Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso[a] is a landlocked country in West

Africa,[6] bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to Burkina Faso
the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana Burkĩna Faso (Mossi)
to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It 𞤮𞥅𞤧𞤢𞤊 𞤢𞤲𞤭𞤳𞤪𞤵𞤄 (Fula)
covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). In Burkina Faso
2024, the country had an estimated population of ߏ߫ߛߊ߬ߝ ߊ߫ߣߌߞߎߙߓ (Dyula)
approximately 23,286,000.[14] Previously called the
Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), it was renamed Burukina Faso
Burkina Faso by then-president Thomas Sankara. Its
citizens are known as Burkinabè,[b] and its capital and
largest city is Ouagadougou.

The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi

people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th Flag
Coat of arms
centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as
Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it Motto: "La Patrie ou la Mort, Nous
was colonized by the French as part of French West Vaincrons" (French)
"Homeland or Death, we will overcome"
Africa; in 1958, Upper Volta became a self-governing
colony within the French Community. In 1960, it Anthem: Ditanyè
gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as 0:00 / 0:00
president. Since it gained its independence, the country
has been subject to instability, droughts, famines, and
corruption. There have also been various coups, in
1966, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, and twice in 2022
(January and September). There were also
unsuccessful coup attempts in 1989, 2015, and 2023.

Thomas Sankara came to power following a successful

coup in 1983. As president, Sankara embarked on a
series of ambitious socioeconomic reforms which
included a nationwide literacy campaign, land
redistribution to peasants, vaccinations for over two
million children, railway and road construction,
equalized access to education, and the outlawing of
female genital mutilation, forced marriages, and
polygamy. He served as the country's president until
1987 when he was deposed and assassinated in a coup
led by Blaise Compaoré, who became president and
ruled the country until his removal on 31 October
2014.
Since the mid-2010s, Burkina Faso has been severely
affected by the rise of insurgencies in the Sahel.
Several militias, partly allied with the Islamic State
(IS) or al-Qaeda, operate in Burkina Faso, and across
the border in Mali and Niger. More than one million of
the country's 23 million inhabitants are internally
displaced persons. Burkina Faso's military seized
power in a coup d'état on 23 and 24 January 2022,
overthrowing President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré.
On 31 January, the military junta restored the
constitution and appointed Paul-Henri Sandaogo
Damiba as interim president, but he was himself
overthrown in a second coup on 30 September and
replaced by military captain Ibrahim Traoré.[15] Capital Ouagadougou
and largest city 12°22′N 1°32′W
Burkina Faso remains one of the least developed
Official languages Mooré · Bissa · Dyula
countries in the world, with a GDP of $16.226 billion · Fula
in 2022. Approximately 63.8% of its population
Working languages English · French
practices Islam, while 26.3% practices Christianity.[16]
The country's four official languages are Mooré, Bissa, Ethnic groups (2010 52% Mossi
Dyula and Fula, with the first one being spoken by est.)[1] 8.4% Fula
over half the population;[17][18] the Burkinabè 7% Gurma
government also officially recognizes 60 indigenous 4.9% Bobo
languages.[18] The former government and business 4.6% Gurunsi
language was French until January 2024, when its 4.5% Senufo
status was demoted to that of a "working language" 2.4% Lobi
alongside English by ratification of a constitutional 1.9% Tuareg
amendment.[19][20] 0.8% Dyula

Religion (2019 63.8% Islam

The country's territory is geographically biodiverse, census)[2] 26.3% Christianity
and includes plentiful reserves of gold, manganese, 20.1%
copper and limestone. Due to its multicultural make- Catholicism
up, Burkinabè art has a rich and long history, and is 6.2%
Protestantism
globally renowned for its orthodox style.[21] The
9% Animism
country is governed as a semi-presidential republic,
0.7% irreligion
with executive, legislative and judicial powers. It is a
member of the United Nations, La Francophonie and Demonym(s) Burkinabé ·
the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. On 18 Burkinese
January 2024, Burkina Faso announced its exit from Government Unitary republic
ECOWAS and the African Union after it helped form under a military
the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). junta[3][4][5]
• President Ibrahim Traoré
• Prime Minister Jean Emmanuel
Ouédraogo
Legislature Transitional
Legislative Assembly

History
 • Republic of Upper 11 December 1958
Volta proclaimed
Etymology • Independence from 5 August 1960
France
Formerly the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was • 1966 Upper Voltan 3 January 1966
renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then- coup d'état
President Thomas Sankara. The words "Burkina" and • 2014 Burkina Faso 28 October – 3
uprising November 2014
"Faso" stem from different languages spoken in the
• Jan 2022 Burkina 23–24 January 2022
country: "Burkina" comes from Mooré and means Faso coup d'état
"upright", showing how the people are proud of their • Sep 2022 Burkina 30 September 2022
integrity, while "Faso" comes from the Dyula language Faso coup d'état
(as written in N'Ko: ߏ߫ߛߊ߬ߝ faso) and means Area
"fatherland" (literally, "father's house"). The "-bé" • Total 274,223[6] km2
suffix added onto "Burkina" to form the demonym (105,878 sq mi)
"Burkinabé" comes from the Fula language and means (74th)
"women or men".[22] The US Central Intelligence • Water (%) 0.146%
Agency's World Fact Book gives the translation as Population
"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men" [23] • 2023 estimate 22,489,126[6]
(58th)
The French Colony of Upper Volta was named for its • Density 64/km2 (165.8/sq mi)
location on the upper courses of the Volta River (the
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
Black, Red and White Volta).[24]
• Total $62.788 billion[7]
(114th)
• Per capita $2,682[7] (171st)
History
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
• Total $20.785 billion[7]
(124th)
Early history • Per capita $888[7] (180th)
The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso Gini (2021)
37.4[8]
was populated by hunter-gatherers from 14,000 BCE to medium inequality
5,000 BCE. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and
HDI (2023) 0.459[9]
arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through
low (186th)
archaeological excavations.[25] Agricultural
settlements were established between 3600 and Currency West African CFA
[25] franc[10] (XOF)
2600 BCE. The Bura culture was an Iron-Age
civilization centred in the southwest portion of Time zone UTC±00:00 (GMT)
modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of Date format dd/mm/yyyy
contemporary Burkina Faso.[26] Iron industry, in
smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had Calling code +226

developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BCE.[27][28] ISO 3166 code BF

To date, the oldest evidence of iron smelting found in
Internet TLD .bf
Burkina Faso dates from 800 to 700 BCE and forms
part of the Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy World Heritage Site.[29] From the 3rd to the 13th centuries CE, the
Iron Age Bura culture existed in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern
Niger. Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso, such as the Mossi, Fula and Dioula, arrived in
successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries. From the 11th century, the Mossi people
established several separate kingdoms.
8th to 18th centuries
There is debate about the exact dates
when Burkina Faso's many ethnic
groups arrived to the area. The proto-
Mossi arrived in the far eastern part of
what is today Burkina Faso sometime
between the 8th and 11th centuries,
and accepted Islam as their religion in
the 11th century.[30] The Samo arrived
around the 15th century.[31] The West Africa c. 1875
Dogon lived in Burkina Faso's north
and northwest regions until sometime
in the 15th or 16th centuries, and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population
arrived in the region during this time.[32]

During the Middle Ages, the Mossi established several

separate kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga,
Zandoma, and Ouagadougou.[33] Sometime between 1328
and 1338, Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi
were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi
in Mali in 1483.[34]

During the early 16th century, the Songhai conducted many

slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso.[31] During the
The cavalry of the Mossi Kingdoms were
18th century, the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo experts at raiding deep into enemy
Dioulasso and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and territory, even against the formidable Mali
Birifor settled along the Black Volta.[35] Empire.

From colony to independence (1890s–1958)

Starting in the early 1890s during the European Scramble for
Africa, a series of European military officers made attempts
to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these
colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples; at times
they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The
colonialist officers and their home governments also made
treaties among themselves. The territory of Burkina Faso was
invaded by France, becoming a French protectorate in
Armed men prevent the French explorer
1896.[36]
Louis-Gustave Binger from entering Sia
(Bobo-Dioulasso) during his stay in April
The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the
1892.
forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the
situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898,
the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered; however, French
control of many parts remained uncertain.[25]
The Franco-British Convention of 14 June 1898 created the
country's modern borders. In the French territory, a war of
conquest against local communities and political powers
continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified
territories of the Volta basin were integrated into the Upper
Senegal and Niger colony of French West Africa as part of the
reorganization of the French West African colonial empire.
The colony had its capital in Bamako.

The language of colonial administration and schooling

became French. The public education system started from
humble origins. Advanced education was provided for many
French West Africa c. 1913
years during the colonial period in Dakar.

The indigenous population was highly discriminated against.

For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges"
reserved for the children of colonists. Violating these regulations could land parents in jail.[37]

Draftees from the territory participated in the European fronts of World War I in the battalions of the
Senegalese Rifles. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso
and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions
to colonial government: the Volta-Bani War.[38]

The French government finally suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats. It also had to
organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the
insurrection. Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when the Tuareg and allied groups of the Dori
region ended their truce with the government.

French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The

French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related
economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the
colonial government separated the present territory of
Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.

The new colony was named Haute Volta for its location on
the upper courses of the Volta River (the Black, Red and
White Volta), and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling
The capital, Ouagadougou, in 1930
became its first governor. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-
making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the
growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on coercion – failed, and revenue generated by the
colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French
colonies of Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger. Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained
most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso.

France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of
World War II. On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries,
as a part of the French Union. The French designated its colonies as departments of metropolitan France
on the European continent.
On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self-government as the Republic of Upper Volta; it joined the
Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with
the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization
measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government
for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11
December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.[39]

Upper Volta (1958–1984)

The Republic of Upper Volta (French: République de Haute-
Volta) was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-
governing colony within the French Community. The name
Upper Volta related to the nation's location along the upper
reaches of the Volta River. The river's three tributaries are
called the Black, White and Red Volta. These were expressed
in the three colors of the former national flag.

Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta

and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained Maurice Yaméogo, the first president of
full independence from France. The first president, Maurice Upper Volta, examines documents
Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union pertaining to the ratification of the
country's independence in 1960.
(UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by
universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for
five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV.
The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by
students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.

Lamizana's rule and multiple coups

The 1966 military coup deposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly,
and placed Lt. Col. Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army
remained in power for four years. On 14 June 1976, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that
established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power
throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. Lamizana's rule
coincided with the beginning of the Sahel drought and famine which had a devastating impact on Upper
Volta and neighboring countries. After conflict over the 1976 constitution, a new constitution was written
and approved in 1977. Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978.

Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions, and on 25
November 1980, Col. Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup. Colonel Zerbo
established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental
authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution.

Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later by Maj.
Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) in the 1982 Upper Voltan coup
d'état. The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian
rule and a new constitution.[40][41]
1983 coup d'état
Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt.
Thomas Sankara, was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested. Efforts
to free him, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaoré, resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983.

The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary
programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's
rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption, and anti-desertification projects.[42]

Burkina Faso (since 1984)

On 2 August 1984, on Sankara's initiative, the country's name changed from "Upper Volta" to "Burkina
Faso", or land of the honest men; (the literal translation is land of the upright men).[43][44][45][46] The
presidential decree was confirmed by the National Assembly on 4 August 1984.

Sankara's government comprised the National Council for the Revolution (CNR – French: Conseil
national révolutionnaire), with Sankara as its president, and established popular Committees for the
Defense of the Revolution (CDRs). The Pioneers of the Revolution youth programme was also
established.

Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken
on the African continent.[42] His foreign policies centred on anti-imperialism, with his government
rejecting all foreign aid, pushing for odious debt reduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and
averting the power and influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. His
domestic policies included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and
road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy.[42][47]

Sankara pushed for agrarian self-sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000
children against meningitis, yellow fever, and measles.[47] His national agenda also included planting
over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growing desertification of the Sahel. Sankara called on every village to
build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own labour.[42][48]

In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Sankara was one of the few African leaders
to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires
"which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such"; against cattle roaming "which
infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature"; and against the illegitimate
cutting of firewood "whose profession will have to be organized and regulated". As part of a development
program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen
months during the revolution. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Sankara also proposed
the planting of wooded strips about fifty kilometers wide, crossing the country from east to west. Cereal
production, close to 1.1 billion tons before 1983, was predicted to rise to 1.6 billion tons in 1987. Jean
Ziegler, former UN special rapporteur for the right to food, said that the country "had become food self-
sufficient."[49]
Compaoré presidency
On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other government
officials were assassinated in a coup d'état organized by
Blaise Compaoré, Sankara's former colleague, who took over
as Burkina Faso's president. He held the position until
October 2014.[50] After the coup and although Sankara was
known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance
to the army for several days.[51][52][53] A majority of
Burkinabè citizens hold that France's foreign ministry, the
Quai d'Orsay, was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup. Blaise Compaoré (left), President 1987–
There is some evidence for France's support of the coup.[54] 2014, shaking hands with George W.
Bush
Compaoré gave the deterioration in relations with
neighbouring countries as one of the reasons for the coup.[55]
He argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power (France) and
with neighbouring Ivory Coast.[56] Following the coup, Compaoré immediately reversed the
nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold,
and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Following an alleged coup-attempt in 1989, Compaoré
introduced limited democratic reforms in 1990. Under the new (1991) constitution, Compaoré was re-
elected without opposition in December 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won election in a landslide. In 2004, 13
people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was
sentenced to life imprisonment.[57]

In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to
two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed
beforehand, it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected. Other presidential candidates
challenged the election results. But in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because
Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his
second term in office. This cleared the way for his candidacy in the 2005 election. On 13 November
2005, he was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition.

In the 2010 presidential election, Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6 million Burkinabè voted, out of a
total population 10 times that size. In February 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked the 2011
Burkinabè protests, a series of popular protests, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates' strike,
that called for Compaoré's resignation, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants
and economic freedom.[58][59][60] As a result, governors were replaced and wages for public servants
were raised.[61][62] In April 2011, there was an army mutiny; the president named new chiefs of staff, and
a curfew was imposed in Ouagadougou.[63]

Compaoré's government played the role of negotiator in several West-African disputes, including the
2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, the Inter-Togolese Dialogue (2007), and the 2012 Malian Crisis. As of 2014,
Burkina Faso remained one of the least-developed countries in the world.[64]

Kafando presidency
Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against
President Compaoré, who appeared ready to amend the constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30
October some protesters set fire to the parliament building[65] and took over the national TV
headquarters.[66] Ouagadougou International Airport closed
and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution (the
change would have allowed Compaoré to stand for re-election
in 2015). Later in the day, the military dissolved all
government institutions and imposed a curfew.[67]

On 31 October 2014, Compaoré resigned.[68] Lt. Col. Isaac

Zida said that he would lead the country during its transitional Thousands of protesters march through
period before the planned 2015 presidential election, but there Ouagadougou

were concerns over his close ties to the former president.[69]

In November 2014 opposition parties, civil-society groups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a
transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections.[70] Under the plan Michel Kafando became the
transitional president and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister.

On 16 September 2015, the Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) carried out a coup d'état, seizing the
president and prime minister and then declaring the National Council for Democracy the new national
government.[71] However, on 22 September 2015, the coup leader, Gilbert Diendéré, apologized and
promised to restore civilian government.[72] On 23 September 2015 the prime minister and interim
president were restored to power.[73]

Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)

General elections took place on 29 November 2015. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won the election in the
first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessman Zéphirin Diabré, who took 29.7%.[74] Kaboré
was sworn in as president on 29 December 2015.[75] Kaboré was re-elected in the general election of 22
November 2020, but his party Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès (MPP), failed to reach absolute
parliamentary majority. It secured 56 seats out of a total of 127. The Congress for Democracy and
Progress (CDP), the party of former President Blaise Compaoré, was distant second with 20 seats.[76]

A Jihadist insurgency began in August 2015, part of the

Islamist insurgency in the Sahel. Between August 2015 and
October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the
country.[77][78] On 15 January 2016, terrorists attacked the
capital city of Ouagadougou, killing 30 people. Al-Qaeda in
the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Mourabitoune, which until then
had mostly operated in neighbouring Mali, claimed
responsibility for the attack.[79][80] Smoke rising from French Embassy in
Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the
In 2016, attacks increased after a new group Ansarul Islam, 2018 Ouagadougou attacks
led by imam Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was founded.[81][82] Its
attacks focused particularly on Soum province[81][83] and it
killed dozens of people in the attack on Nassoumbou on 16 December.[84]

Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of Mali, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint
operation named "Operation Panga", which involved 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in the Fhero
Forest, near the Burkina Faso-Mali border, considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.[85][86] The head of
Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017 and Jafar Dicko became leader.[87]
On 2 March 2018, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked the French embassy in Ouagadougou as
well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a
further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured.[88] The insurgency expanded to the east of the
country[89][90][91] and, in early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso launched a major military
operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.[92][93][94] According to Human Rights Watch,
between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of
116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.[95] The attacks increased
significantly in 2019. According to the ACLED, armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in
2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.[96] Jihadist groups also began to
specifically target Christians.[97][98][99][100]

On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after a

Human Rights Watch report revealed mass graves with at
least 180 bodies, which were found in northern Burkina Faso
where soldiers were fighting jihadists.[101] On 4 June 2021,
the Associated Press reported that according to the
government of Burkina Faso, gunmen killed at least 100
people in Solhan village in northern Burkina Faso near the
Niger border. A local market and several homes were also Displaced Fulani civilians in the aftermath
burned down. A government spokesman blamed jihadists. of the Yirgou massacre
Heni Nsaibia, senior researcher at the Armed Conflict
Location and Event Data Project said it was the deadliest
attack recorded in Burkina Faso since the beginning of the jihadist insurgency.[102]

From 4–5 June 2021, unknown militants massacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and
Tadaryat. Jihadists killed 80 people in Gorgadji on 20 August.[103] On 14 November, the Jama'at Nasr al-
Islam wal Muslimin attacked a gendarmerie in Inata, killing 53 soldiers, the heaviest loss of life by the
Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major morale loss in the country.[104] In December
Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a
central figure in the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) a pro-government militia that had
taken a leading role in the struggle against Islamists.[105]

In 2023, shortly after the murder of a Catholic priest at the hands of insurgents, the bishop of Dori,
Laurent Dabiré, claimed in an interview with Catholic charity Aid to the Church in Need that around 50%
of the country was in the hands of Islamists.[106]

2022 coups d'état

In a successful coup on 24 January 2022, mutinying soldiers arrested and deposed President Roch Marc
Christian Kaboré following gunfire.[107] The Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR)
supported by the military declared itself to be in power,[108][109] led by Lieutenant Colonel Paul-Henri
Sandaogo Damiba.[110] On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed Damiba
interim president. In the aftermath of the coup, ECOWAS and the African Union suspended Burkina
Faso's membership.[111][112] On 10 February, the Constitutional Council declared Damiba president.[113]
He was sworn in as president on 16 February.[114] On 1 March 2022, the junta approved a charter
allowing a military-led transition of 3 years.[115] The charter provides
for the transition process to be followed by the holding of
elections.[116] President Kaboré, who had been detained since the
military junta took power, was released on 6 April 2022.[117]

The insurgency continued following the coup, with about 60% of the
country under government control.[118] The Siege of Djibo began in
February 2022[119][120] and continued as of June 2023.[121][122]
Between 100 and 165 people were killed in Seytenga Department,
Séno Province on 12–13 June and around 16,000 people fled their
homes.[123][124] In June 2022, the Government announced the creation The Alliance of Sahel States
of "military zones", which civilians were required to vacate so that the between Burkina Faso, Mali
and Niger
country's Armed and Security Forces could fight insurgents without
any "hindrances".[125][126]

On 30 September 2022, Damiba was ousted in a military coup led by Capt. Ibrahim Traoré.[127][128] This
came eight months after Damiba seized power. The rationale given by Traoré for the coup d'état was the
purported inability of Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba to deal with an Islamist insurgency.[129] Damiba
resigned and left the country.[130] On 6 October 2022, Captain Ibrahim Traoré was officially appointed as
president.[131] Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla was appointed interim Prime Minister on 21
October 2022.[132]

On 13 April 2023, authorities in Burkina Faso declared a mobilisation in order to give the nation all
means necessary to combat terrorism and create a "legal framework for all the actions to be taken" against
the insurgents in recapturing 40% of the national territory from Islamist insurgents.[133] On 20 April, the
Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the Karma massacre, rounding up and executing civilians en
masse. Between 60 and 156 civilians were killed.[134][135][136][137]

On 25 August 2024, JNIM again launched a major attack in the region of Barsalogho, killing at least 400
people.[138]

In 2025, the armed forces foiled an attempted coup which they said was planned by plotters based in the
Ivory Coast. Thousands rallied in Ouagadougou in support of the military government after the coup
attempt was foiled.[139]

Geography
Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes 9° and 15° N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes
6° W and 3° E.

It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain,
which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a
Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where
the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 meters (2,457 ft). The massif is bordered by
sheer cliffs up to 150 m (492 ft) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m (1,312 ft) and the
difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m (1,969 ft). Burkina Faso is
therefore a relatively flat country.
The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three
rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or Mouhoun), the
White Volta (Nakambé) and the Red Volta (Nazinon). The
Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow
year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the
southwest. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of
the country's surface.

The Niger's tributaries – the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and

Dargol – are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six Satellite image of Burkina Faso
months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however.
The country also contains numerous
lakes – the principal ones are Tingrela,
Bam, and Dem. The country contains
large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli,
Yomboli, and Markoye. Water shortages
are often a problem, especially in the
north of the country.

Burkina Faso lies within two terrestrial

ecoregions: Sahelian Acacia savanna and
West Sudanian savanna.[140]

In Burkina Faso forest cover is around

23% of the total land area, equivalent to
6,216,400 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020,
down from 7,716,600 hectares (ha) in
1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating
forest covered 6,039,300 hectares (ha)
and planted forest covered 177,100
hectares (ha). Of the naturally
regenerating forest 0% was reported to be
primary forest (consisting of native tree
species with no clearly visible indications
of human activity) and around 16% of the Map of Burkina Faso
forest area was found within protected
areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the
forest area was reported to be under public ownership.[141][142]

Climate
Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the
country receives between 600 and 900 mm (24 and 35 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, the harmattan – a
hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts around four months, May/June to
September, but is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the
Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 mm
(24 in)[143] of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5–47 °C (41–117 °F).
A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond
the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the
Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the
fertile region of the Sudan to the south. Situated between 11°
3′ and 13° 5′ north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a
transitional zone with regard to rainfall and temperature.
Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more
than 900 mm (35 in)[143] of rain each year and has cooler
average temperatures.
Savannah near the Gbomblora
Geography and environment contribute to Burkina Faso's
Department, on the road from Gaoua to
food insecurity.[144] As the country is situated in the Sahel Batié
region, it has some of the most radical climatic variation in
the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme
drought.[145] The unpredictable climatic shocks can make it
very difficult for Burkina Faso citizens to rely on and prosper
from agriculture.[146]

Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to

insect attacks, including attacks from locusts and crickets,
which destroy crops and further inhibit food production.[147]
Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent
on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the Map of Köppen climate classification
agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the
household.[148] Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more
and more families are having to look for other sources of non-
farm income,[149] and often have to travel outside of their
regional zone to find work.[148]

Natural resources
Burkina Faso's natural resources include gold, manganese,
limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, and salt.

Damage caused by the Dourtenga floods

Wildlife in 2007

Burkina Faso has a larger number of elephants than many

countries in West Africa. Lions, leopards and buffalo can also be found here, including the dwarf or red
buffalo, a smaller reddish-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. Other large
predators live in Burkina Faso, such as the cheetah, the caracal or African lynx, the spotted hyena and the
African painted dog, one of the continent's most endangered species.[150]

Burkina Faso's fauna and flora are protected in four national parks:

The W National Park in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger
The Arly Wildlife Reserve (Arly National Park in the east)
The Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west
The Mare aux Hippopotames in the west
and several reserves: see List of national parks in Africa and List of protected areas of Burkina Faso.

Government and politics

The constitution of 2 June 1991 established a semi-
presidential government: its parliament could be dissolved by
the President of the Republic, who was to be elected for a
term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to
reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits
to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment
took effect during the 2005 elections.

The parliament consisted of one chamber known as the

National Assembly, which had 111 seats with members
The National Assembly building in
elected to serve five-year terms. There was also a
downtown Ouagadougou
constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an
economic and social council whose roles were purely
consultative. The 1991 constitution created a bicameral parliament, but the upper house (Chamber of
Representatives) was abolished in 2002.

The Compaoré administration had worked to decentralize power by devolving some of its powers to
regions and municipal authorities. The widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement
by many residents complicated this process. Critics described this as a hybrid decentralisation.[151]

Political freedoms are severely restricted in Burkina Faso. Human rights organizations had criticised the
Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other
politically active members of society.[152][153]

The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president with the approval of the
National Assembly. He is responsible for recommending a cabinet for appointment by the president.[154]

Constitution
In 2015, Kaboré promised to revise the 1991 constitution. The revision was completed in 2018. One
condition prevents any individual from serving as president for more than ten years either consecutively
or intermittently and provides a method for impeaching a president. A referendum on the constitution for
the Fifth Republic was scheduled for 24 March 2019.[155]

Certain rights are also enshrined in the revised wording: access to drinking water, access to decent
housing and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for example. The referendum was required
because the opposition parties in Parliament refused to sanction the proposed text.[156]

Following the January 2022 coup d'état, the military dissolved the parliament, government and
constitution.[157] On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution,[158] but it was suspended
again following the September 2022 coup d'état.[159]
Administrative divisions
The country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and
301 departments. Each region is administered by a governor.

Foreign relations
Burkina Faso is a member of the Community of Sahel–
Saharan States, La Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation, and United Nations. It is currently suspended
from ECOWAS and the African Union. Until December 2023
Burkina Faso was a member of G5 Sahel, a small group
formed in 2014 to co-operate with development and security
matters. However, in December 2023 the country withdrew
from the organisation due to concerns of "serving foreign
Burkina Faso's military ruler Ibrahim
interests to the detriments of our people" along with Niger
Traoré with Russian leader Vladimir Putin
and Mali. in Moscow, Russia on 9 May 2025

Military
The army consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's
Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil
duties. According to Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment, Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for
its force structure and poorly equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed
useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa.[160]

In terms of training and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite
Regiment of Presidential Security (French: Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle – RSP). Reports have
emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions.[161] There is an air force with some
19 operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. Military expenses constitute
approximately 1.2% of the nation's GDP.

Law enforcement
Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used
by French police. France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces. The
Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the
brigade level. The Gendarmerie operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members
are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders.[162]

There is a municipal police force controlled by the Ministry of Territorial Administration; a national
police force controlled by the Ministry of Security; and an autonomous Regiment of Presidential Security
(Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP), a 'palace guard' devoted to the protection of the
President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both
administrative and judicial police functions; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide
security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations.[162]
All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports, or other forms of identification or
risk a fine, and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto, bush-taxi, or
bus.[163][164]

Economy
The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from
$2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in
2012.[165] Agriculture represents 32% of its gross
domestic product and occupies 80% of the
working population. It consists mostly of rearing
livestock. Especially in the south and southwest,
the people grow crops of sorghum, pearl millet,
maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with
surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic
activity of the country is funded by international
aid, despite having gold ores in abundance.
A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports,
The top five export commodities in 2017 were, in 2019
order of importance: gems and precious metals,
US$1.9 billion (78.5% of total exports), cotton,
$198.7 million (8.3%), ores, slag, ash, $137.6 million (5.8%),
fruits, nuts: $76.6 million (3.2%) and oil seeds: $59.5 million
(2.5%).[166]

A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that

in 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4% in 2017 (vs.
5.9% in 2016) primarily due to gold production and increased
investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption
linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic GDP per capita in Burkina Faso, since
growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4% that year but the public 1950
deficit grew to 7.7% of GDP (vs. 3.5% in 2016). The
government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to
finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrowing
on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short
and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices (imports),
lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes.[167]

Burkina Faso is part of the West African Monetary and Economic Union (UMEOA) and has adopted the
CFA franc. This is issued by the Central Bank of the West African States (BCEAO), situated in Dakar,
Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides
regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing,
bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all
countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999. Microfinance institutions
are governed by a separate law, which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries. The
insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA).[168]
In 2018, tourism was almost non-existent in large parts of the
country. The U.S. government (and others) warn their citizens
not to travel into large parts of Burkina Faso: "The northern
Sahel border region shared with Mali and Niger due to crime
and terrorism. The provinces of Kmoandjari, Tapoa,
Kompienga, and Gourma in East Region due to crime and
terrorism".[169]

The 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this updated

Processing facilities at the Essakane
summary. "Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that
Mine in Burkina Faso
depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall,
poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other
infrastructure contribute to the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population
is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources
and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso's key exports ...The country has seen an
upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports.

While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso's economy to resume positive growth, the
country's fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali,
unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges." The report also
highlights the 2018–2020 International Monetary Fund program, including the government's plan to
"reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public
investments".[23]

A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic evolution: "higher
investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit".
This group's prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8% of GDP in
2018 and to 2.9% in 2019. Public debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development
Plan was estimated at 36.9% of GDP in 2017.[170]

Burkina Faso is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
(OHADA).[171] The country also belongs to the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World
Bank, and World Trade Organization.[172]

Mining
There is mining of copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), and phosphates.[173] These
operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at
six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa,
Mali and Ghana.[174] Gold production of Burkina Faso's in 2015 is 36 metric tonnes.[175]

A 2018 report indicated that the country expected record 55 tonnes of gold in that year, a two-thirds
increase over 2013. According to Oumarou Idani, there is a more important issue. "We have to diversify
production. We mostly only produce gold, but we have huge potential in manganese, zinc, lead, copper,
nickel and limestone".[176]
Infrastructure

Water
While services remain underdeveloped, the National Office
for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), a state-owned utility
company run along commercial lines, is emerging as one of
the best-performing utility companies in Africa.[177] High
levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management
have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and
access to clean water.[177]

Since 2000, nearly 2 million more people have access to

water in the four principal urban centres in the country; the
The Grand marché in Koudougou,
company has kept the quality of infrastructure high (less than Burkina Faso
18% of the water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest in
sub-Saharan Africa), improved financial reporting, and
increased its annual revenue by an average of 12% (well above inflation).[177] Challenges remain,
including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international
aid to expand its infrastructure.[177] The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation
reach its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a viable
company.[177]

However, access to drinking water has improved over the last 28 years. According to UNICEF, access to
drinking water has increased from 39 to 76% in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this same time
span, access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97% in urban areas.[178]

Electricity
A 33-megawatt solar power plant in Zagtouli, near Ouagadougou, came online in late November 2017. At
the time of its construction, it was the largest solar power facility in West Africa.[179]

Other
The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions
from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger.[180]

Transport
Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure.

As of June 2014 the main international airport, Ouagadougou Airport, had regularly scheduled flights to
many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris, Brussels and Istanbul. The other international airport,
Bobo Dioulasso Airport, has flights to Ouagadougou and Abidjan.

Rail transport in Burkina Faso consists of a single line which runs from Kaya to Abidjan in Ivory Coast
via Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora. Sitarail operates a passenger train three
times a week along the route.[181]
There are 15,000 kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of
which 2,500 kilometres are paved.[182]

Science and technology

In 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20% of GDP on research and
development (R&D), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa.
There were 48 researchers (in full-time equivalents) per
million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the
The railway station in Bobo Dioulasso
average for sub-Saharan Africa (20 per million population in
was built during the colonial era and
2013) and higher than the ratio for Ghana and Nigeria (39). It remains in operation.
is, however, much lower than the ratio for Senegal (361 per
million inhabitants). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46% of
researchers were working in the health sector, 16% in engineering, 13% in natural sciences, 9% in
agricultural sciences, 7% in the humanities and 4% in social sciences.[183] In January 2011, the
government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of
science, technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education
and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is
responsible for planning. A separate body, the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and
Innovation, coordinates research. This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African
countries where a single body fulfills both functions. The move signals the government's intention to
make science and technology a development priority.[183] Burkina Faso was ranked 129th in the Global
Innovation Index in 2024.[184]

In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted a National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research, the strategic
objectives of which are to develop R&D and the application and commercialization of research results.
The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry's strategic and operational capacities.
One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self-sufficiency by boosting capacity in
agricultural and environmental sciences. The creation of a centre of excellence in 2014 at the
International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank
project provides essential funding for capacity-building in these priority areas.[183]

A dual priority is to promote innovative, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes
to develop, in parallel, applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement
the national research policy, the government has prepared a National Strategy to Popularize
Technologies, Inventions and Innovations (2012) and a National Innovation Strategy (2014). Other
policies also incorporate science and technology, such as that on Secondary and Higher Education and
Scientific Research (2010), the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security (2014) and the National
Programme for the Rural Sector (2011).[183]

In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms
for financing research and innovation, a clear indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms
are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for
Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.[183]
Demographics
Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular
state where most people are concentrated in the Population[185][186]
south and centre, where their density sometimes Year Million
exceeds 48 inhabitants per square kilometre 1950 4.3
(120/sq mi). Hundreds of thousands of
2000 11.6
Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and
Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. 2021 22.1
These flows of workers are affected by external
events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the
ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè
returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they
were unable to work.[187]

The total fertility rate of

Burkina Faso was A Burkinabè Tuareg man in
estimated to be Ouagadougou
5.93 children born per
woman in 2014, the sixth
highest in the world.[188]

In 2009 the U.S. Department of State's Trafficking in Persons

Report reported that slavery in Burkina Faso continued to
exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims.[189]
Slavery in the Sahel states in general, is an entrenched
institution with a long history that dates back to the trans-
Saharan slave trade.[190] In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people
in the country were living under "modern slavery" according
to the Global Slavery Index.[191]

Mossi people in Dourtenga Department

Largest cities or towns in Burkina Faso

According to the 2019 Census[192]
Rank Name Region Pop.
1 Ouagadougou Centre 2,415,266
2 Bobo-Dioulasso Hauts-Bassins 904,920
3 Koudougou Centre-Ouest 160,239
4 Saaba Centre 136,011
5 Ouahigouya Nord 124,587
6 Kaya Centre-Nord 121,970
7 Banfora Cascades 117,452
 8 Pouytenga Centre-Est 96,469
9 Houndé Hauts-Bassins 87,151
10 Fada N'gourma Est 73,200

Ethnic groups
Burkina Faso's 23 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups: the Voltaic
and the Mandé (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the
population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from
northern Ghana around 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years.
Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in
Ouagadougou.[187] There are approximately 5,000 Europeans.[193]

Languages
Burkina Faso is a multilingual country. The Native Languages in Burkina Faso
working languages are French, which was Languages percent
introduced during the colonial period, and Mooré 40.5%
English.[20] In December 2023, due to Fula 9.3%
Gourmanche 6.1%
deteriorating relations between Burkina Faso and Bambara 4.9%
the French government, the Burkina Faso Bissa 3.2%
government announced it was elevating Mooré, Bwamu 2.1%
Bissa, Dyula and Fula to the status of official Dagara 2%
languages. French was dropped as an official San 1.9%
Lobiri 1.8%
language, becoming a working language with
Lyele 1.7%
English instead.[194][195] Altogether, an estimated Bobo 1.4%
69 languages are spoken in the country,[196] of Senoufo 1.4%
which about 60 languages are indigenous. The Nuni 1.2%
Mooré language is the most spoken language in Dafing 1.1%
Tamasheq 1%
Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population,
Kassem 0.7%
mainly in the central region around the capital, Gouin 0.4%
Ouagadougou. Dogon 0.3%
Songhai 0.3%
According to the 2006 census, the languages Gourounsi 0.3%
spoken natively in Burkina Faso were Mooré by Ko 0.1%
40.5% of the population, Fula by 9.3%, Koussasse 0.1%
Sembla 0.1%
Gourmanché by 6.1%, Bambara by 4.9%, Bissa by
Siamou 0.1%
3.2%, Bwamu by 2.1%, Dagara by 2%, San by Other National 5%
1.9%, Lobiri with 1.8%, Lyélé with 1.7%, Bobo Other African 0.2%
and Sénoufo with 1.4% each, Nuni by 1.2%, French 1.3%
Dafing by 1.1%, Tamasheq by 1%, Kassem by Other non-indigenous 0.1%
0.7%, Gouin by 0.4%, Dogon, Songhai, and
Gourounsi by 0.3% each, Ko, Koussassé, Sembla,
and Siamou by 0.1% each, other national languages by 5%, other African languages by 0.2%, French (the
official language) by 1.3%, and other non-indigenous languages by 0.1%.[197]
In the west, Mandé languages are widely spoken, the most predominant being Dyula (also known as Jula
or Dioula), others including Bobo, Samo, and Marka. Fula is widespread, particularly in the north.
Gourmanché is spoken in the east, while Bissa is spoken in the south.

Religion
The government of Burkina Faso's 2019 census reported that
63.8% of the population practiced Islam, and that the majority
of this group belong to the Sunni branch,[16][198] while a
small minority adheres to Shia Islam.[199] A significant
number of Sunni Muslims identify with the Tijaniyah Sufi
order.

The 2019 census also found that 26.3% of the population

were Christians (20.1% being Roman Catholics and 6.2%
Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso
members of Protestant denominations) and 9.0% followed
traditional indigenous beliefs such as the Dogon religion,
0.2% followed other religions, and 0.7% were non-religious.[16][198]

Animists are the largest religious group in the country's Sud-Ouest region, forming 48.1% of its total
population.[16]

Health
In 2016, the average life expectancy was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the
under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate was 76 per 1000 live births.[200] In 2014, the
median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population growth rate was 3.05%.[188]

In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5% of GDP; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300 deaths
per 100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was
estimated that the adult HIV prevalence rate (ages 15–49) was 1.0%.[201] According to the 2011 UNAIDS
Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics.[202] According
to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have
had female genital mutilation, administered according to traditional rituals.[203]

Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001.[204] As of 2009, studies estimated there were as
few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people.[205] In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per
100,000 people.[205] Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since
1993, and had another in 2009.[206]

A Dengue fever outbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients. Cases of the disease were reported from all 12
districts of Ouagadougou.[207]

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Burkina Faso ranks 98th out of 127 countries and has a serious
level of hunger with a score of 24.6[208]
Education
Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary
and higher education.[209] High school costs approximately
CFA 25,000 (US$50) per year, which is far above the means
of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in
schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far
lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls'
schooling has been observed because of the government's
policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them
more scholarships. The Gando primary school. Its architect,
Diébédo Francis Kéré, received the Aga
To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high Khan Award for Architecture in 2004.
school or high school to college, national exams must be
passed. Institutions of higher education include the University
of Ouagadougou, The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, and the University of Koudougou,
which is also a teacher training institution. There are some small private colleges in the capital city of
Ouagadougou but these are affordable to only a small portion of the population.

There is also the International School of Ouagadougou (ISO), an American-based private school located
in Ouagadougou.

The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of
literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in
2008.[210]

Food insecurity
According to the Global Hunger Index, a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's
hunger levels,[211] Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013.[212] It is estimated that there are
currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around
350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance.[212] However, only about a third of
these children will actually receive adequate medical attention.[213] Only 11.4 percent of children under
the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals.[212] Stunted growth as a result of food
insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to
2012.[214] Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with
normal growth development,[213] further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso
population.[215]

The European Commission expects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will
suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life-
threatening form.[216] Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high.[217] According to the
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2010), 49 percent of women and 88 percent of children under the
age of five suffer from anemia.[217] Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed to malnutrition, and in
turn, these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso's total work force by 13.6 percent,
demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health.[212]
These high rates of food insecurity and the accompanying effects are even more prevalent in rural
populations compared to urban ones, as access to health services in rural areas is much more limited and
awareness and education of children's nutritional needs is lower.[218]

An October 2018 report by USAid stated that droughts and floods remained problematic, and that
"violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, trade and livelihoods activities in some parts of Burkina
Faso's northern and eastern areas". The report estimated that over 954,300 people needed food security
support, and that, according to UNICEF, an "estimated 187,200 children under 5 years of age will
experience severe acute malnutrition". Agencies providing assistance at the time included USAID's
Office of Food for Peace (FFP) working with the UN World Food Programme, the NGO Oxfam Intermón
and ACDI/VOCA.[219]

Approaches to improving food security

World Food Programme

The United Nations' World Food Programme has worked on programs that are geared towards increasing
food security in Burkina Faso. The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 (PRRO) was
formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutrition
crisis in 2012.[220] The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of
malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for
malnutrition.[220] Additionally, the activities of this operation contribute to families' abilities to withstand
future food crises. Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant
women, prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised, such as
in droughts.[220]

The Country Programme (CP) has two parts: food and nutritional assistance to people with HIV/AIDS,
and a school feeding program for all primary schools in the Sahel region.[221] The HIV/AIDS nutrition
program aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV/AIDS and to protect at-
risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security.[221] As part of the school feeding
component, the Country Programme's goals are to increase enrollment and attendance in schools in the
Sahel region, where enrollment rates are below the national average.[220] Furthermore, the program aims
at improving gender parity rates in these schools, by providing girls with high attendance in the last two
years of primary school with take-home rations of cereals as an incentive to households, encouraging
them to send their girls to school.[220]

The WFP concluded the formation of a subsequently approved plan in August 2018 "to support the
Government's vision of 'a democratic, unified and united nation, transforming the structure of its
economy and achieving a strong and inclusive growth through patterns of sustainable consumption and
production.' It will take important steps in WFP's new strategic direction for strengthened national and
local capacities to enable the Government and communities to own, manage, and implement food and
nutrition security programmes by 2030".[222]
World Bank
The World Bank was established in 1944, and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end
extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty
percent of every country.[223] One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food
insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project.[224] According to
the World Bank, the objective of this project is to "improve the capacity of poor producers to increase
food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets."[224] The
Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts. Its first component is to work
towards the improvement of food production, including financing grants and providing 'voucher for work'
programs for households who cannot pay their contribution in cash.[224] The project's next component
involves improving the availability of food products, particularly in rural areas.[224] This includes
supporting the marketing of food products, and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to
control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels.[224] Lastly, the third
component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building. Its goal is to
reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project
implementation.[224] The project's activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the
capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods, and
manage and evaluate project activities.[224]

The December 2018 report by the World Bank indicated that the poverty rate fell slightly between 2009
and 2014, from 46% to a still high 40.1%. The report provided this updated summary of the country's
development challenges: "Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in
rainfall patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on world markets. Its
economic and social development will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country
and the sub-regions, its openness to international trade, and export diversification".[225]

Culture
Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition,
which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation,
Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes, pensées
et devinettes mossi (Maxims, Thoughts and Riddles of the
Mossi), a record of the oral history of the Mossi people.[226]

The oral tradition continued to have an influence on

Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of
the 1960s, such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema.[227] The
1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being
published.[226] Since the 1970s, literature has developed in
Burkina Faso with many more writers being published.[228]

The theatre of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè A masked Winiama dancer, c. 1970
performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial
efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive
national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long
involved dancing with masks. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily
influenced by French theatre. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by forum theatre
aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.

Slam poetry is increasing in popularity in the country, in part

due to the efforts of slam poet Malika Outtara.[229] She uses
her skills to raise awareness around issues such as blood
donation, albinism and the impact of COVID-19.[230][231]

Arts and crafts

In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among
the peoples, there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso,
especially in Ouagadougou. Much of the crafts produced are
for the country's growing tourist industry.

Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair,
Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as
SIAO, Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de
Ouagadougou, and is one of the most important African
handicraft fairs.

Malika Outtara, poet

Music
The music of Burkina Faso includes the folk music of 60
different ethnic groups. The Mossi people, centrally located
around the capital, Ouagadougou, account for 40% of the
population while, to the south, Gurunsi, Gurma, Dagaaba and
Lobi populations, speaking Gur languages closely related to
the Mossi language, extend into the coastal states. In the north
and east the Fulani of the Sahel preponderate, while in the
south and west the Mande languages are common; Samo,
Bissa, Bobo, Senufo and Marka. Burkinabé traditional music
Artisan garland of decorative painted
has continued to thrive and musical output remains quite
gourds in Ouagadougou
diverse. Popular music is mostly in French: Burkina Faso has
yet to produce a major pan-African success.

Media
The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, Radio
Télévision du Burkina (RTB).[232] RTB broadcasts on two medium-wave (AM) and several FM
frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio
stations. RTB maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French
language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz.[233]

Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998,
investigative journalist Norbert Zongo, his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated
by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved.[234] However, an
independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that
Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his
investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a
chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President
Blaise Compaoré's brother.[235][236]

In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the

murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of
torture in January 1998. The charges were later dropped by a
military tribunal after an appeal. In August 2000, five
members of the President's personal security guard detail A cameraman in Ouagadougou, Burkina
(Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP) were Faso in 2010
charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel
Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as
suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to
lengthy prison terms.[235][236] Because of his role in the Zongo affair, François Compaoré was arrested on
29 October 2017 by French police on his return from Abidjan.[237] His extradition to Burkina Faso was
annulled by the ECHR, following an appeal lodged by his lawyer François-Henri Briard.[238]

Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of
journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007,
popular radio reggae host Karim Sama, whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical
commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption, received several death threats.[239]

Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by unknown
vandals.[240] In response, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to
request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio
commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government.[234] In December 2008, police in
Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the
unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the
Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso.[241]

Cinema
The cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of the West African film industry and African film as a
whole.[242] Burkina's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the film festival
FESPACO (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as
a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won
international prizes.

For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in
Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and
funding of President Sankara. (In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the
headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou.) Among the best known directors from Burkina
Faso are Gaston Kaboré, Idrissa Ouedraogo and Dani Kouyate.[243] Burkina produces popular television
series such as Les Bobodiouf. Internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo,
and Kouyate make popular television series.
Cuisine
Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is
based on staple foods of sorghum, millet, rice, maize,
peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra.[244] The most
common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs
and freshwater fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or
Palm Wine, which is fermented palm sap; and Zoom-kom, or
"grain water" purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso.
Zoom-kom is milky-looking and whitish, having a water and
cereal base, best drunk with ice cubes. In the more rural
regions, in the outskirts of Burkina, you would find Dolo, A plate of fufu (right) accompanied with
which is drink made from fermented millet.[245] In times of peanut soup
crisis, one legume native to Burkina, Zamnè, can be served as
a main dish or in a sauce.[246]

Cultural festivals and events

Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou
(FESPACO), the largest African cinema festival on the continent (February, odd years).

Held every two years since 1988, the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou (SIAO), is one of
Africa's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts (late October-early November, even years).

Also every two years, the Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo takes place on a site located
about 35 kilometres (22 miles) from Ouagadougou, in the province of Oubritenga.

The National Culture Week of Burkina Faso, better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de
la culture (SNC), is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event
which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country.

The Festival International des Masques et des Arts (FESTIMA), celebrating traditional masks, is held
every two years in Dédougou.

Sports
Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football,
basketball, cycling, rugby union, handball, tennis, boxing and
martial arts. Football is the most popular sport in Burkina
Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and
villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed
"Les Etalons" ("the Stallions") in reference to the legendary
horse of Princess Yennenga.

In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for

which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso national football team in
Burkina Faso qualified for the 2013 African Cup of Nations white during a match
in South Africa and reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria 0–1. The country has never qualified for a
FIFA World Cup.[247]

Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women.[248] The country's
men's national team had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the AfroBasket, the
continent's prime basketball event.

At the 2020 Summer Olympics, the athlete Hugues Fabrice Zango won Burkina Faso's first Olympic
medal, winning bronze in the men's triple jump.[249] Cricket is also picking up in Burkina Faso with
Cricket Burkina Faso running a 10 club league.[250]

See also

Africa portal

Index of Burkina Faso-related articles

Outline of Burkina Faso
2023 in Burkina Faso

Notes
a. UK: /bəˌkiːnə ˈfæsəʊ/ bə-KEE-nə FASS-oh, US: /bərˌkiːnə ˈfɑːsoʊ/ ⓘ
bər-KEE-nə FAH-
soh; [11] Mossi: Burkĩna Faso [bùɾkĩná fà.só]; Fula: 𞤮𞤧𞤢𞤊 𞤢𞤲𞤭𞤳𞤪𞤵𞤄; [12] Dyula: ߊߣߌߞߙߎߓ
[13]
ߏߛߊߝ
b. /bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bur-KEE-nə-bay

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Bibliography
Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa & Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of
Burkina Faso. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6770-3.
Further reading
Engberg-Perderson, Lars, Endangering Development: Politics, Projects, and Environment in
Burkina Faso (Praeger Publishers, 2003).
Englebert, Pierre, Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa (Perseus, 1999).
Howorth, Chris, Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina
Faso (Ashgate, 1999).
McFarland, Daniel Miles and Rupley, Lawrence A, Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso
(Scarecrow Press, 1998).
Manson, Katrina and Knight, James, Burkina Faso (Bradt Travel Guides, 2011).
Roy, Christopher D and Wheelock, Thomas G B, Land of the Flying Masks: Art and Culture
in Burkina Faso: The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection (Prestel Publishing, 2007).
Sankara, Thomas, Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987
(Pathfinder Press, 2007).
Sankara, Thomas, We are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina
Faso Revolution 1983–1987 (Pathfinder Press, 2007).

External links
Official website (https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/), official government portal. (in French)
LeFaso.net (http://www.lefaso.net/), a news information site (in French)
Burkina Faso (https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Burkina-Faso) profile from ECOWAS
Burkina Faso profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13072774) from the BBC
News.
Wikimedia Atlas of Burkina Faso
News headline links (https://www.aljazeera.com/where/burkina-faso/) from Al Jazeera.
Burkina Faso (https://www.democracynow.org/topics/burkina_faso), Democracy Now!
Country profile (https://newint.org/regions/burkina-faso) at New Internationalist.
Burkina Faso Business Facts (https://bizpages.org/countries--BF--Burkina-Faso) from
Bizpages (https://bizpages.org)

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