3.1 eras in IT infrastructure -- General- identity, encryption, threat protection.

Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Monitorin tools help track performance

Era (1959–Present): Mainframe and usage.
systems provided centralized computing
3.3 Grid computing -- connects remote
with proprietary hardware. Mini comp
computers to form a virtual
enabled decentralized, department-level
supercomputer. It shares idle resources
computing at lower cost. 2. Personal
for large-scale processing tasks. It
Computer Era (1981–Present): IBM
requires special software to manage and
PCs introduced affordable computing for
coordinate computing. Grid systems are
individual users. Personal productivity
used in research, oil exploration, and
software and Wintel systems became
data analysis. It helps process large data
widespread. 3. Client/Server Era (1983–
by distributing tasks across multiple
Present): Clients and servers shared
systems. Advantages include better use
computing tasks across networks.
of unused computing power. It reduces
Multitiered architectures enabled
costs compared to traditional
scalable and flexible systems. 4.
supercomputers. It improves processing
Enterprise Computing Era (1992–
speed by parallel computing. Grid
Present): Organizations integrated
systems offer scalability by adding more
diverse systems using enterprise-wide
computers. They enable collaboration
networks. TCP/IP standards allowed
and resource sharing across
seamless data flow across platforms.
organizations. Disadvantages include
Cloud and Mobile Computing Era
complex setup and management
(2000–Present): Cloud services deliver
requirements. It may pose security risks
computing resources over the Internet.
over public or shared networks. Data
Mobile devices access data and
transfer delays can reduce overall
applications from anywhere.
performa. Grid performa depends on nw
3.2 Cloud computing Services -- and hardware quality. Not all software is
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) for suited for grid-based parallel processing.
virtual servers and storage. It offers
3.4 Competitive forces model to help
Platform Service (PaaS) for app
firm. shelps identify industry competitive
develop and deployment. Software as a
pressures. It assesses threats from new
Service (SaaS) delivers software over
market entrants. It evaluates supplier
the internet. It includes cloud storage
bargaining power affecting costs. It
services for saving and accessing data
considers customer bargaining power
remotely. Backup and disaster
influencing services. It analyzes
recovery ensure data safety during
substitute products that may disrupt
failures. Database services provide
markets. It highlights rivalry intensity
scalable, managed cloud databases.
among existing competitors. It guides
Networking services enable secure
investments to strengthen competitive
virtual networks and connections.
advantage. It aligns infrastructure with
Analytics services process large data
overall business strategy. It prioritizes
for business insights. AI and ML
spending on critical IT areas. It promotes
services offer intelligent tools and
flexible infrastructure to adapt to
models. Security services include
changes.
3.5 firms move toward green 3.7 IT infrastructure and components
computing? -- Most firms benefit from consists of all hardware, software,
reducing energy costs with green networks, facilities, and services
computing. Green computing helps supporting IT operations. It includes
companies meet environmental computer hardware platforms like
regulations. It improves corporate social servers, desktops, and mainframes.
responsibility and brand image. Smaller Operating system platforms manage
firms may face high upfront costs for hardware and provide user interfaces.
green technology. Some industries have Enterprise software applications support
limited options to implement green IT. business processes and decision-
Green computing can increase making. Data management and storage
operational efficiency overall. Not all handle organizing and storing vast
firms have the same environmental amounts of data. Networking and
impact or risks. Long-term savings often telecommunications platforms enable
outweigh initial investment in green IT. communication within and outside the
Firms ignoring green computing may firm. Internet platforms support web
face future regulatory penalties. Adopting hosting and online operations.
green computing aligns firms with global Consulting and system integration
sustainability goals. services help implement and maintain
the infrastructure. Vendors often
3.6 Cloud computing essential
cooperate to ensure compatibility across
characteristics -- On-demand self-
components. A coherent IT infrastructure
service: Consumers can obtain
is essential for business efficiency and
computing capabilities such as server
agility.
time or network storage as needed
automatically on their own. • Ubiquitous 3.8 enterprise applications include
network access: Cloud resources can be ERP, CRM, SCM, and middleware
accessed using standard network and software. ERP integrates core business
Internet devices, including mobile processes like finance, HR, and
platforms. • Location-independent manufacturing. CRM helps manage
resource pooling: Computing resources customer relationships and improve
are pooled to serve multiple users, with sales. SCM manages supply chain
different virtual resources dynamically activities for efficiency and cost
assigned according to user demand. The reduction. Middleware connects different
user generally does not know where the enterprise systems for smooth data flow.
computing resources are located. • Rapid These applications support large-scale,
elasticity: Computing resources can be complex business operations. They
rapidly provisioned, increased, or improve data accuracy and decision-
decreased to meet changing user making across departments. Enterprise
demand. • Measured service: Charges applications increase operational
for cloud resources are based on amount efficiency and productivity. They enable
of resources actually used real-time information sharing and
collaboration. Their importance lies in
driving business growth and competitive
advantage.
3.9 Technology Driver of 3.11 Internet platforms -- support a
Infrastructure Evolution, -- Moore’s firm’s website through hardware,
Law states that processing power software, and services. They include web
doubles every 18–24 months. Computing hosting, servers, routers, and networking
speed increases rapidly while costs keep tools. Web hosts provide server space for
falling. Storage capacity doubles each businesses to run their websites. The
year with reducing prices. internet boom led to thousands of small
Nanotechnology enables even smaller servers in firms. Server consolidation
and more powerful chips. Metcalfe’s Law helps reduce server count while
shows that network value grows as more increasing performance. Tools allow
users join. The Internet grows quickly multiple apps to run on a single server.
due to lower communication costs. IBM, Dell, Sun (Oracle), and HP
Businesses now expand their server and dominate the server market. Microsoft
wireless infrastructures. Standards like provides tools like .NET and Expression
TCP/IP allow systems to connect Studio. Java by Oracle-Sun is widely
seamlessly. Web technologies make used for web development. Adobe and
sharing multimedia content easier. These Real Networks offer media and creative
drivers keep IT infrastructure faster, tools. These platforms integrate with
cheaper, and more efficient. overall IT infrastructure.

3.10 Operating system platforms -- 3.12 Computer hardware platforms

include Windows, Unix, Linux, iOS, include servers and client devices used
Android, and Chrome OS. Windows by firms. Blade servers with Intel or AMD
Server supports enterprise-wide services chips dominate the market. These blade
for Windows-based systems. Unix and servers are compact and stored in racks
Linux are scalable, reliable, and cost- to save space. Storage is either internal
effective server OS options. Linux is or via external mass-storage drives.
open source and supports various Major hardware vendors include IBM,
processor types. IBM, HP, and Sun offer HP, Dell, and Oracle-Sun. Intel is the
different Unix versions with slight standard chip for most business
incompatibilities. At the client level, most systems. Sun and IBM chips are used
PCs run some version of Microsoft more for Unix/Linux servers. Mainframes
Windows. Chrome OS is a cloud-focused are still used for large-scale secure
OS using web-based apps and storage. transactions. IBM is the only mainframe
Android is a widely used open-source OS provider today. Their mainframes now act
for mobile devices. iOS powers Apple as powerful enterprise servers. One
devices with a touch-friendly interface. mainframe can replace thousands of
Modern OS platforms now support blade servers.
multitouch and mobile integration. Touch-
optimized interfaces are common in
Windows 8 and iOS.
3.13 Data Management and Storage: of hardware resources. These trends
Enterprise database software like IBM reshape business IT infrastructure.
DB2, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server
The Mobile Digital Platform:
manage firm data efficiently. Open
Smartphones and tablets perform many
source options include MySQL and
PC functions. Devices like iPhone,
Hadoop for big data. EMC leads large-
Android, and iPad are widely used for
scale storage hardware. Data doubles
business and personal tasks. Mobile
rapidly, creating huge storage demands.
platforms allow access to corporate data
Storage area networks (SANs) enable
and internet on the go. Netbooks and e-
shared, high-speed data access. Digital
book readers add to mobile options.
data growth drives fast expansion of
Executives use mobile apps for real-time
storage markets.
data insights. Mobile computing is a key
Networking/Telecommunications business platform.
Platforms:Companies spend heavily on
Consumerization of IT and BYOD:
telecom equipment and services. Local
Employees want to use personal devices
networks mainly use Windows Server,
at work, called BYOD. Consumer IT
Linux, or Unix. TCP/IP is the standard
trends influence business technology
network protocol. Leading hardware
choices. IT departments face challenges
vendors include Cisco and Juniper.
managing diverse devices. Personal
Telecom providers like AT&T offer voice,
devices access corporate networks with
data, and internet services. Wireless and
security risks. Firms must balance
high-speed internet are rapidly
control with employee flexibility. BYOD
expanding.
drives changes in IT policies and
Consulting and System Integration management.
Services: Firms lack resources to deploy
Virtualization: lets one physical
and maintain full IT infrastructure alone.
resource act as many logical ones.
Top consulting firms like Accenture and
Servers can run multiple operating
IBM help implement and integrate
systems simultaneously. Storage
systems. Integration ensures new tech
devices can be pooled into one logical
works with legacy systems. Legacy
unit. Virtualization improves server use,
systems are older but costly to replace.
saving space and energy. VMware is a
Consultants handle training and
leading virtualization software vendor.
business process changes. System
Virtualization supports cloud computing
integration reduces disruption and cost.
and resource centralization.
Contemporary Hardware Platform
Trends: Hardware power and
networking tech are rapidly evolving.
Trends include mobile devices,
consumerization of IT, grid computing,
virtualization, cloud computing, and
green computing. Mobile digital platforms
like smartphones replace PCs in many
uses. Virtualization enables efficient use
Distinguish between structured and Explore types of knowledge
unstructured decisions: Structured management systems:
decisions are routine, repetitive, and Knowledge management systems (KMS)
have clear procedures for handling. They include content management systems for
rely on defined rules and data, such as storing and retrieving documents.
inventory reordering. Unstructured Collaborative systems facilitate team
decisions are novel and complex, lacking communication and sharing, such as
predefined processes. They require intranets and groupware. Expert systems
judgment, creativity, and insight, like capture expert knowledge to assist
strategic planning. Semi-structured decision making. Knowledge repositories
decisions combine elements of both, store structured knowledge like best
where part of the problem is clear, but practices and FAQs. Social networking
some requires human judgment. tools enable informal knowledge
Structured decisions often use exchange. Learning management
automated systems, while unstructured systems support training and skill
depend on managerial input. The development. Data mining tools extract
decision-making process for structured patterns from large datasets. Knowledge
types is faster and more standardized. portals provide unified access to
Unstructured decisions involve more organizational knowledge. Document
uncertainty and risk. Both types are management systems handle version
essential in organizations. Decision control and access rights. These
support systems help in semi-structured systems help capture, share, and utilize
unstructured decisions. Understanding knowledge effectively.
diff guides appropriate system design.
List and explain the activities in
List and describe the stages in Knowledge Business Value Chain:
decision making: Decision making The knowledge business value chain
begins with problem identification to starts with knowledge acquisition by
recognize the need for a decision. Next collecting relevant data and information.
is data collection, gathering relevant Knowledge creation involves generating
informatio Then, generating alternatives new insights and ideas. Knowledge
by brainstorming possible solutions. The storage preserves knowledge in
fourth stage is evaluating alternatives databases or repositories. Knowledge
based on criteria like cost, feasibility, and distribution shares knowledge across the
impact. Decision selection involves organization. Knowledge application
choosing the best alternative after uses knowledge in decision making and
evaluation. Implementation follows, operations. Knowledge retention ensures
putting the chosen solution into action. critical knowledge is not lost. Feedback
Monitoring and feedback assess mechanisms help refine and update
outcomes and effectiveness. If results knowledge. Continuous learning
are unsatisfactory, adjustments or new promotes innovation. Collaboration
decisions are made. The process can be enhances knowledge sharing. All
iterative, especially in complex cases. activities aim to convert knowledge into
Effective decision making depends on business value.
good communication information flow.
List and describe analytic Resource availability impacts the ability
functionalities provided by BI to meet deadlines. Organizational culture
systems: (BI) systems offer descriptive and management style affect project
analytics to summarize historical data. control. External environment, such as
Diagnostic analytics identify causes regulatory changes, adds risk. Project
behind outcomes. Predictive analytics duration relates to exposure to changes
forecast future trends using statistical and issues. Communication
models. Prescriptive analytics effectiveness mitigates misunderstandin.
recommend actions based on Experience of the project team plays a
predictions. Data mining discovers role. Risk management practices can
patterns and relationships in data. Online reduce overall risk.
Analytical Processing (OLAP) enables
Explore information system planning
multidimensional data analysis.
with business planning:
Reporting tools generate dashboards
Information system planning aligns IT
and visualizations. Alerting features
goals with business objectives. It
notify users of important changes. What-
ensures technology supports strategic
if analysis simulates different scenarios.
priorities. Business planning defines
BI systems support decision making by
market, financial, and operational goals.
providing actionable insights.
IS planning assesses current technology
Describe the elements of a business and future needs. It identifies gaps and
intelligence environment: BI environm opportunities for IT investment.
includes data sources from internal and Integration promotes efficiency and
external systems. Data warehouses competitiveness. Planning involves
store cleaned, integrated data for stakeholders from both IT and business
analysis. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) units. Budgeting aligns resources with
tools prepare data for storage. BI tools planned initiatives. Risk analysis
analyze data and create reports and anticipates potential challenges. Regular
dashboards. Metadata catalogs review ensures continued alignment with
document data definitions and sources. business changes.
User interfaces allow interaction with BI
List tangible and intangible benefits of
content. Security mechanisms protect
Information System: Tangible benefits
sensitive data. Collaboration tools
include increased productivity and
facilitate sharing insights. Data mining
efficiency. Cost savings from automation
and analytics engines perform advanced
and reduced errors are measurable.
analysis. Governance ensures data
Improved decision making from timely
quality and compliance.
information adds value. Faster response
Describe dimensions that influenced to market changes enhances
level of project risk:Project risk competitiveness. Better customer
depends on project size and complexity; service leads to increased sales.
larger projects have more risk. Intangible benefits include enhanced
Technology familiarity affects risk, with employee satisfaction. Improved
new technologies increasing uncertainty. collaboration supports innovation. Brand
Stakeholder involvement influences reputation benefits from consistent
clarity of requirements and support. service. Knowledge sharing fosters .
variables addressed by project wasted, causing financial loss. Risk
management: Project scope defines issues go unmitigated, causing crises.
what will and will not be included. Time Poor communication creates
management schedules activities to misunderstandings and delays. Failure to
meet deadlines. Cost management meet business objectives harms
controls budget expenditures. Quality competitiveness. Ultimately, the project
management ensures deliverables meet may be canceled or fail.
standards. Human resource
What are components of information
management allocates and motivates the
security? Explain with examples:
team. Communication management
Confidentiality ensures data is
facilitates information flow. Risk
accessible only to authorized users, like
management identifies and mitigates
password protection. Integrity
potential problems. Procurement
guarantees data is accurate and
management handles external resources
unaltered, using checksums. Availability
and contracts. Stakeholder management
ensures systems and data are
addresses expectations and
accessible when needed, such as
involvement. Integration management
redundant servers. Authentication
coordinates all aspects cohesively.
verifies user identities through biometrics
elements of a management structure or tokens. Authorization grants
for information systems projects in a permissions to access resources. Non-
large corporation: A steering committee repudiation prevents denial of actions,
provides overall guidance and oversight. e.g., digital signatures. Physical security
Project manager leads day-to-day protects hardware from theft or damage.
activities. Functional managers allocate Firewalls and antivirus software defend
resources and expertise. Business against attacks. Security policies guide
analysts gather requirements and bridge user behavior. Incident response handles
teams. Technical teams handle design, breaches promptly.
development, and testing. Quality
What is bitcoin? Enlist & explain
assurance ensures standards
features of bitcoin with its benefits in
compliance. Change manag addresses
brief:vBitcoin is a decentralized digital
user adoption. Communication channels
currency operating without a central
maintain stakeholder engagement. Risk
authority. It uses blockchain technology
management monitors and addresses
to secure transactions. Features include
threats. Support teams handle
peer-to-peer transfer, transparency, and
deployment and maintenance.
limited supply of 21 million coins.
consequences of poor project Transactions are irreversible and secure.
management:leads to missed deadlines Bitcoin allows fast cross-border
and cost overruns. Project scope creep payments. It is pseudonymous, offering
causes uncontrolled growth of privacy. Benefits include low transaction
deliverables. Quality suffers due to fees. It is accessible globally without
inadequate testing or oversight. Team intermediaries. Bitcoin promotes
morale declines from unclear roles or financial inclusion. It serves as a hedge
conflicts. Stakeholder dissatisfaction against inflation.
damages relationships. Resources are
What is blockchain? key elements of these platforms. It enhances productivity
blockchainBlockchain is a distributed through mobility and connectivity. The
ledger recording transactions securely platform supports both personal and
and transparently. Key elements include business uses. Businesses use it for
blocks containing transaction data. Each mobile marketing, sales, and
block links cryptographically to the communication. It plays a critical role in
previous one. A consensus mechanism digital transformation.
validates new blocks, like proof-of-work.
BYOD in detail. Is different BYOD
Decentralization removes need for a
policy needed based on staff roles?
central authority. Cryptographic hashing
BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) allows
ensures data integrity. Smart contracts
employees to use personal devices for
automate agreements. Nodes participate
work. It includes smartphones, laptops,
in maintaining the network. Immutability
and tablets. BYOD increases flexibility
prevents data alteration. Transparency
and productivity. It reduces hardware
allows auditability. Security relies on
costs for companies. However, it raises
cryptography and network consensus.
security concerns and data privacy risks.
List and explore any four password Policies should address device usage,
management practices:Use strong security, and access control. Different
passwords combining letters, numbers, BYOD policies are justified based on
and symbols to resist attacks. Change employee roles. A manager may need
passwords regularly to reduce risk of access to sensitive data, unlike support
compromise. Avoid password reuse staff. Role-based policy ensures higher
across different accounts for better security for critical data. It balances
security. Use multi-factor authentication convenience with protection. A
to add layers of protection. Store customized policy reduces risk and
passwords securely using password meets organizational needs.
managers. Avoid sharing passwords with
Explain difference between Grid
others. Monitor accounts for suspicious
computing & Cloud computing. [4]
access. Educate users about phishing
Grid computing connects multiple
risks. Use passphrases for easier
computers to work on a single task.
memorability. Enable account lockout
Cloud computing offers on-demand
after multiple failed attempts.
services over the internet. Grid focuses
What is mobile digital platform? on processing power while cloud
Mobile digital platform refers to an includes storage and software. Grid
ecosystem of mobile devices, resources are decentralized and often
applications, and operating systems. It used for research. Cloud services are
supports access to digital services centralized and used in businesses. Grid
anytime and anywhere. Smartphones, is more technical and less user-friendly.
tablets, and wearable devices form its Cloud offers scalability and ease of use.
hardware base. It runs on mobile Grid requires special software to
operating systems like Android and iOS. integrate systems. Cloud computing is
Mobile platforms support web browsing, subscription-based. Both improve
messaging, apps, and cloud services. performance but serve different
Developers build apps specifically for purposes.
Knowledge Management System: Collaboration tools enhance innovation
Knowledge Management System (KMS) through idea sharing. They support faster
captures, organizes, and shares decision making. Better collaboration
organizational knowledge. It includes increases employee engagement. These
both explicit and tacit knowledge. KMS tools help achieve business goals more
helps in better decision making and efficiently.
innovation. It supports training and
Business Process Redesign (BPR). [6]
onboarding through access to
BPR involves rethinking and redesigning
knowledge. Tools include intranet
business processes. It aims to improve
portals, document management, and
efficiency and service. BPR often uses
wikis. It enhances collaboration across
technology for automation. It reduces
teams. It prevents loss of knowledge
unnecessary steps and bottlenecks. The
when employees leave. It improves
goal is cost reduction and process
productivity by avoiding redundant work.
optimization. BPR starts with analyzing
Analytics tools are used to measure
existing processes. New workflows are
knowledge usage. KMS supports
designed for better outcomes. It requires
strategic goals by leveraging internal
support from top management.
expertise.
Employees must be trained for the new
Business Intelligence Environment: process. BPR brings transformation, not
A BI environment consists of tools, just minor changes.
technologies, and systems for analyzing
purpose of system development life
data. It includes data warehouses for
cycle? SDLC provides a structured
storing historical data. ETL tools extract
approach to software development. It
and transform data for analysis. OLAP
defines each phase from planning to
tools support multidimensional analysis.
deployment. It ensures requirements are
Dashboards and reports offer visual
clearly understood. Design phase builds
insights. Predictive and prescriptive
the architecture of the system.
analytics are used for forecasting. BI
Development and testing create a
tools integrate data from various
reliable product. SDLC ensures quality
sources. Security ensures only
and reduces errors. It helps manage
authorized access. It helps in identifying
time, cost, and scope. Each phase has
trends and patterns. BI environment
documentation and reviews. SDLC
supports strategic and operational
supports maintenance and future
decision making.
updates. It aligns the system with
need of collaboration tools in business goals.
business Collaboration tools connect
team members in real-time. They
improve communication across
departments. Remote work becomes
easier with digital platforms. Tools like
Slack, Teams, and Zoom boost
productivity. File sharing and project
tracking simplify workflows. It reduces
reliance on physical meetings.
write an effective project objective?An on Levels of Physical Security:
effective project objective is specific and Physical security includes multiple
measurable. It should state what the protective layers. First level includes
project will achieve. Use clear and perimeter fences and gates. Second
concise language. Make sure it's level involves guards and ID verification.
achievable and realistic. It should align Third level includes locked rooms and
with business goals. Include a time frame restricted access. Surveillance cameras
for completion. Example: “Develop a monitor activities. Biometric scanners
secure login module for a web app within control entry. Alarm systems alert
4 weeks.” Avoid vague or broad unauthorized access. Fire suppression
objectives. Use action words to define ensures safety of data centers. Backup
deliverables. Clear objectives guide power prevents outages. Proper lighting
teams and track success. deters intruders. Together, these levels
prevent physical threats.
elements of information security. [9]
Confidentiality protects data from different steps of information system
unauthorized access. Integrity ensures planning with business planning. [6]
data accuracy and reliability. Availability Step one is understanding business
ensures systems are accessible when goals and strategies. Assess current IT
needed. Authentication verifies user infrastructure and capabilities. Identify
identity. Authorization grants appropriate information system needs and gaps.
access rights. Non-repudiation confirms Prioritize IT projects based on business
actions were performed by specific value. Develop an implementation plan
users. Encryption secures data during and timeline. Monitor progress and adapt
storage and transmission. Firewalls and to changes. Align IS planning with overall
antivirus protect against threats. Physical business planning. Engage stakeholders
security protects infrastructure and in planning stages. Allocate resources
hardware. Together, these elements effectively. Ensure regular review and
ensure secure and reliable information updates.
systems.
cost-avoidance benefits in
Mobile Security:Mobile security information system development? [6]
protects smartphones and tablets from Cost avoidance prevents future
threats. It involves device encryption and expenses through smart investments.
screen locks. Mobile antivirus apps Automation reduces manual errors and
detect malware. Remote wipe features rework. Early error detection saves
protect lost devices. Secure Wi-Fi usage correction costs later. Preventing system
is critical. App permissions must be downtime avoids revenue loss. Improved
reviewed carefully. Multi-factor security avoids data breach costs.
authentication enhances protection. Efficient processes reduce staffing
Regular OS updates fix vulnerabilities. needs. Better forecasting reduces
VPNs secure network traffic. Businesses overproduction. Training systems lower
use mobile device management tools. learning curve costs. Integration reduces
third-party software expenses. IS
investments prevent future operational
problems.
Define risk control tool & techniques: What is backup? How it works:
Risk control tools identify, mitigate, and Backup is a process of copying data for
monitor risks. Risk assessment tools recovery in case of loss. It protects
evaluate threat impact and likelihood. against hardware failure or cyber-
Firewalls and antivirus tools block digital attacks. Full backups copy all data at
threats. Access control systems restrict once. Incremental backups save only
unauthorized entry. Encryption tools changed files. Backups can be stored on
protect sensitive data. Backup solutions local drives or cloud. Scheduled backups
mitigate data loss risk. Risk registers automate the process. Encryption
track and manage issues. Compliance secures backup files. Restore tools help
checklists ensure legal adherence. recover lost data. Regular testing
Penetration testing finds security gaps. ensures backup reliability. Backup
Business continuity planning ensures ensures business continuity and data
recovery. protection.
different tools for information
security. Antivirus software detects and
removes malware. Firewalls block
unauthorized network traffic. Encryption
tools protect data confidentiality. IDS/IPS
systems monitor and prevent intrusions.
Multi-factor authentication adds login
security. DLP tools prevent sensitive data
leaks. VPNs secure remote connections.
SIEM tools centralize security event
monitoring. Password managers store
credentials safely. These tools
collectively strengthen system security.
Difference between Block Chain &
Bitcoin. Blockchain is the underlying
technology, Bitcoin is an application of it.
Blockchain is a decentralized ledger,
Bitcoin is a digital currency. Blockchain
stores all kinds of data, Bitcoin stores
only transactions. Blockchain supports
smart contracts, Bitcoin does not.
Blockchain has multiple use cases
beyond currency. Bitcoin is just one use
case of blockchain. Blockchain enables
transparency and security. Bitcoin aims
for decentralized financial exchange.
Blockchain can be public or private,
Bitcoin is public. Both use cryptography
for trust and security.