Verma et al.

Bulletin of the National

Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01231-0 Research Centre

REVIEW Open Access

Exploring Ayurveda: principles and their

application in modern medicine
Sunil Kumar Verma1, Minakshi Pandey2, Avinash Sharma3 and Devendra Singh1*   

Abstract
Background The integration of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) with modern medicine
aims to provide a more personalized and effective approach to healthcare. Ayurveda is a traditional medicine system
in India that emphasizes the balance between mind, body, and spirit. It is based on the belief that every individual
is unique and requires personalized treatment. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda revolve around maintaining
equilibrium among three doshas: Vata (air and space), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water). Imbalances
in these doshas are believed to cause diseases.
Main body of the abstract The integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine seeks to utilize the best of both sys-
tems, focusing on using natural remedies and treatments that have been used for centuries in Ayurveda. The integra-
tion involves combining the strengths of both systems, including the use of Ayurvedic principles in modern medicine
and the incorporation of modern medicine into Ayurvedic practices. Several studies have explored the efficacy
of Ayurvedic treatments for various diseases, and the integration of Ayurvedic principles into modern medicine can
provide a more comprehensive approach to patient care.
Short conclusion Ayurveda is a traditional medical system deeply rooted in Indian culture that offers a holistic
approach to healthcare. Its principles emphasize personalized treatment based on an individual’s constitution. Inte-
grating Ayurveda with modern medicine can enhance patient care by providing a more comprehensive approach
towards health management. However, challenges exist regarding the standardization of Ayurvedic practices due
to variations in formulations and the need for more scientific evidence for some treatments. Further studies are
needed for validation purposes.
Keywords Ayurveda, Therapeutic lead, Integrative medicine, Panchakarma, Traditional medicine

Background
Ayurveda, also known as the “Science of Life,” is an
ancient system of medicine that originated in India
over 5000 years ago. It is contemplated one of the old-
est healthcare classifications in the world and has been
*Correspondence:
Devendra Singh
practiced continuously throughout history (Lohiya et al.
Devendrasingh.ibst@srmu.ac.in 2016). Ayurveda encompasses a holistic approach to
1
Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Shri health and well-being, focusing on the balance between
Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar
Pradesh 225001, India
mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda, an ancient healing sys-
2
Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, Shri tem originating in India, has an opulent history spanning
Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar thousands of years. Its roots can be traced back to Vedic
Pradesh 225003, India
3
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai,
scriptures, including the Atharva Veda, Rig Veda, and
Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India Yajur Veda. Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Sam-
hita and the Sushruta Samhita, compiled between 1000

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Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 2 of 28

and 500 BCE, serve as foundational sources for this tra- 2022a, b, c, d; Wu et al. 2021). A few well-known Indian
ditional medical system (Narayana and Durg 2021; Singh medicinal plants and their applications are included in
and Agarwal 2022). These texts provide a comprehensive Table 1.
understanding of human anatomy, physiology, pathol- Ayurvedic dietary guidelines are based on the prin-
ogy, and therapeutic interventions. Ayurveda adopts a ciple of Ahara (proper nourishment). A balanced diet is
holistic approach to health and well-being, considering essential for maintaining optimal health. Specific dietary
the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individ- recommendations are made according to an individual’s
ual. It emphasizes the dynamic balance between doshas dosha constitution and health condition. Ayurvedic mas-
(bio-energies), dhatus (body tissues), and malas (waste sage, known as Abhyanga, involves massaging the body
products) in maintaining health. Ayurvedic practitioners with medicated oils (Al Mahmud et al. 2023). It helps
aim to restore this balance through various therapeutic improve circulation, ease muscle tension, and promote
modalities and lifestyle adjustments (Singh et al. 2021). relaxation. Specialized massage techniques, such as Shi-
rodhara (pouring oil on the forehead), are also employed
Fundamental principles for specific health concerns. Ayurveda emphasizes the
Panchakarma integration of yoga and meditation practices to enhance
Panchakarma is a central tenet of Ayurveda that involves overall well-being. Yoga postures, breathing exercises,
a series of detoxification procedures to cleanse the body and meditation techniques are recommended to bal-
and mind. A holistic medical regimen called pancha- ance doshas, promote mental clarity, and reduce stress
karma purifies and revitalises the body, mind, as well as (Kakodkar et al. 2021). Ayurveda advocates for a har-
consciousness. It is founded on Ayurvedic principles, monious lifestyle that aligns with the rhythms of nature.
according to which each human is a unique phenomenon Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management
that is expressed through one of the five elements: Earth, are essential components of Ayurvedic health mainte-
Air, Fire, Water, and Ether. Each person has a different nance. Ayurveda has gained global recognition for its
balance of the three doshas (tridosha) that are formed by holistic approach to health and well-being. It offers a
these elements: Pitta, Kapha, and Vata. Disturbances in comprehensive system that addresses the root causes of
this doshic balance give rise to chaos and, ultimately, dis- imbalances rather than merely treating them (Singh et al.
ease. Panchakarma is individualized for each individual 2022b; Verma et al. 2024).
founded on their unique constitution and disease, neces-
sitating careful monitoring and oversight. It includes Historical development
cleansing techniques (Shodanas) after pre-purification The origins of Ayurveda could be trailed back to the
steps like Snehan and Svedana. It comprises five primary Vedic period in ancient India when sages and seers docu-
therapies, which are briefly described in Fig. 1. mented their knowledge of health and healing in sacred
texts called Vedas. These texts, particularly the Atharva
Tridosha theory Veda, contain detailed descriptions of various diseases,
One fundamental idea in Ayurveda that reflects a their causes, symptoms, and treatments (Sharma et al.
straightforward yet profound perspective on health is the 2022). Over time, Ayurveda evolved and expanded its
Tridosha hypothesis. It asserts that the three basic ener- scope through the contributions of renowned scholars
gies—Pitta, Kapha, and Vata—that regulate all physiolog- such as Charaka and Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita and
ical processes are known as doshas. The various doshas Charaka Samhita are two seminal texts that provide
that each person possesses in different amounts are what comprehensive guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and
give humans their unique physical characteristics, per- prevention of diseases (Singh et al. 2022e). Ayurveda, a
sonalities, and susceptibilities to illness. Ayurveda offers Sanskrit term meaning “science of life,” is a holistic sys-
a variety of methods for balancing the doshas, such as tem of medicine with its roots in ancient India. Ayurveda
Panchakarma, herbal remedies, dietary adjustments, and accentuates the equilibrium between body, spirit, and
lifestyle changes (Fig. 2). mind and uses natural herbs, diet, and lifestyle changes
to promote health and prevent disease. Here is a detailed
Therapeutic modalities historical timeline of Ayurveda’s development in India:
Ayurvedic medicine utilizes a vast array of herbs, spices,
and plant extracts for therapeutic purposes. These Early Vedic period (1500–1000 BCE)
herbal remedies are formulated into various prepara- The earliest evidence of Ayurvedic practices can be found
tions, including decoctions, infusions, pills, powders, and in the ancient Vedic texts, such as the Rigveda, Athar-
oils. Common herbs used in Ayurveda include turmeric, vaveda, and Yajurveda. These texts mention medicinal
ginger, holy basil, neem and ashwagandha (Singh et al. herbs, surgical procedures, and guidelines for healthy
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 3 of 28

Fig. 1 Showing the fundamental principles of panchakarma for treating an infected individual

living. Ayurveda was closely associated with religion physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. The
and spirituality, with many healing rituals performed by Sushruta Samhita, in particular, is acknowledged for its
priests and healers in temples. contributions to surgery, including descriptions of over
120 surgical instruments and procedures(Pandey et al.
Classical period (1000–500 BCE) 2013; Shi et al. 2021).
During this period, Ayurveda experienced significant
advancements, and several influential texts were com- Pre‑classical period (500–300 BCE)
posed. The most important of these texts are the Charaka This period saw the emergence of various schools of
Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. Ayurvedic thought, each with its own unique method-
These texts provided a comprehensive framework for ology for treatment and diagnosis. The most prominent
Ayurvedic medicine, covering topics such as anatomy, schools were the Charaka School, the Sushruta School,
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 4 of 28

Fig. 2 A systematic depiction of tridosha theory in Ayurveda. Ayurvedic practitioners assess an individual’s unique dosha constitution and offer
treatment plans accordingly (Ibáñez et al. 2023; Kumar et al. 2021)

and the Vagbhata School. Despite their differences, these including Arabic and Persian. Ayurvedic practitioners
schools shared a common belief in the importance of a also began to establish medical schools, hospitals, and
balanced diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes for dispensaries(Honwad 2017).
maintaining health (Jaiswal and Williams 2016).

Decline of Ayurveda (1000–1500 CE)

Golden age of Ayurveda (300–1000 CE) The rise of allopathic medicine and the influence of
This period marked the pinnacle of Ayurvedic devel- foreign invaders led to a decline in the popularity of
opment, with significant contributions from renowned Ayurveda. Allopathic medicine, with its emphasis on
physicians and scholars. Notable figures during this scientific experimentation and modern drugs, gained
time include Nagarjuna, Charaka, and Sushruta. Ayur- favor among the educated elite. Ayurveda was often
veda was widely practiced throughout India, and Ayur- viewed as outdated and unscientific, and its practice
vedic texts were translated into several languages, declined significantly (Li et al. 2022).
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 5 of 28

Table 1 List of Indian medicinal plants and its applications

Botanical name English name Hindi name Application References

Adhatoda vasica Nees Malabar Nut Adusa/Vasaka Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough Gantait and Panigrahi (2018)
Ananas comosus Pineapple Ananas Heart Disease, Obesity, Sore Throat, Hossain (2015)
Diabetes
Acacia arabica Willd Indian Gum Babool Bleeding Gums and Oral Care Gupta et al. (2019)
Bacopa monniera Pennel Thyme leafed gratiola Brahmi Enhances Memory, Anxiety Choudhary et al. (2021b)
Coriandrum sativum Linn. Coriander Dhaniya Flatulence, Useful in Indigestion, Con- Thakur et al. (2021a, b)
trols Spasmodic Pain
Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Kalmegh Acne, Diarrhea Sabharwal et al. (2021), Singh
et al. (2021), Singh and Agarwal
(2021)
Allium sativum Garlic Lashun Ringworm, Wounds Joshi et al. (2021)
Cyperus rotundus Linn. Nut Grass Nagarmotha , Diabetes, Solar Dermatitis Imam et al. (2014)
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Spreading Hogweed Punarnava Anemia, Liver Diseases, Wounds, Kidney Abbi et al. (2013)
health
Desmodium gangetium DC. Shal Leafed Bush Shalparni Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory Singh et al. (2015)
Ocimum sactum Linn. Holy Basil Tulsi Respiratory Diseases, Heart health Cohen (2014)
and Indigestion
Argyreia speciosa Sweet Elephant Creeper Vridhadaru Diabetes, Skin Diseases, Wounds Kareem et al. (2022)
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Eagle Wood Agarkasth Urinary Bladder incontinence and Bed- Godaly et al. (2016)
Wetting
Alangium salvifolium Sage leaf alangium Ankol Orthodoxly used in Dog Bite, Scorpion Yadav et al. (2023)
Bite and Snakebite
Amomum subulatum Pennel Greater Cardamom Badi Elaichi Digestant, Asthma, Appetizer and Bron- Korikanthimathm et al. (2001)
chitis
Achyranthes aspera Prickly chaff flower Chirchita Indigestion, Cough, Asthma, Liver Dwivedi et al. (2008)
health
Elettaria cardamomum Maton Lesser Cardamom Elaichi Dry Cough, Vomiting, Nausea Sarvade et al. (2018)
Abutilon indicum Country Mallow Kanghi Increases Strength, Joint Disorders Ram et al. (2021a)
and Nervine tonic
Celastrus paniculatus Willd Staff Tree Malakangini Hair care, Osteoarthritis and Muscle Kalam et al. (2019)
Cramps
Azadirachta indica A. Juss Margosa Tree Neem Intestinal Worms, Eye Disorders, Bloody Reddy and Palagani (2022)
Nose and Skin health
Allium cepa Linn. Onion Pyaj Prostate health, Digestive, Tripathi (2006)
Asparagus racemosus Willd Asparagus Shatavari Improves Lactation, Infertility, Uterine Alok et al. (2013)
health, Loss Of Libido
Abroma augustum a Devil’s Cotton Ulatkambal Irregularity In Periods, Gynecological Ahmad et al. (2021)
Problems
Alhagi camelorum Camel Thorn Yavasa Stomachache, Vomiting, Constipation Srivastava et al. (2014)
and Rheumatism,
Anacyclus pyrethrum Pellitory Akarkara Loss of libido, Dryness Of The Mouth, Kimothi (2016)
Catarrh, Toothache
Withania somnifera Dunal Winter Cherry Ashgandh Skin health, Joint Pains, Immunity Paul et al. (2021)
and Stress Tolerance,
Aegle marmelos Corr. Bengal Quince Bael Gut health, Coolant, Dysentery And Dia- Choudhary et al. (2021a, b)
betes
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Leadwort Chitrak Menstrual Disorders, Skin Diseases, Bhinde et al. (2020)
Obesity and Arthritis
Aloe vera Tourn ex. Linn. Aloes Ghee Kunwar Women’s health, Jaundice, Burn Injuries, Krunal and Doshi (2015)
Acne, Ulcers
Costus speciosus (Koeing) Sm. Crepe Ginger Ketaki Obesity, Hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes Rangasamy and Roshy (2010)
Centella asiatica Urban Gotu Kola Mandukparni Hair care, Brain health, Improves Gohil et al. (2010)
memory
Butea monosperma Kuntze Flame of forest Palasha Roundworm, Worm Infestations, Deogade (2016)
and Complexion of Skin
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 6 of 28

Table 1 (continued)
Botanical name English name Hindi name Application References

Abrus Precatorius Rosary Pea Ratti Alopecia, Fungal skin infections Taur and Patil (2011)
and Joint Pains
Albizia lebbeck (Linn) Benth Pennel Siris Tree Shirish Bronchial Asthma, Detoxification Shyamlal et al. (2012)
Acorus calamus Sweet Flag Bach Ulcers, Atonic Dyspepsia and Flatulent Singh et al. (2021)
Colic
Cassia fistula Linn. Indian Laburnum Amaltas Wounds, Ulcers and Mild laxative Madgundi et al. (2023)
Saraca indica Sorrowless tree Ashok Uterine Stimulant and Menstrual Nyeem (2017)
Irregularities
Clerodendron serratum Moon. Bharangi Bharangi Allergic Rhinitis, Chronic Sinusitis Bagade et al. (2023)
and Common Cold
Alstonia scholaris Dita Chitvan Increasing Lactation, Fever and Skin Joshi et al. (2019)
Ulcers
Commiphora mukul Engl. Indian Bdelium Guggulu Hypolipidaemic, Heart Diseases Azharhusain et al. (2022)
and Joint Disorders
Acacia catechu Willd Cutch Tree Kadirkasth Skin and Respiratory Problems, Oral Ram et al. (2021b)
Hygiene, Astringent
Aconitum ferox Monks hood Meetha Vish Arthritis, Diuretic Action and Arthritis Priyanka et al. (2023)
Cissampelos pareira Linn. Velvet Leaf Tree Patha Poisonous Bites, Sinuses, Skin Diseases, Thaker et al. (2023)
Ulcers
Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Indian Senna Senna Bowel Syndrome, Constipation, Irritable, Ansari et al. (2021)
Laxative, Weight Loss
Areca catechu Linn. Areca Nut/Betelnut Supari Irregular Menstruation, Hyperlipidae- Pathak et al. (2017)
mia, Diabetes and Obesity
Barleria prionitis Linn. Barleria Vajradanti Catarrh, Useful in Fever and Strength- Mirunalini and Krishnaveni (2010)
ens Teeth,
Emblica officinalis Linn. Indian Gooseberry Amla Constipation, Anti-stress, Fever Semwal et al. (2019)
and Antioxidant
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall Indian Ateech Atees Fever, Respiratory Joshi et al. (2019)
Betula utilis D. Don Himalayan Birch Bhojpatra Wounds, Obesity Jain (2016)
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. Bark Cinnamon Dalchini Antibacterial, Antiseptic Thakur t al. (2021b)
Amorphophallus campanulatus Elephant yam Jimikand Dysentery, Piles, Haemorrhoids Dey et al. (2012)
Alpinia galanga Greater Galangal Kulanjan Motion sickness, Dyspepsia, Vomiting Fahamiya et al. (2018)
and Flatulence,
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Liquorice Mulethi Digestive Disorders, Ulcers, Bronchitis, Shakyawal and Mahobiya (2023)
Skin health
Piper longum Linn. Long Pepper Pippali Asthma, Cough, Indigestion Pathak et al. (2010)
Boswellia serrata Roxb. Indian Olibanum Shalai Guggal Diabetes, Headache and Joint Pains Suneela (2019)
Cinnamomum tamala Nees Cinnamon Leaf Tamalpatra Diabetes, Digestion, Cold Thakur and Chaudhary (2021)
Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham Three Leafed Caper Varun Prostate health, Bladder Stones and Kid- Agarwal et al. (2010)
ney Stones

Revival of Ayurveda (1500–present) that spans several millennia. Despite facing challenges
In the nineteenth century, there was a renewed interest in and periods of decline, Ayurveda has survived and con-
Ayurveda, thanks to the efforts of Indian nationalists and tinues to thrive in India today. Its holistic methodology to
scholars. Figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Swami Vive- health, with its emphasis on natural therapies, has made it
kananda advocated for the revival of Indian traditional an increasingly popular choice for those seeking alternative
medicine. In the twentieth century, several Ayurvedic or complementary healthcare options (Singh and Reddy
colleges were established, and the government began to 2020).
promote Ayurvedic education and research. Today, Ayur-
veda is documented as a legitimate system of medicine in
India in addition to is widely practiced alongside allopathic
medicine. Ayurveda has an opulent and complex history
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 7 of 28

Ideologies of Ayurveda Treatment modalities

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is Ayurveda deals with an extensive range of treatment
founded on the belief that health is a state of balance modalities to address various imbalances and diseases.
between the mind, body, and spirit. According to Ayur- These modalities aim to restore balance to the doshas,
veda, imbalances in these three elements can lead to promote self-healing, and support the body’s natural
disease. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda are detoxification processes (Singh et al. 2024b). Here some
listed in Table 2. significant Ayurvedic treatment modalities are: Herbal
These principles form the foundation of Ayurvedic Remedies i.e., Ayurveda utilizes a vast array of herbs and
medicine along with guide the diagnosis, treatment, herbal formulations to treat various ailments (Singh et al.
and prevention of disease. Ayurvedic practitioners 2022a, b). These herbs are believed to possess specific
practice countless techniques, comprising herbal rem- medicinal properties that can balance the doshas, allevi-
edies, diet, lifestyle changes, and yoga, to restore bal- ate symptoms, and promote healing. Ayurvedic herbal
ance to the doshas and promote overall health and remedies are typically prepared using whole herbs or
well-being (Pandurangi et al. 2017). standardized extracts (Amegbor and Rosenberg 2020). A
few medications or chemicals that have been produced
from natural ingredients are included in Table 4.
Diagnosis in Ayurveda
Ayurvedic diagnosis is a holistic process that aims to Diet and nutrition
understand the root cause of an individual’s imbalance Ayurveda places prodigious prominence on diet and
and disease. It involves a comprehensive assessment of nutrition as a foundation for good health. Ayurvedic
the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional state, over practitioners vouch for a sattvic diet, which is predomi-
and above their lifestyle and diet (Kataria et al. 2022). nantly vegetarian, fresh, and wholesome. The diet is
The following are key components of Ayurvedic diag- personalized to the individual’s unique constitution and
nosis shown in Table 3. current state of imbalance. Specific foods and spices are
Based on the information gathered from these recommended to poise the doshas and promote healing.
diagnostic techniques, the Ayurvedic practitioner
determines the patient’s prakruti and vikruti. This Panchakarma
information guides the appropriate selection of treat- It is a comprehensive detoxification and rejuvena-
ment strategies, including herbal remedies, diet, life- tion program that is considered the cornerstone of
style changes, and yoga (Raynaud et al. 2021). Ayurvedic treatment. It involves five main proce-
dures: Nasya (nasal administration of herbal oils or

Table 2 Shows the fundamental principles of Ayurveda

Ideologies of Ayurveda Description

Panchamahabhuta (five elements) Ayurveda recognizes five basic elements that make up the universe and the human body: ether, fire, water, earth,
and air. These elements are assumed to be present in different combinations in each individual, determining their
unique constitution or prakruti
Tridosha (three humors) Ayurveda posits that the body’s functions are presided over by 3 doshas or humor: Kapha, pitta, and vata. Vata
is associated with space and air, pitta with fire and water, and kapha with earth and water. Each dosha has specific
qualities and functions; an imbalance in any of them can lead to disease
Prakruti and Vikruti Every individual has a unique constitution or prakruti, which is determined by the equilibrium of the 3 doshas
at the time of conception. When the doshas are in balance, a person is healthy. However, when the doshas become
imbalanced, a person’s vikruti, or current state of disparity, develops, leading to disease
Dhatus (body tissues) Ayurveda recognizes seven basic tissues or dhatus in the body: rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), mamsa (muscle), meda
(fat), asthi (bone), majja (bone marrow), and shukra (reproductive fluids). Each dhatu is formed from the previous
one through a process of transformation
Ojas Ojas are the essence of vitality and immunity in Ayurveda. It is produced through the appropriate food digestion
and the balanced functioning of the doshas. Ojas nourishes the body’s tissues, organs, and mind, promoting overall
health and well-being
Agni (digestive fire) Ayurveda places great importance on the digestive fire or Agni. Agni is responsible for the proper digestion
and assimilation of food, as well as the waste product elimination. A strong Agni is essential for good health,
while a weak Agni leads to indigestion, toxicity, and disease
Rasa (taste) Ayurveda recognizes six tastes: astringent, pungent, sweet, sour, salty and bitter. For each taste has specific qualities
and effects on the mind and body. Balancing the different tastes in one’s diet is essential for maintaining health
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 8 of 28

Table 3 List of the important components of Ayurvedic diagnosis

Components of Ayurvedic diagnosis Description

Nadi Pariksha (pulse diagnosis) Ayurvedic practitioners place great importance on pulse diagnosis. They assess the potentials
of the pulse, such as its strength, speed, and regularity, to determine the state of the doshas and the com-
plete balance of the body
Jihva Pariksha (tongue diagnosis) The tongue is considered a window to the digestive system and the overall health of the body. Ayurvedic
practitioners examine the tongue’s texture, coating and color to assess the state of the doshas as well
as the presence of imbalances
Mutra Pariksha (urine analysis) Urine analysis is used to assess the state of the urinary system and the overall balance of doshas. Ayurve-
dic practitioners examine the color, clarity, odor, and taste of the urine to determine imbalances
Mala Pariksha (stool analysis) Stool analysis is used to assess the state of the digestive system and the overall balance of the doshas.
Ayurvedic practitioners examine the color, consistency, and frequency of bowel movements to deter-
mine imbalances
Sharira Pariksha (physical examination) Ayurvedic practitioners conduct a thorough physical examination, including observation of the skin, eyes,
nails, and hair. They also palpate the abdomen, lymph nodes, and joints to assess the state of the doshas
as well as identify any abnormalities
Prashna (patient interview) The Ayurvedic practitioner engages in a detailed conversation with the patient to gather informa-
tion about their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, and diet. This information is used to understand
the patient’s unique constitution and the factors which may have impacted to their imbalance
Manasa Pariksha (psychological assessment) Ayurvedic practitioners also assess the patient’s mental and emotional state. They may ask questions
about the patient’s sleep patterns, dreams, fears, and anxieties. This information is used to understand
the impact of the imbalance on the patient’s emotional and mental well-being

Table 4 Lists several medications or substances that have been created or separated from natural materials
Compounds Botanical name/plant Therapeutic uses Mechanism References

Schisandrin C, bicyclol, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Hepatoprotective, anti- Apoptosis Induction, Glu- Bao and Liu (2008), Li and Liu
bifendate Baill. hepatitis B virus cose Homeostasis (2004), Sun et al. (2012), Wani
and Horwitz (2014)
Taxol, docetaxel Taxus brevifolia Antitumor Microtubule Stabilization, Holmes et al. (1991), Kumar
Disruption of Mitotic Spin- et al. (2022b)
dle Formation, Induction
of Apoptosis
Lovastatin Aspergillus terreus Hyperlipoidemia Inhibition of HMG-CoA
Reductase
Camptothecin, irinotecan Camptotheca acuminata Antitumor Inhibition of Topoisomer- Kamal et al. (2022)
and topotecan Decne ase I
Ginkgolide B Gimkgo biloba L. Cerebral infarction Platelet-Activating Factor
(PAF) Antagonism
Stilbene glycoside Polygonum multiflorum Vascular dementia Apoptosis Induction Liu et al. (2019)
Thunb.
Ternatolide Ranunculus ternatus Thunb. Anti-tuberculosis –
Curcumin Curcuma longa L. Hypolipidemic inhibits the activity
of enzymes like cyclooxyge-
nase-2 (COX-2), lipoxyge-
nase (LOX), and inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
Polysaccharide MDG-1 Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Anti-myocardial cell injury Regulation of PPARα
Ker-Gawl. and PPARγ
Romidepsin Chromobacterium violaceum Antitumor Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Xiong et al. (2019), Singh
Inhibition and Agarwal (2021)

powders), Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Basti (medi- Yoga and meditation

cated enemas), virechana (therapeutic purgation), and It’s an integral part of Ayurvedic treatment. Specific yoga
raktamokshana (bloodletting). Panchakarma is typi- postures, breathing exercises, and meditation techniques
cally conducted under the supervision of an authorized are recommended to poise the doshas, promote relaxa-
Ayurvedic practitioner. tion, and enhance overall well-being.
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 9 of 28

Ayurvedic massage Ayurvedic doctors based on each patient’s distinct

Ayurvedic massage, known as abhyanga, a therapeutic Prakriti (constitutional type) and symptoms.
massage technique that uses herbal oils or ghee. Abhy-
anga is believed to improve circulation, promote relax- Prakriti‑based stratification of healthy individuals
ation, as well as balance the doshas. It can also be used By combining contemporary genomics with Ayurveda’s
to relieve muscle pain and stiffness. Prakriti stratification techniques, the molecular and
genomic underpinnings of the Dosha Prakriti idea have
Shirodhara been discovered. Researchers discovered that healthy
Shirodhara is a specialized Ayurvedic treatment that people with different Prakriti types (Pitta, Kapha, and
includes pouring a continuous stream of warm oil Vata) had unique molecular signatures. By utilizing
or medicated liquid onto the forehead. Shirodhara is genomes and molecular phenotyping, this Ayurgenomics
believed to relax the mind, relieve stress and anxiety, method allows for the methodical investigation of Ayur-
and promote deep relaxation. vedic principles.

Ayurvedic facials and body treatments Integration with modern medicine

Ayurvedic facials and body treatments use herbal Ayurveda is increasingly being integrated with modern
pastes, oils, and powders to cleanse, nourish, and medicine to provide an inclusive approach to healthcare.
rejuvenate the skin. These treatments are believed to Ayurvedic principles and practices are being studied and
improve skin health, promote relaxation, along with incorporated into mainstream medical care, particularly
balance the doshas (Evans et al. 2008; Ladas et al. 2015; in areas such as chronic diseases, stress management,
Misawa et al. 2019). It’s imperative to note that Ayur- and mental health (Sharma and Prajapati 2020).
vedic treatment modalities should be administered by
qualified Ayurvedic practitioners who have undergone The conflict between the traditional way
proper training and education. Ayurveda is a complete of Ayurveda and the modern medical practice
medicine system, and the selection of apposite treat- The ancient Ayurvedic approach and contemporary med-
ment modalities depends on the individual’s unique ical treatment disagree on a number of important points:
constitution, current state of imbalance, and specific Lack of Standardization: Ayurvedic medications are cre-
health concerns (Nlooto and Naidoo 2016). ated using natural components, which can vary in qual-
ity and potency, resulting to inconsistent effectiveness.
Contemporary relevance This is in contrast to modern medicine, where drugs
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medicine system, is gain- are synthesized in a lab under tight restrictions. Stand-
ing increasing recognition and relevance in contempo- ard Operating Procedures (SOPs) versus Customization:
rary healthcare due to its wide-ranging methodology Ayurvedic clinical practice is centered around customi-
for health and well-being. Here are some vital aspects zation, whereas modern medicine requires standard
highlighting the contemporary relevance of Ayurveda. operating procedures (SOPs). A significant disagreement
arises between the two systems as a result (Singh et al.
Focus on prevention and personalized care 2024c). Evidence-based Practice: The majority of Ayur-
Ayurveda emphasizes preventive healthcare and takes vedic treatments lack rigorous scientific study and evi-
a holistic approach to patient care. Ayurvedic practi- dence-based validation, which makes it challenging for
tioners consider the individual’s unique constitution, Ayurveda to be incorporated into mainstream medicine.
lifestyle, and environment when making treatment rec- Integration Challenges: Lack of trust, technical incom-
ommendations. This personalized approach can help patibilities, difficulties with operational coordination,
identify and address imbalances before they manifest as and regulatory obstacles are some of the obstacles that
full-blown diseases (Pushpa 2024). stand in the way of integrating Ayurveda with contempo-
rary medicine. Reductionist Approach: Ayurveda treats
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis the patient holistically, whereas modern medicine takes
Studies have demonstrated that by identifying par- a reductionist approach. When creating an interface
ticular Prakriti-based subgroups, Ayurvedic medicines between Ayurveda and modern medicine, caution must
can aid in the treatment of complex diseases, includ- be taken to avoid unduly reductionist treatment of Ayur-
ing rheumatoid arthritis. Personalized diets, lifestyle veda. Safety Myths: People frequently believe that Ayur-
modifications, and herbal therapies are prescribed by vedic medications are safe and have no adverse effects,
which can result in self-medication and even injury. It
is essential for the successful integration of Ayurveda
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 10 of 28

and contemporary medicine to resolve these tensions scientific research methodology with Ayurvedic prin-
through standardization, evidence-based research, and a ciples may facilitate the development of standardized
cooperative approach in order to deliver safe and efficient yet customized treatment regimens that capitalize on
patient treatment (Chopra and Doiphode 2002). the advantages of both systems. This may entail locat-
ing essential Ayurvedic medicines, formulas, and tech-
Scientific research and validation niques that have shown effective in clinical trials and
An emergent body of scientific research supports the incorporating them into all-encompassing, patient-
efficacy of Ayurvedic herbs, therapies, and formulations. focused treatment plans. Furthermore, putting in place
Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness regulatory frameworks and quality control procedures
of Ayurveda in managing various conditions, includ- for Ayurvedic treatments and products could help
ing arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and anxiety (Gupta guarantee consistency and safety, opening the door for
2024). Ayurveda to be more widely accepted and integrated
into mainstream healthcare. Even though there are still
Integrative and complementary medicine difficulties, this integrated method may offer more con-
Ayurveda is gaining acceptance as a integrative and com- crete answers that close the knowledge gap between
plementary medicine system that can be used alongside conventional medicine and Ayurvedic medicine.
conventional medicine to enhance treatment outcomes
and improve overall well-being (Olbara et al. 2018).
Table 5 Ayurvedic therapies can help reduce the con- Challenges associated with the use of AYUSH
ventional treatments’ side effects and promote a faster When applied to modern medicine, Ayurveda, Yoga,
recovery. Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) presents
several challenges: Absence of Scientific Confirmation
Lifestyle and wellness Scientists haven’t looked into the effectiveness of many
Ayurvedic principles and practices, for instance, medi- AYUSH therapies in great detail, and the evidence
tation, yoga, and a sattvic diet, are becoming popular in for this is weak. The marketing of Ayurvedic proce-
modern lifestyle and wellness trends. These practices are dures and items in the West has led to cultural appro-
recognized for their ability to promote mental and physi- priation and the loss of integrity and cultural identity.
cal well-being, diminish stress as well as enhance overall Safety and Quality Control Issues: There are concerns
quality of life (Palileo-Villanueva et al. 2022). regarding the safety and quality of Ayurvedic products
because they are not governed by many countries. Vari-
Herbal medicine and nutraceuticals ous goods have been found to contain hazardous com-
Ayurvedic herbs and formulations are increasingly being pounds, such as heavy metals.
used as nutraceuticals and dietary supplements to sup- Integration with Modern Medicine: The primary bar-
port complete health and well-being Table 6. The demand riers to the integration of AYUSH with modern medi-
for standardized Ayurvedic herbal extracts and formula- cation are a lack of solid scientific research and the
tions is growing globally. need for evidence-based validation. Misconceptions
An organized display of medicinal plants, their corre- and Self-Medication: The common misconception that
sponding products, potential interactions between drugs AYUSH drugs have no side effects may lead to self-
and herbs, and an analysis of their effectiveness is shown medication and potential harm. Challenges with Educa-
in Fig. 3. tion and Regulation: AYUSH practice and education are
not subject to the same stringent standards and regula-
Ayurvedic spas and wellness retreats tions as modern medicine, which makes it challenging
Ayurvedic spas and wellness retreats are becoming pop- to ensure the efficacy as well as safety of AYUSH ther-
ular destinations for individuals seeking rejuvenation, apies. The security and efficacy of herbal treatments
relaxation, and healing. These retreats offer a range of While Ayurvedic medicines have long been considered
Ayurvedic therapies, treatments, and lifestyle interven- safe, their effectiveness is sometimes only moderate,
tions to promote mental, emotional, and physical well- thus further research is needed to find out how efficient
being (Peltzer and Pengpid 2019). they are in treating certain conditions. These problems
must be fixed in order to ensure the efficacy and safety
The challenge of standardizing Ayurvedic practice of AYUSH treatments and to facilitate the seamless
Creating integrative treatment guidelines based on evi- integration of AYUSH with modern medicine (Chan-
dence could be one way to solve the issue of standardi- dola 2012; Ghate and Wele 2022).
zation in Ayurveda. The integration of contemporary
Table 5 Lists several significant herbal formulas that are commonly employed in India’s traditional Ayurvedic system
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Asthma/bronchitis Solanum xanthocarpum 25 Whole plant The patient was given 4 g of mixed powder with water Bhinde et al. (2020), Taur and Patil (2011)
Piper longum 10 Fruit twice a day, in the morning and at nighttime
Adhatoda vasica 25 Leaf
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Curcuma zedoaria 10 Root
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Cancer Azadirachta indica 20 Bark Treatment of cancer, the patient should take 4 g of mixed Pandey et al. (2013), Samy et al. (2008)
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Bauhinia variegata 15 Bark powder twice a day (in the morning and at night)
with lukewarm honey
Crataeva nurvala 15 Bark
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
(2024) 48:77

Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem

Blood circulation Zingiber officinale 20 Root The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day, Ahmad et al. (2021), Amalraj et al. (2022), Pandey et al. (2013),
Piper longum 10 Root along with water Paul et al. (2021)
Withania somnifera 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 10 Fruit
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Anemia Asparagus racemosu 20 Root Twice a day, the patient receives 4 g of powder Baliga et al. (2019), Mathai et al. (2015),
Withania somnifera 20 Root along with water
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
P. amarus 10 Leaf
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Page 11 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Arthritis Piper longum 10 Fruit For rheumatic ailments, the patient should take 4 g Gupta et al. (2021), Shah (2019), Singh et al. (2022a)
of mixed powder twice a day together with ginger juice
S. xanthocarpum 15 Whole plant
Withania somnifera 10 Root
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Curcuma zedoaria 15 Root
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit

Ricinus communis 15 Root
Chronic fever Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day, Nair et al. (2019)
Ocimum sanctum 15 Leaf along with water, before meals
Adhatoda vasica 15 Leaf
(2024) 48:77

Azadirachta indica 15 Leaf

Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Cough Phyllanthus emblica 25 Fruit To treat a cold, the patient should take 3 g of mixed pow- Kumar et al. (2022b), Mishra et al. (2022)
Adhatoda vasica 20 Leaf der twice a day in the morning and at night before bed.
The powder should be heated and combined with honey
Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf
Piper longum 10 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Solanum xanthocarpum 10 Whole plant
Chronic constipation Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark Before going to bed at night, the patient receives 4 g Devendra and Vishnu (2021), Samy et al. (2008)
Plumbago ovata 20 Husk of mixed powder mixed with water
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Cassia angustifolia 20 Leaf
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Page 12 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Diarrhea Holarrhena antidysenterica 25 Bark For treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, the patient Singh and Agarwal (2023), Singh et al. 2022a, b, c, d, Chau-
is given three grams of mixed powder with curd thrice han et al. (2023), Parmar et al. (2016)
Aegle marmelos 25 Fruit a day
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Cyperus rotundus 10 Root
Syzygium cumini 10
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit

Dislocation of bones Asparagus racemosus 15 Root For fractures and bone dislocation, the patient is given 3 g Gao et al. (2016)
Withania somnifera 15 Root of mixed powder two times a day with water
Azadirachta arabica 20 Bark
Terminalia arjuna 20 Bark
(2024) 48:77

T. chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Dental diseases Azadirachta indica 15 Leaf Twice a day, the teeth and gums are treated with the pow- Samy et al. (2008)
A. arabia 15 Bark der. Moreover, a gargle with the infusion (3 g of powder
in 150 ml of water)
Areca catechu 15 Bark
Achyranthes aspera 10 Leaf
Ficus benghalensis 15 Bark
Quercus infectoria 15 Fruit
Symplocos racemosa 15 Bark
Cysts Terminalia chebula 20 Fruit The patient receives 4 g of blended powder (one tea- Gupta et al. (2021), Pundarikakshudu et al. (2024)
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark spoonful) twice a day together with water
Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Withania somnifera 20 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem
Page 13 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Diabetes Gymnema sylvestre 30 Leaf The patient should receive 4 g of blended powder Gaonkar and Hullatti (2020), Modak et al. (2007)
with water twice a day
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Azadirachta indica 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Aegle marmelos 15 Leaf
Female sterility Asparagus racemosus 20 Root Twice a day, thirty minutes before meals, the patient
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Withania somnifera 20 Root receives three grams of mixed powder with milk
Glycyrrhiza glabra 20 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Ficus glomerata 10 Bark
(2024) 48:77

F. religiosa 10 Bark
Gastritis Zingiber officinale 10 Root The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day, Amalraj et al. (2022), Tiwari et al. (2023)
Piper longum 10 Fruit 30 min before meals, along with water
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
T. bellerica 15 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Fistula Glycyrrhiza glabra 20 Root To treat fistula, the patient should receive 3 g of mixed Samy et al. (2008)
Terminalia chebula 20 Fruit powder two times a day with water
T. bellerica 15 Fruit
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Azadirachta indica 15 leaf
Withania somnifera 15 Root
Page 14 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

General health tonic Withania somnifera 20 Root The patient receives 4 g of powder with milk twice a day Končić (2017)
in the morning and the evening
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Terminalia arjuna 15 Bark
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Centella asiatica 10 Leaf

High blood pressure Terminalia arjuna 35 Bark The patient receives 4 g of powder with honey twice a day
T. chebula 15 Fruit in morning and evening
Asparagus racemosus 15 Root
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
(2024) 48:77

Withania somnifera 25 Root

Hair problems Eclipta alba 15 Leaf The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with honey
Centella asiatica 15 Leaf twice a day
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Epilepsy Centella asiatica 30 Leaf To cure hysteria, the patient is given 3 g of mixed powder Paul et al. (2021), Udayakumar et al. (2010)
Withania somnifera 20 Root with fruit juice two times a day in morning and in evening
Tribulus terrestris 15 Fruit
Piper longum 10 Root
Achyranthes aspera 15 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Page 15 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Heart tonic Withania somnifera 10 Root The patient receives 3 g of blended powder twice a day, Tiwari et al. (2023)
along with water
Terminalia arjuna 30 Bark
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
T. chebula 10 Fruit
Cyperus rotundus 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Ocimum sanctum 10 Leaf

Leucorrhoea Symplocos racemosa 35 Bark The patient receives 3 g of blended powder twice a day, Pundarikakshudu et al. (2024)
Asparagus racemosus 15 Root along with water
Adhatoda vasica 10 Leaf
Aegle marmelos 10 Fruit
(2024) 48:77

Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit

Azadirachta indica 10 Bark
Intestinal worms Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark The patient receives 3 g of blended powder with water Baliga et al. (2019), De Santo et al. (1979)
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf two times a day in morning and in evening
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem
Butea monosperma 20 Seed
Azadirachta indica 10 Leaf
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Tribulus terrestris 10 Fruit
Liver tonic Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 Bark Twice a day, half an hour before meals, the patient has 4 g
Eclipta alba 20 Leaf of mixed powder with water
Tephrosia purpurea 20 Leaf
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Azadirachta indica 10 Bark
Phyllanthus amarus 20 Whole plant
Plumbago zeylanica 10 Root
Page 16 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Leucoderma Psoralea corylifolia 20 Seed The patient should receive 3 g of mixed powder with water Gao et al. (2016)
twice a day prior to meals
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 20 Fruit
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark
Areca catechu 10 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Eclipta alba 10 leaf

Lack of appetite Zingiber officinale 10 Root For indigestion, the patient is given 4 g of mixed powder Tiwari et al. (2023)
Piper longum 10 Fruit twice a day, after meals, along with water
Phyllanthus emblica 30 Fruit
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit
(2024) 48:77

Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem

Cassia angustifolia 10 Leaf
Mentha piperita 10 Leaf
Migraine Curcuma longa 15 Root The patient is given 4 g of mixed powder twice a day, Ashawat et al. (2007)
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root along with honey
Azadirachta indica 15 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
Ocimum sanctum 15 Leaf
Eclipta alba 15 Leaf
Urinary tract Tribulus terrestris 25 Fruit The patient receives 4 g of blended powder twice a day, Kataria et al. (2022)
Zingiber officinale 10 Root along with water
Solanum xanthocarpum 10 Whole plant
Crataeva nurvala 25 Bark
Tinospora cordifolia 10 Stem
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Tephrosia purpurea 10 Leaf
Page 17 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Male sterility Withania somnifera 15 Root The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with honey Ayabe et al. (1990)
twice a day
Mucuna pruriens 25 Seed
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Terminalia arjuna 10 Bark
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Zingiber officinale 5 Root

Piper longum 5 Fruit
Obesity Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit two times a day in morning and in evening, the patient Tiwari et al. (2023)
Terminalia bellerica 15 Fruit receives 4 g of powder mixed with warm water
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
(2024) 48:77

Crataeva nurvala 25 Bark

Tribulus terrestris 25 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Piles Eclipta alba 35 Leaf The patient receives 4 g of blended powder with water Mukherjee et al. (2002)
Terminalia chebula 15 Fruit twice a day in the morning and the evening
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Adhatoda vasica 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Aegle marmelos 10 Fruit
Skin diseases Cyperus rotundus 10 Root To treat allergy issues, the patient is given 3 g of powder Devendra (2021)
Tinospora cordifolia 20 Stem twice a day, before meals, along with water
Azadirachta indica 20 Bark
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Curcuma longa 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Centella asiatica 10 Leaf
Page 18 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used

Prostate enlargement Tinospora cordifolia 15 Stem The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day, Ayabe et al. (1990)
in the morning and the evening, along with water
Tribulus terrestris 15 Fruit before meals
Phyllanthus emblica 15 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Butea monosperma 10 Seed
Adhatoda vasica 5 Leaf
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit

T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Sleeplessness Withania somnifera 20 Root Before bedtime, the patient receives 3 g of mixed powder Paul et al. (2021)
mixed with milk
(2024) 48:77

Centella asiatica 30 Leaf

Piper longum 20 Root
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Terminalia bellerica 10 Fruit
Thyroid problems Crataeva nurvala 20 Bark Twice a day, the patient receives 3 g of mixed powder Kataria et al. (2022)
Bauhinia variegata 20 Bark mixed with lukewarm water
Sida cordifolia 15 Leaf
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 15 Root
Zingiber officinale 10 Root
Sexual debility Withania somnifera 10 Root The patient should receive about 4 g of mixed pow- Kataria et al. (2022)
Mucuna pruriens 20 Seed der with milk twice a day, in the morning and at night
before bed
Asparagus racemosus 10 Root
Sida cordifolia 10 Seed
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 Root
Page 19 of 28
Table 5 (continued)
Disease Formulation Dose/method of use References
Botanical name Ratio (%) Part used
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Throat diseases Glycyrrhiza glabra 30 Root The patient receives 4 g of mixed powder twice a day, Kataria et al. (2022)
in the morning and before bed, along with honey
Terminalia chebula 10 Fruit
T. bellerica 10 Fruit
(2024) 48:77

Solanum xanthocarpum 20 Whole plant

Piper longum 10 Fruit
Sida cordifolia 10 Root
Phyllanthus emblica 10 Fruit
Paralysis Curcuma zedoaria 20 Root The patient receives three grams of blended powder Caldwell et al. (2007), Udayakumar et al. (2010)
Withania somnifera 20 Root with honey three times a day
Tribulus terrestris 20 Fruit
Zingiber officinale 20 Root
Piper longum 5 Fruit
Crataeva nurvala 10 Leaf
Plumbago zeylanica 5 Root
Page 20 of 28
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 21 of 28

Table 6 Lists a few common medicinal plants with potential as nutraceuticals, along with their main application in conventional
medicine
Common name Botanical name Uses References

Sunthi, Ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc In numerous Ayurvedic formulae, gin- Amalraj et al. (2022), Singh et al. (2022a)
ger is used as an adjuvant to improve
absorption and minimize gastroin-
testinal adverse effects. In Ayurvedic
medicine, this spice is frequently
used to enhance digestion and avoid
nausea. These characteristics ease
constipation and soothe the muscles
that govern the digestive tract
Pippali, Indian Long Pepper Piper longum L. Pippali can be used to rejuvenate
the lungs and is a potent stimulant
for both the respiratory and digestive
systems. The release of metabolic
heat energy is significantly influenced
by it. Thyroid hormone levels that are
elevated in the body cause this effect.
With the capacity to improve absorp-
tion and boost the bioavailability
of the other active substances, pippali
is a common supplemental agent
used in Ayurvedic medicine
Yashtimadhu, Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. In China and India, it is a multipur- Ayabe et al. (1990)
pose medication for gastrointestinal
issues. It relaxes muscle spasms, calms
and tones mucous membranes,
and functions as a mild laxative. It
supports several immunological
processes, including the synthesis
of interferon, and is an antioxidant
that also protects against cancer. It
works as an antimutagen to stop
genetic material damage that can
lead to cancer in the long run
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal As in the case of traditional Chinese Udayakumar et al. (2010)
medicine, ginseng and ashwagan-
dha are important components
of Ayurvedic remedies. Some refer
to it as "Indian Ginseng." Since ancient
times, it has been a widely utilized
treatment for a variety of ailments
in Ayurvedic systems. When taken
as a remedy for general debility,
it is among the best health tonics
and restoratives
Jatamansi, Musk root Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Plant jatamansi is calming and benefi- Muskal et al. (2016)
cial to mental health. It is a powerful
component in many Ayurvedic com-
positions. It has been demonstrated
to be helpful with numerous meno-
pausal symptoms as well as preserv-
ing a peaceful night’s sleep
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 22 of 28

Table 6 (continued)
Common name Botanical name Uses References

Garcinia Garcinia cambogia Dr. Fruits are a source of physiologically Bourque et al. (1999), Singh et al.
active chemicals, such as hydroxy cit- (2024a, b, c)
ric acid, which has been shown to pre-
vent the formation of fats and lipids.
HCA inhibits the ATP-citrate lyase
enzyme, which lowers the synthesis
of acetyl CoA, an essential component
in the metabolism of fat and carbohy-
drates. As a result, relatively little LDL
and triglyceride are formed. Addition-
ally, it reduces hunger by encouraging
the synthesis of glycogen. In this man-
ner, the brain receives signals of hap-
piness and fullness earlier. Garcinia
is utilized as a heart tonic and has high
levels of vitamin C
Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Miers Rich in natural vitamin C, guduchi
effectively suppresses bacterial devel-
opment, strengthens immunological
resilience, and has anti-inflammatory
properties. When this plant is used,
white blood cells—the immune cells
that fight against invaders—have
a higher capacity to kill macrophages
Kiwanch, Kapikachchhu, Cow-itch Mucuna pruriens Baker It provides a good natural L. dopa sup- Wichers et al. (1993)
plant ply. It is said to be a powerful nervous
system tonic in the Ayurvedic system.
Research has shown that it is helpful
in preserving the nervous system’s
peak functioning
Nagarmusta Cyperus scariosus Br. Both are hepatoprotective and benefi- Amalraj et al. (2022)
cial in promoting a healthy genitouri-
nary system
Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. An excellent and safe expectorant, Tiwari et al. (2023)
tonic, and purgative is haritaki. Being
a blend of three fruits, it is a key
component of the traditional Ayur-
vedic recipe "Triphala." Tiphalpha
is a significant Ayurvedic treatment
that promotes health through several
processes of cleaning and detoxifi-
cation. Owing to its high vitamin C
concentration, it is well recognized
to have potent antimutagenic proper-
ties
Nimba, Neem Melia azadirachta L. Strong health-improving properties
allow it to be used as an astringent
and tonic that encourages healing.
The extract exhibits antispasmodic
properties. Many millennia of use
in Ayurvedic medicine have attested
to its cleansing qualities. The digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and circulatory
systems have all benefited the most
from it
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 23 of 28

Table 6 (continued)
Common name Botanical name Uses References

Guggul Commiphora mukul Engl. A key component of joint and immu- Babalola and Adedayo (2023)
nocare products and recognized
as a treatment in Ayurvedic medicine,
it raises white blood cell counts
and has potent immunomodulatory
effects. In addition to being used
to treat a number of other ailments,
like lowering triglycerides and cho-
lesterol while preserving the HDL
to LDL ratio, it also offers protection
against the common cold
Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd Powerful rejuvenating Ayurvedic rem- Piermaria et al. (2009)
edy. It is mostly advised for women
who have had hysterectomies
and provides a variety of female
hormones. Additionally, it boosts
immunity, maintains the urinary tract,
and purifies blood
Pasanavheda Bergenia ligulata Wall It has a special quality that combines Godaly et al. (2016)
the best urinary tract health with diu-
retic activity. This crucial medication
helps the bladder by maintaining
the calcium salts’ solution and affect-
ing the crystalloid-colloid balance
Gurmarar Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Its name in Sanskrit directly translates Gholap and Kar (2003)
as “sugar destroyer.” It acts as a glyco-
lytic and weakens a glucose solution.
It has been used for millennia in Ayur-
veda to control the metabolism
of sugar. It raises insulin production
as well as the site of insulin produc-
tion and pancreatic cell regeneration.
Gurmarar also has the ability to com-
pletely eliminate the taste of sugar,
which makes it useful for stifling
and neutralizing sugar cravings
Maricha, Black pepper Piper nigrum L. One of the most significant spices, Tiwari et al. (2023)
black pepper, is frequently used
to facilitate the digestive process
and increase the body’s capacity
to absorb nutrients from food

Global acknowledgement and acceptance Conclusions

Ayurveda’s growing recognition and acceptance world- Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, has a
wide as a legitimate system of medicine. Several coun- rich and complex history spanning over several millen-
tries have incorporated Ayurveda into their national nia. Its principles and practices are established on the
healthcare systems, and Ayurvedic practitioners are credence that health is a state of balance between the
increasingly being recognized as healthcare profession- mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda emphasizes preven-
als. Overall, Ayurveda’s contemporary relevance lies in tion and personalized care, besides the natural therapies
its holistic approach toward health, its focus on pre- use to promote healing and well-being. Despite its long
vention and personalized care, and its growing scien- history and contributions to healthcare, Ayurveda faced
tific validation. The amalgamation of modern medicine challenges and periods of decline, particularly during the
with Ayurveda and its increasing popularity in lifestyle colonial era. However, in recent decades, there has been a
and wellness trends further contribute to its relevance renewed interest in Ayurveda, both in India and globally.
in the twenty-first century (Kumar et al. 2022a; Peltzer This revival is driven by several factors. There is growing
et al. 2008; Ramakrishnan et al. 2014). recognition of the limitations of conventional medicine
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 24 of 28

Fig. 3 A systematic representation of medicinal plant, their available products, possible mechanism of drug-herbal interaction and their efficacy
analysis

in addressing chronic diseases and lifestyle-related dis- Acknowledgements

The authors thank Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki (UP),
orders—increased awareness of the holistic and preven- India, for continuous support and assistance during research work and scien-
tive approach of Ayurveda. Scientific research supporting tific writing. The authors also thank the in-house seed grant project [File No.
the safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic herbs and therapies. FY-2023-24/SMG/001, 24th Jan. 2024] and [File No. FY-2023-24/SMG/002, 24th
Jan. 2024] funded by Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva
Integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine and Road, Barabanki-225003, U.P., India.
healthcare systems. Ayurveda’s contemporary relevance
lies in its focus on personalized care, its emphasis on pre- Author contributions
SKV and DS conceived the idea and wrote the manuscript, drew figures and
vention and lifestyle management, and its potential role tables, and MP and AS read, edited, revise and proofread the manuscript. All
in addressing chronic diseases and promoting mental and authors have read and approved the manuscript.
emotional well-being. The amalgamation of Ayurveda
Funding
with modern medicine and the growing body of scien- No funding was obtained for this study.
tific research supporting its efficacy is further contribut-
ing to its acceptance and recognition worldwide. As we Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
move forward, it’s crucial to continue to study and vali-
date Ayurvedic principles and practices through rigorous
scientific research. This will help to establish Ayurveda as Declarations
a credible and evidence-based system of medicine, fur- Ethics approval and consent to participate
ther enhancing its relevance and integration into mod- Not applicable.
ern healthcare systems. In summary, Ayurveda, with its Consent for publication
rich history, holistic approach, and growing scientific Not applicable.
validation, is a valuable resource for promoting health
Competing interests
and well-being in the twenty-first century. Its principles The authors declare no conflict of interest.
and practices can complement and enhance conventional
medicine, providing individuals with a wide-ranging and
Received: 18 June 2024 Accepted: 23 July 2024
personalized methodology for healthcare.
Abbreviations
AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy
BCE Before the Common Era
Verma et al. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2024) 48:77 Page 25 of 28

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Singh V, Pandey H, Misra V, Singh D (2022c) Biocompatible herbal polymeric Publisher’s Note
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