of course, extremely useful. In a world fraught with identifies with simply by looking at them. The colour of my
complexity and ambiguity, it enables us to rapidly process skin is part of my identity but it doesn't tell you where I was
information and make sense of what's around us. However, born or grew up. It doesn't give you any reliable information
this process of categorisation becomes much more problematic about what I'm like as a person, what I like eating, what
when we attempt to apply it to other human beings. music I enjoy, or what I do in my free time. Neither does it
When we think about ourselves or anyone that we know well, reveal where I live or where I feel I most belong.
we can see that trying to define an individual's identity through Human beings are not clothes, stationery and fruit: we can't
simplistic labels defies common sense. None of us can be be put into boxes and labelled. W e're unique individuals.
understood through our membership of any single group: it's clear W e're complex and multifaceted, constantly changing and
that we all belong to many groups simultaneously. I'm not just a endlessly fascinating, and in that sense at least, we're all
teenager, a student, an Arsenal supporter or a Londoner. I belong the same.

88 www.frenglish.ru
 GREATTHINKERS
Share-Wait-Think-Discuss

® Follow the instructions in groups

SPEAKING

of three and follow this procedure.

Reflect on the ideas in the text. What did you
find interesting or thought-provoking? Why?
What other questions does the text raise for
you? Make notes.
2 One by one, share your ideas with your group.
3 Wait in silence and listen actively while the
others are speaking. Don't interrupt! Think
about what each person is saying.
Discuss all the ideas that you have shared.
Make comments and ask questions about
what other people said. What have you
learned from listening to and talking to the
other people in your group?

[@ The text in 4 discusses the way that

SPEAKING

our brains tend to categorise people into groups

and use stereotypes to try to understand them.
Why is this a problem? To what extent do you
think we categorise ourselves as well as others?
What can we do to overcome this tendency?

GREATLEARNERS SEL

Great learners try to understand people

as individuals.

Why is it important to avoid making assumptions

about people's identities based on appearances?
What can we do to try to understand how other
people think and feel? How can we help other
people to understand our own identities?

Learner profile page 143

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 89
Listening ■ = - -------- Grammar in context 2
i SPEAKING Do you take selfies? When? Do you Flipped classroom video
post them on social media? Why/Why not?
Watch the Grammar Presentation video
0 Examti
In tasks where you have to match speakers to topics,
the options in the task don't use the same words
f Adding emphasis - cleft sentences
as the listening extracts. Before you listen, read 5a Read the pairs of sentences. Is there a
the options and think about how they might be difference in meaning between them? If so,
paraphrased. what is it?
1 a My best friend first had the idea.
b It was my best friend who first had the idea.
2 Look at the exam tasks in 3. Read the options
2 a I take most selfies near my window.
(a-h) in task 1 and think of ways of paraphrasing
them. Then read the options (a-h) in task 2 and b The place where I take most selfies is near
think of synonyms for the adjectives. my window.
3 a I kept helping people because I enjoyed it.
3 © E J You are going to listen to five people
b The reason (why) I kept helping people
talking about taking selfies. Listen twice and
complete both tasks. was that I enjoyed it.
4 a It annoys me that some people spend
Task one
hours every day taking selfies.
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (a-h) the
reason why each speaker takes/doesn't take selfies. b The thing that most annoys me is that
There are three extra letters which you do not need some people spend hours every day
taking selfies.
to use.
a to get more experience 5 a The term 'selfie' is new.
b to guide others b What is new is the term 'selfie'.
c to show how damaging
5b Answer the questions.
they are Speaker! 1
d to document change Speaker 2 2 In which pair(s) does sentence b use ...
e to mark an event Speakers 3 a it as the subject?
f to sell beauty products Speaker 4 4 b what or all as the subject?
g to be part of the Speakers 5 c an expression to emphasise the place?
phenomenon d an expression to emphasise the topic?
h to avoid wasting time on e an expression to emphasise the reason?
trivial things f an expression to emphasise the person?
Task two Check it page 94
For questions 6-10, choose from the list (a-h) how
each speaker feels about posting selfies. There are 6 Rewrite the sentence so that it has a similar
three extra letters which you do not need to use. meaning but gives emphasis to the underlined
a worthless part of the sentence. Use structures for cleft
b connected sentences.
c angry Speaker 1 6 1 Rachel uploaded the selfie.
-1 Speaker 2 7
d frustrated
Speaker 3 8
e rewarded 2 I love hanging out on my balcony.
Speaker 4 9
f emotionless
Speaker 5 10
g cheerful 3 I enjoy posting selfies with my puppy because he's
h tolerant so cute.,

Critical thinkers 4 It's so exciting that you've got over 1,000 followers.
In your opinion, why has taking selfies
become so popular?
■ H Use i t ... don't lose it!J
I Complete the sentences with your
SPEAKING

own ideas. Then share your sentences.

1 The place where ... 3 The reason I enjoy ...
2 The person who ... 4 What I like most about...

--------------------- Reach higher J> page 139-^

www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking ■■
Discussing photos 2
4 @ E ) Listen again. Which words and expressions in the
SPEAKING Look at the photos and the Speaking bank does the student use?
speaking task. Which two photos would you
prefer to talk about? Why?
Speaking bank
Compare two of the photos, and say what Using your own experience and knowledge to
might be making the people happy in speculate
these pictures and how often moments like
• I've (never) been in that kind of situation myself, and/but...
these occur.
• I imagine th a t...
• I think, from looking at (their faces)...
• We can't say for sure what's going on, b u t...
• It could be the case th at...
• That's the sort of scenario that you sometimes see ...
• Almost everyone will find themselves in this kind of
situation ...

/ Exam tip
In tasks where you discuss photos, remember that you are
being assessed on your grammatical and lexical range. Use
a variety of phrases to describe and compare photos and to
speculate.

5 SPEAKING@ ) Describe the photo in 1that wasn't discussed

in 2. Speculate about different scenarios using your own
experience and knowledge and the expressions in the
Speaking bank.

Grammar in context 3
r Adding emphasis - auxiliary verbs -
6 Look at the sentences and answer the
questions.
a Most people do only take school-leaving exams
once.
b I did feel really anxious on results day.
c He does get very excited when they win.

1 What extra word has been added in each

sentence to emphasise the verb?
2 How would you write each sentence without
emphasising the verb?
3 What form of the main verb do we use when we
use the auxiliary to add emphasis?
Check it page 94
• What might be making the people happy
7 Rewrite the sentences to add emphasis.
in these photos?
• How often do moments like these occur? 1 People get excited about many things, actually.
2 I'm not very athletic but I enjoy swimming.
2 © E 3 Listen to a student doing the task in 1. 3 She makes me laugh a lot.
Which two photos does he talk about? 4 They passed their exams after all.
5 My grandad is retired now but he still does voluntary work.
3 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What does the student think might be making
the people happy in the photos? Practice makes perfect
2 What does he say about how often these ® Turn to page 149 and follow the
SPEAKING

moments occur? instructions.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 91
 Developing writing
Describing visual information 2 Read the text. What are the Big-Five personality traits?
Describe the studies in your own words. What do you
Look at the graphs and complete the think will be the outcome of the comparison in the study?
sentences with the words in the box.

2
The Big-Five personality traits
Developed in the 1980s, the Big-Five personality traits
describe five general aspects of people's character. They are
sometimes referred to by their acronym OCEAN standing for
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness
and neuroticism. Recently, two studies have been carried
out to assess to what extent a person's digital footprint can
predict aspects of their personality. The assessments have
been done by both humans and computers to compare which
is more accurate.

Look at the bar chart and the task below and answer the
3 questions.
1 Which personality traits were computers more than twice as
accurate at predicting than humans?
2 Which personality traits were humans only slightly less
accurate at predicting than computers?
3 What is the main point of the bar chart, a or b?

a Computers are better than humans at predicting the

Big-Five personality traits.
b Humans are nearly as good as computers at predicting
most of the Big-Five personality traits.

The bar chart below shows the accuracy of computer algorithms

in predicting the Big-Five personality traits based on a person's
digital footprint, compared with the accuracy of human
predictions.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.

bar chart • diagram • flowchart •

line graph • pie chart • table

1 A shows how a quantity

changes overtime.
2 A shows how
something is divided into different
categories.
3 A shows information in
columns and rows for easier interpretation.
4 A shows how a process
works and the different choices you can
make.
5 A is a drawing that
explains something.
6 A shows how different
amounts compare with one another.

92 Unit 7 www.frenglish.ru
 Read a student's answ er for the task in 3 and Vocabulary - Describing data: synonyms
answ er the questions.
6 Look back at the text in 4 and find synonym s for
1 Is the language semi-formal or informal? these words and phrases.
2 Does the description include every detail shown in 1 important, large 5 is noticeable among
the graph?
2 assesses 6 observed
3 What information is included in each paragraph?
3 a little 7 distinction
4 Does the writer provide personal opinions?
4 precisely
5 What tense is used most often? What other tenses
are used?
7 Com plete the text with words and phrases from 4
and 6.
T h e bar ch a rt e va lu a te s and c o m p a re s th e a ccu ra cy o f
Five characteristics were (1) in the survey,
a c o m p u te r c o m p a re d w ith a h um an w h e n p re d ictin g
in which a (2) number of people took
five m ajor hum an p e rso n a lity traits.
part. To conclude, the computer was much better at
O f th e fiv e tra its lo o ke d at in th e research, n e u ro ticism , predicting traits than humans were, and people were
sta n d s o u t fro m all o f th e o th e rs as being th e (3) less accurate than the algorithm.
ch a ra cte ristic th a t c o m p u te rs co u ld p re d ict m uch m o re
It was also (4) that the computer could
a ccu ra te ly than h um ans. T h e graph s h o w s th a t th e
predict some characteristics more (5)
co m p u te r, w ith an a ccu ra cy o f a lm o s t 0.35, w a s a lm o st
than others.
th re e tim e s as a ccu ra te as a hum an, w ith an a ccu ra cy
rate o f 0.12. A less dram atic, but still sig n ifica n t / Examti
d iffe re n ce w a s reco rd e d fo r o p e n n e ss. W ith an
In writing tasks where you have to summarise the
a ccu ra cy rate ju s t u nd er 0.40, th e c o m p u te r w as
tw ic e as a ccu ra te as a hum an, w h ich had an a ccu ra cy
information in a graph or chart, summarise only the
rate o f 0.20. C o n s c ie n tio u s n e s s , e x tro v e rsio n and most important information and the main findings.
a g re e a b le n e ss w e re p re d icte d s lig h tly m o re a ccu ra te ly This will give you more time to focus on using
by co m p u te rs, but th e re w a s less o f a differen ce. accurate language.
T o su m up, all five o f th e p e rso n a lity tra its w ere
predicted m o re a ccu ra te ly by c o m p u te rs than I f l Practice makes perfect
z>y hum ans.
8a Look at the line graph and do the task.
Look at the words and expressions in the Writing
The line graph shows the declining uniformity in
bank and check that you understand them all.
American boys' and girls' names since 1885.
Which are used in the answ er in 4?
Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features and make comparisons
Writing bank where relevant.
Useful language fo rd escrib ing visual information Write around 150 words.

Describing statistics
The declining uniformity of American names
• 5/10/15 percent/%
a quarter/a third/half/three-quarters o f ... Baby names: “ “ 1 of top 50 names (boys)

twice/three times the amount — 1 of top 50 names (girls)

• ... was (almost) two/three/ten/times a s ... — 1 ofto p 10 names(boys)

• one in three/four/five 1 ofto p 10 names (girls)

%
• the majority/minority o f ...
Describing trends
remain the same/change little
• stabilise
• fluctuate
• reach a high/peak/low
a significant difference i s ...
there was less/more of a difference
• a (more/less) dramatic difference
M aking com parisons
• slightly less than/considerably more than/markedly
different from ...
• One figure/Something that stands o u t ...
• The ... are almost the same as/broadly similar to ...
One of the more notable changes w a s ... 8t When you finish your sum m ary, use the
The highest figure was fo r ... Writing checklist on page 141 to check it.
... stands out a s ...

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 93
 Grammar reference
Passive constructions In these sentences, have is slightly more formal than get.
Form The town council h a d the public library rebuilt last year.
be (in the appropriate form) + past participle /g e t m y eyes tested once ayear.
The new gym nasium w ill be completed in mid-September. The agent can be included in the sentence either directly

i A ll o f the chairs have been taken. You 'II have to stand.

The school hall is due to be refurbished next year.
after the causative verb or by using the preposition by.
He g o t m e to change / h a d nee change it.

kc Use
To focus on the action, or its effects, rather than the
They had/g o t their house repainted by professionals.

Adding emphasis - cleft sentences

e agent (the person or thing) doing it.
The agent is often unmentioned if:
To add emphasis or give extra importance to one part of
a sentence, we can use cleft sentences. We use:

h • it is obvious who the agent is. • T h e ... + is/was to emphasise the thing/person/place/

C •
A m an has been arrested (by the police).
their identity is unknown or unimportant.
They were given name badges before the conference.
reason.
The thing th a t I love to eat the most is chocolate.
Theperson who helped me the most was Tom.
• we would rather not mention them. The place where the f r e sta rted was the kitchen.
/ was told th a t you. were angry with me. The reason w hy it took so long is because o f all the traffic.
However, if we want to mention the agent, we use the • It is /w a s ... t h a t ... to emphasise the words between
preposition by. It is/was and that.
The museum has been visited by 30,000 tourists so far. It's the piano (that) h e ’s good at, not the violin.
\Ne may also use a passive form if the agent or subject Although we tend to use that in spoken English,
of the verb is a long phrase. we may also use which or who.
She was interviewed by the head o f the French department It's m y maths exam which I'm worried about most.
a t the university.
It was my brother who gave me the watch — not my
Passive infinitives and gerunds sister.
Certain verbs such as like, dread and imagine are Where and when tend to be used more informally.
followed by a gerund. In the passive voice, they need a
It ovas 7 o 'dock when we were supposed to meet.
passive gerund (being + past participle).
Canyou imagine being chosen to sta r in a film ? ttw a s Spain where I was born, not France.

Adjectival phrases, which are normally followed by an • W h a t... is/was ... to emphasise the words after is/was.
infinitive with to, need a passive infinitive (to be + past IA/hat I'd like m ost fo r dinner is pizza.
participle). Adding emphasis - auxiliary verbs
The documents were too sensitive to be made public.
In present or past simple sentences, we can add
My mother was disappointed not to be offered the job. emphasis by including the auxiliaries do/does/did to the
Modal verbs require the passive infinitive without to (be verb clause. The main verb is used in the infinitive form
+ past participle). without to.
Passports m u st be handed in a t reception upon arrival. A/ell, that's nonsense. You do look like brothers!
If the main verb is do, do is repeated.
Causatives
I don't do much b u t / do do the washing up.
Use
To talk about actions that are done for the subject of In sentences already containing an auxiliary verb, we
the sentence rather than by the subject. don't add do, we just stress the auxiliary verb.
l am going to/w ill/w o u ld n 't tell her!
Have and get can both be used as causative verbs.

Vocabulary
(§EJ1 Personality and behaviour
compassionate • conscientious • distant • manipulative • principled • resilient • selfless • self-serving • spiteful • unruly

(§102 Expressions with se/f

compound nouns: self-deprecation • self-doubt • self-esteem • self-expression • self-indulgence • self-preservation
phrases: be a shadow of your former self ■be full of yourself • be wrapped up in yourself • find yourself keep yourself
to yourself • look yourself • lose yourself in (something) • make yourself at home

© 0 3 Describing data - synonyms

accurately (adv) - precisely (adv) • difference (n) - distinction (n) • evaluate (v) - assess (v) • record (v) - observe (v) •
significant (adj) - important (adj) slightly (adv) - a little (adv) • stand out from (phr v) - be noticeable among (phr)

94 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
Passive constructions Adding emphasis -
1 Decide if the sentences are correct. Rewrite the cleft sentences
incorrect sentences. 3 Add emphasis to the underlined
1 He will be rewarded for his hard work. parts of these sentences.
2 No one likes telling off in front of their friends. 1 The dog ate your dinner.
3 Their presentations must to be completed by 2 My teacher told me to come to
Monday. your office.
4 We need to find another classroom. This one is 3 1read a book before I go to sleep.
being used by someone else. 4 We went to the shop to get some
5 All the items had been hand over to the police pens.
following the arrests. / 4 points
6 It is unusual for young people are given a promotion
so quickly.
Adding emphasis -
7 The essays are due to be handed in by Friday.
auxiliary verbs
8 Listen! The results are to be announced as we speak.
4 Look at the conversations. Add
emphasis to B's responses using
/ 8 points do/does/did.
Causatives 1 A: Joaquin is always on time
to class.
2 Put the words in the correct order to make
sentences in the causative form. B: Well, he lives opposite the
college.
1 she / feed / the cats / to / her / got / for / someone
2 A: I wish we had done more
2 the / the / had / repaired / roof / after / we / storm preparation.
3 have / repainted / door / the / had / just / we B: We did as much as we could.
4 I've / cut / years / having / my / for / here / hair / been 3 A: Why don't you like my
5 my / got / eyes / tested / today / I new coat?
/ 5 points B: I like it!
/ 3 points

Vocabulary test • =
Personality and behaviour
1 Write definitions or explanations for the words in the box.
compassionate • manipulative • resilient • selfless

/ 4 points
Expressions with self
2 Complete each phrase with a preposition.
1 lose yourself something 4 be wrapped in yourself es
2 be full
3 be a shadow
yourself
your former self
5 make yourself
6 keep yourself
home
yourself t
3 Complete the sentences with an expression with self.
1 He's got so much he doesn't believe he can do the job at all.
vo
2 She has very low . What can we can do to boost her confidence?
u
3
4
Art and dance are both popular forms of
She ate all the cake, even though she knew it was
rs
5 I think that businessman is entirely and only cares about himself.
el
Describing data - synonyms
/11 points
f
4 Give synonyms for these words and phrases. u
n
accurately • evaluate • significant • slightly • stand out from it
/ 5 points
?
Total: / 40 points
www.frenglish.ru
95
 GIVING BACK
5 Read the review of a film called 2040. What is the
reviewer's general opinion of the film?
a It takes both an uplifting and informative approach.
Reading b It is fairly similar to other films about the environment.
Vocabulary in context - Positive c It focuses too much on science rather than on people's lives.
action
@ ) Read these questions and
SPEAKING
In Yes/No/Not Given reading tasks, you are asked to
choose the correct alternative. Then identify the writer's opinions, rather than identify factual
discuss the meaning of the underlined information. Only choose No if it is clear that the writer
words. disagrees with the statement because there is evidence in
1 Should consumers buy organic produce the text. Choose Not Given when there is no information in
because it's beneficial/profitable for the the text to either support or disagree with the statement.
environment?
2 What kinds of motives/incentives do you
think would encourage people to use 6 ($5*3 Read the review again. Do the following
public transport? statements agree with the views of the writer? Choose
3 How likely would you be to attend a public Yes (Y) if the statement agrees with the views of the
campaign/protest against fossil fuels? writer, No (N) if the statement contradicts the writer's
views, or Not Given (NG) if it is impossible to say what
4 Should the voting age be lowered in order the writer thinks about this.
to empower/enable young people?
1 People should be honest with themselves about
5 Do you think everyone must agree to
environmental problems. Y/N /N G
use their cars less as a first step/measure
towards dealing with pollution? 2 People have an obligation to read news stories
about climate change. Y/N /N G
6 What new enterprises/initiatives do you
think should be put in place to reduce 3 The term 'fact-based dreaming' may sound
plastic consumption? confusing to some people. Y/N /N G
4 Damon Garneau made the film more engaging
2 SPEAKING Take turns asking and by involving his own daughter. Y / N / NG
answering the questions in 1. 5 Garneau should have found a different way to
travel other than by plane. Y/N /N G
3 Complete these statements with the
6 Garneau fails to make clear how the micro-grid
correct form of words in 1.
is beneficial to the villagers. Y / N / NG
1 There should be a public information 7 It is unlikely that US drivers will stop wanting to
to raise awareness of global
own their own cars by 2040. Y/N /N G
warming.
8 The humour that is used throughout 2040 is
2 The role of education is more than just to
undesirable. Y/N /N G
young people to get qualifications
and pass exams.
7 What do the underlined words and phrases in the text
3 Emergency should be introduced mean?
to deal with homelessness.
4 Too much emphasis is put on businesses Critical thinkers
being , rather than being
environmentally responsible. In your opinion, which kind of film is more
likely to inspire people to take action and
Use it ... don't lose it! do something to help the environment - a
@ Do you agree with the
SPEAKING film like Garneau's that focuses on initiatives
and inventions, or a film that focuses on the
statements in 3? Why/Why not?
consequences of environmental destruction?
Reach higher > page 139 What makes you say that?

96 Unit 8 www.frenglish.ru
 1
2040 Review
hope for the future? I
When you ask someone to think about the impact of global During the course of the film, Garneau
warming, there's a high chance that melting ice will come visits a village in Bangladesh where
up in the conversation. Last week, my friends and Iwatched for many years the inhabitants relied
a programme on TV about this very topic. The programme on kerosene as their primary energy
reported how a new study has claimed that polar bears will source. But the installation of solar
be wiped out by the end of the century. A clip showed these panels and solar boxes has meant that these villagers can now
beautiful animals struggling to find food, and the presenter, share power through a micro-grid. That this has brought about
moved to tears, asked a scientist to explain why polar bears great transformation in their lives is obvious. Garneau takes us
were in such trouble and asked her what people could do on a walk around the village at night - where lights powered
to help. It was a difficult watch and one of my friends asked by the grid mean that people can now gather safely and watch
if she could turn the TV off. But, whilst it is natural that we sport on television for the first time. Moreover, the sharing of
would want to shield ourselves from the dire state of the power has enabled the village to becom e self-sufficient and
environment, it is imperative we face up to the situation if not dependent on electricity suppliers.
we are to make any headway in addressing the problem. Garneau also visits a research centre in Massachusetts, where
Warnings about the effects of climate change are becoming scientists are looking at how underwater seaweed forests
harder to ignore. According to media reports, the situation is could be used to absorb carbon, as well as being a potential
bleak. It is now believed that the polar ice caps are melting food source and biofuel. He also stops by in Los Angeles,
six times faster than in the 1990s. At a recent environmental and presents some thought-provoking ideas about how the
conference, international scientists once again insisted that motorways that are constantly jammed might one day be
governments take urgent steps to address this potential given over as space for trees and other vegetation. Garneau
catastrophe. However, although many companies have points out the foolishness of personal car ownership, and
promised to reduce emissions, and many people want to do envisions a day when people will summon a driverless car only
what they can, the truth is that many people feel overwhelmed when they need one. Whether he is specifically referring to the
by the scale of the problem and are left wondering what US, it's hard to tell, but 2040 seem s rather premature as a cut­
possible difference their actions can make. For writer-director off point for American drivers to give up their vehicles.
Damon Garneau, this feeling of paralysis was the catalyst for As with his earlier work, That Sugar Film, Garneau makes
a new film, 2040, in which he encourages us to question this extensive use of computer graphics and humour in conveying
mindset. Garneau claims that the film is 'an exercise in fact­ his message. Vox pops from children not only express the
based dreaming' and that his intention is to present a vision of desire for 'more trees', but also 'chocolate rain'. Such moments
a different future - one in which people live in greater harmony of light-heartedness are welcome, and make a refreshing
with nature. For those who are daunted by this seemingly change from the doom-and-gloom documentaries that
ambiguous language, don't be put off. In the film, Garneau dominate the Internet.
focuses on the solutions to environmental problems, and
For me, Garneau's film presents an alternative view of the
inventions and initiatives in renewable energy, zero-emission
future that gives us hope instead of filling us with fear. If you
transport, and regenerative agriculture that already exist, but
are som eone who is concerned about the future of the planet,
which have not yet been exploited to their full potential.
and wants to learn more about what we can all do, then I
At the beginning of the movie, he introduces us to his four- recommend you see this encouraging and positive film.
year-old daughter, Velvet, and explains that concern for her
future in a 'rapidly deteriorating environment' is the motive
behind his research. In a projection of the year 2040, a now­
adult Velvet glares accusingly into the camera. 'What were
you guys thinking?' she demands, incredulous that the older
generation could ever have accepted trade practices that
were so detrimental to the environment. Later, we see Garneau
sitting on a plane that he describes as 'spewing out carbon'.
In one review I read, the critic accused Garneau of being a
hypocrite for travelling this way, and criticised him for not
using alternative means of transport. Garneau himself admits
to hypocrisy, but reminds us that he has no choice, since our
entire system is built on fossil fuels. In this, he is acknowledging
that change cannot happen overnight.

Reach higher > page 139

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Unit 8 97
 Grammar in context 1 — — — Flipped classroom video
x- Reported speech Watch the Grammar Presentation video

la Look at the sentences. What did the people

actually say? Write the direct speech. What 3 Read the text. Then rewrite the quotes (1-5) in
changes in reported speech? reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in the
box. There are two extra verbs that you do not
1 The presenter asked a scientist why polar
need to use.
bears were in such trouble.
2 One of my friends asked if she could turn the admit • announce • ask • demand • insiston •
TV off. recommend • remind
3 He said he had watched the film the previous
night.

lb Look at sentences 1-6 and answer the Little free libraries

, - - — ‘ w \ ' * ■ •-
questions.
1 He explains that concern for her future in go global!^^^^^—
a 'rapidly deteriorating environment' is the Little free libraries are grassroots projects that are
motive behind his research. becoming popular all over the world, in community
Which reporting verbs have the same spaces like cafes but also in more unusual places.
reporting structure as explain? People can donate their unwanted books, and help
themselves to books that others have donated.
2 Garneau reminds us that he has no choice, It's a way of both liberating books from people's
since our entire system is built on fossil fuels. bookshelves and getting more people reading. This
Why does the writer use the present simple for is what some people have been telling us about them
the reporting verb? 1 'Everyone should use little free libraries because
they are so useful.' Arun, India
3 Many companies have promised to reduce
2 'Did you know that there are little free libraries in
emissions. iconic British red phone booths and tree trunks in
How would you make this sentence negative? Germany?' Kerry, Wales
4 Garneau was criticised 3 'I really must show you the little free library in my
town. It's in a fridge!' David, New Zealand
alternative means of transport.
4 'Don't forget that you need to leave books, as well
What are the missing words? When else do we as take them!' Luisa, Italy
use this kind of structure in reported speech? 5 Tm not even sure if there's one in my town, but it's
5 He admitted feeling guilty about travelling by a great idea.' Carlos, Mexico
plane.
What other structure could you use after
admitted?
6 It is now believed that the polar ice caps are
melting six times faster than in the 1990s.
What form is the verb in bold? When do we
use this kind of structure?
Check it page 106

2 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

1 'We should talk about what happened yesterday.'
Natasha recommended
2 'The first prize has been awarded to Gina.'
The presenter announced
Use i t ... don't lose it!
3 'It would be better if you didn't buy products that
aren't Fairtrade.'
SPEAKING Interview your partner about their
reading habits using these questions. Make a
My friend discouraged me
note of their answers then tell the class what
4 'Next year we won't buy products wrapped in plastic.' you found out about your partner.
Our class agreed 1 What was the last book you read, and what was
5 'I'm sorry that my friends didn't make you feel more your opinion of it?
welcome.' 2 How often do you buy new books?
Mary regretted 3 What do you usually do with your old books?
6 'Most scientists think that climate change is 4 Have you ever come across a free library?
irreversible.'
5 What advice would you give someone who
It wants to read more?

-------------------- Reach higher / page 139

98 Unit 8 www.frenglish.ru
Developing vocabulary ■
Expressions with give and take 2 Choose the correct alternative. Check you
understand the m eaning o f the com pleted
1 Read the te x t and match the expressions in bold expressions using your dictionary.
(a -j) to the d e fin itio n s (1-10).
1 We're going to give/take the party a miss - I've got
to get up early in the morning.

P ay it fo rw a rd 2 They haven't really given/taken in the news yet, it's all

so incredible.
3 She gave/took me her word that she hadn't been
there, but it was a lie.
4 My mum usually gives/takes everything to heart, so
you have to be careful what you say.
5 It's not always a good idea to give/take the easy way
out - some things are worth a struggle.
6 He gave/took me the benefit of the doubt and
believed that I'd lost my passport.

3 Read the te x t and th in k o f the word which best fits

each gap. Use one word only in each gap.

Oneway to make adifferenceto the world around you iswith small

acts of kindness. Whether it's (a) giving afriend or neighbour a
SuspenW] coffees
In many cafes around the world, you can pay for
hand, or volunteering to help astranger, (b) taking the time to help a 'suspended coffee', meaning that you can take
people in need is away of (c) giving something backto society. (a) upon yourself to purchase a hot drink
Onetrend that has grown in recent years isthe idea of 'paying it for someone else who may come into the cafe later
forward'This is when you (d) take it upon yourself to do agood and can't afford to buy a coffee for themselves. Some
deed for someone else, without asking for anything in return. The customers have even taken (b) buying
other items, such as sandwiches and snacks, to 'suspend'.
idea isthat the person you helped will then do agood deed inturn,
The organisation, Suspended Coffees, which encourages
'paying it forward' and keeping the cycle going.
the initiative, says its mission is not only about giving a
Recently, many people have(e) taken to sharing stories of people stranger (c) hand when they're short of
being kind on social media, and this has helped to popularisethe money, but also about giving people (d)
idea of paying it forward. One person posted about atime when he chance to change lives and bring communities together.
realised that atraffic warden was about to give out aparking ticket As well as getting a free drink, someone who receives a
to acar that had overstayed and (f) tookthe initiative to top upthe 'suspended coffee' might stay in the cafe for a chat, which
parking meter to savethe car owner fromgetting ahefty fine. can provide comfort and a sense of belonging.
Any cafe can sign up to the scheme, and anyone can
Anews website reported astory about an anonymous philanthropist
claim a free cup of coffee - the cafe will take the person's
who made adonation of £4 million to a homeless charity. The effects
(e) that they are in need. The scheme
of the generous gift (g) took effect immediately when it enabled has been a roaring success, with many cafes taking the
the organisation to invest in a programme to (h) give homeless idea on (f) .Taking part in the scheme
peoplethe chance to rebuild their lives. is an ideal way for customers to both give something
Many people believethat the keyto acaring and compassionate (g) to the community and support their
society is (i) give and take. Kindness iscontagious, so if more favourite local cafe.
people(j) take on board the idea of paying it forward, we can all
helpto makethe world a better place.
s Use i t ... donf t lose it!J
1 start doing something as a habit 4a C om plete the questions w ith the correct form
2 start to produce the results that were expected o f expressions in 1 and 2.

3 allow someone the opportunity to do something 1 Do you think a friendship needs a lot of
on both sides if it is to last a long
4 spend the time to do something for another person
time?
5 a situation where a person accepts what someone
2 Have you ever something
else wants and gives up some of what he or she
because you were tired? Did you
wants
regret it?
6 help someone
3 Do you tend to or do you usually
7 begin a task or take action before other people do needed to achieve the best
8 decide to consider an idea, problem or situation results?
9 provide help to others in appreciation of your own
good fortune Ask and answer the questions in 4a.
10 decide to do something (without asking permission/
advice from anyone else)
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Unit 8 99
 I

GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
INTER-GENERATIONALFRIENDSHIP
Lesson aim: To reflect on how we form meaningful relationships
across age groups and generations
Video: A cure for loneliness
g fll Social and emotional learning: Appreciating diversity

@ Decide to what extent you agree with these statements and

SPEAKING

why. Then compare your answers with other students.

It's good to have friends of different ages.
2 It's difficult to make friends with people from different age groups.
3 Loneliness is a problem in many societies because people of different
generations don't connect with each other.

© You are going to watch a video about a housing project in Sweden.

VIDEO

What is the aim of the project and what are the rules?
VIDEO © Watch the video again and complete the sentences.
Loneliness affects both younger and older adults in Sweden because

2 The project is funded by

3 The building has been specially designed to encourage residents to

4 Gunnel says that Fia has

5 So far, all the tenants
6 The managers believe the project will reduce public spending on

SPEAKING [ ® Read the blog post then answer the questions.

1 How did the writer feel before her first meeting with Maggie?
2 Why does she think people can benefit from inter-generational friendships?
3 What was the unexpected outcome of this experience for the writer?

Blog About New posts

Bridging the generation gap M a y 25 | posted by N ina

I met Maggie when I signed up to volunteer for a charity. I knew For one thing, we can all benefit from exchanging
loneliness was a widespread issue in our society and when I read about a knowledge with each other. Older people have years of
campaign to bring older and younger people together, I decided to take experience to share with those of us who are just starting
the plunge and get involved. our lives and careers. Meanwhile, younger adults have an
Before our first meeting, I was a bit nervous. Given the 50-year age gap understanding of technology and the modern world which
between us, I wondered whether we’d find anything to talk about. Maggie can help older people to stay connected with the rest of
has admitted that she’d had the same misgivings. Luckily, it turned out society.
that we had plenty in common, including a love of travel, cinema and But I think the most important thing we can share across
painting. Two years later, we chat at least once a week and are firm friends. the generations is emotional support. If I’m honest, I
I hadn’t had much to do with older people before I met Maggie. None of suppose signing up for the volunteer scheme was an act of
my grandparents were alive and everyone in my social circle was in their altruism - I thought it might feel good to help someone in
20s. I don’t think this lack of inter-generational contact is especially need. W hat I didn’t expect was to form a friendship that
unusual in many western countries nowadays. However, I do believe it’s a would make such a positive difference to my own well­
situation that we urgently have to change. being and benefit my life in so many ways.

100 Unit 8 www.frenglish.ru

 GREATTHINKERS
The four Cs: Connections, Challenges,
Concepts, Changes

5 Follow the instructions.

1 Make connections between the text and
your own ideas and experiences.
2 Think about ideas or opinions in the text
that you want to challenge.
3 Decide which key concepts or ideas from
the text you think are important and worth
remembering.
4 Consider what changes in attitude, thinking
or action are suggested by the text, for you
and/or for others.
5 SPEAKING Now share your ideas in small
groups.

SPEAKING

inter-generational friendships be different

from friendships between people of the
same age? What problems might you
encounter in an inter-generational friendship
What could you do to resolve them?

GREATLEARNERS
Great learners show empathy and
appreciate diversity.

Why is it important to show empathy with

people who are different from you? How can
appreciating diversity help you to learn
more things?

page 143

www.frenglish.ru
 Listening
i SPEAKING Discuss these questions. 3 @ED For questions 1-7, complete the sentences with a
word or short phrase.
1 What are the benefits of doing work experience?
2 What would you like to do as work experience if
you could do anything you wanted to?
3 Would you like to go abroad for work
WORKPLACEMENTS INTHEUKANDNEPAL
experience? Which country would you like to Amelia spent six months at an international development
go to? agency, working on fundraising projects, followed by two
4 Would you prefer to work for a big multinational months in Nepal with a (1)
company or a charity? Why? In the UK, she worked with Stacey O'Sullivan, a
(2) , on a project looking at people's
/ Exam tip opinion of charities.
In listening tasks where you com plete notes, use Amelia found that some people criticise the fact that
the time before you listen to read the notes and charities spend some of their (3)
identify the topic. When you listen, write down on running costs, rather than directly on projects. But
she also learnt that spending money on research and
the exact words that you hear and don't write
(4) is just as important as giving
more words than you need to.
medicine and other equipment to people.
In Nepal, Amelia lived in an apartment with other
(5) . She really enjoyed the fact that
2 You will hear a student called Amelia DaCosta she got to experience city life and also that she was able
talking about her work placements as part to get to know (6) that provided
of her degree in international business and food for her and her flatmates.
marketing. Read the notes in 3 and predict She found her placement (7) and
the missing words. really enjoyed working with the friendly people in the
office. She appreciated being able to experience life
there as a visitor, not a tourist.

— Grammar in context 2
O rder o f adjectives
4a Look at examples 1 and 2. Choose the correct alternative for the rules.
1 small, relatively new, international organisations 2 innovative, research-led fundraising projects
General/Specific adjectives come first. Factual/Opinion adjectives come first.

4b Descriptive adjectives can be categorised by type. Look at the examples below. Then complete the
table by adding two or three adjectives to describe the nouns given.

opinion size shape age colour origin material function NOUN

a huge old Spanish farmhouse
the round silver candleholder
water bottle
rucksack
office
charity
student

Check it page 106

H Use iL... don't lose it!
5 Put the words in the correct order.
1 m y /te n n is/ra cke t/e xp e n sive /n e w Take turns to name an object, an
event and a place. Your partner must think
2 artefact / ancient / a / Egyptian / beautiful of three adjectives to describe each one and
3 remote / village / the / small put the adjectives in the correct order.
4 larger/charities/ th e / international
----------------- Reach higher / page 139
5 yellow /a / h ou se/ modern / brick
6 yoga / mat / a / high-quality / eco-friendly

102 Unit 8 www.frenglish.ru

Developing speaking
Discussing photos 3 6 Look at the sentences in 5. Which sentences
make comparisons (C), which speculate (S)
1 SPEAKING Look at the photos. What jobs are the and which do both (B)?
people doing? Which of these jobs would you prefer
to do? Why?

In tasks where you discuss photos, listen

carefully when your partner is describing their
photos so that you can refer back to what they
said when you are asked the question about
their photos. They may also give you ideas for
when you describe your own photos.

7 Read the second part of the task and Student

B's response. Does the student answer the
question? What is the function of the phrases
in bold?

Examiner: In which job might you need to have

more technical skills?
Student B: (1) As Ella's already pointed out, the
nurse is holding some equipment, so he would
need to have some technical skills to know how
to use that equipment. There are probably quite
a few different technical skills he would need to
[@) Discuss how the photos in 1 are similar
SPEAKING use while he's working as a nurse. For example,
and different. how to use equipment to monitor blood
pressure, how to take blood, check someone's
3 @E3 Listen to a student answering the exam pulse rate, and so on. (2) Having said that, in
question below. Which two photos in 1 does she talk the other photo, the teacher may have to have
about? Does she compare the two photos or talk some technical skills. Many classrooms have
about them one at a time? Does she respond to both
electronic white boards, computers or tablets.
points in the task?
Some schools use apps to monitor students'
attendance and to correspond with the parents
Compare two of the photos, and say why people
might choose to do these jobs and how the people and to give out homework.
could be feeling.
8 Add the expressions in bold in 7 to the
Speaking bank.
4 © E ) Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Why does the student think the people have chosen the
jobs they do?
Speaking bank
Expressions for referring to what you and your
2 What does she say about how the people may be feeling? partner have said
3 Which of these words does she use in her answer?
Referring back to what you have said and
content • excited • fun • happy • lonely • proud • contrasting
rewarding • similar • thoughtful • useful
On the other hand ...
5 (£213 Listen again and complete the sentences from That being said ...
the recording. Referring to what your partner has said
1 That being said, there are between
them. A s ... has previously mentioned/suggested/stated/
2 The first photograph a young man pointed o u t...
helping an older man , a young man A s ... mentioned/remarked/suggested/stated
is working with a group of young children. earlier...
3 To , working with young children Going back to w h a t... said/suggested/
busier and noisier than working with mentioned,...
older people. Whilst I agree th at... I feel/think/suspect/imagine ...
4 It he's reading to a group of young
children. H Pidclice makes perfect
5 It that he's their teacher. 9 SPEAKING Turn to page 158 and follow
6 I this kind of work as they want to the instructions.
give something back to society.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 8 103
Developing writing
A report Read the text and answer the questions.
Vocabulary - Charity Which of the events, RunFestRun (RFR), Three Peaks
Challenge (TPC) or dance-a-thons (D A T )...
1 Match the words and phrases in the box to the
definitions (1-8). takes place at a specific time of year?
2 wouldn't be affected by bad weather?
altruistic • charity • contribute • donation •
3 expects participants to be in more than one location?
fundraising • philanthropic • raise money •
sponsored 4 doesn't involve music?
5 caters for the widest age range?
give money, goods or your time and effort to
help a person, cause or organisation
2 to describe an event where people agree to give Culture exchange
money to the people taking part, which they will
donate to charity Fundraising in the UK
3 thinking or behaving in a way that shows you According to the Charities Aid Foundation's World
care about other people and their welfare more Giving Index, the UK is the sixth country in the world
than you care about yourself for raising m oney for charity. O n e recent study
4 helping people, especially by giving money to estim ates that, on average, 76% of British people
those who need it give m oney to a good cause every m onth. As well as
5 an organisation to which you give money so that m aking donations, people engage in m any different
it can give money to and help a good cause activities to raise money, from baking and selling
cakes to crawling through m ud. It m akes sense to
6 money or goods that you give to an
give back to society by doing som ething you enjoy.
organisation or charity
Much fundraising involves popular sports. For
collect money for a particular purpose
keen runners, the organisation Run for charity
8 the activity of trying to persuade people to give
provides details of running events, including the
money for a specific purpose or a charity
annual RunFestRun. This is a w eekend of running,
live bands and workshops which takes place every
2 Com plete the text with words and phrases
May in W indsor G reat Park. There are m ultiple
from 1.
runs to choose from , which provide a fundraising
opportunity for all ages and abilities. Fam ilies
In 2020, during the school summer holidays, Romeo
are w elcom e, with m any taking advantage of the
Cox showed that he was more (1) than
most 10-year-old boys by walking 2,800 kilometres cam ping facilities in this stunning location.
from Italy to the UK to (2) for refugees. W alking is another activity that is popular in Britain,
Romeo lives in Palermo, Sicily, and before the with many choosing to raise funds by taking part
COVID-19 pandemic he used to visit his grandmother in one of the num erous charity events on the UK's
near London fairly often. With all flights cancelled, he trekking routes. The National Three Peaks Challenge
decided he would sail, walk and cycle to London to is one way of helping your chosen charity whilst
visit her and wanted to use his journey to do some attem pting to clim b the highest peaks in Wales,
(3) for a (4) called England and Scotland in one go. This arduous
REACT which is run by his mother. Romeo set up a challenge is often attem pted over 24 hours, and
Facebook and an Instagram page called 'Romeo's involves being transported between the peaks
Big Journey Home' and asked people for financial during the night by drivers who don't take part.
(5) to support vulnerable children
For individuals who prefer indoor activities, a dance-
through the JustGiving™website. He hopes that the
a-thon may be a more enticing fundraising option.
money he receives from his (6) journey
will pay for a walk-in centre to give young people These take place around the country in schools,
access to digital learning resources. sports centres and dance schools and, with many
lasting all day, stam ina and fitness are called for.
There is usually a program m e of different dance
SPEAKING ® Ask and answ er the questions.
styles that vary throughout the day.
1 If you had a lot of money, would you support W hatever method they choose, fundraising events
any charities and good causes? Which would like these help connect the British public with causes
you support, and why? they care about.
2 What would you be prepared to do to help raise
money for charity?

www.frenglish.ru
 Read the writing task and answer the questions. Try to complete the gaps in the report in 6. Then
look at the words and expressions in the Writing
Your headteacher is looking into the different ways bank and check. Can you add any other words
that students could raise m ore m oney for the school or expressions to the different sections of the
and has asked students to write a report on the Writing bank?
matter. Your report should explain ways the school
has raised m oney in the past, describe any problem s
and sta n d -o u t successes, and suggest any new ideas
Writing bank
Useful language and expressions in reports
you have for raising money.
Introducing the report
1 W ho is the report for, what is it about, and what three
• This report will/is intended to evaluate/describe/
key points do you need to include in it?
a n a ly s e ...
2 W hat kinds of ideas could you include for the first
The aim o f this report is to ...
two points?
• It will also assess/include/reco m m end/loo k a t ...
3 W hat suggestions can you think of for the third point?
We will e x a m in e ...
• This report is based on interviews/research
6 Read a student's answer for the task in 5, ignoring
co ndu cted a t ...
the gaps, and answer the questions.
Adding or developing a point
1 W hich ideas and suggestions are the sam e as/
• A dditionally/ln addition, it will c o n s id e r ...
different to your ideas in 5?
Furtherm ore, the report w ill...
2 How is the report structured?
• Not only ... but also ...
3 W hat register is used in the report? • W hat is m o re ,...
• In fact...
Raising money for our school • In d e e d ,...
• M o re o v e r,...
Introduction
look at ways of raising money
Making suggestions
for the school. previous I (strongly) recom m end t h a t ...
fundraising efforts, and also examine any problem s that It w ould be a goo d step forward to ...
have occurred in the p a st make It w ould be worth considering ...
som e suggestions for new ways of fundraising. • O n e (possible) course o f action w ould be to ...
Previous fundraising events We p ro p o s e ...
In the past, the school has carried out regular fundraising
events, as well as one-off events. The regular events & Exam tip
include non-uniform day, when students pay £1 for
attending school wearing their regular clothes, and W hen you write a report, read the task carefully and
termly talent shows. do identify the key points that you need to include.
students contribute £2 to enter the competition, G ive your report a title and use headings to structure
each person in the audience it, so that you rem em ber to include the main
pays 50p to watch, making this an extremely popular and points and also to make it easier for the person or
profitable event. organisation you are writing the report for to follow.

Problems and successes

Non-uniform day is popular and easy to organise. Practice makes perfect
However, a number of students always forget to bring
their donations, leading to a loss of revenue, although, 8a Read the writing task. Identify the points you
, hardly any students forget not to need to include and make notes to plan your
wear their uniform. The talent shows are a huge success - report.
they have proved almost too
popular and the event often gets oversubscribed. We Your school is looking into its approach to
should continue both of these events, as they motivate collaborative learning and the headteacher
students to be philanthropic and, what's more, they has asked students to write a report about
usually raise a total of around £1500. it. W rite abou t your past experiences of
w orking as a team on a project, saying what
Recommendations for new ways of you m anaged to achieve by working as a
fundraising team, what you w ould do differently next
To conclude our report, time, and how the school could help to m ake
introduce at least two new fundraising events this term. collaborative learning m ore effective.
A curry-and-quiz night for parents was suggested,
so that may be a good place to start. In addition,
a fancy-dress sponsored fun- 8b Write your report.
run/walk. These are very popular around the country,
and, , they have the additional 8c When you finish your report, use the Writing
benefit of promoting the school's healthy-living ethos. checklist on page 141 to check it.

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 8 105
 Grammar reference
Reported speech verb + object + (not) to infinitive - e.g. advise, ask,
8 convince, encourage, invite, remind, tell, warn
ti When we use reported speech we may have to
My d u d always encouraged us to make as m any friends
change some of the tenses, pronouns and other
n words. In general, tenses 'shift back' a tense. as possible.
U
ti 'We saw the fireworks on N ew Year's Eve.'
They sa id they h a d seen the fireworks on
verb + (that) + object + (should) + infinitive without
to - e.g. demand, insist, recommend, suggest

kc
N ew Year’s Eve. ! suggested (that) they (should) speak toyo u fr s t.
She said, I'll be there a t 5. 'She told me she'd be here a t 5. verb + gerund - e.g. admit, deny, recommend,
We do not need to change the tense if: regret, suggest

e • the verb is in the present or present perfect. The woman adm itted stealing the credit cards.

h She said, 'I've already phoned yo u twice.'

She sa id th a t she's already phoned us twice.
verb + (object) + preposition + gerund - e.g. admit
to, apologise for, confess to, congratulate on, criticise

C • what is being said is still true.

She said, 'I'm not a big fa n o f m odernjazz. '+
She sa id she isn 't a big fa n o f modernjazz.
for, discourage from, insist on
The little boy apologisedfor breaking the girl'sjigsaw.
We congratulated them on winning the competition.
It may also be necessary to change the pronouns
Impersonal reporting structures
and time references.
7didn't sleep very well last night, 'he said. -» • It + be + believed/thought/known/said + that clause
He sa id he hadn't slept very well the night before. It is thought th a t the children h a d been hiding in the
garden.
Some modal verbs also change in reported speech:
will -> would may -> might • Subject + be + believed/thought/known/said + to
infinitive
must -> had to can -» could
The castle is believed to havebeen built around 800
'We m u st hurry. It'sgetting dark, 'they sa id ->
years ago.
They sa id they had to harry becuuse it was getting dark.
Different types of reporting structures Order of adjectives
There are a number of different reporting structures, When using two or more adjectives to describe a noun,
depending on the reporting verb we use. Some we tend to observe the following rules:
verbs can take more than one structure. • More general adjectives go before more specific
• verb + that clause - e.g. announce, admit, agree, ones.
confess, concede, explain, mention, point out, an empty plastic bag, a broken glassj a r
promise, say • Opinion adjectives go before descriptive ones.
Johan adm itted th a t he hadn't done any revision fo r a useless, oldpiece o f wood, a ground-breaking silent
the exam. movie
• verb + object + that clause - e.g. assure, inform, Descriptive adjectives can be classified according
remind, tell to their type and when we use two or more of these
Nora rem inded as th a t she wo a id be home late adjectives before a noun we tend to use them in this
th a t night. order: size, shape, age, colour, origin, material, function.
• verb + (not) to infinitive - e.g. agree, ask, claim, (See table on page 102.)
demand, promise, refuse, threaten If we use two or more adjectives after a verb, we need to
She refused to listen to w hat they h a d to say. connect the last adjective with and.
The clothes fe lt cold a n d dump.

— Vocabulary
(§Z31 Positive action
beneficial (adj) • campaign (n) • empower (v) • enable (v) • enterprise (n) • incentive (n) • initiative (n) •
measure (n) • motive (n) • profitable (adj) • protest (n) • step (n)

©D 2 Expressions with give and take

give and take (phr) • give someone a hand (phr) • give someone a/the chance (phr) •
give someone your word (phr) give someone/something the benefit of the doubt (phr) •
give something a miss (phr) • give something back (to society) (phr) • take effect (phr) • take in (phr v) •
take it upon yourself (phr) • take on board (phr) • take something to heart (phr) • take the easy way out (phr) •
take the initiative (phr) • take (the) time (phr) • take to (phr v)

@E3 3 Charity
altruistic (adj) • charity (n) • contribute (v) • donation (n) • fundraising (n) • philanthropic (adj) • raise money (phr) •
sponsored (adj)

106 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
Reported speech
1 Correct the incorrect sentences.
1 She reminded to me to buy a birthday card. 6 They insisted that I should be considering
2 They suggested that I go home immediately. applying to university.
3 We agreed to not go out before the exam. 7 My sister convinced me going travelling after
I finished school.
4 The man denied to be on the bus when the
accident happened. 8 They claimed not having seen me there but
I didn't believe them.
5 His writings are believed to be lost.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct impersonal reporting structures.

1 It that a bank robbery took place today. ( just/report)
2 The statue from ancient Greece, (think/be)
3 It that Shakespeare was born in 1564. (believe)
4 He a notable philanthropist, (think/become)
5 It that the campaign has been successful, (think)
6 It that the measures will empower teens, (say)
/14 points
Order of adjectives
3 Are the words in the correct order? Rewrite the incorrect descriptions.
1 a 19th -century, stunning sculpture 4 a brilliant, handmade wooden treehouse
2 a vintage, black leather jacket 5 a purple, mountain brand-new bike
3 Russian, small wooden dolls 6 the most delicious low-fat yoghurt ever
/ 6 points

Vocabulary test *
Positive action Expressions with take
1 Match the definitions to the words in 3 Complete the sentences with the words
the box. and phrases in the box. There are two extra
phrases you don't need.
incentive • motive • profitable •
protest • step effect • in • on board • the initiative • time •
to • to heart
1 one of a series of actions that you do in
order to achieve a particular aim 1 I needed some time to take the
2 a meeting or a public gathering of news - it was quite a shock.
people who strongly disagree with
something
2 She's quite sensitive - she tends to take
things es
3 when something makes money or is in
some way beneficial
3 The new rules are beginning to take
- we've already seen a big
t
4 something that makes you want to do
something or work harder
difference.
4 Recently I've taken
before bed.
reading vo
5 the reason you do something
/ 5 points 5 I hope you're listening and taking
u
r Expressions with g/ve
everything I'm saying.
/ 5 points rs
2 Write definitions or explanations.
Charity e
give and take •
give someone a hand •
give someone the benefit of the doubt •
4 Write definitions for the words in the box.
donation • fundraising • philanthropic •
lf
give someone your word • sponsored u
give something a miss • n
give something back to society / 4 points it
s
/ 6 points
Total: / 40 points
107
www.frenglish.ru
 1
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ve
Habits and customs Virtual o
in your country
Classroom
ro
ie
SPEAKING ® Starting point
What can you remember about the text
Academic skills
A great skill to develop is solutions-orientated mindset. If
ct
about British habits on page 87? Which you can't find the sort of information you're looking for, you
characteristics and traits are mentioned? may need to stop and think about your plan again. Think
'outside the box' - is there a new, creative way you can
G approach the topic? For instance, if you can't find suitable
You want to inform students from other photos of the habits and behaviours you are discussing,
countries about traits and characteristics you could find or recreate the situations and take the
that are typical or stereotypical of people in photos yourselves.
your country. Use your own knowledge and
the Internet to find a selection of interesting
Collaboration
examples. Prepare one of these:
A poster C video message As you work on the project, you may find that an idea isn't
working or come across some other issues. It is important
B presentation D information leaflet
at this stage to regroup and, if necessary, brainstorm
Research areas possible solutions or what changes could be made.
• typical customs with food and drink,
Useful language
whether everyday habits or those for
specific celebrations Maybe we should consider (+ g e ru n d )T h e re 's a risk
that this might ( n o t ) H o w else could we ...?, Our best
• customs, routines or the ways people
bet is to ...
celebrate occasions that are particular to
your country
• the ways people behave together in public Intercultural awareness
(e.g. in terms of personal space, ways of
greeting, etc.) Be aware of anything that might be sensitive to people in
• personality characteristics or behaviour other countries. Avoid anything that might be offensive.
that is associated with people from Also consider whether any of the habits and behaviours
your country, and misconceptions or that are typical of people from your country are typical in
any other countries.
stereotypes that might exist
• any other things that could contribute to a
'national identity' SPEAKING

3/ Think about Do the project. Then present it to the class.

Digital skills (?) Evaluation

You may feel that research isn't necessary Give each project a mark from 1to 5 (5 = very good) for:
when writing about topics you're familiar
Content Design
with. However, you should always check
to make sure the information you include Presentation Language
is representative. Try to find relevant
surveys and research.

www.frenglish.ru
109
 SEEN ON SCREEN-
4 @ 0 Read the multiple-choice questions below, but not
the options. Then read the text and try to find the answers.
1 The writer believes that the main reason why sales of
Reading television sets were slow to take off is because ...
Vocabulary in context - Viewing a people were not convinced they would work.
habits b programme content did not have wide appeal.
SPEAKING Discuss the meaning of the c radio sets were more affordable than televisions.
words in bold. d information provided by radio was seen as more reliable.
1 If it's good, I'll often binge-watch an entire 2 What does the writer say about sitcoms in the 1950s?
series in one go. a They were a regular subject of conversation.
2 I prefer to wait a week for the next b They contained messages about moral behaviour.
instalment of a favourite show.
c They overtook all other genres in terms of popularity.
3 I tend to prefer the originals rather than
d They presented situations audiences had experienced
reboots of old series and films.
themselves.
4 People with extreme views shouldn't be
allowed to express them on air. 3 What point does the writer make about programmes made
during the 1970s?
5 Live-streaming of news means that people
are more informed than ever before. a They gave viewers a clearer insight into real-life events
and situations.
6 I'd prefer to watch a foreign film that is
dubbed rather than one with subtitles. b They dealt with themes and stories that some viewers
found disturbing.
7 TV is a much more reliable medium for
news than social media. c They tried to balance entertainment with an educational
approach.
8 I don't like it when a network drops a whole
series at once; I prefer when it's released d They reflected the fact that society was becoming more
in weekly instalments, so I can get excited tolerant.
waiting for the next episode. 4 What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?
9 I'm not sure why anyone would watch a a outlining the impact of television on the music industry
rerun of a 1990s sitcom. The humour's b challenging the statistics that networks have provided
so dated! c pointing out changes in television-watching culture
10 I would hate to go back to a time when you d weighing up the pros and cons of improved technology
had to tune in at a set time to watch a TV
5 In the final paragraph, we get the impression the writer
programme.
feels...
Use i t ... don't lose it! a concerned by how much time people spend discussing
programmes.
.
SPEAKING (
Discuss the sentences
in 1. Which of them reflect your own b appreciative of how much original content is now
opinion and preferences? available.

y
c nostalgic for when programmes were broadcast weekly.
------- Reach higher / page 140
d sceptical about watching all the episodes of a particular
series at once.
3 Look at the title of the article on the
next page. What do you know about this 5 Read the text again, as well as the options a-d in 4.
topic? What would you like to know? Choose the best answers in 4.

6 What do the underlined words and phrases in the text

In multiple-choice reading tasks, it can mean?
be a good idea to read the questions and
look for the answer in the text while you 1
Critical thinkers
read, before you look at the options. By
trying to find the correct answer yourself, In your opinion, how will the experience of
you might have a better chance of viewing television change in the future?
choosing the correct option. What makes you say that?

Unit 9 www.frenglish.ru
 When the first programmes began airing in the 1930s, broadcasters
couldn't possibly have foreseen ju st how enormous the impact of
television would be.

In the early 20th century, radio was the medium through which people Yet another shift was evident in the 1970s, this
could hear about current affairs and connect to the wider community. time away from light entertainment and towards
So when the first television sets were made commercially available programming that embraced controversy and the
in the late 1930s, they were largely regarded as technical novelties - issues of the day. The US broadcaster CBS's long-
as 'radios with pictures'. And even though a crowd might gather running series MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital)
in front of a department store window to see one, their curiosity centred on the personal relationships, stress and
would seldom translate into sales. The low demand was only partly trauma experienced by a team of doctors and support
explained by the high price. With only relatively small budgets to draw staff. Despite moments of comic relief, the series did
on, television networks were unable to lure experienced writers away not shy away from the realities of war. Then there was
from radio, the stage or the film industry. Television programmes the mini-series, Roots, a narrative that opened many
therefore consisted of educational lectures, religious sermons or people's eyes to the truth about America's 200-year
classical music. It was only when networks began broadcasting participation in the transatlantic slave trade. Both series
sport at weekends that sales improved, with the head of the enthralled audiences and became important landmarks
household suddenly acknowledging that a set might be essential in American mass culture.
after all. Since then, interest in watching live sport has never waned. The video revolution came in the 1970s, too, giving rise
Indeed, the last FIFA™ World Cup may well be the most watched to the phrase 'Can I have the remote, please?' For the
sports event ever, with over 3.5 billion viewers. first time, people were able to record programmes on
In the early 1950s, the percentage of television-owning households video recorders and didn't have to fret about being
in the West was still relatively low at around 40%. Family members home at a specific time. Television also became
would often decide that they might as well watch what the rest of increasingly international. In 1985,1.9 billion viewers are
the family was watching, even if they weren't particularly interested. said to have seen a live broadcast of Live Aid, a benefit
'Variety shows', for example, consisting of comedy sketches, singers, concert held simultaneously in London and Philadelphia.
magicians and other entertainers, were aimed at the widest possible And during the 1990s, the annual Eurovision Song
audience. But one of the first types of programme to air regularly was Contest is estimated to have attracted up to 600
the sitcom. The formula was fairly standard: each episode featured a million viewers. Not only were viewers gaining more
recurring cast, there would be comedic and dramatic moments and, control, but there was also the sense they were part of a
by the time the credits rolled, any issue would be neatly resolved. global community.
Over time, viewers became emotionally invested in the characters’ Towards the end of the 1990s, more TV shows started
lives and felt compelled to watch every weekly episode. In homes to become serialised, with multi-season stories, but
across the world, gathering around the set to watch and comment on there was still a seven-day wait to see what would
a favourite sitcom became a ritual. The next morning, classmates and happen next. Now, streaming has transformed the
colleagues would go over the details together. It became apparent way we watch television. Should they wish, viewers
that the influence oftelevision wasjustas, if not more, powerful can watch an entire series over a 24-hour period, for
than that of parents, schools and governments. Of course, the big example, although some might view this as the TV
networks were still telling screenwriters they couldn't introduce equivalent of viewing a landscape from the window
any storylines that were too controversial, for fear of offending of a high-speed train: you get the general impression,
conservative viewers. but the subtleties and meaningful moments are simply
It was in 1960 that the first ever televised presidential debate was a blur. And when networks decide to drop an entire
seen in the US between Vice President Richard Nixon and a relatively season at once, it means that thousands can binge­
unknown politician called John F Kennedy. Prior to the debate, watch simultaneously. Of course, not all new shows
approval ratings indicated that Nixon was ahead and might easily have are top quality, but the best do what they have always
won the election. But as viewers tuned in, they were charmed by the done: generate discussion. And instead of this being
good looks and winning smile of his challenger. In contrast, Nixon limited to the living room, the schoolyard and workplace,
appeared unhealthy and awkward in front of the camera. As a turning viewers can despair about a plot line, identify with a
point in political campaigning, it cannot be underestimated. Although tragic character, or predict the outcome of a whodunnit
radio listeners believed that Nixon was the more articulate speaker, mystery via social-media platforms. TV may have
Kennedy was voted in as President. Since then, ambitious politicians changed in format but it seems it will always be a major
have hired strategists and consultants, not so much to help them presence in our lives. We can only guess at how it might
develop policy, but the image they should project. develop in the future.

Reach higher > page 140

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Unit 9 111
Grammar in context 1
can, could, may and might 2 Read the text and choose the correct alternative.
l a Match the sentences (1-5) to the uses of
can and could (a-e).
1 Should they wish, viewers can watch an Culture exchange
entire series over a 24-hour period.
2 Other people can make a series last Hollywood North
longer, as they have the willpower to wait. You may think that the best place to shoot a film
is Hollywood but this (1) can often carry/could
3 'Can I have the remote, please?'
have carried very high costs, so many production
4 The big networks were still telling
teams are now choosing Canada or, as it's now
screenwriters they couldn't introduce any
known, 'Hollywood North', and some great stuff is
storylines that were too controversial.
being filmed there.
5 When the first programmes began airing
You'd think studios with huge budgets to spend
in the 1930s, broadcasters can't possibly
have foreseen just how enormous the (2) can't have/might have chosen to stay in
impact of television would be. Hollywood, but many have made the move to
Canada. The main reasons are the various climates
a deduction in different places, the urban areas and the
b ability landscapes. It (3) m ight not be/couldn't be easier
c request to find what you are looking for. In Montreal, the
area of Saint-Laurent is a dupe for New York City,
d possibility/impossibility
while, if you're in the Old Port of Montreal, you
e prohibition (4) could be/could have been in the old streets
of Paris. The Canadian landscape has such a rich
lb Match the sentences 6-11 to the uses of diversity of beaches, mountains, forests and lakes,
may and might (a-f). you (5) m ight as well/might ju st stay in Canada, as
6 The programme might have finished it doubles as many other locations in the world.
by now. A few years ago, Netflix made an agreement
7 The last FIFA™ World Cup may well be the with Canada to invest C$500 million in content
most watched sports event ever. production in the country - but now it turns
8 They might as well watch what the rest of out that it (6) couldn't/may exceed this, as the
the family was watching. streaming company's Toronto production hub has
9 We can only guess at how it might develop been so successful that it is now one of the largest
in the future. screen-based production centres in North America.
10 TV may have changed in format but it You (7) can/could clearly see the results by looking
seems it will always be a major presence at the numbers. According to the Alliance of
in our lives. Canadian Cinema Television and Radio Artists, in
11 Nixon was ahead and might easily have 2019, film and TV production in the Toronto region
won the election. alone increased by 14.5% on the previous year. This
Which sentence... expanded the local economy by $2.16 billion and
generated 7508 new jobs. No one (8) may have/
a describes future possibility
could have foreseen just how beneficial Hollywood
b speculates about past possibility North would be to Canada.
c describes something that was possible in
So, can you guess which films and series are made
the past but which didn't happen
in Canada? You (9) may have/couldn't have heard
d describes strong possibility of some of them - The Umbrella Academy, Suits, A
e makes a suggestion when there is no series o f unfortunate events, to name just a few.
better alternative
f expresses concession Collaborative projects > page 135

Check it page 120

H U se i t ... d on't lose it!
Complete the sentences with your
own ideas. Then discuss them.
1 A lot of people may think th at...
2 Next weekend, I think I m ight...
3 If I had been born 100 years ago, I may ...
4 When I was younger, my parents said that I
couldn't...

----------------------- Reach h ig h er / page 140

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Developing vocabulary >»
Phrasal verbs - the film industry @ Exam tip
In open cloze activities, the missing word is
1 Match the words in bold in the text (a -m ) to the often part of a phrase, like a phrasal verb or a
definitions (1-13).
set expression. Collocation is important in this
type of activity, so read the sentence and ask
If you are an aspiring actor and want to (a) break into the film
yourself which word 'sounds' like it is missing.
industry, you could do worse than becoming an extra. So, before
you (b) sign up with an agency, (c) brush up on these Dos and
Don’ts of what to do on set.
First of all, don’t try to (d) stand out. Don’t look at the camera
3 Read the text and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use one word only in
and don’t (e) put on an act to impress the director. Your job as an
extra is to (f) blend in with the background. each gap.
Do bring something to eat. There is usually plenty of food on set
and all dietary requirements are usually (g) catered for, but it’s a
good idea to have a snack just in case.
Don’t talk to the crew or cast. Most actors are very focused while
FROMACTOR J
they are on set, so don’t be surprised if they (h) come across
as a bit detached. And, if you see your favourite star, do act
professional however excited you are! TODIRECTOR
It’s normal for extras to wear their own clothes for a role, so do It may seem surprising that an actor would want to take on the
find out what kind of outfit is (i) called for and take a few options, role of director, especially asthe two jobs (a)
even if they don’t tell you to. However, for certain productions you for quite different skills. For some actors, it happens after
may be given a costume, and specialist hair and make-up artists they put (b) an idea for astory that they're
can help (j) turn you into a completely different person.
passionate about, and end up directing it themselves.
Do arrive early. Time is money on set and it’s normal for the
This was the case for Hollywood actor
director to (k) run through the actors’ lines before shooting
and comedian, Jonah Hill, whose
begins. Do make sure that you are ready when you’re called.
list of credits might mean he comes
You don’t want to (I) come under criticism for wasting time. (c) as an actor best
Do stay positive. Being an extra involves long days, and the pay’s suited to comedy, but who also has
not great. But it is great fun and can be the first step on the some more serious roles under his belt,
ladder to stardom. You never know, someone may spot you and including in the movies The Wolf of Wall
(m) put your name forward for a speaking part. Hollywood - Street and Howto train your dragon.
watch out!
Hill recently directed the Instagram™docu-seriesi/n-fi/tered,
in which he interviews teens about experiences with bullying
1 required or demanded both off and online. The unscripted interviews explore
2 practise and improve your skills or knowledge of something issues including how posting 'funny' comments online can
3 start to do something, or start to have success in something (d) into bullying, and the pressure teenagers
feel to (e) in with others at high school.
4 practise
TheOscar-winning Beale Street and
5 provide people with everything they want or need Watchmen actor, Regina King, first broke
6 officially suggest that someone should be considered for a (f) the industry at the
particular job age of 14. Nowshe's made history as the
first black female director to premiere
7 pretend to have a particular way of speaking or behaving
at the Venice Film Festival with her film
8 be forced to experience something unpleasant One night in Miami, which tells the story
9 be seen by others in a certain way of howfour friends, Muhammad Ali, Jim
Brown, SamCooke and Malcolm X, spent a night in a hotel
10 join an organisation by signing a contract
room discussing ideas about howto change the world. King
11 be easy to see or notice because of being different spoke about how delighted she was that the film was so
12 be similar to the people, objects or things around them well received because she feared that if the film had come
13 change or develop into something different (g) criticism, it may have impacted on
marginalised voices.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
words in 1. Use i t ... don't lose it!
1 That actor is lovely when you get to know her, but at first SPEAKING Complete the sentences with
she as quite moody. your own ideas. Then discuss your ideas
with your partner.
2 Have we got time to our lines before we get
ready? 1 The industry I would like to break into is ...
3 She can't have my name for 2 Working in the film industry calls for...
that part - it just doesn't make sense. 3 I need to brush up on my...
4 For many people it can take years to acting- 4 A time when I came under criticism was
you have to be determined and patient. when ...
5 In theatres, the stage crew often wear black to
the background. ------------- Reach higher / page 140 - J

U n it 9 113
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 I

{©)•• GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
PATIENCE
Lesson aim: To think about the importance of patience in
achieving your goals
Video: Behind the scenes
g fll Social and emotional learning: Being patient

SPEAKING® Look at the picture of the camera operator above. Would you
like to do this kind of work? Why/Why not? What do you think would be
the best and worst aspects of the job?
© Watch the first 30 seconds of the video without the sound.
VIDEO

What do you think is happening?

.Q>) Now watch the video with the sound and check your predictions.
VIDEO © W a tc h again and make notes in the chart.

Animal being filmed Grey wolf Iberian lynx

Filming location
Equipment used
Problems encountered
Interesting discovery

5a Read the text.

After 18 years working as a wildlife camera operator, I still think it’s the best job in
the world. I’ve travelled to some breathtaking locations, seen extraordinary creatures
up close and learned more about wildlife - and myself - than I could ever have
imagined. And it’s hugely rewarding in other ways too. I strongly believe that wildlife
documentaries are vital in educating people and inspiring them to help fight climate
change. As you might expect, competition for jobs is fierce in this industry, so what can
you do to stand out and prepare yourself for the challenges that lie ahead?
Needless to say, as a camera operator, you need to ensure that your technical skills are first
class. While it’s crucial to be creative and have an excellent eye for composition, you’ll also
need extensive theoretical and practical knowledge of an array of specialised equipment.
You also need to build up your physical stamina. If comfort is important to you, forget it -
extreme weather and hostile landscapes are all part of the job, and you might go for days
without a shower or a proper night’s sleep. Teamwork skills are key, as is the capacity to work
alone, and you’ll certainly need to be able to keep calm in a crisis.
But after all these years, I’ve concluded that the most important quality is patience. I use
the word ‘skill’ advisedly because I believe it’s something we can all cultivate with practice.
One reason why patience is so crucial is that breaking into the industry takes time. Success
doesn't happen overnight, however talented or dedicated you are. Most of us have spent years
doing low-paid and unpaid work to get our foot in the door. And even if you’re fortunate enough
to get commissioned, patience continues to be essential. What viewers don’t see when they
watch a wildlife documentary is all the time we spend waiting for the perfect shot, and I don't
just mean hours but days, weeks and even months.
If wildlife filmmaking has taught me one thing, it's this: so much in life depends on luck, but we
can increase our luck if we're prepared to put in the time.

114 Unit 9 www.frenglish.ru

 SPEAKING ® Answer the questions about the text in 5a.
What does the writer like about her job?
What skills and qualities does a wildlife filmmaker need?
Why does the writer say that patience is so important?

GREATTHINKERS
Sentence-Phrase-Word

6a Follow the instructions.

Find one sentence in the text that talks about a
key concept.
2 Choose one phrase in the text that moved you,
interested you or provoked you.
3 Choose one word in the text that you think was
central to the idea(s) in the text.

6b @ Share your ideas from 6a with

SPEAKING

other students. Are they similar or different?

What ideas or themes come out of your
discussion?

@ What job might you like to do in the

SPEAKING

future? How important would patience be in that

job? Do you have the necessary degree of patience
for it? If not, do you think you could learn to become
more patient?

GREATLEARNERS 1SEL

Great learners understand the value

of patience.

What are the benefits of being patient? Why is it

important in learning? What can we do to cultivate
patience? Are there times when it isn't a good thing
to be patient?

Learner profile page 143

U n it 9 115
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 Listening
Look at the photos. They show
SPEAKING 3 ( § E You will hear three different extracts. For questions
different ways of making a music video. 1-6, choose the answer (a, b or c) which fits best
Compare and contrast the photos. according to what you hear. There are two questions for
each extract.
Extract one
You hear two friends talking about their favourite music
videos.
1 What do the two friends disagree about?
a the reason why people like the video for Old Town Road
so much
b whether the video was popular or not
c if the song is country or rap music
2 What does Lola think about Beyonce's new album?
a She prefers the dancing to the cinematography.
b She finds the videos amazing.
c She thinks the songs are the best thing about it.
Extract two
You hear a woman telling her teenage son about music
videos in the past.
3 What is Jackson's mother doing during the conversation?
a admitting she watched too many videos when she was
his age
b remembering her favourite band
c sharing memories from her youth
4 Why does Jackson's mother give the example of The Beatles?
a to contrast with what she says about the Queen video
b to express an opinion about which groups inspired
Queen to make the video
c to give other examples of music videos shown at
the time
Extract three
You hear two friends talking about one of Taylor Swift's
videos.
L ® Follow the instructions. Then
SPEAKING
___ __

discuss with your partner. 5 According to Scarlett, Taylor Swift's video ...

Look at this list and think about how important a is a good example of a video that has funny
the people are in filmmaking. What function do references in.
they play? b is very clever in the way it highlights ways the world
discriminates against women.
choreographer cinematographer
costume designer director producer c contains plenty of clues about who 'the man' actually is.
6 How does Freddie respond to what Scarlett tells him about
Now look at this list and think about how the video?
important the things are in filmmaking. What a He's surprised by the number of hidden messages,
function do they play?
b He questions the details in the disguise Swift wore,
choreography hair and make-up props c He didn't see the video so he's not interested.
stunts visual effects
Critical thinkers
0 Exam tip
In your opinion, how important and influential
In multiple-choice listening tasks, some are music videos and a singer's image? Should
questions may ask about a speaker's they be important or not?
attitude or their purpose, how they respond,
or whether they agree or disagree with What makes you say that?
something. To answer these types of questions
you may need to read between the lines and
use evidence and reasoning to infer what
the speaker means, rather than looking for
something that is expressed directly.

116 U n it 9
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■ Developing speaking
Extended discussion 2 5 Put the completed phrases in 4 in the correct
place in the Speaking bank.
SPEAKING Look at the discussion questions. In an
exam, which questions would you find easier to k

answer and which would you find more difficult to S peaking bank
answer? Why? Useful phrases for answering discussion questions
1 To what extent does having a big budget result in a
Giving yourself thinking time
good film?
• That's a good question.
2 Do you think it is fair that top actors are paid so That's not a question I've ever heard before.
much?
3 Why do you think some people in the film industry
are paid so highly?
4 Is it best to only go to the cinema in order to watch
Defining what something means
big-budget films, or should you give indie films a
• To answer that, first you have to say what you
chance, too? Why/Why not?
mean b y '...'
5 Some people think that movies and TV series should • My understanding o f'...' is that it m eans...
never be dubbed into other languages. Do you
• So, you have to accept that everyone is '...' to some
agree?
extent.
6 How important is it to watch films in English? • ______ ____ __
Expressing what other people may think
2 © E l Listen to two students discussing some of
• In general terms, I think the majority of people
the questions in 1 and answer the questions.
would ...
1 Which student answers which question? • It's a bit of a sweeping statement, but I think most
2 Do students interact with just the examiner, or with people...
each other as well? • Some people would probably have quite a strong
opinion about that.
3 © E l Listen again and summarise the students'
answers to each question.

4 © E l Listen again and complete the phrases the

students use.
6 Work in groups of three. Take turns to ask and
1 That's not something I've ever given a lot of answer the questions in 1. Use some of the
to. expressions from the Speaking bank.
2 That's quite a question.
I f l Practice makes perfect
3 I think most people would share your opinion, but
a question o f... 7a SPEAKING Choose three of these topics.
4 I don't think that with this kind of question you can • choice of actors
really give a • origin of the story (real vs fiction)
5 I think it depends on your of • role of music and costumes
'good'. • life-cycle of a film
6 I think many people in low- • the effect of fame on actors
budget films. • effects of streaming
7bWrite three discussion questions, using the
phrases below to help you. You do not need
to use the exact wording of the topics.
How important/useful/significant is ...?
Some people say/claim/believe th a t.... Do you
agree?
To what extent do/is/are ...?
Is it best to/for... o r ...? Why/Why not?
Why do you think some people ...?
How do you think th a t... should/can/might...?

@ Find another pair of students to

SPEAKING

work with. Take turns to ask and answer your

questions.

www.frenglish.ru
U n it 9 117
 Developing writing
An opinion essay 2 Add the words and phrases in bold in
the essay in 3 to the relevant sections in
SPEAKING Discuss these questions. the Writing bank.
1 Do you have a subscription to any streaming services? If so,
which?
W riting bank
2 Do you prefer to watch films at the cinema or at home? Why? Useful phrases for opinion essays
Read the writing task and answer the questions. Expressing your opinion
1 How many of the suggestions in the bullet points must you There can be no doubt th a t...
discuss? • Few people could dispute th a t...
2 Do you have to give your own opinion or present both sides of You only have to look a t ... to see ...
an argument?
3 Can you use the opinions in the notes?

You attended a discussion about the impact of streaming

services on cinema. You have made the notes below: Giving reasons
• Owing t o ...
w h a t is the impact o f streaming services on the cinema? A further reason to ...
• viewing habits • quality o f film s • access

S e m ^ m io n s from the di ^ ^ w n
doing to the movies is an outdated idea and, besides, i t ’s expensive. ’ Introducing or adding ideas
'Mostyoung people prefer to watch film s a t home these days.' • Moreover,...
'Streaming services have led to betterfIm s a n d bigger audiences.' Another reason/persuasive argument
is ...
• In addition,...
Write an essay discussing two of the impacts of streaming services
in your notes. You should explain what has had the biggest impact Another thing to consider i s ...
on cinema and give reasons to support your answer. You may, if you • --
wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you • ■_______________....
should use your own words as far as possible. Concluding
• To sum up, ...
3 Read a student's essay based on the task in 2 and answer • To conclude,...
the questions. All things considered,...
1 Which two suggestions in 2 has the student discussed?
2 What is the purpose of each paragraph?

The rapid rise of streaming services in recent One co n tro ve rsia l question is whether
years has revolutionised cinema. J u s t as, in streaming services have had a negative
the 1 9 5 0 s , the rise in TV ownership led to impact on the quality of films. I am
fears th a t the Hollywood film industry would convinced t h a t th is is not the case. Take,
decline, the rise in streaming services has for example, the Netflix film Roma. Netflix
given rise to concerns th a t it could cause screened the film in cinemas firs t, and
the death of cinema. However, I would argue released it to subscribers later. It won
t h a t these fears are unfounded and, in three O scars and was a huge success.
fa ct, streaming services could lead to a new With big budgets, many streaming
‘golden age’ of film. services are able to produce top-quality
It is cle a r t h a t streaming services have had films using the best directors and
a massive impact on the way people watch acto rs. Fo r t h is reason, I believe th a t
films, with many, especially the younger it will lead to a rise in quality a cro ss the
generation, watching more of them a t home. board, and not a drop in standards.
Some people say th a t, because o f t h is , fewer In conclusion, streaming services have
people are going to the cinema. However, it had a massive and, in my opinion, largely
seems th a t large numbers are still going positive impact on cinema. To my mind,
there - something which is supported by a s movie budgets increase, so does
healthy box-office takings. One explanation the quality. We are lucky th a t we can
fo r t h is is th a t those who like watching films now see top-quality films while sitting
enjoy both ways of seeing movies. comfortably in our homes.

118 U n it 9 www.frenglish.ru
 ® E xam t ip
Grammar in context 2 ■ When you write an opinion essay, you are not
marked on your opinion, but how you present it
Flipped classroom video and give reasons for it. You may agree or disagree
with the opinions in the task, or discuss both sides
Watch the Grammar Presentation video
of the arguments. Use linking words and phrases to
express your opinions and give reasons.
f Ellipsis and substitution
5a Match the exam ples in the sentences (1-4)
8 SPEAKING Read the task and discuss which o f
to the reasons fo r using ellipsis (a -d ).
the statem ents and opinions you w ill use in your
1 It is clear that streaming services have had a essay. Make notes.
massive impact on how we watch films, with
many, especially the younger generation, You have listened to a podcast about reality TV shows.
(who are) watching more movies at home. Some young people gave their opinion on these shows
2 I believe that it will lead to a rise in quality and said if they had a positive or negative influence on
across the board, and (it will) not (lead to) them. You have made the notes below.
a drop in standards.
£>? realty TV shows have a positive or negative influence
3 Netflix screened the film in cinemas first, and
(Netflix) released it to subscribers later. onyoung people?

4 We are lucky that we can now see top quality • they promote materialism anol celebrity lifestyle
films while (we are) relaxing on our sofas. • they portray bullying anol aggression between tbe
We use ellipsis... contenolers
a to avoid repeating a verb phrase that has • some shows provide excellent role models fo r young
already been used.
people
b to leave out a subject pronoun + the verb be.
Some opinions from the discussion;
c to avoid repeating a proper noun that has
already been used. 'Parents should talk to their teenagers about the
d to leave out a relative pronoun + the verb be. programmes they watch on TV a n d explain to them that
reality TV is anything b u t reality.'
5b W hat are the words in bold in the sentences 'Realty TV shows present the worst side o f human
(5 -8 ) substitutes for? Check in the essay nature. ’
in 3.
'Realty shows aren't real - everyone knows that. They are
5 it could cause the death of cinema
scripted, so should be treated like drama a n d a bit o f fu n .'
6 with many, especially the younger generation,
watching more of them at home Write an essay discussing two of the ways in which
7 It seems that people are still going there. reality TV shows have a positive or negative influence
8 To my mind, as movie budgets increase, on young people. You should explain which argument
you feel is the strongest and give reasons to support
so does the quality.
your answer. You may, if you wish, make use of the
Check it page 120 opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should
use your own words as far as possible.
6 Rewrite these sentences using ellipsis and
sub stitu tion to im prove the sentences.
P ra ctice m a k e s p e rfe c t
1 I don't like all of Greta Gerwig's films, but Greta
Gerwig's recent films have been great. 9a W rite your answer in an appropriate style.

2 John invited me to go to the cinema with him, but 9 t When you finish your essay, use the w riting
I didn't want to go to the cinema with him. checklist on page 141 to check it.
3 I wasn't very impressed with the film and Paula
wasn't very impressed with the film either.
4 John Boyega is a big star, but Jennifer Lawrence is
a bigger star than John Boyega.

H Use i l ... d o n 't lo se it!

Do you watch reality TV shows?

Do you th in k they have positive or a negative
influence? W rite sentences about this using
ellipsis and substitution.
----------------------- Reach h ig h e r / page 140

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 9 119
 Grammar reference
can, could, may and might Other uses
Ability, prohibition and requests • May and might can be used to make a concession.
• We use can or could to describe a general past or She m a y /m ight be the right person b u t i d like to meet
her before we offer her the job.
present ability.
She cou.14play the piano by the ape o f five. • May/might as well can be used to make a
They can do it when they really p u t their m in d to it. suggestion if we think there is no better alternative.
You m ight os well try. You 'vegot nothing to lose.
• We don't use could to talk about ability in a specific
situation. We use be able to instead. Ellipsis and substitution
The car broke down b u t they c o u ld fy it were able to In order to avoid repeating words and to make our
language more fluid, we sometimes leave out certain
• We also use can to talk about potential ability or words, such as subjects, verbs, articles and nouns.
tendency. This is called ellipsis.
The new electric car can travel400 kilometres w ithout • We often leave out words after and and but.
a charge. We visited the Picasso museum in the morning a n d
Temperatures in the sum m er can g e t up to 40 degrees. (we visited) the cathedral in the afternoon.
• We use can't/couldn't to talk about prohibition. She sa id she liked dark chocolate b u t (she did) not
You can't enter w ithout a ticket. (like) milk chocolate.

• We use can/could for requests and asking • We may leave out the main verb after an auxiliary.
permission. They w a n ted me to help them b u t I s a id ! couldn't
Could/Canyou help me w ith this? (help them).

Speculation • In some adverbial phrases we may omit the subject

• We use might, may and could for present and and the auxiliary verb be.
future possibility. While (t w as) leaving the house, t heard a deafening
She m ight/m ay/could be the leader o f this country in noise.
the near future. • In order to avoid repeating an infinitive, we can
That might/m ay /co u ld bey o u r m um calling. You'd use to.
better answ er the phone. You can bring some food i f you w a n t to (bring some
food) b u t it's not necessary.
• To express a past possibility, we use might/may/
could + have + past participle. In the same way that ellipsis makes our language more
They mig h t / m ay not have seen the news. They've been fluid and less repetitive, so does substitution. This
out all evening. involves replacing certain words with reference words
like so, one, do, there and then.
\Ne sometimes add well to might, may and could in
• We can use so/neither/nor+ auxiliary verb + subject
the affirmative to say that something has a strong
to avoid repeating a verb.
possibility.
They lovegoing to the beach a n d so do cue.
They m a y/m ight/could well have been held up in
traffic. They're normally here by now. She can 'is la n d rock music and neither can I.
• Might and could are also used for a past possibility • Here, there and then can be used to replace
which did not happen. adverbials of time or place.
He m ight/could have been the greatestguitarist o f his They'regoing to the sports centre right now b u t I'm
time. going to meet them there (at the sports centre) later.
• We use can't or couldn't when we are fairly certain • We use it, them, one and ones to avoid repeating
that something is or was true. nouns. It and them refer to definite things whereas
We can't a l l f t in that car — it's tiny! one and ones refer to indefinite things.
Haveyou seen m y phone? I need it (my phone) to make
She couldn't have been the fir s t woman to f y an
a call.
aeroplane.
Haveyou g o t a pen? I need one (a pen) to fill out this
form.

Vocabulary

binge-watch (v) • drop (v) • dubbed (adj) • episodes (n) • instalment (n) • onair(phr) • live-streaming (n) •
medium (n) • reboot (n) • rerun (n) • subtitles (n) • tunein(phrv)

(§ 0 2 Phrasal verbs - the film industry

blend in • break into • brush up (on) • call for • cater for • come across • come under • put forward • put on •
run through • sign up • stand out • turn into

www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test
can, could, may, might Substitution
1 Correct the mistake in each sentence. There 3 Complete the sentences with
may be more than one way to do this. neither/nor or so and the
1 They think they might see you earlier when you appropriate auxiliary verb.
were out shopping. 1 I hadn't learnt the poem off by heart
2 We can as well go on holiday in November when and Elsa.
we're not busy. 2 I take the bus to school and
3 We well may have to move abroad if Mum gets Justin.
the job. 3 We aren't going on the school trip
4 We can easily see each other at the concert and they.
tomorrow. 4 I think Brazil will qualify
5 I'm sure I may not fit all that in my bag - it's for the quarter finals and
impossible. Spain.
6 You can be tall, but you're not tall enough to 5 I can't wait for the summer and
reach it either. my sister.
7 He may go to our school; otherwise we'd 6 They don't have a car and
recognise him. we.
8 They can well have been told not to attend. 7 My dog is an Alsatian and
yours.
/ 8 points
8 You're going to be an extra in the
Ellipsis film and I.
2 Choose the correct alternative. / 8 points
1 He said he had read the book but it was obvious
he hadn't read/hadn't.
2 They couldn't do the homework, but I could/did.
3 She stayed for the whole thing even though she
didn't want/didn't want to.
4 You can make a donation at the front desk, but
you don't have/have to.
1 4 points

Vocabulary test
Viewing habits Phrasal verbs - the film
1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. industry
binge-watch • dropped • dubbed • instalment • 2 Write a sentence for each of the
on air • live-stream • medium • reruns following phrasal verbs.

1 I'd rather watch the of that show with

the old presenters than the new series.
1 turn into
2 brush up on
4
5
blend in
put on es
2 Often films are with the same voices
3 sign up 6 call for
t
vo
so John Boyega sounds the same as Ryan Reynolds.
3 Complete each phrasal verb
3 Do you know how to on your phone so with a preposition.
you can share the moment with us?

u
1 break the film
4 The radio presenter was when his industry

rs
mobile phone rang!
2 cater all tastes
5 What is the best to communicate with
3 come criticism for
potential buyers?
6 Have you seen that the latest of the
something
4 come as having
el
story has been published?
7 We're excited about the next series - it's going to be
next week.
low self-esteem
5 put your name for
f
a part u
8 We're going to the series over the
6 run the proposal n
weekend - I hope we don't have any connection it
issues! ------------------------ /12 points
9
/ 8 points
Total: / 40 points
www.frenglish.ru
121
 LEAD THE WAY
4 Read the article quickly and answer the
questions.
1 Which four people are mentioned?
Reading 2 Why might they be regarded as role
Vocabulary in context - People who m ake a models?

difference
@ ) Read these sentences and check that you
SPEAKING In multiple-matching reading tasks,
understand the words and phrases in bold. underline all the relevant parts of a
She was a trailblazerfor female scientists, discovering question. For example, in 5, question 1,
radium and creating the portable x-ray machine. 'failings' might appear in more than one
section. You need to choose a section
2 Created by Arthur Conan Doyle, he is often regarded as the which reflects the idea of 'the failings
forerunner to modern fictional detectives.
of others' as well as 'the desire to call
3 After having made a fortune from his software company, attention to'.
he became a philanthropist and has since donated millions
to charity.
4 As well as having a successful career as a Hollywood actor Read the article again. In which
and filmmaker, she has become well-known for her work as section (A-D) are the following
a humanitarian. mentioned?
5 When they worked at the same law firm, Michelle was his the desire to call attention to the failings
mentor. Little did she realise that she was helping a future of others
president.
2 determination to succeed despite a series
6 In the 1960s, he was seen as an iconoclast - an artist whose of failures
paintings of everyday objects such as a can of Campbell's 3 the inability to do something leading to a
tomato soup seemed to break all the rules of art.
surprising result
Despite her young age, she soon became a role model for
doing something differently to what is
other environmental activists, inspiring a number of climate
expected in a particular industry
strikes around the world.
5 evidence that something could turn
8 This puzzle-loving software engineer was an early pioneer
negative outcomes into positive ones
in video games technology, designing Tetris in 1984.
6 the certainty that your ideas are important
SPEAKING Guess which famous people the statements the belief that there would be a successful
in 1 are referring to. outcome
8 an explanation as to why a particular
Use i t ... don't lose it! process is slow
SPEAKING Think of a person to match these 9 the response to a recurring line of criticism
descriptions. 10 how honesty about a problem had an
a trailblazer who is making a difference in media unexpected result
2 someone who is a forerunner in a genre of music 11 an original way of helping people
you like understand something
3 a philanthropist that people sometimes criticise 12 admiration for a style that is unique and
4 a humanitarian figure who has increased people's original
social awareness
What do the underlined words in the text
5 a mentor who has made a difference to your life
mean?
6 an iconoclast who has challenged people's way of
thinking 1 Critical thinkers
someone who is a good role model for young people
8 a pioneer whose life has been explored in a film
In your opinion, which of
these people do you think
Reach higher > page140 are inspirational for your
generation?
What makes you say that?

Unit 10 www.frenglish.ru
ROLE MODELS FOR T H E F U T U R E
A
In 2020, Spanish singer-songwriter Rosalia Vila Tobella won One inspirational figure acknowledged for his remarkable
a GRAMMY® award for her second album, El Mal Querer humanitarian work is Ugandan Brian Gitta. As Gitta explains
(translated as 'Toxic Love'). Her fusion of flamenco with urban in a recent TEDx Talk, although malaria is treatable, many
styles, including pop, hip hop and trap, showcased something deaths still occur because obtaining a fast diagnosis is easy
refreshingly different in the music industry, gaining her not only to say but hard to get. In many countries, clinics do not have
an adoring international fan base but also collaborations with sufficient numbers of specialist staff nor the equipment
established recording artists such as Billie Eilish, who she won necessary to carry out detailed analysis of blood samples on
an MTV award with in 2021 for Lo Vas a Olvidar ('You'll Forget large numbers of patients in a timely manner. It may involve
It'). Composing, writing, arranging and producing all of her waiting in long queues, and a full microscopic analysis is not a
own songs are some of the ways that Rosalia hasn't stopped quick process. Brian felt there must be a more effective way to
innovating. Another point of difference from some of her carry out the diagnosis and applied his software engineering
contemporaries is that the message of female empowerment training to streamline the process and started experimenting
in her song lyrics helps to inspire women to take control of with various prototypes to design an invention that uses light
their lives and to seek healthy, non-toxic relationships. This is and magnetism to test for malaria, and would not require a
reinforced by the fact that she works with a women-led team specialist to operate.
- something that is rare in the male-dominated music world. It would be a mistake to assume this was straightforward,
She is also breaking down language barriers by recording however. Finding a working solution took Gitta back to the
almost all her songs in her native Spanish and Catalan. drawing board several times, but Brian refused to give up
Although Rosalia's powerful music is now played around and finally managed to build a device that could quickly and
the world, her beginnings were much humbler, starting from inexpensively provide an accurate diagnosis for malaria.
scratch and singing without a mic in weddings and restaurants, Brian went on to win a prize for his invention, and trials in
but she has retained both a hard-edged reality and a floral hospitals are already proving that the device may be a game­
element in her video clips and imagery which reminds her of changer when it comes to saving lives.
the industrialised town in the countryside where she grew up.
□
American musician and activist Xiuhtezcatl Martinez,
With over 30 World and Olympic medals, gymnastics superstar sometimes known as 'X', is a powerful voice in the campaign
Simone Biles is the most-decorated US female gymnast ever. for climate action who, inspired by his mother Tamara Roske,
Although she is accustomed to breaking records, Simone began campaigning at the age of six. At 15, he addressed
made headlines for a different reason following her decision world leaders at the United Nations in English, Spanish, and
to withdraw from several event finals in the 2020 Tokyo his native language, Nahuatl. Since becoming the global youth
Olympic Games. After winning four gold medals and a bronze director of the organisation Earth Guardians, he regularly
in the Rio Games, Simone had been expected to bag several speaks at rallies and university campuses across the US, and
more medals in Tokyo. Her shock announcement came after shares his experiences on social media. As a hip-hop artist,
she had difficulty performing a vault, usually one of her best he uses rap, music and storytelling to get his message across,
events. She explained that she had suffered a mental block, including joining forces with Jaden Smith to record a song
temporarily losing her sense of where she was while in the about the power of music to promote action against climate
air - something that can cause a gymnast to lose their sense change. As well as using his music to highlight environmental
of spatial awareness, making the manoeuvre extremely issues and inspire young people to take part in environmental
dangerous. In a statement, Simone explained that she was activism, Xiuhtezcatl has directly campaigned against key
pulling out because she needed to stop to protect her physical figures who, he feels, have fallen short in tackling climate
and mental well-being. Although some labelled her a 'failure', change. He and other young environmentalists even used the
surprisingly, Simone was widely praised for her openness. justice system to try to change legislation that they believe
However, when it was then announced that Simone was to take threatened sound environmental policies. His work was
part in the beam event (in which she went on to win a bronze recognised when he won a 'Generation Change Award' at the
medal), the true extent of her bravery became apparent. By MTV Europe Music Awards and appeared as a panellist at the
highlighting the pressures that athletes face, promoting safe Inspiring and Defining Everyday Activism event. Undoubtedly a
and healthy training conditions for sportsmen and women name to remember, Xiuhtezcatl's drive and self-belief make him
and shining a light on the topic of mental health, Simone Biles a substantial figure in a cause worth fighting for.
has, arguably, achieved more than winning medals, providing a
lesson in leadership and courage that shows why she is a role
model for so many.

Reach higher > page 140

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 10 123
— Grammar in context 1
Gerunds and infinitives 2 Complete the text with the -/ng or infinitive form of
la _S_PE_A_KI_NG_ '@ ) Look at the sentences. Discuss the verbs in the box.
why the words in bold are in the -/ng
accept • become • choose • com plete • descend • fly •
form or the infinitive form.
graduate • join • learn • study • think • train • watch
a Rosalia hasn't stopped innovating.
b Composing, writing, arranging and
producing all of her own songs are som e
o f the ways that Rosalia hasn't stopped
Dr Kathy Sullivan -
innovating. making history in space and sea
c It was announced that Sim one was to take
part in the beam event. Kathy Sullivan first hit the headlines in 1984 when she
became the first US woman (a)
d A fast diagnosis is easy to say.
a spacewalk. And now Kathy has set a new record by
e He uses rap, m usic and storytelling to get (b) the first woman to reach the
his m essage across. deepest-known part of the Earth’s seabed, which is almost
f The device m ight be a gam e-changer 11 kilometres below sea level in the Pacific Ocean.
when it com es to saving lives. Kathy was delighted (c) the offer to
travel to the depths of our planet on a journey with Victor
g It would be a mistake to assume this was Vescovo, the explorer who funded the trip. It took several
straightforward, however. hours (d) to the ocean floor, where they
h They finally m anaged to build a device spent a total of 90 minutes. Kathy and Victor even ate Sunday
that could provide an accurate diagnosis. lunch at 10,000 metres beneath the ocean. There are only
seven other people in the world who have made the trip.
i It may involve waiting in long queues.
Kathy grew up in California in the 1950s and 60s. Her parents
j Her shock announcem ent cam e after she encouraged their two children (e)
had difficulty performing a vault. freely and join in with discussions. While her brother
k She needed to stop to protect her physical wanted (f) planes when he grew up,
and m ental w ell-being. Kathy became fascinated by maps and she decided from
an early age that her life’s mission was (g)
as much as she could about the world. Kathy remembers
lb Complete the rules with the -/ng form or (h) the famous underwater explorer,
the infinitive. Then match the rules to the Jacques Cousteau, on TV, and the moment when the Mercury
sentences in 1a. One rule goes with two Seven went into space, (i) to study
sentences. earth sciences at university was a natural step for someone
We u s e ... who was fascinated by exploration as a child.
1 after the verb be, After (j) from university, Kathy went
on(k) fora PhD in geology. She was
when expressing orders or arrangem ents.
particularly interested in oceanography and participated
2 after an adjective. in several exploratory missions to the Atlantic and Pacific
3 at the start of a Ocean beds. (I) NASA in 1978
sentence or clause, when it is the main meant that Kathy was part of the first group of women
subject. (m) as astronauts.
Kathy’s remarkable success has made her a true pioneer
4 after certain verbs,
in her field and a role model for curious and
such as prom ise and pretend.
adventurous young people
5 after a preposition or all over the world.
conjunction.
6 to express purpose,
intention or a reason.
7 after phrases such
as there's no point, it's no g o o d or have
difficulty.
8 after phrases such as
it's m y purpose, it's a privilege or it w ould
be a mistake. K U s e i t ... don't lose it!]
9 or 3 Complete the sentences with your
after certain verbs, own ideas. Then discuss your ideas with a partner.
but there is an im portant difference in
m eaning. 1 As a child, I re m e m b e r...

10 after certain verbs, 2 I really re g re t...

such as ad m it and practise. 3 Next month, I'm looking forward to ...
Check it page 132 4 I would be delighted ...
5 It took me a long tim e ...

------------------------- Reach higher / pagel40

124 Unit 10 www.frenglish.ru

Developing vocabulary
Words with prepositions / Exam tip
In multiple-choice cloze tasks, think about the type
Match the beginnings (1-12) to the endings (a-l).
of word you are looking for. When finished, re-read
1 Let's concentrate a from eating meat. the text to make sure it makes sense.
2 Are you satisfied b to me explaining it again?
3 I'm going to abstain c of changing his mind. 5 Read the text and decide which answer (a, b, c or
4 In your capacity d about getting negative d) best fits each gap.
5 He's got no intention feedback.

6 They're all very gifted e on finishing the

presentation first.
Becoming a great leader
7 Would anyone object
f of people who don't say Some people believe that leaders are born, not made, and
8 They are sensitive
much. it's common for people to underestimate their ability to
9 He must be praised lead. Many feel they don't have the ambition to be a leader
g with my work?
10 There's no and are perfectly satisfied (1) being part of a team
h towards people who and not taking charge, whereas others may be (2)
comparison
are lazy? the criticism that can be directed at a team leader. But,
11 What is your attitude
i between the two reports. many people have the power to be a leader within them.
12 I feel a bit suspicious Inspired (3) some of our greatest leaders, these tips
j as leader, you should
can help anyone on their path towards leadership.
decide.
k for his work in the Inspire: A great leader is an (4) to others. John
community. Quincy Adams, a 19th-century American statesman,
diplomat and lawyer said: 'If your actions inspire others to
I in languages. dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you
are a leader.'
2 Complete the table with the words with prepositions
in bold in 1. Then add other examples to the table. Enable: In this quote from Jacinda Ardern, the Prime
Minister of New Zealand, she focuses (5) being an
Verb + Adjective + Noun + enabler: 'To me, leadership is not about necessarily being
preposition
the loudest in the room, but instead being the bridge, or the
preposition preposition
thing that is missing in the discussion and trying to build a
consensus from there.'
Be humble: It's dangerous to think that as the leader
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of you are all-knowing. Listen to others and pay attention
words with prepositions from 1. (6) what's happening around them.
1 How important is it to have a positive Praise: Leaders should praise their team (7) their
failure and to learn from your successes and help them learn from their mistakes.
mistakes?
If you have a cause you are
2 Are you ever completely your work
(8) to, don't be afraid of sharing this with colleagues.
or do you always feel you could improve on it?
Be passionate: A leader should have a can-do personality
3 When you need to study, what helps you to
when presented (9) challenges, encourage
your work and avoid distractions?
creativity and collaboration, and most of all show how
4 Why do you think some elite athletes have to passionate they are about their work.
eating certain foods or doing
certain activities? Is willpower essential for being a
1 a for b with
top athlete?
c about d in
5 What is something that you've always had the
2 a sensitive to b suspicious of
doing, but have never got
c excited about d confident about
around to?
3 a with b for
6 If you could be naturally anything,
c by d about
what would you choose as your talent?
4 a inspiration b inspire
7 If you a new policy that harmed the
c inspirational d inspired
environment, would you join a campaign against it?
5 a in b about
8 How important is it for leaders to
c with d on
their team members things they
do well? 6 a to b with
c in d about
5 Use it ... don't lose it!] 7 a by b on
SPEAKING Ask and answer the questions in 3. c in d for
8 a commit b commitment
-------- 1 Reach higher page 140 c committed d committee
9 a with b to
c for d on

www.frenglish.ru
U n it 10 125
 {©)•• GREATLEARNERS
GREATTHINKERS
UNSUNGHEROES
Lesson aim: To reflect on who we celebrate in society and why
Video: Unsung heroes
CHI Social and emotional learning: Developing your social and
emotional impact

[@ Look at the jobs in the box. What impact do these people have
SPEAKING

on the lives of others through their work? Which of these jobs would you
consider to be essential to society? Why?
actor • artist • cleaner • delivery driver • farmer • nurse • refuse collector •
social media influencer • sports coach • supermarket staff • university professor

VIDEOL> Watch the video. What have Michael and Marcia both done in
order to make a difference to their local communities?

© Decide whether the sentences refer to Michael, Marcia or both.

VIDEO

Then watch again and check.

Michael Marcia Both
They set up their sports club with two other people.
2 They've helped young p eo p le get paid em ploym ent.
3 They were nom inated for an 'U n su n g H ero' award.
4 They often work very long hours.
5 O ver 600 p eo p le have now jo in e d their sports club.
6 They've o p en ed up o p p o rtu n itie s for young p eo p le in
their co m m u n ities that w o u ld n 't have existed otherwise.

4a Read the online forum.

Who do we celebrate in society?

Cleo Runner 11:47
Lately, I’ve been doing a lot of soul-searching about my career and about the way that society perceives
different occupations. I just can’t help feeling that the people we celebrate and hold up as heroes aren’t
necessarily the people who do the most important jobs. But then how do we define ‘important’ anyway? Sort by top replies

A EU2004 12:22 B Davie 13:04 c Lucia G 15:17

3 10 2 20
Good question! It’s interesting that when I totally agree that key workers deserve With a few exceptions, I’d say all jobs are
you ask people who their heroes are, more recognition. But please don’t equate important. For our society to function,
they so often name celebrities. Obviously, working in the arts, media and sport with we need people to fulfil a whole variety
actors, musicians and sports players are being famous. Only a tiny percentage of of roles and play to their strengths. We
amazingly talented and inspiring, but are people working in those sectors become need surgeons, firefighters and nurses
people working in the arts, media and household names. There are many but also sculptors, app developers
sport really so much more deserving of unsung heroes toiling behind the scenes and hairdressers. Arguing about who
adulation than everyone else? What about as TV researchers, community sports has the most prestigious or important
the ‘ordinary’ hard-working people who coaches, theatre set designers, etc. These occupation will get us nowhere. Instead,
educate us, grow our food and look after people make a valuable contribution to I think we should remember that we are
us when w e’re sick? If you ask me, the real society, too. Can you imagine what a all interdependent and make sure we
heroes are the key workers who keep our miserable existence it would be with no value everyone’s contributions to the
society running smoothly. arts, media or sport? communities we belong to.

126 Unit 10 www.frenglish.ru

4b Choose the correct post (A-C) from the forum in 4a for each
question.
Which post says th a t...
people should do the jobs that they're best suited to?
2 society should pay less attention to famous people?
3 not many people who work in the arts are celebrities?
4 the most important jobs are in areas like education,
agriculture and healthcare?
5 the arts, media and sport help bring happiness and
meaning to our lives?
6 comparing different jobs is a waste of time?

GREATTHINKERS
Claim -Support-Question

SPEAKING [® Follow the instructions.

Think of an example of a job that you believe is undervalued
or overvalued in your society. Why do you think this? Write
down some ideas in your group. Then choose two or three of
these claims to discuss.
Identify support for each claim. Why do you believe this is
true? Think about your feelings, knowledge and personal
experiences.
Ask questions related to each claim. What don't you know for
sure? What new questions do these claims raise?

® To what extent do you agree with each of the

SPEAKING

comments in 4a? Why? Do you think some kinds of work

are more important than others? If so, how do you define
'important'?

GREATLEARNERS 1SEL
Great learners contribute to society by developing
socially and emotionally.

Why is it important to reflect on the role that different people play

in society? What can we do to recognise the 'unsung heroes' who
make a difference to our lives and communities?

Learner profile page 143

www.frenglish.ru
U n it 10 127
 Listening Grammar in context 2
i @ Look at the photos and discuss these
SPEAKING
Flipped classroom video
questions.
Watch the Grammar Presentation video

x- Participle clauses
4a Participle clauses can be used to express
something more concisely. In sentences
1-6, circle the present, past and perfect
participles, then under ine the clauses
that contain them.
1 Not wanting to be heroes, these characters
are initially reluctant to put themselves in
danger.
2 Having experienced hardship as a girl, Jane
is awkward, unattractive and poor.
3 Many stories featuring heroes are about a
journey or quest.
4 Some villains, described from a different
1 Who are the characters in the photos and which stories point of view, could be considered heroes.
are they from? 5 Having been bullied by Harry's father,
2 Who are your favourite heroes in books or films? Why? Snape has become bitter.
3 What personal qualities do you think a hero has 6 Many of the best characters ever created
to have? are actually villains.

2 You are going to listen to a podcast about heroes 4b What does the participle clause replace in
in literature. Before you listen, look at the notes in 3 each sentence (1-6)?
and predict the missing words.
a a clause with the conjunction 'after'
® Examti b a clause with the conjunction'if'
In sentence completion tasks correct spelling is c a relative clause (in the active form)
expected, so after listening, check your answers are d a relative clause (in the passive form)
spelled correctly. e a clause with the conjunction 'because'
(in the present)
f a clause with the conjunction 'because'
3 @ 0 Listen and complete the notes with a word or (in the past)
short phrase. Write no more than three words .
Check it page 132
In Jo's opinion, the definition of a hero is different now to
what it was in the past, but despite this, most heroes share 5 Rewrite these sentences using a participle
certain (1) clause.
Mostly, a hero is the main character in a story, with 1 Stories that feature realistic heroes can be very
many stories being about a journey that a hero makes. popular.
This can be an , or a journey
2 The Hobbit, which was first published in 1937, stars
where the character gains knowledge, understanding or
the well-loved hero Bilbo Baggins.
. However, the main protagonist of
a story doesn't (4) be a hero. 3 They found a bookstall, which was selling the book
more cheaply.
A 'willing hero' is a character who runs towards danger, and
is (5) and courageous. An 'unwilling 4 Because he was caught off guard, the villain made
hero' is a character who doesn't want to be in a dangerous several errors of judgement.
situation, but has to face challenges because they realise 5 If sidekicks are treated with respect, they will be
everyone is (6) on them. Jo thinks loyal to the hero for a long time.
the most interesting heroes are those who are most
6 After the reader has read the first chapter, they
(7)
should be hooked on the story.
Heroes don't have to be (8) . For
example, Severus Snape is a true hero, but he is also
bitter and spiteful.
Use it ... don't lose it!
'Tragic heroes' have flaws and make mistakes which @ Write three of your own
SPEAKING

lead to their (9) . These are some of sentences similar to the ones in 5 using
the greatest heroes, and their stories touch us the most. participle clauses. Then share them with
What all heroes share, however, is the fact that they lived a partner. .
courageously and tell us what it is 10) ------------- Reach higher / page 140 - J

128 Unit 10 www.frenglish.ru

Developing speaking ■
A debate
1 SPEAKING Look at the statements connected to
debating and discuss what they mean.
a Act like you're winning even when you aren't.
b Give clear reasoning and examples.
c Prepare to win.
d Some arguments can be factually correct, but
morally flawed.
e Speakers should avoid addressing all arguments as if
everything is black and white.

SPEAKING Look at the list of propositions for

debate (a—f). Decide on a scale of 1 to 5 to what
extent you agree with the proposition (1 = strongly
agree; 5 = strongly disagree).
a Top footballers are modern-day heroes and deserve
the money they earn.
b There should be teenagers in government.
c The Internet has done more harm than good to
people's creativity.
d Workplaces shouldn't have leaders; everyone should
be equal. 5 Look at the Speaking bank. Which expressions did
e The media provides poor role models for young the speakers in 3 use? Listen again if necessary.
people.
f It's never been harder to be a teenager than it is Speaking bank
today. Useful expressions for a debate

3 © 0 Listen to two students starting a debate and Beginning the debate

answer the questions. • Ladies and Gentlemen,
• On the affirmative team, we believe that +
1 Which proposition in 2 are they debating?
proposition
2 What points do they make for and against the • On the opposition team, we take issue with the
proposition? proposition that + proposition
• Before we proceed, I will define what we mean
4 ©B3 Listen again. Tick (>/) the things that the
by...
students do.
Providing examples to support an argument
Student 1 • A case in point i s ...
1 greet people in the audience • A pertinent example would be ...
2 announce the names of people in her team • ... is proof positive th a t...
3 affirm her team's view regarding the proposition Negating the other side's arguments
4 provide a definition for terms in the proposition • The speaker on the affirmative team argues/claims
5 provide an argument to support the proposition th a t.... However,...
• Therefore the speaker's point is invalid/unfounded/
6 provide an example to support their argument
unconvincing.
7 briefly mention the opposing team's argument
• There is no evidence for the affirmative/opposition
Student 2 team's assertion.
1 greet people in the audience
2 affirm his team's view regarding the proposition
6 SPEAKING
Decide together which proposition
3 re-define the terms in the proposition
from 2 you would like to debate. Half of the group
4 provide an argument to oppose the proposition should support the proposition and the other half
5 provide one or more examples to support the should oppose it. Think of arguments to support
argument your position.
6 provide a counter-argument
Practice makes perfect
7 introduce the next speaker
7 Now debate your chosen topic. Remember to
use expressions from the Speaking bank. The
rest of the class will decide which team has
provided the most convincing arguments!

www.frenglish.ru
Unit 10 129
Developing writing
A proposal 2 2 SPEAKING What skills and qualities
Vocabulary - Skills and qualities from 1 do you think are the
1 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases in characteristics of a good leader? Which
skills and qualities are the most and
the box.
least important for a leader?
flexibility • networking skills • optimism • persistence • resilience •
the ability to motivate others • the ability to see the big picture • 3 Read the article about a young climate
the ability to think outside the box activist from South Africa. Does she
demonstrate any of the skills and
1 Young people show remarkable to the issues they qualities you discussed in 1?
face in the world today.
2 is his greatest skill - after he talks to the Read the text again and answer the
team, they give 100% effort. questions.
3 Being self-employed allows her the to work when 1 When did Ayakha first become aware of
she wants. climate change?
4 I always try to do things differently and use 2 Why did she join two organisations?
5 You need good to build and maintain 3 How is she campaigning for action
contacts in your chosen career. against climate change?
6 The good news provided a sense of about the
future.
7 It's important to have and understand the
wider context of what we do.
8 is our greatest strength - we keep going until we
achieve our goals.

Culture exchange
Ayakha Melithafa, climate activist
In Septem ber 2019, Ayakha Melithafa made
headlines when she joined Greta Thunberg and
14 other teenagers from around the world to present
a 100-page legal complaint to the United Nations
Committee on the Rights of the Child for failing to
deal with the climate crisis. Soon after, in 2020, she
represented South Africa at the World Economic
Forum in Davos, Switzerland. So, who is this young
climate activist, and what drives her?
Born in a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa, Ayakha's journey
started when she experienced the effects of climate change
first-hand. During one of her country's frequent and severe
droughts, Ayakha's family and their livestock were badly affected.
It was then that she learnt about climate change and began to
realise how some groups of people, particularly less privileged
communities and those who depend on the climate to support
their way of life, face greater challenges than others.
Ayakha decided that raising awareness of the effects of climate
change was her mission and what she wanted to do in life. After her
teacher told her about the South African organisation Project
90 by 2030 YouLead Initiative, she joined up. She also became
a spokesperson for the African Climate Alliance, a youth-led
climate advocacy group.
As well as wanting to educate people about climate change and its
effects, Ayakha has called for governments to bring an immediate
halt on the extraction of coal, oil and gas, and make climate change
a mandatory part of the school curriculum. Her powerful message
cuts across borders as she calls for us to tackle the global problem of
climate change together, encouraging us to work as global citizens.

www.frenglish.ru
 6 Look at the Writing bank and check that
SPEAKING Read the writing task and a student's you understand the expressions. Which
proposal based on the task. Discuss these questions.
expressions are in the proposal in 5?
1 What style is the proposal written in?
2 Is the proposal persuasive? W riting bank
3 Do you think the idea in the proposal is good? Why/ Language of persuasion
Why not?
We believe th a t...
Your school is building a new study centre and would like • To my mind/To our minds, this should be ...
to name the building after a m odern-day hero. You decide • This would be beneficial to ... because ...
to write a proposal for the headteacher explaining who you
• A strong case can be made f o r ...
think the study centre should be named after and why.
• We strongly recommend ...
Write your proposal.
One advantage o f ...
The greatest/most significant advantage
would be th a t...
Introduction There is little doubt th a t...
The aim of this proposal is to suggest a person to name our There could be no better person/solution/
new school study centre after. This proposal will give some initiative than ...
background information about the person, details of their
achievements, and explain why the study centre should be
named after them. Read the proposal in 5 again and find the
following features of a good proposal.
Background information 1 linkers of reason and result
We are looking for a modern-day hero. To our minds, this 2 expressions for adding or developing a point
should be someone who is a role model for students at 3 linkers of contrast
school, and someone who stands up for what they believe in.
4 persuasive language
We strongly recommend naming the new study centre after
the young South African climate activist Ayakha Melithafa. ® Examti
As a teenager, she witnessed the hardships that people When you write a proposal, use persuasive
were suffering during droughts due to climate change. As a language to convince the reader, and outline
result, she made it her life's mission to raise awareness of the several different advantages to support
climate crisis and campaign for change. your arguments. Use a variety of different
structures to demonstrate the range of
Achievements language that you know.
In 2019, Ayakha graduated as a YouLead warrior from
the South African Project 90 for 2030 after an intensive
Practice makes perfect
year studying climate change literacy and attending
skills-development courses. In addition, she is a 8a Read the writing task in 5 again.
spokesperson for the African Climate Alliance. What is more, Plan your own proposal based on a
she has represented South Africa twice, at both the United different real-life hero.
Nations and the World Economic Forum.
8b Write your proposal.
Reasons for suggestion
As outlined above, despite her young age, Ayakha Melithafa 8c When you finish your proposal, use the
has campaigned at the highest levels for a cause that she is Writing checklist on page 141 to check it.
passionate about, and which many students at our school
also care about. This makes her a true hero for many of us.
The greatest advantage to selecting Ayakha for the name of
the study centre would be that she has studied hard to achieve
her goals and shows great determination to educate people.
This would be beneficial to students and staff alike, due to the
fact that she is a role model and someone we admire.

Conclusion
To sum up, there is little doubt that Ayakha Melithafa would
be an excellent choice for the name of the study centre,
given her leadership qualities. Additionally, as our school is a
climate-friendly organisation, there could be no better choice.

www.frenglish.ru
U n it 10 131
 Grammar reference

0 Gerunds and infinitives Participle clauses

1 We use the gerund: Participle clauses are used to avoid repetition and
ti • after prepositions. say things in a more concise way. We use them
n H e'd been th inking about buying a new laptop fo r some time. when the subject of the participle clause and the
U
ti
verb in the main clause are the same. We use the
• as the subject or object of a sentence.
present participle to convey an active meaning
Moving to the countryside was the best thing we ever did.
while the past participle has a passive meaning.

kc
She suggestedyoing out fo r some food after the class. Seeing the vast range o f fo o d on offer, I couldn't help
• after certain noun phrases, e.g. /t's not worth, It's no w anting to buy everything.
good, There's no point (in), have difficulty/problems/ Given enough support, they should be able to

e trouble (in/with). complete the task.

h
They're having some difficulty answering the questions.
If we want to say that one thing happened before
• after verbs of liking or disliking, e.g. can't stand, enjoy, another, we can use a perfect participle.

C hate, like, look forward to, love.

I can't sta n d having to w ait in long queues a t the
supermarket.
Having spoken to him on several occasions,
I'm surprised he didn't recognise me.
\Ne use participle clauses:
• after certain verbs, e.g. admit, avoid, consider, deny, • to replace a relative clause.
feel like, finish, imagine, miss, practise, resent, suggest. M any o f the children spoken to in the survey sa id
l/Ve consideredgoing to the United States b u t we decided to they were satisfied w ith the facilities.
go to Canada instead.
(Many o f the children who were spoken to ...)
If the subject of the main clause and the gerund are
• to replace a conjunction with because or so.
different, we need to use an object, object pronoun or
possessive adjective. B eing too fa r to walk, we decided to g e t a bus
home.
They can't standpeople complaining all the time.
(Because it was too far... / I t was too far... so)
/ can't imagine us being a t different schools.
• to replace a conjunction with after, when or
\Ne use the infinitive with to:
once.
• to express purpose or intention.
Having read a review o f the film, / no longer
She worked very h a rd to g e t a place a t university.
w anted to watch it.
• after the verb to be for orders and arrangements. (Once I h a d read... / A fter reading...)
You are to place all m etal objects in the tray.
• to replace a conjunction with while.
• after a number of adjectives. He ripped his trousers climbing over the fence.
He was thrilled to be invited to the party.
(... while he was climbing...)
• after too, enough, the first, the last.
• to replace the if clause in a conditional.
There w asn't enough time to meet everyone.
Taken w ith ju s t a little milk, tea is one o f the most
• after certain verbs, e.g. afford, agree, aim, decide, refreshing drinks.
deserve, expect, happen, hesitate, hope, pretend, refuse.
( f i t is ta ken ...)
The prim e m inister hesitatedtogive an answ er to the
question.
• after certain nouns, e.g. attempt, decision, desire,
determination, failure, permission, right, willingness.
It was his willingness to come on the trip which
surprised me.

Vocabulary
(§EI1 People who make a difference
forerunner • humanitarian • iconoclast • mentor • philanthropist • pioneer • role model • trailblazer

©ED 2 Words with prepositions

abstain from • attitude towards • capacity as • comparison between • concentrate on • gifted in • intention of •
object to • praise for • satisfied with • sensitive about / to • suspicious of

©ED 3 Skills and qualities

flexibility (n) • networking skills (n) • optimism (n) • persistence (n) • resilience (n) •
the ability to motivate others (phr) • the ability to see the big picture (phr) • the ability to think outside the box (phr)

132 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gerunds and infinitives Participle clauses
1 Choose the correct alternative. 3 Rewrite the sentences
1 She considered flying/to fly to the US. with participle clauses.
2 They campaigned getting/to get people interested in the 1 Because he felt very
climate challenge. cold, he put the
heating on.
3 Selling/To sell the car was the best thing I did.
2 Some of the people
4 Have you thought about buying/to buy a bike?
that were interviewed
5 I can't stand eating/to eat raw fish. in the survey said they
6 I think you'd expected getting/to get a parcel today, hadn't you? didn't have a hero.
7 She couldn't imagine going/to go on holiday without him. 3 If they are given
enough time, the
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs team could improve.
given. 4 After I had watched
1 We were the first family round here (buy) an the race last week, I
electric car. was inspired to take
2 She moved out of the way to avoid (bump) into up cycling.
the waitress. 5 If you take it at night,
3 They can't imagine (live) anywhere else. it is thought that milk
can help you sleep.
4 Her determination (educate) people about
climate change is admirable. 6 She fell over while she
was running for the
5 I used to hate (have to) cycle to school.
bus.
6 Don't pretend (not know) what I'm talking about.
/ 6 points
7 We don't have enough money (get) him both
books.
/14 points

Vocabulary test 1
< People who make a difference Words with prepositions
1 Choose the correct alternative. 2 Complete each sentence with a
preposition.
1 His invention was the pioneer/
forerunner of all future computers. 1 Lily is gifted languages.
2 The tsunami was the worst 2 What is your attitude
humanitarian/iconoclast crisis in recent setbacks?
years. 3 He's really sensitive his haircut.
3 She made an excellent philanthropist/ 4 I'm writing to you in my capacity
mentor for new students.
4 Amelia Earhart was a trailblazer/ 5 She was praised
leader of this team.
her heroic es
forerunner, being the first woman to fly
solo over the Atlantic.
actions.
6 Are you satisfied the decision? t
5 Our teacher makes a great role model/
humanitarian as he demonstrates how
to keep calm during discussions when
7 I have no intention
8 I can't concentrate
tidying up.
my work.
vo
people have opposing ideas. / 8 points
u
6 Do you know anyone who's a(n)
iconoclast/role model? Often, they're
Skills and qualities
3 Match 1-4 to a-d to make skills and
rs
freethinkers and question everything.
7 Some very wealthy people become
qualities.
el
f
philanthropists/trailblazers, giving lots of 1 the ability to a outside the box
money to good causes. motivate b skills
2 the ability to see others
8 Seeing potential and trying new things c
u
can result in a great mentor/pioneer who 3 the ability to think d the big picture n
may push boundaries. 4 networking i
/ 8 points / 4 points

Total: / 40 points
133
www.frenglish.ru
 1
3
4
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Classroom
Exchange
r
SPEAKING ® Starting point Academic skills
What do you remember from the article about Whether you are presenting the information in written or
'Hollywood North' on page 112? What benefits spoken form, it is important to structure it well, using linking
of filming in Canada were mentioned? words and a good range of grammar and vocabulary. Use
a thesaurus to find synonyms to avoid repetition and use
SPEAKING ® Project task phrases from the Speaking and Writing Banks.
<_________________________________________________________________________ J
You want to inform students from other
countries about the film and TV industry
in your country or region. Focus on one or
Collaboration
more of the research areas below. Use your It's a great idea to work together as a team on drafts of
own knowledge and search the Internet for your project before producing the final version. You can
information. Prepare one of these: check each other's work for errors and to ensure that the
A poster C video message ideas are well-presented. Different people will be able to
spot different things and that is a really effective way to
B presentation D information leaflet
ensure the final version is as good as it can possibly be.
Research areas Useful language
• film and TV industry statistics (revenue,
number of films/series made per year, etc.) At several points during the presentation, I saw that you ....
For me, this comes across as ..., I'm concerned that this
• the most notable actors or film directors
could lead to ..., Have you considered...?, Can you think of
• the most popular TV series and films alternative ways t o ...?, I really like the way you ...
• the most popular genres for TV series and
films made in your country or region / ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \

• genres of film and TV series specific to the Intercultural awareness

culture in your country or region
Will people from other countries know about films, TV
• any locations (cities, beaches, film studios) series and actors that are famous in your country? To give
in your country or region that are often an appropriate amount of detail, find out how well-known
used to film TV series or films they are internationally. For example, you could find out if
• attitudes of the people from your country their films are shown internationally or if they feature in any
and other countries to your country's film cultural reviews in English.
and TV industry <_____________________________________________________________________________________ ✓

3/ Think a b o u t... IG

/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> Do the project. Then present it to the class.

Digital skills
As your presentation is about films and is/ Evaluation
TV series from your country, find out if
any clips of the films or programmes you Give each project a mark from 1to 5 (5 = very good) for:
mention are available online. You may Content Design
want to share a clip or trailer as part of
your presentation. Presentation Language
L____________________________________________________ /

www.frenglish.ru
135
 UNIT1 UNIT 2 f / ' f P l

Vocabulary in context (page 6) Vocabulary in context (page 18)

Write a definition or an example sentence to show Complete these words and phrases related to
the meaning of these words and phrases. trends. Then write explanations.
accomplishment • adventure • battle • exploit • 1 in the 4 to on
feat • hurdle • obstacle • ordeal • struggle • trial 2 make a 5 hash
3 a cultural 6 a lash

Reading (pages 6-7)

Reading (page 18-19)
Write sentences to explain why each number is
Write one or two sentences to explain why each of
mentioned in the text on page 7.
these is mentioned in the text on page 19.
1 eight-month (para A)
2 38 (para B) dungarees • Rihanna • the Ice-Bucket Challenge •
2017 • Gen Z
3 1,260 (para C)
4 10 (para D)
Grammar in context 1 (page 20)
Grammar in context 1 (pages) Complete the sentences about habits. There may
Rewrite the incorrect sentences. be more than one possible answer.
1 They worked hard since this morning. 1 She toast every morning, (have)
2 She's been travelling all over the world when she 2 In the 80s people jackets with
was young. shoulder pads, (wear)
3 I think we've been owning the house for about 3 My sister what to do. I can't
three years now. stand it! (constantly/tell)
4 We've set off on our journey yesterday. 4 When we were younger we , but
now we get on well! (always/fight)
5 Where have you lived since you moved to London?

Developing vocabulary (page 21)

Developing vocabulary (page 9)
Complete the sentences with the expressions in
Add the correct prefix to make these words
the box.
negative and write a short definition or a
sentence using the word. all the rage • in vogue • on the radar •
1 legal 3 approve 5 experienced the next big thing
2 relevant 4 practical
1 It may not be very popular yet, but I'm convinced
that sustainable fashion will be
Grammar in context 2 (page 12) 2 Mini-skirts were first in the 1960s,
Complete the second sentence so that it has a and have come in and out of fashion ever since.
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
3 Exercise clothing was in the
word or phrase given. Do not change the word
1990s, and is fashionable again today.
given. Use between three and six words, including
the word given. 4 The young fashion icon has been
of the world's press since photos of him wearing
1 The book is much less informative than the TED
the legendary outfit went viral.
talk, (by miles)
The TED talk is more
Grammar in context 2 (page 24)
2 Jan always gives up before anyone else in the class,
(by fa r) Rewrite the sentences as one sentence using the
relative pronoun given.
Jan is determined student in
the class. 1 Many Americans read the news on social media.
More than half of them expect the news to be
3 The number of students hasn't increased quite as inaccurate, (who)
much this year, (slightly)
2 A new clothes shop has opened in town. It only sells
This year, the number of students has increased second-hand clothes, (that)
did in previous years.
3 The new Japanese restaurant is all the rage right
4 I was surprised by how important passion is for now. I ate there last night, (where)
achieving success, (deal)
4 This smartphone has won many awards. It has five
Passion is for achieving success cameras, (which)
than I'd expected.
5 A girl used to live in our town. She has become a
famous social-media influencer, (who)
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Vocabulary in context (page 32) Vocabulary in context (page 44)
Write a sentence to explain the difference or Write a definition or an example sentence to show
relationship between the two words. the meaning of these words.
1 authentic/genuine 3 nai've/gullible 1 reinforce
2 cynical/scepticaI 2 undermine
3 obey
Reading (pages 32-33) 4 clash with
How do you think technology can help bring 5 praise
history to life? Write four or five sentences
explaining your ideas.
Reading (pages 44-45)
Answer the questions for the text on page 45.
Gram m ar in context 1 (page 34)
1 Why does commentator A say 'adults don't get it'?
Choose the correct alternative.
2 According to commentator B why are young adults
1 We had been touring/had toured Canada for a
fascinated by dystopian novels?
few weeks when we came across the 'Famous Five'
sculptures in Ottawa. These commemorate five 3 Why did commentator C expect the questions
courageous women who had challenged/were would be different at last year's festival?
challenging Canada's constitution in the past so 4 What does commentator D think is key to a
that women could be appointed to the Senate. successful young-adult novel?
2 In 1889, while the queen of Italy was visiting/
visited Naples, she ate/was eating a pizza made Gram m ar in context 1 (page 46)
by Raffaele Esposito, a famous pizza-maker. The Choose the best alternative. If you think both
queen loved it, so he named the pizza after her - alternatives are correct, choose both.
Margherita.
1 You look busy - \'ll/'m going to help you if you like.
3 By 2019, The Hollywood Walk of Fame had awarded/
2 I don't think they realised how much they were
were awarding stars to 18 fictional characters. going to/would miss home before they left.
Mickey Mouse was the first in 1978, while Minnie
Mouse had/was having to wait 40 years longer. 3 He would/was going to go on holiday next week,
but he's changed his mind.
Developing vocabulary (page 35) 4 The company was doing badly and was bound to/
on the verge ofclosing.
Complete each sentence with the correct form of
the appropriate word. 5 With so much money being invested into artificial
intelligence, it is bound to/likely to improve in
1 The shoplifter had hoped he would future.
away with it.
2 My parents came to the train station to
Developing vocabulary (page 47)
me off on my trip.
Think of as many adjectives as you can with the
3 Officials tried to up the
mistake.
following suffixes
R
4 The idea for my novel
when I was travelling in Europe.
about -able • -al • -ful • -ible • -ive • -ory
ea
Gram m ar in context 2 (page50)
ch
5 One thing I can't up with is
rudeness - it's not acceptable. Complete these sentences in a logical way.
1 At this time tomorrow I ...
Gram m ar in context 2 (page 38)
Rewrite these sentences using the phrases in the
h
box and inversion.
hardly ever • not only • only when • on no account
2 By 2050, I hope I ...
ig
1 You shouldn't have missed the deadline for h
submitting award nominations. 3 By next year, I ...
e
2 I didn't think historical dramas were interesting
until I watched The Crown.
3 She's at university studying both film studies 4 By the time I'm 30 years old, I expect I ...
ro
and drama.
4 They rarely see each other any more.

www.frenglish.ru
137
Vocabulary in context (page 58) Vocabulary in context (page 70)
Write a definition or an example sentence to show Write a definition or an example sentence to show
the meaning of these words. the meaning of these words.
1 a cue 1 prehistoric art 4 scenic route
2 a hint 2 native wildlife 5 remote location
3 vague 3 cultural heritage
4 drone on
5 protocols Reading (pages 70-71)
Write a short summary of the information about
Reading (pages 58-59) each cave in the article.

List the challenges with video communication

that the author identifies in the article, and the Grammar in context 1 (page 72)
ways to avoid these problems that are suggested. 1 Complete the sentences using your own ideas
to show how the present could be different if
Grammar in context 1 (page60) the past had been different.

Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 If he had studied harder, he
1 If we had been ready on tim e ,... 2 If I had taken that job, I
2 They would have enjoyed it more ... 3 If she had learnt to ski really well when she was
younger, she
3 If it starts to get d ark,...
4 If you will insist on going outside without a co at,... 2 Complete the sentences to show how the past
5 If you were to accept the jo b ,... could be different if the present was different
using your own ideas.
Developing vocabulary (page 61) 4 If I wasn't afraid of wild animals,
I
Complete the sentences with one of the phrases
with say, tell or speak from page 61. 5 If she wasn't feeling ill, she
1 Be quiet now, I think she's 6 If it wasn't the middle of the night, they probably
2 Can you between this one and
that one?
Developing vocabulary (page 73)
3 They're any more - they had
an argument. Complete each sentence with the correct word.
4 Sorry I haven't contributed much to the discussion: 1 I've been getting running lately - I'm
I feel like I starting to enjoy it!
5 I can't go to the meeting, so can you 2 There was such a bad connection I couldn't make
■ what she was saying.
6 They can't who did it - there's 3 Some really successful actors started
not enough evidence. in local theatre.
4 This year I really want to take anew
Grammar in context 2 (page 67) challenge.
Rewrite the incorrect sentences. 5 I thought I'd found a fossil but it turned
to be just a rock.
1 Supposing that the train would be on time, you
should be at my house in time for the party.
Grammar in context 2 (page 76)
2 They'll be happy as long as they've got some food
and some games. Look at the situations and write a sentence
expressing a regret using the given word or
3 I always walk to school provided it's raining, in phrase and your own ideas.
which case I take the bus.
1 You missed the bus. (should)
4 Can you bring some music, in case people didn't
like mine?
2 You burnt the cake, (if only)
5 Even if sometimes we haven't spoken for a long
time, we've never lost touch completely.
3 You forgot your friend's birthday, (wish)

4 You had to stay at home, (sooner)

www.frenglish.ru
V ocab ulary in context (page 84) V ocabulary in context (pag e 96)
Which of the words in the box have positive Write another word from the positive action
connotations and which have negative vocabulary set that has a sim ilar m eaning to
connotations? Choose five of the words and write the word given. Write a sentence to explain any
a sentence for each of them which describes an d ifference in m eaning.
exam p le of the characteristic. 1 measures
distant • compassionate • conscientious • 2 an enterprise
manipulative • principled • resilient • selfless • 3 campaigns
self-serving • spiteful • unruly
4 a motive
5 to enable
R eading (pages 84-85) 6 profitable
Answ er the questions for the text on page 85.
1 Why does the writer begin with the story of Lord of Reading (pages 96-97)
the Flies? Write one or two sentences to explain why each of
2 What examples does the writer give of how the these things, num bers or places is m entioned in
Tongan boys behaved differently to the characters the text on page 97.
in Lord of the Flies? 1 2040
3 How did the Tongan boys end up on the 2 polar bears
uninhabited island? 3 1990s
4 What challenges did the marooned boys face on 4 hypocrisy
the island? 5 Bangladesh
5 What things did they achieve during their time on 6 light-heartedness
the island?

G ram m ar in context 1 (page 98)

G ram m ar in context 1 (page 86)
Report the conversation using rem ind, m ention,
Com plete the sentences with the correct p rom ise, apologise for, congratulate on.
causative form in brackets.
Anya: (1) Don't forget that you're picking me up
1 He replaced his mobile phone screen. tomorrow for the football match.
Ty: Yes, I've remembered. (2) My dad is driving
(get + object + past participle) us there.
2 She edited her French essay. Anya: OK. (3) I won't be late.
Ty: (4) I'm sorry I got so annoyed last week.
(have + object + past participle) Anya: That's OK. Oh, and I nearly forgot to say (5) well
done - you got player of the match last week!
3 I checked my teeth.

D evelo p in g vo cab u lary (page 99)

(have + agent + infinitive without to + object)
W rite a short story or text containing as m any
exam ples of words or expressions that we use
D evelo p in g vo cabulary (page 87) with g ive and take as you can think of. How m any
Think of five com pound nouns or adjectives using can you include?
self. Then write sentences using three of them . Yesterday, I was giving my neighbour a hand when ...

G ram m ar in context 2 (page 90) G ram m ar in context 2 (page 102)

Rewrite these sentences to em phasise the Write the categories in the box in the correct
underlined w ord(s). order for adjectives before a noun. Then write
three adjectives for each category.
1 I rea Ily Iike meetingjmyJmends^tJ±i.e.Jwe.ekerid.
2 We finally finished the exam at two o'clock. colour • function • material • opinion • origin •
3 People who-are .impolite drive me crazy. shape • size
4 My brother has always supported me. 1 5
5 I wo n'tcall you because you never answer 2 6
your phone. 3 7
6 I would most like to visit Elnrence.
4

www.frenglish.ru
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Great writers check their work carefully to find and correct any mistakes before they complete their final
version. Here are the top ten things to check:

1 Content 6 Vocabulary
Check that you have answered the specific question Use a wide range of vocabulary and try not to repeat
and done everything that appears in the task. the same words. A dictionary and thesaurus can help.
Think about these things: See www.macmillandictionary.com
• Is it easy to understand your ideas and opinions?
• Have you given reasons or examples to illustrate
7 Spelling
your ideas?
If you aren't sure how to spell a word, check in
• Have you used the correct number of words?
a dictionary. See www.macmillandictionary.com

2 Style
8 Punctuation
Make sure that you have written in an appropriate
Check your use of commas, full stops, question marks,
style for the task (e.g. formal/informal). Is your writing
exclamation marks, etc.
interesting, informative, descriptive,...?

3 Paragraphs and organisation 9 Capital letters

Make sure you have used capital letters correctly (e.g.
Check that you have paragraphs made up of different
sentences talking about one main topic or idea. for the first word in the sentence, names, nationalities,
Make sure the paragraphs are in a logical order. days of the week, months, etc.).

4 Linkers 10 Presentation
Decide if it is easy to read your handwriting. Are you
Check that you have used a variety of linkers (e.g. firstly,
proud of the presentation?
furthermore, however,...) to join your ideas clearly and
appropriately.

5 Grammar
Model texts
• An informal email of A review
Check for any mistakes with verb agreement, tenses, advice • Describing visual
prepositions, word order, regular and irregular forms,
• An opinion essay 1 information
etc. Be particularly careful with the new grammar you
• A cover letter • A report
have just learnt in the unit.
• An academic essay • An opinion essay 2
A proposal 1 • A proposal 2
-------------- Workbook —7

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Writing checklist 141
 Unit 1 Unit 2
Great learners are flexible and open to Great learners are aware of their habits.
new opportunities.
Habits are behaviours that we perform
Future planning is often necessary and without thinking. Many habits are positive
can give us a sense of security. However, we but others are destructive for ourselves
also need to build some flexibility into our and others. To change our habits, we must
goals. The world is always changing and so first become aware of them so we can
are we, and we can't always predict what understand the feelings and emotions
new opportunities will open up. To make that drive them. We can then try to replace
good decisions, we need to think flexibly, them with other forms of behaviour that
focusing not only on the future, but also give us similar rewards with fewer negative
on the present. consequences.
How good are you at being flexible? How aware are you of your habits?
Grade yourself from 1to 5. Grade yourself from 1to 5.

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Unit 3 Unit 4
Great learners acknowledge the Great learners persevere in the face of
contributions of others. setbacks.
While we should feel proud of our Few things that are worth doing are
achievements, we also need to remember easy. No matter how passionate and
that none of us achieves anything alone. hard-working we are, we'll almost always
We all rely on other people to support us, encounter setbacks and obstacles.
teach us and share knowledge. We should This is why perseverance is so crucial.
recognise how other people have helped When the going gets tough, we need to
us and remember to thank them and give remember what our goals are and why
them credit for their work and ideas. they're important, accept that mistakes
and setbacks are normal, and learn
How good are you at acknowledging from them.
the contributions of others? Grade
yourself from 1to 5. How good are you at persevering in
the face of setbacks? Grade yourself
2 3 4 from 1to 5.

1 2 3 4 5

U n it5
Great learners find and form supportive communities.
Our well-being depends on our feeling part of a community - a group of people who share
our passions, interests, values and goals. The Internet provides opportunities for us to 'find
our tribe'. It's important to take care when communicating online and you should never share
personal information with strangers, but online communities can be a valuable source of
support and a great way to boost your confidence and develop your social skills.

How good are you at finding and forming supportive communities?

Grade yourself from 1to 5.

1 2 3 4 5

142 www.frenglish.ru
 Unit 6 Unit?
Great learners show social Great learners try to understand people
responsibility. as individuals.
When we have an exciting idea for our It's very easy to stereotype people
community, it can be easy to forget the according to the social groups they appear
global implications. By applying ethical to belong to. Being aware of our tendency
decision-making and social responsibility to categorise people can help us to resist it
into our local planning, we may be able to and ensure that we make an effort to find
find a solution that allows us to achieve the out who people really are and how they
same goals without harming the planet view their own identities.
and perhaps even protecting it.
How good are you at understanding
How good are you at thinking about the people as individuals? Grade yourself
social responsibility of local actions? from 1to 5.
Grade yourself from 1to 5.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Unit 9
Unit8 Great learners understand the value of
Great learners show empathy and patience.
appreciate diversity. Patience is an ability that we can
By taking the perspective of and all develop with practice. It can help
empathising with others, including those us feel less stressed and enhance our
from diverse backgrounds and cultures, we relationships. It can also help us to achieve
can learn more about ourselves our goals, since delaying a short-term
and expand our own social and reward can often lead to greater long-term
emotional skills. rewards. Of course, there are times when
we need to take action rather than waiting
How good are you at appreciating for something to happen. So we also need
diversity? Grade yourself from 1to 5. to be able to judge when patience is and
isn't appropriate.
1 2 3 4 5
How good are you at being patient?
Grade yourself from 1to 5.

Unit 10
Great learners develop their social and emotional skills.
Being famous or having an important job is not necessary to make an impact on society.
By learning how to recognise and control our emotions, understand and care about others, make
good decisions and behave responsibly and with good intentions, as well as establishing and
maintaining positive relationships, and making responsible choices in our lives,
we can create a fair society and contribute to our communities.

How good are you at recognising and developing your social and emotional skills?
Grade yourself from 1to 5.
1 2 3 4 5
J

www.frenglish.ru
143
— Listening r ........................................................................ Speaking ■
-■........... -......... -
Listening exam tip Speaking exam tip
In activities where you have to listen to short When you are answering personal questions,
recordings, remember... rem em ber...
Read each question quickly before you listen and Respond quickly and spontaneously with
think about the kind of information you expect to complete answers. Give examples, reasons and
hear in the recording. additional information to support your answers.

For questions 1-6, choose the correct SPEAKING Look at the questions. The examiner
answer (A, B, or C) which fits best. There are may ask you questions like these at the start of
two questions for each extract. the exam. Practise asking and answering these
Extract One questions with your partner.
You hear two friends talking about an interview • What type of activities do you like to do in your
they are going to have. leisure time? Why?
1 How does the girl feel about the interview? • How do you prefer to connect with your friends
A worried that she has done too little online? Why?
preparation • Is studying hard very important to you? Why?
B nervous about questions the interview panel • What sort of work would you like to do in the
may ask future? Why?
• What is your favourite place that you have
C concerned that she has the wrong
visited? Why?
background for the role
• Who is an important role model in your life?
2 What is the boy worried about?
A his qualifications 8 Tell your partner how well they did in the task
B his skills in 7. Did your partner...
C his personality • use correct grammar and vocabulary?
Extract Two • speak clearly so you could understand?
You hear two students talking about their project • give appropriate information in answer to the
on trends. questions?
3 What is the boy's criticism of the project? • give additional information, reasons and
A The research is limited. examples?
B It mentions too few ideas. SPEAKING What do you need to do in order to
C It lacks originality. do well in this part of the speaking exam?
4 What is the girl doing in the conversation?
A reassuring the boy about their project
B suggesting ways to change their project
C admitting that they still have a lot of work
to do
Extract Three
You hear a man talking to a woman about some
problems he has had.
5 How does the man say his background has
affected his career?
A It has prevented him from getting
promotions.
B It has limited the types of jobs he could
apply for.
C It has made him feel inferior to his
colleagues.
6 In the woman's opinion, the man would be more
successful...
A if he focused on the content of his job.
B if he chatted to colleagues about his
concerns.
C if he tried to work in a different field.

Units 1-2 www.frenglish.ru

Listening
Listening exam tip
In tasks where you need to Living in space
listen and complete notes,
rem em ber... Space organisations conduct experiments in pods to understand
more about the of life in space.
Read the notes before listening
and think about what kind of Ivan explains that space organisations are looking at how humans
information is missing. The notes react to the stress of over a period of time.
will be in the same order as the Ivan was surprised to learn that astronauts have a
information you will hear. rather than sitting all day.
Ivan explains that space travel allows us to get photos of
(4)._ on Earth.
Ivan felt uncomfortable about having his checked.
Abram ov ta lkin g about his Ivan was disappointed that most of what astronauts do is
experience preparing fo r space (6 )........ work.
exploration. For questions 1-8, Ivan claims that exercise was very important in order to offset the
com plete the sentences w ith a damage done by a lack of
word or short phrase.
Ivan suggests that in the future the ability to might
make life better for astronauts.

Reading r...... =
Reading exam tip
7 You are going to read fo u r extracts
In tasks where you have to match opinions to texts,
from reviews o f history books. For
questions 1-4, choose from the rem em ber...
reviews A -D . The reviews may be Identify the opinions and the similarities and differences.
chosen more than once.

A A life of Joan Clarke C The mystery ship

A lot of people think that biography is not a very good way into This book takes an interesting and firmly evidenced route into
history. It can be too personal and the context too limited to ancient Greece via the discovery a few years ago of a mystery
the person you are writing about. Often, historical biographies ship under the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. The author
end up describing and explaining the opinion of the subject at watched the ship being recovered and was part of the meticulous
the expense of a wider sense of the history. However, this book restoration process. She came to know the ship intimately and
on Clarke, who was one of the foremost computer experts of what it told us about how people lived their lives in Greece and
her day, is interesting not only because she is a very hidden how important the sea was to their psyche. She uses examples
character but also because it captures the changes in society of the artefacts found in the ship's hold to illustrate how trade
that were happening that fuelled herthinking. The author has happened across the sea. Her book is a great promoter of visual
researched the period extensively and it is he who makes the evidence. She argues that when we have a wealth of written
ties here. It offers a real sense of Clarke's struggles against the data the visual tends to get pushed to the background or is only
mores of the time while explaining how she contributed to this offered as support when it should perhaps be at the forefront.
extraordinary technological progress.

B Anglo-Saxon England D European diplomacy

The great thing about this book is how it manages to draw Diplomacy is probably much more important than many people
togetherso many elements and place them togetherto realise and this book details how it has prevented conflict and
create a multi-dimensional picture of what Anglo-Saxon contributed to trade over the last two centuries. The author
life would have been like. The author has clearly drawn on shows the complex negotiations which diplomatstake part
archaeological, artistic and written evidence from the time so in and underlines how results are achieved. Obviously, the
that we can understand how the towns and farms and society author was helped by the fact that there is a wealth of recorded
operated in medieval England. It is extremely well-written and evidence - both audio and written. He takes a forensic approach
reads almost like a novel, which I’m sure will draw criticism to unpicking the steps that lead to peaceful and prosperous
from some of my more academically driven colleagues. But outcomes. The book fills a major gap in our understanding of this
how better to give us this sense of time and place? The book strategy but he also speculates about how this past has affected
also has some wonderful illustrations, so the historic detail is our relationships today. This is not so convincing as it is very
there forthose who want to check her reference points in the much his interpretation and it is an awkward shift in an otherwise
story and it makes her conclusions all the more convincing. well-evidenced resource.

Which review(s)...
1 shares review A's opinion that the author's research was thorough?
2 discusses how the book has an unusual approach to how it reports history?
3 expresses a key weakness of the book?
4 highlights an element from the book that is not often found in the genre?

www.frenglish.ru
Units 3-4
 Listening Writing
Listening exam tip Writing exam tip
In tasks where you have to listen in order to When you have to write a report, rem em ber...
match information, rem em ber... Use the task to help you organise your report into
Focus on the purpose of each task. What do you paragraphs and give each paragraph a heading.
need to listen for? A reason? A solution?

5 Read the task and write your report in an

appropriate style.
3 You will hear five short extracts in which
people are talking about how to make a good
You have just visited a local museum. The
first impression.
museum director has asked you to write a report
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) about your visit.
what each speaker says is important when you In your report, you should evaluate the layout
meet someone. and contents of the museum, explain what you
learnt from your visit, and say what the museum
A introducing yourself
contributes to the local area.
properly
Write your report in 220-260 words.
B smiling when you are
introduced
C listening carefully
Speaker! 1
Speaking = = = = = = = = =
D giving everyone
Speaker? 2
a chance Speaking exam tip
Speaker? 3
E using the other person's In activities where you have to speak with a
Speaker 4 4
name partner, remember...
Speakers 5
F relaxing and be yourself Ask your partner questions to find out their
G thinking of topics to talk opinion. Don't worry if you disagree with your
about before you meet partner, but give your opinion politely.
H thanking whoever has
organised the meeting
SPEAKING Read the task then begin your
For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) discussion.
what typical mistake each speaker identifies.
A avoiding eye contact Imagine that you have been asked to give your
B giving a weak handshake opinion on how we can reduce the impact of
C forgetting names travelling on the planet. Here are some ideas for
the ways we can do this.
D being distracted Speaker! 6
Talk to each other about how each way can
E checking your phone Speaker 2 7
help reduce impact. You have two minutes.
F sharing too much Speakers 8
2 Now decide which is the best way to reduce
information Speaker 4 9
the amount you travel. You have one minute.
G using closed body Speaker 5 10
language
H forgetting to exchange visit your local share cars
contact information area more and bikes

SPEAKING What do you think is the most

important way to make a good first impression
when you meet in a college or work setting? How effective are these ways
Why? of reducing the impact of
travel on the planet?

use the train rather

than planes

find out about places work and

from TV programmes study online

Units 5-6 www.frenglish.ru

Writing
z- Writing exam tip-------------
SPEAKING What do you think makes a good campaign? Think
When you write a review,
about who the audience is, what kind of information that
re m e m b e r...
audience need before they participate or help and how the
audience might get to know about the campaign. Think carefully about who
the review is for. Check that
3 Read the task and write your review. Use some of your ideas in your review includes reasons
2 and make a recommendation. for your evaluation and
information that's useful for
the intended audience.
You see the following announcement on a website, Campaign'.
Reviews wanted!
4 Exchange reviews with a
We are looking for reviews of campaigns and what makes them effective.
partner. Use the Writing
What was the campaign for? What were the key features of the campaign?
checklist on page 141 to check
How successful was it in achieving its aims?
your partner's review and
Write your review in 220-260 words. give suggestions to help
them improve.

Reading
5 For each question, write the correct answer. Write ONE word for Reading exam tip
each gap. In tasks where you have
to write words in gaps,

PERSONAL BRANDINGONSOCIAL MEDIA re m e m b e r...

Read the text first to
understand the context
Accounts which are the most successful on social media are those which and purpose. Before you
have a very strong personal brand identity. It looks simple but we are told com plete each gap, make
that top influencers devote a huge of time and energy to sure you read the whole
getting their brand right and to making sure it connects with their target sentence to check your
followers. However, it is complicated and it is something answer makes sense.
which everyone can do if they want to raise their profile. You need to make
sure you research the niche you are targeting very carefully and really
understand people's needs and interests are. Think SPEAKING What would
carefully about what the purpose of your account is - what is the message be the two features of
you are trying to get ? Then, you can assign yourself key your personal brand on
self-brand traits. For example, is your brand going to be adventure and a social media account?
excitement or family-orientated and sentimental? you've Why?
decided this you will need to make sure this reflected
in all your posts. So you will need to think about how you capture those
brand elements visually to an immediate impact on your
followers. Explore other accounts to get some insights into how to do this
and how to use photo subjects, photo and caption styles and aesthetics to
resonate the type of people likely to follow you.

Speaking
7 You and your partner have just been talking about Speaking exam tip
different influences in your life. Look at the questions In discussion activities, re m e m b e r...
below and think about what you could say in response Make sure you always give reasons for
to each of them. your opinions. Try to give examples to
• Do you think it's important to have a role model? support what you say. Remember there
• Who do you think influences you more - your family or are no right answers; it is about your
your friends? point of view and how well you express it.
• What qualities do you think you need to be good at
influencing people?
• Do you think celebrities should be more aware of how Discuss the questions in 7.
they influence others? SPEAKING What is important in this
• What kind of things can be a bad influence in your life? part of the exam? How could you
• Would you like to be a role model to younger students? improve your answers?

www.frenglish.ru
Units 7-8
= Listening = Reading —
Listening exam tip Reading exam tip
When listening to longer recordings, In word-formation activities, rem em b er...
rem em b er... Read the text first to understand the context
Read the questions quickly. As you listen, try to and main point(s). Think about the type of word
answer the questions in your own words and which is missing and if you need a positive or a
then look at the options. negative word. You may need to make more than
one change to the word given.

3 SPEAKING What problems do you think you

might encounter in making your own film? 6 Read the text. Who do you think it is written
for? What is the main point?
4 ® You will hear an interview with a film
student called Irene who's talking about 7 For each question, write the correct answer.
making her own film. For questions 1-6, choose Write ONE word for each gap.
the best answer.
1 Irene says the challenge in getting funding for
her film w a s ...
BINGE-WATCHING
A developing a suitable concept for a short film. Thanks to streaming platforms, many of
us can now binge-watch our favourite
B constructing a suitable summary for investors.
TV series all in one sitting. And many of
C formatting the script in time. us do. Some research shows we watch
D dealing with the complex application an average of 20 hours TV a week - and
much of this can be CONSTANT
process.
watching one series. The question is,
2 What aspect of the costs surprised Irene? does watching TV in this way have any
A the extent of the expenses effects? It feels as if it W ANT
should because we know we are sitting
B the price of the kit required
around for hours in a way that cannot be
C the fees for the locations good for our health. Yet so far, because it
D the post-production process is a new phenomenon, RELATIVE
very little research has been done. The
3 What does Irene say about recruiting the
few into the impact INVESTIGATE
film crew?
of binge-watching report that watching
A She reluctantly had to use friends. TV in this way can lead to physical
B The team was smaller than she had wanted. problems such as obesity as well as
issues like a sense of PSYCHOLOGY
C People had less experience than she needed. isolation. But other studies show the
D It took much longer than she expected. , that is, that having a OPPOSE
4 Irene says her lack of experience made her fe e l... common interest, even a TV programme,
can provide a social bridge that allows
A worried about completing the schedule us to connect to people and gives a
on time. to our interactions. FLUENT
B concerned that others were better than her. In we don't really know TRUE
yet but we are sure to understand more
C uncomfortable with the experienced actors.
very soon.
D unsure of her ability to lead the team.
5 Irene believes that filmmakers need to ...
A watch multiple different films. ■=■Writing ■ = --= -=
B ask experts for advice and support.
Writing exam tip
C learn the technical side of their craft better.
When you write a proposal, rem em b er...
D include something original in their
Give reasons for your suggestions, describe how
productions.
your proposal could work in practice and try to
6 When asked about the future, Irene reveals... make your writing persuasive.
A an ambition to do different types of films.
B a desire for a new role in filmmaking.
C a need to prove she can create something 8 Read the task and write your proposal.
better. There are plans to hold a film festival in your local
D a wish to get more women involved in film. area. Write a proposal for the festival organisers,
suggesting which types of film should be included,
5 SPEAKINGWould you like to make a film? giving details of any workshops that could be
Why/Why not? offered and explaining how students could be
given the opportunity to help at the festival.

Write your proposal in 220-260 words.

Units 9-10 www.frenglish.ru

Communication activities
UNIT 3 UNIT 7
Developing speaking Developing speaking
Exercise 6, page 39 Exercise 8, page 91
Student A, here are your photos. They show historical places Student A, compare two of the photos and
that people may visit. Compare two of the photos and answer answer the questions given.
the questions in the box.
When you have finished, ask Student B this
When you have finished, ask Student B this question: question:
Which place do you think is the most interesting to visit? In which situation do you think it might be most
important to follow someone's advice?

Why do people like to visit places like this and do you feel it's
Student B, do the same task with the two
important to preserve them for the future? remaining photos.
Which place do you think is the most interesting to visit? When you have finished, ask Student A the
questions:
In which situation do you think it might be most
important to follow someone's advice?

• What might the person be asking about and

what advice might the other person be giving
them?
• In which situation do you think it might be
most important to follow someone's advice?

UNIT 5
Developing speaking
Exercise 5, page 65
Do the task. For the second part of the task, use expressions
from the Speaking bank and the advice in the Exam tip.

Here are some different things that might enable people to

express themselves, and a question for you to discuss.
2 Now you have about a minute to decide which of these
activities would appeal to the greatest number of students.

To what extent might acting

these activities help in a play
young people to
express themselves?
-------------------
playing a making
musical doing sport and something
instrument physical activities using your
or singing hands
____________

www.frenglish.ru
Communication activities 149
 Communication activities
UNIT 3 UNIT 8
Developing speaking Developing speaking
Exercise 6, page 39 Exercise 9, page 103
Student B, here are your photos. They show historical places Student A, compare two of the photos and
that people may visit. Compare two of the photos and answer answer the questions given.
the questions in the box.
When you have finished, ask Student B this
When you have finished, ask Student A this question: question:
Which place do you think is the most interesting to visit? In which situation do you think the person needs
help the most?
• Why do people like to visit places like this and do you feel it's Student B, do the same task with the two
important to preserve them for the future? remaining photos.
• Which place do you think is the most interesting to visit?
When you have finished, ask Student A this
question:
In which situation do you think the person needs
help the most?
—

• Why might the people be doing these

activities together?
• What might they have just said to one another?

UNIT 6
Developing speaking
Exercise 7, page 77
Read the task. You have one minute to make notes to help
you plan and organise your talk. You will need to speak for 1-2
minutes. Then return to page 77 and follow the instructions.

Student A
Describe a journey that is important to you. You should say:
• where the journey is from and to
• how often you make the journey
• what you do when you arrive at your destination
• and explain why the journey is important to you.

Student B
Describe an important tourist destination in your country.
You should say:
• where the place is located
• what kind of activities tourists can do there
• what type of people go there
• and explain why it is important as a tourist destination.

150 Communication activities www.frenglish.ru

Irregular verbs
Infinitive Past simple Past participle Infinitive Past simple Past participle

be was/were been let let let

beat beat beaten lie lay lain
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
break broke broken mean meant meant
bring brought brought meet met met
build built built pay paid paid
burn burnt burnt put put put
buy bought bought read read read
catch caught caught ride rode ridden
choose chose chosen ring rang rung
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost say said said
cut cut cut see saw seen
do did done sell sold sold
draw drew drawn send sent sent
drink drank drunk set up setup setup
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten shoot shot shot
fall fell fallen show showed shown
feel felt felt sing sang sung
find found found sit sat sat

fly flew flown sleep slept slept

forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken
forgive forgave forgiven speed sped sped
get got got spell spelt spelt
give gave given spend spent spent

go went gone split up split up split up

grow grew grown stand up stood up stood up
hang out hung out hung out steal stole stolen
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hide hid hidden teach taught taught
hit hit hit tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept understand understood understood
know knew known wake up woke up woken up
lay laid laid wear wore worn
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt win won won
leave left left write wrote written

www.frenglish.ru
Irregular verbs 151
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