Unit : 9 Inspection and Introduction to Quality Control 9.What Is Total Quality Management (TQM)?

1.What is Inspection Total quality management (TQM) is the continual process of detecting and reducing or eliminating
Inspection is an activity of checking, measuring, or testing one or more product or service errors in manufacturing, streamlining supply chain management, improving the customer experience,
characteristics and comparing the results with the specific requirements to confirm compliance. An and ensuring that employees are up to speed with training. Total quality management aims to hold all
efficient inspection process standardizes quality, eliminates paper documents, and increases parties involved in the production process accountable for the overall quality of the final product or
efficiencies on the floor. service.
2.The purpose of inspections 10.Quality Circle
1. To distinguish good lots from bad lots. A quality circle definition refers to a group of workers working in the same department who often
2. To distinguish good pieces from bad pieces. meet regularly to discuss, analyze, and develop remedies to solve work-related problems. It is also
3. To determine, if the process is changing. known as the quality control circle or QC. The quality circle group comprises 6-12 people. The exact
4. To determine, if the process is approaching the specification limits. duration of meetings varies depending on the problem being discussed, but the members agree to
5. To rate quality of product. meet at regularly scheduled days and times. The person appointed to lead the session, usually the
6. To rate accuracy of inspectors. supervisor, runs meetings in an organized manner. Minutes are also taken to document the
7. To measure the precision of the measuring instrument. discussions and record the problems identified and the proposed solutions.
8. To secure products-design information. 10.What is the ISO?
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF INSPECTION: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
1. To detect and remove the faulty raw materials before it undergoes production. bodies.
2. To remove the faulty products in production whenever it is detected. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that comprises standards bodies from more than 160
3. To bring facts to the notice of managers, before they become serious to enable them discover countries, with one standards body representing each member country.
weaknesses and over the problem. 11.Benefits of ISO
4. To prevent the substandard reaching the customer and reducing complaints. 1. This gives competitive advantage in the global market.
5. To promote reputation for quality and reliability of product. 2.Consistency in quality, since ISO helps in detecting non-conformity early which makes it possible to
3.What is inspection of incoming materials take corrective action.
An incoming inspection, also known as material inspection or receiving inspection, is a process that 3. Documentation of quality procedures adds clarity to quality system.
validates the quality of purchased incoming raw materials and components. 4. ISO 9000 ensures adequate and regular quality training for all members of the organization.
4.What is an in-process inspection 5. ISO helps the customers to have cost effective purchase procedure.
In-process inspection for manufacturing refers to inspection at any point along the production cycle. 6. The customers while making purchases from companies with ISO certificate need not spend much
This is done to check the parameters within each section of the process and whether they are in on inspection and testing. This will reduce the quality cost and lead-time.
accordance with industry standards such as ISO 9001 and EASA. 7. This will help in increasing productivity.
5.What is finished goods inspection? 8. This will aid to improved morale and involvement of workers.
Finished good inspection is carried out when the production process of a batch for a specific 9. The level of job satisfaction would be more.
purchasing order (P.O) is completed 80% or more. As a buyer, final inspection provides you with 12. ISO 9000 series has five international standards on quality managements. They are:
critical insights on the quality your consumers should expect when they bring your product home. 1. ISO 9000- Quality management and Quality assurance standards
Depending on the results of the final inspection, merchandisers and QC may accept, reject or 2. ISO 9001- Quality systems: Quality in design
negotiate specific aspects of the goods with suppliers. 3. ISO 9002- Quality systems: Production and Installation
6.What Is Quality Control (QC)? 4. ISO 9003 Quality systems: Final inspection and test
Quality control (QC) is a process through which a business seeks to ensure that product quality is 5. ISO 9004 Quality management and systems
maintained or improved. Quality control requires the company to create an environment where 13. Objectives of ISO 9000 SERIES
management and employees strive for perfection. ISO 9000
7.Define quality This provides guidelines on selection and use of quality management and quality assurance standards.
Quality is the act of overseeing different activities and tasks within an organization to ensure that ISO 9001
products and services offered, as well as the means used to provide them, are consistent. It helps to It has 20 elements covering design, development, production, installation and servicing.
achieve and maintain a desired level of quality within the organization. ISO 9002
It has 18 elements covering production and installation. It is same as ISO 9001 without the first two
tasks, viz., design and development .This is applicable for the units excluding R & D functions.
ISO 9003
It has 12 elements covering final inspection and testing for laboratories and warehouses etc.

ISO 9004 18. Objectives of quality control:

This provides guidelines to interpret the quality management and quality assurance. This also has 1. To improve the companies income by making the production more acceptable to the customers,
suggestions which are not mandatory. i.e., by providing long life, greater usefulness, maintainability etc.
2. To reduce companies cost through reduction of losses due to defects.
14.Total Quality Management (TQM)? 3. To achieve interchangeability of manufacture in large scale production.
Now a days, customers demand product/services with greater durability and reliability at the most 4. To produce optimal quality at reduced price.
economic price. This forces producers, to strictly follow quality procedures right from design, till 5. To ensure satisfaction of customers with productions or, services or, high quality level, to build
shipment and installation of the products. So that goal of any competitive industry is to provide a customer goodwill, confidence and reputation of manufacturer.
product or service at the most economical costs, ensuring full customer satisfaction. This can be 6. To make inspection prompt to ensure quality control.
achieved through total quality Management (TQM), because, quality is not a technical function, but a 7. To check the variation during manufacturing.
systemic process extending throughout all phases of business, e.g. marketing, design, development, The broad areas of application of quality control are incoming material control, process control and
engineering, purchasing, production/operations.As per Feigebaum, Total quality Management is an product control.
effective system of integrating the quality development, quality maintenance and quality 19. TYPES OF QUALITY CONTROL
improvement efforts of various groups in an organization, so as to enable marketing, engineering, 1.Off-line Quality Control:
production and service at the most economic levels which allows full customer satisfaction. Its procedure deal with measures to select and choose controllable product and process parameters
15.BENEFITS OF TQM in such a way, that the deviation between the product or, process output and the standard will be
1. Customer Satisfaction Oriented Benefits: minimized. Much of this task is accomplished through product and process design.
(a) Improvement in product quality. Example: Taguchi method, principles of experimental design etc.
(b) Improvement in product design.. 2. Statistical Process Control:
(c) Improvement in production flow. SPC involves comparing the output of a process or, a service with a standard and taking remedial
(d) Improvement in employee morale and quality consciousness. actions in case of a discrepancy between the two. It also involves determining, whether a process can
(e) Improvement of product service. produce a product that meets desired specification or, requirements. On-line SPC means that
(f) Improvement in market place acceptance. information is gathered about the product, process or, service while it is functional. The corrective
2. Economic Improvements Oriented Benefits: action is taken in that operational phase. This is real-time basis.
(a) Reductions in operating costs. 3. Acceptance Sampling Plans:
(b) Reductions in operating losses. A plan that determines the number of items to sample and acceptance criteria of the lot, based on
(c) Reductions in field service costs. meeting certain stipulated conditions (such as the risk of rejecting a good lot or accepting a bad lot) is
(d) Reductions in liability exposure. known as an acceptance sampling plan.
16. BENEFITS OF QUALITY CONTROL
• Improving the quality of products and services.
• Increasing the productivity of manufacturing processes, commercial business, corporations.
• Reducing manufacturing and corporate costs.
• Determining and improving the marketability of products and services.
• Reducing consumer prices of products and services.
• Improving and/or, assuring on time deliveries and availability.
• Assisting in the management of an enterprise.
17. Following are the steps in quality control process:
1.Formulate quality policy.
2. Set the standards or specifications on the basis of customer's preference, cost and profit.
3. Select inspection plan and set up procedure for checking.
4. Detect deviations from set standards of specifications.
5. Take corrective actions or necessary changes to achieve standards .
6. Decide on salvage method i.e., to decide how the defective parts are disposed of, entire scrap or,
rework.
7. Coordination of quality problems.
8. Developing quality consciousness both within and outside the organization.
9. Developing procedures for good vendor-vendee relations.
 Unit: 7 Introduction to Production Planning and Control Unit: 2 Organizational Management
1.ProductionPlaning:- Types of organization
Production planning is the act of developing a guide for the design and production of a given product 1.What is Organisation
or service. Production planning helps organizations make the production process as efficient as Organisation refers to a collection of people who are working towards a common goal and objective.
possible. In other words, it can be said that organisation is a place where people assemble together and
2.Planning:- perform different sets of duties and responsibilities towards fulfilling the organisational goals.
Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of Two types of organisation:- formal, informal .
action for achieving those objectives. Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental 2.Formal Organisation:
conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. Formal organisation is that type of organisation structure where the authority and responsibility are
3.Sequencing:- clearly defined. The organisation structure has a defined delegation of authority and roles and
Sequencing is the order of tasks to be done in chain. Hence the next task is started once the previous responsibilities for the members.
one is completed. Scheduling, on the other hand is the process in which people are assigned to time The formal organisation has predefined policies, rules, schedules, procedures and programs. The
to accomplish different tasks. It improves the delivery performance and reduces the manufacturing decision making activity in a formal organisation is mostly based on predefined policies.
time and cost. Formal organisation structure is created by the management with the objective of attaining the
4.Routing:- organisational goals.
Routing is the first step in production planning and control. Routing can be defined as the process of 3.Informal :
deciding the path (route) of work and the sequence of operations. Routing fixes in advance: The Informal organisations are those types of organisations which do not have a defined hierarchy of
quantity and quality of the product. The men, machines, materials, etc. to be used. authority and responsibility. In such organisations, the relationship between employees is formed
5.Scheduling:- based on common interests, preferences and prejudices.
Scheduling is the process of arranging, controlling and optimizing work and workloads in a production 4.Line :
process or manufacturing process. Scheduling is used to allocate plant and machinery resources, plan Line organisation is the simplest organisation structure and it also happens to be the oldest
human resources, plan production processes and purchase materials. organisation structure. It is also known as Scalar or military or departmental type of organisation.In
6.Loading:- this type of organisational structure, the authority is well defined and it flows vertically from the top
A load means the quantity of work, and allocating the quantity of work to the processes necessary to to the hierarchy level to the managerial level and subordinates at the bottom and continues further
manufacture each item is called loading. It is performed in the CRP (Capacity Requirements Planning) to the workers till the end.There is a clear division of accountability, authority and responsibility in the
of the manufacturing planning. line organisation structure.
7.Dispatching:- 5.Line and Staff :
It refers to the control of processes of operation planning, giving operation order and controlling Line and staff organisation is an improved version of the line organisation. In line and staff
operations in the manufacturing site. organisation, the functional specialists are added in line. The staff is for assisting the line members in
8.Follow up:- achieving the target effectively.
is checking the manufacturing activities systematically so that production may be carried out 6.Functional: Functional organisation structure is the type of organisation where the task of managing
according to plan. It is the measurement of output against plan, analysis of the performance for and directing the employees is arranged as per the function they specialise. In a functional
shortcomings if any and following up the management in order to apply corrective action to prevent organisation, there are three types of members, line members, staff members and functional
excessive shortfall. members.
9.Inspection:- 7.Project :
is the most common method of attaining standardization, uniformity and quality of workmanship. It is A project organisation is a temporary form of organisation structure that is formed to manage
the cost art of controlling the production quality after comparison with the established standards and projects for a specific period of time. This form of organisation has specialists from different
specifications. It is the function of quality control. departments who are brought together for developing a new product.
10.Corrective action:- is a particular action aimed at removing the cause of product failures and 8.Authority:-
nonconformities in an effort to prevent their future recurrence. in simple words, is the right way of commanding subordinates, issuing orders and instructions, and
exacting obedience from the team. It is also the right of the manager to make decisions. Also, to act
or not to act depends on how he perceives the objectives of the organization.
9. Responsibility:-
is the task that is entrusted by managers to subordinates. It is a moral commitment to complete the
work assigned. In other words, it is also defined as “Responsibility is the obligation of an individual to
carry out assigned activities to the best of his/her activities”

10.Span of control:- Unit:-5 Work Study

refers to the number of subordinates that can be managed effectively and efficiently by supervisors 1.Method study:-
or managers in an organization. Typically, it is either narrow or wide resulting in a flatter or more is the process of subjecting work to systematic, critical scrutiny to make it more effective and/or more
hierarchical organizational structure. efficient. It is one of the keys to achieving productivity improvement.
11.Responsibility:- 1.1 Work study
is the obligations of a subordinate for the performance of any job alloted by the superior. As is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as to improve the
explained earlier, a superior officer cannot perform all the activities himself and hence certain effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities carried out.
responsibilities and authorities a delegated to his assistants. Thus the delegation is not a non-way 2.Objectives of Method Study
process. The delegation cannot just sit idle after delegating his duties and powers to his subordinates. a]To improve the quality of learning
He must check that the task assigned by him is carried out properly and he must hold his delegates b]To improve the usage of materials, books and other literature
responsible for proper working of the job and utilisation of powers, as the delegator himself is also c]To develop a better physical working environment
responsible for the job. Utilisation of "authority" and 'responsibility' both go hand in hand and unless d]To achieve an economy in human efforts
a man is given necessary author to perform certain duties, he cannot be held responsible. e]To reduce the unnecessary fatigue
12.Span of Control f]To improve the design and condition of the workspace
It is a number of subordinates which are directly under their superior. The number of subordinates, g]To improve the workspace layout
over whom control is to be exercised should be reasonable. As too small number will lead to non- h]To finally improve the processes and procedures.
utilization of full time and energy of the superior while large number will lead to difficulty in 3.The basic procedure of work study is as follows
exercising proper control. An ideal number of subordinates for a superior authority is 4, and at the a)Select the job or process to be suited.
lowest level the ideal number is 12 to 16. Thus a manager may have 4 deputy managers and a b)Record from direct observation everything that happens in order to obtain data for analysis.
foreman may have 16 workers. In practice the ratio is, kept between 3 to 5 and in exceptional cases 6 c)Examine the recorded facts critically and challenge everything that is done,considering in turnthe
Generally, where the work is of routine nature the number is more. purpose of activitythe place where it is.
d) Performed, the sequence in which the elements are performed, the person who is doing itthe
means by which it is done.
e)Develop the most economic methodstaking into account all the circumstances.
f) Measure the amount of work involved in the method used and calculate a "standard time" for
doing it.
g)Define the new method and the related time
h)Install the new method and time as agreed standard practices.
i)Maintain the new standard practice by proper control procedures.
4.What is a flowchart symbol?
Flowcharts use special shapes to represent different types of actions or steps in a process. Lines and
arrows show the sequence of the steps, and the relationships among them. These are known as
flowchart symbols.
5. Flow Chart:
(also known as a Process Flow Diagram or Process Map) is a diagram of the steps in a process and
their sequence.
6. Selection of work study
a] Economic Factors:
If the economic importance of a job is small, it is not wise to start or continue a long study. Priorities
should be given to those types of job which offer greater potential for cost reduction.
b] Technical Factors:
The method study engineer must have the necessary technical knowledge about the job to be
studied. Only surface knowledge about the subject may not lead to the right solution to the real
problem. To illustrate, consider that a particular machine tool in proving bottleneck. The output from
this machine is not reaching the assembly line in the required quantity.
c] Human Factors: d] This can be done by applying rating factor.
Emotional reaction of the workers to the method study and changes in method are important e] Evaluate relaxation allowance and add the same to the normal time, for each element to get the
considerations. If the study of a particular job is suspected to cause unrest or ill feeling, it should not work content.
be undertaken, however useful it may be from the economic point of view. It is always better to take f] Ascertain the frequency of occurrence of each element in the job, then multiply the work content
up first those jobs which are considered ‘dirty', unsafe, unpleasant, boring, or highly fatiguing, and to it. After that total the times to reach the work content of the job.
improvements brought about as a result of method study. This would possibly ensure cooperative g] Add contingency allowance, wherever required, to get the standard time for performing the job.
from the workers for the other jobs as well.
d] Work Measurement: 11. What is time study in work study?
Work measurement refers to the estimation of standard time for an activity that is the time allowed Time Study is the original technique of work measurement, simple in concept though it does require a
for completing one piece of job by using the prescribed method. Standard time can be defined as the high degree of concentration and expertise on the part of the observer. Direct time study is the
time taken by an average experienced worker for the job with provisions for delays beyond the technique principally used for the measurement of repetitive work, ie work which follows a defined
worker's control. pattern and method.
7. Flow process chart name and symbol:- 12. Procedure of time study
(a) Analysis of Work:
The complete job and its operations are split up into various elements. These elements are finalised
after conducting motion study.
(b) Standardisation of Methods:
Before conducting time-study, all the constituents of the job such as materials, equipment, tools,
working conditions and methods are standardised. The method should be easy, safe and quickest in
the given conditions, so that it can be accepted by workers.
(c) Making Time Study:
The study is done on a printed time study record sheet as shown below which is fixed on a board
known as Time Study Board. On one corner generally right hand top corner a stop watch is placed.
This stop watch should have a decimal scale dial so that it can read up to 0.001 minute.
13.Standard Time:
It is the time, which is taken by a normal worker for a specific task or job, working under moderate
8.Work Measurement conditions and includes other allowances such as fatigue, setting of tool and job, repairing of tool,
is a general term used to describe the systematic application of industrial engineering techniques to checking of job etc.
establish the work content and time it should take to complete a task or series of tasks. Work 14.Allowances :-
measurement is a productivity improvement tool. are the additional time allowed to perform the work and are above the normal time/basic time. It is
9.Objectives of work measurement? an amount of time added to the normal time to provide for personal delays, unavoidable delays,
a] To standardize efficient methods for completing tasks. fatigue delays etc. Allowances when added to the normal time/basic time it results in standard time.
b] A realistic schedule and workforce requirements can be prepared by estimating the target time for 15.Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS):-
each job. is a work measurement technique that analyzes the basic human movements required to perform
c] Analyzing alternative methods to compare performance times. specific manual tasks in a given environment. To create a predetermined time system, an observer
d] Preparation of a realistic schedule of work. collects data by videotaping a task performed once according to specifications.
e] Identifying unnecessary activities related to a career to reduce or eliminate them. 16.Time study equipment:
f] Assist in the organization of labour by comparing the actual performance daily. The equipment needed for time study work consists of a timing device and an observation board.
g] A logical comparison can be made when alternative methods are compared based on their basic The devices most commonly used for measuring work are:
times. a. Stop watch or electronic timer (i.e. decimal stop watch).
h]To standardize the efficient process of performing operations. b. Motion picture camera (with constant-speed motor drive or with amicro-chronometer in the
i] Establish supervisory objectives and measure supervisor performance based on those objectives. picture to indicate time).
j] Work measurement is used in determining machine effectiveness. c. Electronic data collector and computer.
10. Steps Involved in Work Measurement
a] Divide jobs into elements
b] Observe and record each element, any of the work measurement techniques.
c] Set up unit time values, by extending observed time into normal time for each unit.

Unit: 6 Plant location, Plant layout 6.Types of plant layout based on types of production
1.What is plant location A] Batch production
Plant location refers to the choice of region and the selection of a particular site for setting up a Batch production is a technique that utilizes various steps to produce numerous units. This form of
business or factory. production is typically used when a large number of high-quality items need to be produced. The
2.Factors affecting Site Selection, units are moved from one step to another as a “batch”.
a] Natural or climatic conditions. B] Mass production
b] Availability and nearness to the sources of raw material. Mass production is a technique that creates the continuous production of items throughout a series
c] Transport costs Access to market of steps that are all performed simultaneously. This form of production is generally employed to
d] Availability of Infrastructural facilities achieve a greater output than batch production techniques. When items are mass produced, the
e] Availability of skilled and non-skilled labour and technically qualified and trained managers. different pieces of equipment used for the production of the items are all used at the same time.
f] Banking and financial institutions are located nearby. C] Job production
g] Locations with links: to develop industrial areas or business centres result in savings and cost comprises of an operator or group of operators to work upon a single job and complete it before
reductions in transport overheads, miscellaneous expenses. proceeding to the next similar or different job. The production requirement in the job production
h] Strategic considerations of safety and security should be given due importance. system is extremely low. It requires fixed type of layout for developing same products.
i] Government influences: Both positive and negativeaspects 7.Productivity
3. Plant layout is a measure of economic performance that compares the amount of goods and services produced
is the arrangement of machines, work areas and service areas within a factory. Plant layout involves (output) with the amount of inputs used to produce those goods and services.
the development of physical relationship among building, equipment and production operations, 8.Productivity types
which will enable the manufacturing process to be carried on efficiently. A] Labour Productivity
4.Plant layout objectives: Labour productivity is the measure of how much financial yield a company has been able to generate
a] To achieve economies in handling of raw materials, work in- progress and finished goods. for every work hour. It is also the efficiency with which labour has transformed the input into a
b] To reduce the quantum of work-in-progress. product that has a much higher perceived value. For instance, in software companies, it would be a
c] To have most effective and optimum utilisation of available floor space. measure of how efficiently a firm is using its resources to write the necessary code and implement it.
d] To minimise bottlenecks and obstacles in various production processes thereby avoiding the B]Capital Productivity
accumulation of work at important points. Capital productivity is used to determine the efficiency of fixed assets. It is a measure of the amount
e] To introduce system of production control. of output to the amount of physical capital used as input.
f] To ensure means of safety and provision of amenities to the workers. C] Material Productivity
g] To provide better quality products atlesser costs to the consumers. Material productivity is a measure of the output generated to the amount of input materials used. Of
h] To ensure loyalty of workers and improving their morale. course, when it comes to software companies. In such cases, it would be measured for the number of
i]. To minimise the possibility of accidents. resources taken to develop a software or complete a project.
j]. To provide for adequate storage and packing facilities. 9. What is material handling?
5.Principle of a Good Plant Layout: materials handling, the movement of raw goods from their native site to the point of use in
a]Congestion reduction manufacturing, their subsequent manipulation in production processes, and the transfer of finished
b]Elimination of unnecessary occupied areas products from factories and their distribution to users or sales outlets.
c]Reduction of administrative and indirect work 10.Need of material handling
d]Improvement on control and supervision A] It helps productivity and thereby increases profitability of an industry
e]Better adjustment of changing directions B] Improve efficiency of a production.
f]Better utilisation of the workforce, equipment and services C] Reduce damage of materials during storage and movement.
g]Reduction of material handling activities and stock in process D] Maximize space utilization.
h]Reduction on parts and quality risks E] Reduce overall cost by improving materials handling.
i]Reduction on health risks and increase on workers safety 11.Types of material handling device
j]Ensuring that workers satisfaction is increased A] Hand trucks one of the most basic pieces of material handling equipment, feature a small platform
k]Reduction on delays and manufacturing time as well as production capacity. to set the edge of a heavy object on, and a long handle to use for leverage.
B] Automatic Guided Vehicles(AGV) are independent computer-operated trucks that transport loads
along a predetermined path, with sensors and detectors to avoid bumping into anything.
C] Order pickers lift the operator several feet above the ground on a platform so they can retrieve or
store goods on high shelves.
D] Elevator, also called lift, car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers or freight between Unit:8 Introduction to Plant Maintenance
the levels of a multistory building 1.Maintenance –Definition
E] Conveyors move products from one place to another such as throughout a distribution centre or Maintenance is the process of keeping the machine and equipment in good working condition so that
through various steps in the production process. the efficiency of machine is retained and its life is increased.
F] Forklift is a small industrial vehicle, having a power operated forked platform attached at the front 2.Plant maintenance
that can be raised and lowered for insertion under a cargo to lift or move it can be defined as a particular set of activities that are required to maintain equipment, machinery
and parts so as to minimise downtime and failures.
3.Machine maintenance
is the process of performing upkeep on machinery to ensure continued working order. It can include
maintenance that occurs as part of a regular routine or prior to any sort of break or damage—things
like cleaning surfaces, lubricating gears, and checking for wear and tear on parts like belts.
4.The importance of plant maintenance varies with the type of plant and its production.
• Equipment breakdown leads to loss of production
• Savings in operational costs
• Affects production management
• Equipment breakdown leads to loss of production
5.Types of maintaineance
A] Breakdown
leads to poor maintenance, excessive delays in production, more spoilt material, and profit loss.
This type of maintenance is justified for small plants, where they do not feel financial justification for
scheduled techniques Corrective or Breakdown maintenance needs few records and a small staff.
B] Scheduled maintenance
department inspects equipment early and makes necessary changes to avoid breakdown. Scheduled
maintenance incorporates, inspection, lubrication, and repair of certain equipment.
C] Preventive maintenance
involves periodic inspection of components and corrects them in such conditions while they are still in
the minor stage. To make plant equipment always ready for use and achieve maximum production.
D] Predictive maintenance
equipment conditions are measured periodically to take timely action such as equipment adjustment,
repair, or overhaul.Predictive maintenance increases the lifetime of the equipment.

Unit: 4 Materials Management and inventory control E] Right Sources

1.What Is Material Management? The fifth objective of material management is to ensure that materials are sourced from the right
Material Management is a system that effectively controls and manages materials and supplies used sources. It involves identifying reliable suppliers, developing partnerships with suppliers, and ensuring
in an organization. The goal of material management is to ensure that the right materials are available that materials are purchased from approved suppliers only.
at the right time and in the right quantities, to support the production process and meet customer 4.Purchase procedure:-
demand. outlines the process of obtaining goods and services through your supply chain.
2.The functions of material management are as follows: 5. Steps involved in purchasing
A] Material Planning and Programming: - this consists of determining the total material requirement A].Determining Purchase Budget:
for any project by considering all factors. It also consists of laying down standards for the materials, Purchase Manager prepares a purchase budget for the forthcoming financial year. Purchase budget is
substitutes, sources of supply etc. prepared with the help of production planning department. It contains detailed information regarding
B] Material Purpose: - this consists of locating and developing sources of supply, market research for quantity to be purchased, quality of materials, time of purchase and the sources of procurement. A
purchasing, calling of tenders, selection of suppliers, negotiations, contracting and issuing of purchase schedule of materials and components needed for various jobs, known as bill of materials, is also
orders. prescribed for working out details of purchase budget. A bill of materials is also useful in exercising
C] Store Keeping: - This involves receiving and custody of purchased materials. The materials should control over the utilization of materials.
be stored in such a way that handling and damage caused is minimum. B].Receipt of Purchase Requisition:
D] Inventory Control: - This is a system of locating, storing and recording of goods so that they can be The purchase officer initiates action for the purchase of materials only when he receives a request for
made available to the actual site at minimum total expenditure. the same. The store-keeper and departmental heads send requisition slips to purchase department
E] Quality Control and Inspection: - Quality control is the control of quality during manufacturing. giving details of materials required by their departments etc. A purchase requisition is a form used as
Inspection consists of comparing the actual products against previously laid down standards and a formal request to the purchasing department to purchase materials.
specifications. C].Determining Sources of Supply:
F] Material Handling: - From the receipt of goods, inspection in the storage and issue for use, Purchase Manager remains in touch with various suppliers of materials. The quotations are invited for
materials should be handled in such a way so as to cause minimum damage. the purchase of specific items. After receiving quotations a comparative study is made regarding
G] Disposal of Surplus, Obsolete and Scrapstock: - if surplus, obsolete and scrap stock is held in terms and conditions offered. The factors to be considered include price, quantity, quality, time of
possession, this involves inventory carrying, storage and security costs. Hence, this should be delivery, terms of payment, trade discount and reputation of suppliers. After looking at various
disposed of as soon as possible. factors a final decision is taken about the supplier of goods.
H] Material Requirements Planning (MRP):- D]. Placing Order:
Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a computer-based inventory management system used to After selecting a supplier a formal purchase order is sent for the supply of goods. A purchase order is
plan production schedules and manage the procurement of materials. sent on a printed form and is duly authorized by the purchase manager. This order should contain
3.Objectives Of Material Management details about the quantity, quality, price, mode of delivery, terms of payment etc. The purchase order
A] Right Material authorizes the vendor to despatch goods specified in it. It establishes a contractual relation between
The first objective of material management is to ensure that suitable materials are available for the buyer and the vendor.
production. It involves identifying the materials required for production and ensuring that they are of E]. Follow-Up of Purchase Order:
the correct quality, specification, and quantity. A purchase order normally bears a date by which the goods must be delivered It is in the interest of
B] Right Time the organization that goods are received in time for keeping uninterrupted flow of materials. The
The second objective of material management is to ensure that the right materials are available at the suppliers may be reminded of the date of delivery of goods. A follow-up of purchase order is
right time. It involves managing the movement of materials within the warehouse, reducing lead necessary to receive stocks in time.
times, and improving the efficiency of delivery processes. F]. Receipt and Inspection of Materials:
C] Right Amount In big concerns the task of receiving materials is assigned to the purchase department whereas in
The third objective of material management is to ensure that the right amount of materials are small concerns this work is done by the store keeper. After unpacking goods their quantity is
available for production. It involves determining the optimal inventory level to maintain and compared to that given in delivery challans. Any discrepancy in items is reported to the purchase
implementing processes to manage the movement of materials within the warehouse. department. The specifications and quality of goods is also checked at this stage.
D] Right Price G]. Checking Invoices:
The fourth objective of material management is to ensure that materials are purchased at the right Lastly, purchase department checks the invoices supplied by the vendor with that of its own records.
price. It involves negotiating with suppliers to obtain the best possible prices and implementing cost- The quantity, quality, price, terms etc. are compared with those given in purchase order. After making
saving measures, such as reducing waste, reducing lead times, and improving the efficiency of full checking the invoices are sent to accounts department for payment.
delivery processes.
6.Function of Storage management D]. To minimize holding, replacement and shortage costs of inventories and maximize the efficiency in
A] Inspection- The authenticity of goods and their expiration period, if any, must be verified regularly. production and distribution.
There must also be frequent inspections to prevent any chance of theft, damages, and fraudulent E]. To treat inventory as investment which is risky. For some items, investment may lead to higher
activities. returns and for others less returns.
B] Stock Taking- Contacting suppliers and arranging for the arrival of stock is an important part of F]. To protect against inflation since the prices of materials are constantly increasing. Thus it is
store management. It also includes verifying the fresh stock to see if it meets the standards and if the important to invest in the inventories and save whenever the price of the materials goes up. However
expected amount of stock has been delivered. this benefit can only be availed if cost of holding inventory is taken care off.
C] Safety Stocks- The formulas of economic order quantity must be utilized to derive the frequency G].To avail quantity discounts on bulk purchases.
and number of purchases to restock the inventory. The safety stock and the danger stock levels must 10.Maximum stock definition:-
also be determined to maintain the former and avoid the latter. The maximum stock is the largest number of goods a company can store to provide its customers with
D] Accounts Maintenance- In the regular inventory cycle, some goods may either be the closing stock service at the lowest possible cost. It's vital to keep inventory control in line with demand.
from the previous cycle or freshly arrived stock for the new cycle. The pricings of these stocks may 11.Minimum Stock
vary. Some stocks may also offer discounts. There may even be stocks that are a work-in-progress. (Safety Stock) requirement specifies the lowest quantity of a certain product in a warehouse, and is
Store management is required to maintain proper records of these particulars and their quantitative added to the total replenishment recommendation.
details. 12. Lead time
E] Delivery Services- The store provides delivery services to its customers to have better control over in inventory management is the lapse in time between when an order is placed to replenish inventory
their supply chains. Reliable deliveries also help in easing the process of purchase for customers, and when the order is received.
thereby leading to better sales. A reorder level, also referred to as a reorder point refers to the inventory level at which a seller places
F] Training- Store management is also involved in the function of training and development of store an order with its suppliers to replenish the stock of a certain product.
personnel. The employees must be made aware of the targets and the system of inventory 13.Economic order quantity
management that the store follows. is one of the techniques of inventory control which minimizes total holding and ordering costs for the
G]Planning– The system of purchasing, supplying, and restocking must be well-planned. This is to year.The economic order quantity is the technique which solves the problem of the materials
ensure that the necessary stock is available at the right time and at the lowest cost possible. This also manager.
prevents stockouts, delays, and wastage. 13.1 Reorder level
H] Customer Retention- The function of store management also includes attracting new customers The inventory level at which a seller places an order with its suppliers to replenish the stock of a
and retaining existing customers. One method of doing this is by setting sales targets that are to be certain product.
met by respective store managers. 14.ABC analysis
6.1 Storage management is a method in which inventory is divided into three categories, i.e. A, B, and C in descending value.
The processes and technology companies use to maintain a data storage system . The purpose of The items in the A category have the highest value, B category items are of lower value than A, and C
storage management is to help organizations find a balance between costs , performance and storage category items have the lowest value. Inventory control and management are critical for a business.
capacity. 15. VED analysis:-
7.BIN card in inventory management deals with the classification of materials based on their importance to
is a document or record used in inventory management to track the movement and current quantity other materials.
of a specific item in a particular storage location, also known as a "bin." It typically includes Vital (V): These are essential materials whose non-availability while putting a halt to business
information such as item description, unit of measure, reorder level, and the date of the last operation. These materials need to be in stock at all times else, production will be affected.
transaction. Essential (E): This refers to materials that you require a certain amount of. You just require a
8. What is Inventory Control? minimum amount of them to keep production active.
Inventory control is an activity of checking a shop’s stock and to maintain the inventory at desired Desirable (D): This refers to materials that do not really affect production. Production can run with or
levels, keeping in view the best economic interest of an organization. In simple words, inventory without these materials.
control is a process of ensuring that a business maintains the adequate quantity of stock to meet the 16. Break-Even Analysis?
forecasted demand with minimum holding cost. Break-even analysis entails calculating and examining the margin of safety for an entity based on the
9.Objectives of Inventory Control revenues collected and associated costs. In other words, the analysis shows how many sales it takes
A]. To maintain the overall investment at the lowest level, consistent with operating requirements. to pay for the cost of doing business. Analyzing different price levels relating to various levels of
B]. To supply the product, raw material, sub-assemblies, semi- finished goods etc. to its users as per demand, the break-even analysis determines what level of sales are necessary to cover the company's
their requirements at right time and at right price. total fixed costs. A demand-side analysis would give a seller significant insight into selling capabilities.
C]. To keep inactive, waste, surplus, scrap and obsolete items at the minimum level.

Unit: 3 Human Resource Management

1.What is Human Resource Management? C] Organizational Objectives:
Human resource management is an organizational function that deals with issues related to people To recognize the role of HRM in bringing about organizational effectiveness, HRM is not an end in
such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organizational development, safety, itself but it is only mean to assist the organization with its primary objectives organization.
wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. D] Societal Objectives:
2.Function of Human resource Management To be ethically & socially responsible for the needs and challenges of society while minimizing the
A] Human Resource Planning negative impact of such demands upon the organization to use their resources for society’s benefits
In this function HR is an indispensable part of the organisation. The only HR plans and motivate their in ethical ways may lead to restriction.
employee and create a more communicative workplace in the organisation. To collect the information 4. Selection process Define
and determine the current and future requirements for the organisation. Planning is based on the The selection process can be defined as the process of selection and shortlisting of the right
objectives of human resource management. candidates with the necessary qualifications and skill set to fill the vacancies in an organisation.
B] Career Planning i] Steps
The second function of the Career function for the organisation it’s decided for the employees to be # Application.
more ambitious by giving the right guidance and encouraging them to work in a more effective # Resume screening.
method so the company will also thrive well direction. # Screening call.
C] Selection and Training # Assessment test.
Selection is the third function of the organisation which does by the HR. With a strong brand name # In-person interviewing.
the employer will be confident about the half journey has done. After the selection procedure, HR will # Background checks.
recruit only talented, highly qualified and potential candidates. # Reference checks.
D] Performance Appraisal # Decision and job offer.
This is the Fourth function Performance Appraisal, Which is very important in the organisation. This 5. Recruitment process Define
function emphasis to employees to do more impactful work ongoing or in future too. So HRM has to A systematic process of finding, identifying, short-listing, interviewing and selecting qualified
praise their efforts by showing their gratitude with appraising or gift hampers from time to time. candidates for specific job positions in an organisation.
E] Learning and Development i]Steps
This is the fifth function Learning and Developing department. This will also execute by the HRM of # Identify the Recruitment Needs through Job analysis
the organisation. Objectives of human resource management help to give a chance to the employees # Recruitment or Manpower Planning
in the workplace of the organisation. Learning is a necessary part to develop properly in the queue for # Writing or Creating a Right Job Description
success. # Advertisement for Open Job Vacancies
F] Job Design and Analysis # Screening of Job Applications
This is the sixth function and is very much realistic to design a job and analysis for the employees of # Initial Short- Listing of the Candidates
the organisation. HRM has to decide and design the work for the employee in a seamless way to get # Conducting Interviews
success in the way of objectives of human resource management. # Assessment of the Applicant
G] Personal Well-being # Reference / Background Check
This is the seventh function required for personal welfare. The workforce is the main power to thrive # Issuance of Job Offer Letter
the company on track. HR has to take care of the employee when they need someone with personal # Joining & On-boarding
problems to become big and that affect also on the daily workspace. HR has to take charge to help 6.What is training and development in HRM?
them and bring out unplanned problems tackle together. Training and development in Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to a system of educating
3. Objectives of Human resource management employees within a company. It includes various tools, instructions, and activities designed to
A] Personal Objectives: improve employee performance. It’s an opportunity for employees to increase their knowledge and
To assist Employees in achieving their personal goals, at least in so far as these goals enhance the upgrade their skills.
individual’s contribution to the organization. Personal objectives of employees must be maintained, Types of training
retained and motivated. 7.Induction training,
B] Functional Objectives: also used interchangeably with the terms orientation and onboarding, is a type of training that
To maintain the contribution of department at an appropriate level organization should fulfill the organizations provide with the aim to induct new employees to an organization, and acclimatize them
needs. Resources are wasted when HRM is either more or less sophisticated to suit the organizations to company culture, job roles, business goals, etc.
demands.
8.Skill enhancement H]. Bureaucratic Leadership
training is typicallyuses a combination of cognitive and behaviour problem solving approaches, both This kind of leadership style sticks to the rules. For example, they might listen to their team members’
of which are used to strengthen a person's positive skill develop. opinions while deciding.
9.Performance Appraisal 13.Qualities of Good leader
A performance appraisal is a systematic and periodic process of measuring an individual’s work A] Caring.
performance against the established requirements of the job. It’s a subjective evaluation of the Remarkable HR leaders have integrity and instinctively care about people. They always put the needs
employee’s strengths and weaknesses, relative worth to the organization, and future development and interests of their employees first. Their caring nature and emotional intelligence guide smart but
potential. compassionate policy making, and establish positive and healthy employee relations.
10.Merit rating B] Forward-thinking.
is the performance evaluation or performance appraisal of employee. Point method is when points They plan for the future of their workplaces, identifying potential threats and opportunities for
are assigned to each job and the total of all points is taken as the score of the employee. Ranking attracting and retaining their top talent, as well as ways to make positive changes to their
procedure Is the oldest form in this employees are ranked on the basis of their performance. organization's culture. They ensure that they are prepared for challenges to protect their
11.Leadership organizations and stay ahead of the curve.
is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the C] Passionate.
organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Great HR leaders love and are passionate about what they do, where they work, their industry and
11.1 What is Motivation? most importantly about talent - finding it, empowering it, engaging it, and developing it. They truly
Motivation is a psychological process through which a person acts or behaves towards a particular enjoy what they do, whether it's specializing in a certain area of HR, being a generalist, or managing
task or activity from start to completion. Motivation drives or pushes a person to behave in a the function.
particular way at that point in time. D] Innovative.
12. Styles of Leadership Remarkable HR leaders design creative approaches to attracting, managing, and developing talent
A]. Democratic Leadership with the understanding that to be competitive, they have to stand out from other employers and use
A democratic leader makes decisions based on their team’s opinion and feedback. In simpler words, different approaches. They are supporters, promoters, and designers of unique world-class talent
they get everyone involved in the decision-making process. initiatives.
B]. Autocratic Leadership E] Strategic.
This is precisely the opposite of democratic leadership. The opinions of team members are not They don't operate in a vacuum. Instead, outstanding HR leaders understand their organization's
considered while making any business decision. Instead, leaders expect others to adhere to their strategy, take an interest in its vision, and align their work, projects, and goals with the needs of their
decisions, which is not sustainable in the long run. business. They know what high performance means and how to elicit it through talent management.
C]. Laissez-faire Leadership F] Problem-solver.
Laissez-faire means “let them do”. This leadership style is the least intrusive and ensures that the Remarkable HR leaders are problem solvers and impeccable crisis managers. HR lends itself to a
decision-making authority lies with the team members. number of unforeseen and complex legal, employee, and management problems. Great HR leaders
D]. Strategic Leadership help prevent those, deal with them, and significantly mitigate adverse effects on the organization.
Strategic leadership is when leaders use their skills and capabilities to help team members and G] Communicator.
organisation achieve their long-term goals. Strategic leaders strive to get the best out of people or Highly effective HR leaders are strong communicators and influencers. They are able to provide
situations. guidance on a range of HR issues and influence new ways of doing things to improve the
E]. Transformational Leadership organization's operations. They communicate with ease to employees and managers, and are also
Transformational leaders inspire others to achieve the unexpected. They aim to transform and able to effectively facilitate change. They listen to their employees and build relationships with them
improve team members’ and organisations’ functions and capabilities by motivating and encouraging over time.
them. H] Ethical.
F] Transactional Leadership Because they handle a great deal of confidential information and sensitive issues ranging from
This type of leadership is task-oriented, which means team members who meet the leader’s employee medical conditions and performance problems to legal matters, great HR leaders are
expectations will be rewarded, and others will be punished. It is a prevalent leadership style based on trusted, ethical compasses of their organizations. They don't just do what's standard or required by
the action-and-reward concept. law - they do what's right for their people - even if a higher cost or greater time investment is
G] Coach-Style Leadership attached.
This leadership style focuses on identifying and nurturing a team member’s strengths and I] Technology-minded.
weaknesses. A coaching leader develops strategies that emphasise team members’ success. Great HR leaders vet, leverage, and use new technology to make their departments more efficient
and accurate in their day-to-day operations. They aren't afraid to embark on new technology to
improve their systems and processes.

J] Life-long learner. E] Hazardous Materials

Last, but certainly not least, extraordinary HR leaders never stop learning and networking to build Improper handling of hazardous materials or not wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) is
their skill-sets and leadership as well as to gain new ideas. They are always trying to find ways to another common cause of accidents in the workplace. By reading material safety data sheets and
improve their own effectiveness, and thereby, their organization's success. providing the appropriate protective attire, many workplace incidents can be avoided.
14. Maslow theory of motivation;- F] Acts of Workplace Violence
Abraham Maslow created his Hierarchy of Needs, he argued that humans are motivated by five Sadly, violence among co-workers has become all too common. It is usually brought about by office
essential needs: physiological, safety, social, self-esteem and self-actualisation (also known as self- politics or other sensitive issues. Integrating conflict resolution and peer mediation can help to reduce
fulfilment). the risks of such outbursts.
A. Physiological: includes thirst, hunger, shelter, sex and other bodily needs G] Trips and Falls
B. Safety and security : includes security, arid protection from physical and emotional harm. Slick floors and high-traffic corridors can cause a trip or fall. Improper footwear may also contribute to
C. Social: includes affection, belongings, friendship etc. these accidents, which not only can result in injuries but also workman’s compensation-related cases.
D. Esteem: higher order need. Includes self esteem, status recognition etc. Read 6 Guidelines to Prevent Workplace Slips, Trips and Falls for more advice.
E. Self actualization: The drive to become what one is capable of becoming. H] Stress
15.Factors of motivation Stress is one of the leading causes of death. It affects the human body in every facet imaginable.
A] Leadership style. Stress can foster negative effects physiologically, emotionally and mentally, as well as debilitate or
B] Recognition and appreciation. distract any worker. Therefore, it is essential to encourage a supportive team environment.
C] Meaning and purpose. 18. Safety precautions Safety management:-
D] Positive company culture. A] STAY ALERT - and stay alive. The more awake a worker is, the less likely he or she is to get hurt. If
E] Professional development opportunities. you are unsure how to operate equipment or perform a task, ask your supervisor. Don't guess and
F] Job advancement opportunities. muddle through. Make sure you know in advance the correct, safe way to do it.
G] Financial benefits. B] WEAR THE RIGHT CLOTHES - work clothes should fit properly. Anything that can catch in
H] Flexible work schedules. machinery or trip you up is hazardous. Wear protective clothing and equipment as required.
16.Safety management C] USE THE RIGHT TOOLS - if you need a hammer, get a hammer. It may be handier to use a pair of
The job of a safety manager is to educate and train the line managers in the safety measures that pliers, wrench or screw driver, but you are more likely to get injured.
should be adopted to prevent accidents and to tell these managers that the safety of employees is in D] LEARN HOW TO LIFT - Lifting takes more than muscle; it is an art. Don't try to show how strong you
their hands. In some organizations safety work is carried out by a safety committee. are; you may end up in a hospital. Get help to handle anything that is too heavy or cumbersome for
17.Cause of accident in Safety arrangement :- you.
A] Lifting E] DON'T BE A PRANKSTER - practical jokes and horseplay can be dangerous, especially around heavy
Many employees are prone to sprain, strain or tear a muscle by virtue of lifting an object that is too machinery. If you feel the urge to play, resist it until after work.
heavy for them to lift on their own. Keep in mind that there is no harm in asking for help with objects F] BE TIDY - Good housekeeping reduces hazards in the workplace or your home. Always put away
that are difficult to lift. tools when they are not in use. Keep the floors clean, pick up scraps and wipe up spills. A slip or trip
B] Fatigue can be fatal.
Failing to take a break is another common cause of accidents. In order to recover from grueling G] REPORTING IS IMPORTANT - Never fail to report accidents, defective equipment and or unsafe
manual labour, it is essential that employees take adequate breaks. Not doing so can lead to a slew of conditions.
physical issues, including atrophy and general exhaustion. The results of either of these can be far H] GET FIRST AID IMMEDIATELY - if you're hurt - even if it seems minor. Neglect of an injury may lead
more devastating than taking a 10-minute breather. to serious infection, weeks of lost time, and possibly permanent injury.
C] Dehydration I] BACK YOUR SAFETY PROGRAM - If you have an idea you believe will reduce accidents, tell your
Not staying hydrated can also bring about disastrous consequences. On exceptionally hot summer supervisor about it. Set an example by obeying safety rules. Cooperate with your safety committee.
days, failing to drink adequate amounts of water can cause heat stroke or cardiac conditions. This can J] NEVER TAKE A CHANCE - Next to sheer carelessness, short cuts are probably the biggest killer of all.
be avoided by simply drinking at least eight glasses of water per day. Management should stress the To save a minute or two, you may lose a lifetime. Whatever you are doing, if you are not doing it
importance of proper hydration and rest, as it maximizes the efforts of personnel. safely, you are not doing it right.
D] Poor Lighting 19.Fire safety
Inadequate lighting is responsible for a number of accidents each year. This is often overlooked when Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures
attempting to prevent accidents in the warehouse or workplace. include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that are used
to limit the spread and impact of a fire.
20.Fire Triangle Unit: 1 Management Process
The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for 1.Functions of Management
understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.The triangle A]Planning
illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and is the purpose of ascertaining in advance what is supposed to be done and who has to do it. This
an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the signifies establishing goals in advance and promoting a way of delivering them effectively and
elements are present and combined in the right mixture.A fire can efficiently. In an establishment, the aim is the obtainment and sale of conventional Indian handloom
be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements and workmanship articles. They trade furnishings, ready mades, household items and fabrics made
in the fire triangle. out of classical Indian textiles.
B] Organising
is the administrative operation of specifying grouping tasks, duties, authorising power and designating
21.Classification of fires: resources needed to carry out a particular system. Once a definite plan has been set for the
A] Class A: Ordinary solid combustibles such as paper, wood, cloth and some plastics. completion of an organisational intent, the organising party reviews the actions and resources
B] Class B: Flammable liquids such as alcohol, ether, oil, gasoline and grease, which are best expected to execute the program. It ascertains what actions and resources are needed. It determines
extinguished by smothering. who will do a distinct job, where and when it will be done.
C] Class C: Electrical equipment, appliances and wiring in which the use or a nonconductive C] Directing
extinguishing agent prevents injury from electrical shock. Don’t use water involves directing, leading and encouraging the employees to complete the tasks allocated to them.
D] Class D: Certain flammable metallic substances such as sodium and potassium. These materials are This entails building an environment that inspires employees to do their best. Motivation and
normally not found in the Medical Centere of fire extinguishing mode . leadership are 2 chief elements of direction. Directing also includes communicating efficiently as well
E] Class F:-fire caused by fats and cooking oils. as managing employees at the workplace. Motivating workers means simply building an atmosphere
that urges them to want to work. Leadership is inspiring others to do what the manager wants them
22. Different fire extinguishers mode are: to do.
A] Water, water mist or water spray fire extinguishers D] Controlling
Water mist fire extinguishers or systems discharge clean, deionized water through unique spray is the management operation of controlling organisational achievement towards the accomplishment
nozzles in microscopic particle spray that forms a mist curtain that is non-conductive and non-toxic. of organisational intentions. The job of controlling comprises ascertaining criteria of performance,
B] Foam fire extinguishers computing the current performance, comparing this with organised rules and taking remedial action
AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foams) Foam Fire Extinguishers are suitable to fight burning solids such where any divergence is observed. Here management should ascertain what activities and outputs
as wood as well as liquid fires such as burning petrol. are important to progress, how and where they can be regulated and who should have the power to
C] Dry Powder – take remedial response.
standard or specialist fire extinguishers E] Staffing
Dry powder fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction is obtaining the best resources for the right job. A significant perspective of management is to make
taking place and cutting off the oxygen supply. They can be used on fires involving solid combustibles, certain that the appropriate people with the apt skills are obtainable in the proper places and times
flammable liquids and electricity. to achieve the goals of the company. This is also called the human resource operations and it includes
D] Carbon Dioxide (‘CO2’) fire extinguishers activities such as selection, placement, recruitment and coaching of employees.
CO2s are designed for Class B and C. (flammable liquid and electrical) fires only. Carbon dioxide 2. Principles of Management (14 principles of Henry Fayol)
extinguishes work by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. The 1.Division of Work-
carbon dioxide is also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well. Henri believed that segregating work in the workforce amongst the worker will enhance the quality of
E] Wet Chemical fire extinguishers. the product. Similarly, he also concluded that the division of work improves the productivity,
Wet chemical fire extinguishers tackle fat and grease fires in kitchens (Class F), efficiency, accuracy and speed of the workers. This principle is appropriate for both the managerial as
23.Definition of Motivation well as a technical work level.
motivating is the channelization i.erecognization& activation of motives. These two govern the 2. Authority and Responsibility-
behaviour of an individual. As Motivation involves motive, motivation & behaviour. It is the complex These are the two key aspects of management. Authority facilitates the management to work
process of starting & keeping a person at work in an organization. efficiently, and responsibility makes them responsible for the work done under their guidance or
leadership.

3. Discipline- sheets into boxcars can be planned scientifically. This will save time and also human energy. This
Without discipline, nothing can be accomplished. It is the core value for any project or any decision should be based on scientific analysis and cause and effect relationships rather than ‘Rule of
management. Good performance and sensible interrelation make the management job easy and Thumb’ where the decision is taken according to the manager’s personal judgement.
comprehensive. Employees good behaviour also helps them smoothly build and progress in their B) Harmony, Not Discord-
professional careers. Taylor indicated and believed that the relationship between the workers and management should be
4. Unity of Command- cordial and completely harmonious. Difference between the two will never be beneficial to either
This means an employee should have only one boss and follow his command. If an employee has to side. Management and workers should acknowledge and understand each other’s importance. Taylor
follow more than one boss, there begins a conflict of interest and can create confusion. also suggested the mental revolution for both management and workers to achieve total harmony.
5. Unity of Direction- C) Mental Revolution-
Whoever is engaged in the same activity should have a unified goal. This means all the person This technique involves a shift of attitude of management and workers towards each other. Both
working in a company should have one goal and motive which will make the work easier and achieve should understand the value of each other and work with full participation and cooperation. The aim
the set goal easily. of both should be to improve and boost the profits of the organisation. Mental Revolution demands a
6. Subordination of Individual Interest- complete change in the outlook of both the workers and management; both should have a sense of
This indicates a company should work unitedly towards the interest of a company rather than togetherness.
personal interest. Be subordinate to the purposes of an organization. This refers to the whole chain of D)Cooperation, not Individualism-
command in a company. It is similar to ‘Harmony, not discord’ and believes in mutual collaboration between workers and the
7. Remuneration- management. Managers and workers should have mutual cooperation and confidence and a sense of
This plays an important role in motivating the workers of a company. Remuneration can be monetary goodwill. The main purpose is to substitute internal competition with cooperation.
or non-monetary. However, it should be according to an individual’s efforts they have made. E) Development of Every Person to his Greatest Efficiency-
8. Centralization- The effectiveness of a company also relies on the abilities and skills of its employees. Thus,
In any company, the management or any authority responsible for the decision-making process implementing training, learning best practices and technology, is the scientific approach to brush up
should be neutral. However, this depends on the size of an organization. Henri Fayol stressed on the the employee skill. To assure that the training is given to the right employee, the right steps should be
point that there should be a balance between the hierarchy and division of power. taken at the time of selection and recruiting candidates based on a scientific selection.
9. Scalar Chain- 4. Introduction to types functional areas of management
Fayol on this principle highlights that the hierarchy steps should be from the top to the lowest. This is A] PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
necessary so that every employee knows their immediate senior also they should be able to contact Production management is also known as Operations Management. Production means the creation of
any, if needed. the utilities. The goods are produced by the way of conversion of raw materials into work-in-progress
10. Order- and then the work-in-progress into finished goods. Production management is very essential for the
A company should maintain a well-defined work order to have a favourable work culture. The positive business because whatever is produced will be sold by the business. Production management aims at
atmosphere in the workplace will boost more positive productivity. ensuring availability of right type of product in the adequate quantity at the right time by incurring
11. Equity- the least cost.
All employees should be treated equally and respectfully. It’s the responsibility of a manager that no B] FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
employees face discrimination. Finance is the life blood of the business. The continuous management of finances is needed at all the
12. Stability- levels to ensure the optimum utilization of funds available with the business. Financial management
An employee delivers the best if they feel secure in their job. It is the duty of the management to aims at allocating the funds from the source which will generate least cost and application of funds
offer job security to their employees. from where the maximum profit can be generated.
13. Initiative- C] MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
The management should support and encourage the employees to take initiatives in an organization. Material Management is a system that effectively controls and manages materials and supplies used
It will help them to increase their interest and make then worth. in an organization. The goal of material management is to ensure that the right materials are available
14. Esprit de Corps- at the right time and in the right quantities, to support the production process and meet customer
It is the responsibility of the management to motivate their employees and be supportive of each demand.
other regularly. Developing trust and mutual understanding will lead to a positive outcome and work D] Human Resource management
environment. is the strategic approach to nurturing and supporting employees and ensuring a positive workplace
3. Principles of Scientific management by F.W.Taylor environment. Its functions vary across different businesses and industries, but typically include
A) Science, not the Rule of Thumb- recruitment, compensation and benefits, training and development, and employee relations.
This rule focuses on increasing the efficiency of an organisation through scientific analysis of work and
not with the ‘Rule of Thumb’ method. Taylor believed that even a small activity like loading paper
5.Concept of Business
A business, also known as an enterprise or, a firm, is an organization involved in the trade of goods, 13. Hotel management
services or, both to the consumers. Businesses are prevalent in capitalist economics, where most of is an area of the hospitality industry that involves overseeing the operations of a hotel location. When
them are privately owned and provide goods and services to consumer in exchange for other goods, working as a hotel manager, you may manage the operations of a motel, resort or another similar
services or, money. Business may also be not owned. A business owned by multiple individuals may establishment that provides lodging and other services for guests.
be referred to as a company.Business can refer to a particular organization or, to an entire market 14.Sport management
sector, e.g "the music business". Compound forms such as agribusiness represents subjects of the is the field of business dealing with sports and recreation. Sports management involves any
word's broader meaning, which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services. The goal combination of skills that correspond with planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting,
is for the sales to be more than expenditures resulting in a profit. leading, or evaluating of any organization or business within the sports field.
6. Concept of Management 15.Transportation management
The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called Management. is a logistics platform that uses technology to help businesses plan, execute, and optimize the physical
The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human movement of goods, both incoming and outgoing, and making sure the shipment is compliant, proper
resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, documentation is available. This kind of system is often part of a larger supply chain management
service management and information technology management. MD Tarek Owners may administer (SCM) system. Sometimes known as a transportation management solution or transportation
their businesses themselves or, employ managers to do this for them. Whether they are owners or, management software.
employees, managers administer three primary components of the business' value: its financial 16.Event management
resources, capital or, tangible resources, and human resources. These resources are administered in is the process of creating and maintaining an event. This process spans from the very beginning of
at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or, service production, marketing, planning all the way to post-event strategizing. At the start, an event manager makes planning
accounting, financing. and human resources. decisions, such as the time, location, and theme of their event.
9.Engineering industry 17. Resource of Management
The industry which mainly use different metals, as raw materials , specially iron and steel to Resource of management is the practice of planning, scheduling, and allocating people, money, and
manufacture various instrument, machineries and appliances is called Engineering industry. technology to a project or program. In essence, it is the process of allocating resources to achieve the
10. Light Engineering Industry greatest organizational value. Good resource management results in the right resources being
The Indian light engineering industry is highly diversified, comprising of a number of distinctive available at the right time for the right work.
sectors and sub-sectors. The product range in this industry varies from highly sophisticated Introduction to types of business
microprocessor based process control equipment and diagnostic medical instrument to low-tech 18.Service Business
items such as, castings, forgings, and fasteners, among others. The sector also includes products such are a recognisable subset of economic services, and share their characteristics. The essential
as bearings, steel pipes and tubes, etc. Most of the products in the light engineering industry serve as difference is that businesses are concerned about the building of service systems in order to deliver
inputs for the capital goods industry. The health of the light engineering industry is therefore value to their customers and to act in the roles of service provider and service consumer.
dictated, by the demand for capital goods. 19.Manufacturing Business
11. Process Industry is any business that uses components, parts or raw materials to make a finished good. These finished
Process industry is the branch of manufacturing, that is associated with formulae and manufacturing goods can be sold directly to consumers or to other manufacturing businesses that use them for
recipes, and can be contrasted with discrete manufacturing, which is concerned with discrete units, making a different product. Manufacturing businesses in today's world are normally comprised of
bills of materials and the assembly of components. Process manufacturing is common in the food, machines, robots, computers, and humans that all work in a specific manner to create a product.
beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, consumer packaged goods, and biotechnology industries. In 20.Trading Businesses
process manufacturing, the relevant factors are ingredients, not parts; formulas, not bills of materials: Trading businesses, also known as merchandising businesses, are those that sell tangible
and bulk materials rather than individual units. Although there is invariably cross-over between the merchandise. That means you can purchase goods such as socks, potato chips, or books and
two branches of manufacturing, the major contents of the finished product and the majority of the magazines from these vendors.
resource intensity of the production process generally allow manufacturing systems to be classified as 21.Heavy Engineering Industry
one or, the other. For example, a bottle of juice is a discrete-item, but juice is process manufactured. The industries which manufacture heavy machineries, bulky instrument and equipment needed for
The plastic used in injection molding is process manufactured, but the components it is shaped into, agriculture, mining, dredging , lifting etc. and automobiles , locomotives coaches and such other large
are generally discrete and subject to further assembly. appliances are called Heavy engineering Industry . ex :- chittaranjan locomotive works , west Bengal
Introduction to types of management according to nature of Organization -
12. Industrial Management
deals with industrial design, construction, management, and application of science and engineering
principles to improve the entire industrial infrastructure and industrial processes. Industrial
Management focuses on the management of industrial processes.