OLD FASHION GARDEN FLOWERS

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 INTRODUCTION
At the present time there is a growing desire to patronize perennial plants, more
especially the many and beautiful varieties known as “old-fashioned flowers.” Not only
do they deserve to be cultivated on their individual merits, but for other very important
reasons; they afford great variety of form, foliage, and flower, and compared with annual
and tender plants, they are found to give much less trouble. If a right selection is made
and properly planted, the plants may be relied upon to appear with perennial vigor and
produce flowers throughout the year. It does not seem to be generally understood that
warm nooks and corners, under trees or walls, serve to produce in winter flowers which
usually appear in spring when otherwise placed.

Many gardens are very small, but these, if gardens, together with definite cultural hints
properly managed, have their advantages. The of each plant.
smaller the garden the more choice should be
the collection, and the more highly should it Perhaps flowers were never cultivated of more
be cultivated. From my notes of plants useful diversified kinds than at the present time; and
memoranda may be made, with the object it is a legitimate question to ask, “What do
of adding a few of the freest bloomers in you grow?” Not only have we now the lovers
each month, thus avoiding the error often of the distinct and showy, but numerous
committed of growing such subjects as mostly admirers of such species as need to be closely
flower at one time, after which the garden has examined, that their beautiful and interesting
a forlorn appearance. The plants should not features may gladden and stir the mind. The
be blamed for this; the selection is at fault. No latter class of plants, without doubt, can give
amount of time and care can make a garden pleasure; and to meet the growing taste for
what it should be if untidy and weedy plants these, books on flowers must necessarily
prevail. On the other hand, the most beautiful treat upon the species or varieties in a more
species, both as regards foliage and flowers, detailed manner, to get at their peculiarities
can be just as easily cultivated. and requirements. The more we learn about
our flowers the more we enjoy them; to simply
The object of this small work is to furnish see bright colors and pretty forms is far from
the names and descriptions of our favorite all the pleasure we may reap in our gardens.
old fashion flowers, suitable for all kinds of

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 CONTENTS
3 Introduction

7 Bellflowers

17 Bulbs

33 Buttercups

41 Daisies

51 Orchids

57 Primroses

67 Sunflowers

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 BELLFLOWERS
As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or
that can in any way excel, than bellflowers. They grow rampantly,
quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots; in
gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space,
the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome,
and often such free growers, however handsome they may be
otherwise, are esteemed common, which should not be. The
proper thing to do would be to give these vigorous and fine
flowering subjects such quarters as will allow them their natural
and unrestrained development.

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 Campanula Grandis
Great Bellflower; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

A
hardy herbaceous perennial from As regards soil, any kind will do; neither is the
Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft. Its question of position of any moment beyond
flowers are large, bright, and numerous; the precaution which should be taken against
well-established clumps will present masses its encroachments on smaller subjects. In the
of bloom for more than a month with average partial shade of shrubs, it not only flowers well
weather but proves very effective. Useful as this plant is
in the garden, it becomes far more so in a cut
The flowers of C. grandis are more than 1in. state. When it is needful to make up a bold vase
across the corolla, the five segments being or basket of flowers for room decoration, it can
large and bluntly pointed, of a transparent be quickly and effectively done by a liberal use
purple-blue color, and very enduring; they are of its long, leafy, but well-bloomed spikes; five
arranged on short stalks, which issue from the or six of them, 2ft. to 3ft. long, based with a few
strong upright stems. They form little tufts large roses, paeonies, or sprays of thalictrum,
of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly make a noble ornament for the table, hall, or
2ft.; the succession, too, is well kept up. Buds sideboard, and it is not one of the least useful
continue to form long after the earliest have flowers for trays or dishes when cut short.
opened. The leaves are 4in. to 8in. long and Propagated by division at any time, the parts
¾in. wide, lance-shaped, stalkless, and finely may be planted at once in their blooming
toothed. They are arranged in round tufts on quarters.
the unproductive crowns, and they remain
green throughout the winter.

Flowering period, June and July.

Campanula Latifolia
Broad-leaved Bellflower; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

A British species, very much resembling C. to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting
grandis, but somewhat taller, and flowering a purposes before the above is ready.
little earlier; the latter quality has induced me

Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for C. grandis.

Flowering period, June and July.

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 Campanula Persicifolia
Peach-leaved Bellflower; Old Common Names, “Peach-bels” and “Steeple-bels”; Nat. Ord.
Campanulaceae

T
his good “old-fashioned” perennial
has had a place in English gardens for
several hundred years; it is still justly
and highly esteemed. It is a well-known plant.
The varieties include single blue (type) and
white, double blue, and different forms of
double white.

In all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell

shaped, and the flowers are sparingly
produced on slightly foliaged stems, 18in. to
3ft. high; there are, however, such marked
distinctions belonging to C. p. alba fl.-pl. in two
forms that they deserve special notice; they
are very desirable flowers, on the score of both
quaintness and beauty. I will first notice the
kind with two corollas, the inner bell of which
will be more than an inch deep, and about the
same in diameter. The outer corolla is much
shorter, crumpled, rolled back, and somewhat So much are the flowers esteemed, that the
marked with green, as if intermediate in its plant is often grown in pots for forcing and
nature between the larger corolla and the conservatory decoration, to which treatment
calyx. The whole flower has a droll but pleasing it takes kindly.
form, and I have heard it not inaptly called
“Grandmother’s Frilled Cap.” The other kind In the open all the above varieties grow freely
has five or more corollas, which are neatly in any kind of garden soil, but if transplanted
arranged, each growing less as they approach in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they
the center. In all, the segments are but slightly will in every way prove more satisfactory; this
divided, though neatly formed; this flower is not necessary, but if cultivation means
is of the purest white and very beautiful, anything, it means we should adopt the best-
resembling a small double rose. It is one of known methods of treatment towards all the
the best flowers to be found at its season in plants we grow, and certainly some of the
the borders, and for cutting purposes I know above Bellflowers are deserving of all the care
none to surpass it; it is clean and durable. that flowers are worth.

Flowering period, July to September.

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 Campanula Pyramidalis
Pyramidal or Chimney Campanula; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

T
his herbaceous perennial is a very smooth, and of a dark green color; the main
old flower in this country; it came stems are very stout, and sometimes grow to
from Carniola in the year 1594. It is the height of 7ft. Vigorous plants will send up
very hardy, and for several months together several of these, from which a great number of
it continues to produce its large lively blue small ones issue, all assuming an erect habit;
flowers, beginning in July and lasting until blooming specimens are hardly anything else
stopped by frosts. At no time is it in finer form than a wand-like set of flowered stems, and
than in September; at the height of from 5ft. though it is advisable to stake them, I have
to 7ft. it proves richly effective amongst the seen them bend and wave during high winds
blooming hollyhocks, where, as regards color, without damage.
it supplies the “missing link”.
In the borders and shrubbery this is a very
The flowers are a light bright blue color, effective subject; it is amongst herbaceous
and 1in. to 1½in. across. The corolla is bell- plants what the Lombardy poplar is amongst
shaped, the five divisions being deeply cut, forest trees—tall, elegant, and distinct. Its use,
which allows the flower to expand well; the however, is somewhat limited, owing to the
calyx is neat and smooth, the segments long stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the
and awl-shaped; the flower stalks are short, flower stalks; but when grown in pots—as it
causing the numerous erect branches to be often is—for indoor decoration, it proves useful
closely furnished with bloom during favorable for standing amongst orange and camellia
weather. The leaves of the root are very large trees. It has very strong tap roots and enjoys
and stalked, of irregular shape, but for the a deep rich loam. Not only does it look well
most part broadly oval or lance shaped. The among trees, but otherwise the partial shade
edges are slightly toothed, having minute of such quarters seems conducive to finer
glands; those of the stems are much smaller, bloom.
sessile, and long egg-shaped; all the foliage is

Flowering period, July to October.

C. p. alba is a white flowering variety of the above species; its other points of distinction are
its smaller-sized leaves and much paler green color, by which alone the plants may be easily
recognized from the type. This variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the border; it
scarcely gets so tall as the blue form but looks well by the side of it.

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 The readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf growths from the
woody crown of the roots, paring off a little of the bark with each. If these are put in sandy
loam during the warm growing season and kept shaded for a few days, they will very soon
make plenty of roots; this method in no way damages the flowers. Another way is by seed, but
seedlings are two years before they bloom.

Campanula Speciosa
Showy Harebell; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

not over tall, but usually

about a foot high, having a
neat habit. The flowers are
arranged in dense heads,
whorl fashion, having very
short stalks; they are nearly
2in. long and bell shaped.
The leaves (radical) are oval
heart-shaped and stalked;
those of the stems are sessile;
the whole plant is hairy and
robust. This is one of the
flowers which can hardly be
planted out of place in any
garden, excepting amongst
the rare and very dwarf
alpines; it is not only true to

A
comparatively new species, brought its name, “showy,” but handsome. It will grow
from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes and flower well in the worst soil and needs
called C. glomerata dahurica. It is a good no sort of care; it would be fine in lines by a
hardy plant, perennial and herbaceous, and shrubbery, and is effective in bold clumps;
one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct and though a new kind, it belongs to a race
appearance; it nearly resembles C. aggregata, of “old-fashioned” flowers, amongst which it
but the latter does not flower until several would mix appropriately. Increased by division
weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other in autumn.
species of the genus, it is a first-class border
flower, having large bells of a fine deep purple
color, and, unlike many of the Harebells, is

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 Flowering period, June and July.

Campanula Waldsteiniana
Croatian Bellflower; Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

A rare and distinct alpine species from toothed, smooth, of good substance and a
Carinthia. It proves perfectly hardy in this peculiar grey-green color. The foliage for two
climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the or three weeks is completely hidden by the
first water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and large number of flowers, during which time it
rigid; floriferous as many of the Bellflowers is a most attractive subject.
are, I know none to excel this one. As may be
observed in the following description, there I grow it with other dwarf Campanulas in a
are not a few distinctive traits about it, which collection bed, where it compares well with
make it a desirable subject for rare and choice the finest, such as C. pulla, C. muralis, and C.
collections. Zoysii, for effectiveness. Having proved it to
thrive well in light sandy soil of a vegetable
The flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac, erect, character, I have not tried it otherwise; it
and ¾in. across when fully expanded. The enjoys a sunny situation. The site should
corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped, be well drained; it will endure nothing like
as the five divisions are two-thirds of its depth, stagnant moisture—its peculiar roots would
which allows it, when full blown, to become indicate this fact, they are not only tender and
nearly flat, and as the segments are equal, fleshy, but thick and of a pith-like nature, and,
sharply cut, and pointed, the flower has a star- as I have never been able to gather any seed,
like appearance. The little calyx is cup-shaped, and the propagation has to be carried out by
angular, and has small, stout, horn-like root division, there requires to be a careful
segments, which are bent downwards. Each manipulation of these parts, for not only do
flower has a pedicel about 1in. long, which they split and break with the least strain, but
springs from the axils of the main stem leaves; when so mutilated they are very liable to rot.
the stems seldom exceed the height of 4in. I have found it by far the better plan to divide
or 5in., and they are exceedingly fine, thready, this plant after it has begun to grow in March
as also are the pedicels; they are, moreover, of or April, when its fine shining black shoots,
zigzag form, from node to node. The leaves which resemble horse hairs in appearance, are
are ¾in. long, and less than ½in. wide, ovate or about ½in. high. Slugs are fond of this plant; a
nearly cordate, partially folded, and sometimes dressing once a week of sand and soot, when
reflexed at the ends, nearly stalkless, slightly it begins to grow, will keep them off.

Flowering period, July and August.

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 Edraianthus Dalmaticus
Nat. Ord. Campanulaceae

A rare and beautiful alpine species, from occasion to fetch in from the garden the
Dalmatia and Switzerland. At the end of July, it specimen now before me, and, when brought
is one of the most distinct and charming into the gaslight, a large slug was found amid
flowers in the rock garden,
where it not only finds a
happy home, but, by its neat
and peculiar habit, proves a
decorative subject of much
merit. This desirable plant is
quite hardy in this climate,
being herbaceous and
perennial; it has, however,
the reputation of being
difficult to manage, but, like
numerous other things,
when once its requirements
and enemies are found out,
the former supplied and
protection from the latter
afforded, it proves of easy
management. In some
instances, these conditions
may, though stated in such
few words, prove
comprehensive; but in this
case it is not so. The position
and soil it most seem to
enjoy may be readily
afforded in any garden, as
we shall shortly see; but, so
far as my experience goes,
the slugs are its most
persistent enemies.
Especially when in flower
they make long journeys to
reach it; they go over sand and ashes with the grassy foliage, and a smaller one inside
impunity, and often the beautiful tufts of one of the bell flowers. The “catch and kill ‘em”
bloom are all grazed off in one night. I had process is doubtless the surest remedy, and

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 three hours after sunset seems to be the time appendage, the latter being reflexed, but the
of their strongest muster. Not only does this whole is furnished with spines. The foliage of
plant suffer from slugs when in flower, but a well-grown specimen is arranged in tufts,
perhaps equally as much when in its dormant the whole having a grass-like appearance.
state, especially if the winter is mild; then I The leaves are 2in. to 4in. long, rough and
have noticed the somewhat prominent hairy on the upper side, smooth and shining
crowns eaten entirely off, and it is not unlikely underneath, the edges having rather long
that this plant has come to have the name of a hairs their whole length; the main root is long,
fickle grower, from being the favorite prey of thick, and somewhat woody.
slugs.
To grow this plant well, it requires a good deep
It is not more than 4in. high under any loam for its long roots, and a surfacing of grit
conditions in this climate, and more often will be of benefit, as the crowns should be clear
only 3in. in height. From the thrift-like tufts of the damp loam. This elevation of the crowns
of foliage there radiates a set of stout round is natural to the plant and should be provided
flower stalks, which are 3in. to 4in. long, and for. The position cannot well be too exposed,
rest on the ground; the large heads of flowers provided the deep searching roots can find
are erect; the stalks are red, and furnished plenty of moisture. On rockwork this subject
with short stout hairs and short foliage, the may be planted with considerable effect. If put
latter becoming sere long before the bloom between large stones in upright positions, the
fades. The crowded heads of “bells” are of pale plant will show its pretty form to advantage.
purple color, in the style of the bell-flower; The spoke-like flower stalks, radiating from
they are an inch in length, the corolla being the rich dark green tufts of foliage, are very
somewhat deeply divided; eight to twelve pleasing. It may be propagated by offsets
form the terminal cluster, and they have a from strong and healthy plants. Care should
fleshy calyx, with very long and persistent be taken not only to have all the roots possible
segments; the lower part can scarcely be seen with each crown, but the young stock should
for the ample and somewhat peculiar bract be carefully established in pots before planting
which closely embraces the whole cluster; in the open. Shade and careful watering will
said bract springs from the much thickened be needful; too much of the latter will render
stalk and is composed of half leaf and half rot inevitable. Soon as the flowering period is
scale-like forms, arranged in two or more past is the best time to divide the roots, which
circles; the scales feather off with the leaf-like should not be done too severely.

Flowering period, July and August.

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 BUL B S

I
f fine plants are desired only those bulbs showing a live center-
shoot should be used. If the winter conditions have been favorable
the bulbs will show a strong center-shoot or rolled-up leaf; where
this has decayed or dried off there will frequently be side-shoots
which are worth saving when the supply of bulbs is small, and which
will produce fair results, but for really good plants the center-shoot
is necessary.

Plant out when all danger of frost is past, the more freely they are watered the
finer will be the growth. Old bulbs should give leaves three feet or more in
length and correspondingly wide.

Single specimens are fine in pots, vases, or tiles, but they are really seen at their
best in large clumps on the lawn or edging beds of Cannas or other subtropical
plants.

They are easily wintered and multiply very rapidly; and, as much
better effects can be obtained by planting largely of one variety, an
effort should be made to have a generous supply.

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 Allium Moly
Large Yellow Garlic; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright of Europe. Its chief merits are fine color, large head,
golden flowers, produced in large heads; they endure neat habit, and easy culture. The flowers are 1in. across,
a long time and are very effective; it is by far the best borne in close heads, having stalks over an inch long
yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are springing from stout scapes; the six long oval petals are
desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, of a shining yellow color; the seed organs also are all
there can be few subjects more suitable for the purpose yellow and half the length of petals; the scape is about
than this plant; both leaves and flowers, however, have a foot high, naked, round, and very stout; the leaves are
a disagreeable odor, if in the least bruised. It is a very nearly as broad as tulip leaves, and otherwise much
old plant in English gardens and is a native of the South resemble them.

Flowering period, June to August.

Allium Neapolitanum
Neapolitan Allium; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and many of the
effective umbels, and though not so useful in color as genus.
the flowers of A. Moly, they are much superior to those of

Flowering period, June to August.

Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need
decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do for
them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be cut by persons who may not be aware of their
evil odor. The bulbs may be divided every three years with advantage and may be usefully planted in lines in front
of shrubs, or mixed with other strong-growing flowers, such as alkanets, lupins, and foxgloves.

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 Chionodoxa Luciliae
Snow Glory; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

A hardy bulbous perennial, from Asia Minor. It has flaccidness and narrowness, compared with the squills,
only been cultivated about four years in English may be described as grassy. The bulbs are a little larger
gardens; still it has been proved to be as hardy as than the kernel of a cob nut, nearly round, having
the squills, which it very much resembles. Mr. Maw, satiny skins or coats.
who discovered and introduced it, found it “near the
summit of the mountain,” which (though it is a native It may be grown in pots, and forces well if allowed first
of a much warmer climate than ours) may account for to make good roots, by being treated like the hyacinth.
its hardy character. That it is a most beautiful flower It should be kept very near the glass. It has also
is beyond doubt, but there are those who think it has flowered well in the open border fully exposed, but in
been overpraised. It should not, however, be forgotten a cold frame, plunged in sand and near the glass, it has
that Mr. Maw’s description of it was from a sight of it in been perfection. Single bulbs so grown in “sixties” pots
masses, a state in which it can hardly have been judged have done the best by far.
yet in this country, as until very recently the bulbs were
All the bulbs hitherto experimented with have been
very expensive. It has, however, taken kindly to our
newly imported; very different results may possibly be
climate, and is likely to increase fast, when it may be
realized from “home-grown” bulbs. It is also probable
seen to greater advantage.
that there may be varieties of this species, as not only
It grows to the height of 6in. or 8in.; the flower scapes, have I noticed a great difference in the bulbs, but
which are rather slender, are somewhat shorter than also in the flowers and the habit of plant. This I have
the foliage, the flowers being longer in the petals than mentioned to a keen observer, and he is of the same
the squills, almost star-shaped, and nearly 1in. across; opinion; be that as it may, we have in this new plant a
later, they reflex. Their color is an intense blue, shading lovely companion to the later snowdrops, and though
to white in the center of the flower. The flowers are it much resembles the squills, it is not only sufficiently
produced in numbers, from three to six on a stem, distinct from them, but an early bloomer, which we
having slender pedicels, which cause the flowers gladly welcome to our gardens. It seems to do well in
to hang slightly bell fashion. The leaves, from their equal parts of peat, loam, and sand, also in leaf soil and
sand.

Flowering period, March and April.

Erythronium Dens-canis
Dog’s-tooth Violet; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

A hardy bulbous perennial. There are several varieties The main variety is white-flowering kind; others have
of this species, and all are very handsome. yellow, pale purple, and lilac-colored blooms. All

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 are produced singly on stems 4in. or 5in. long, and are preserved from splashes. Two leaves, one stem, one
gracefully bending. During bright weather the divisions flower, and one bulb constitute a whole plant; both
of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and otherwise flowers and foliage remain in beauty for a long time.

show themselves to advantage. Their foliage forms

a rich setting for the flowers, being variously colored I have them growing in various positions and soils,
with red, brown, and different shades of green, all and I think they most enjoy a vegetable mold, with full
charmingly blended or marbled. The leaves are broad exposure to the sun, but they should not lack moisture;
and oval, and open out flatly, so that their beauties they seem to increase more rapidly in peat than in any
can be well seen; if they are grown amongst the very other compost. They should not be disturbed more
dwarf sedums or mosses, they look all the better and than necessary, and when they are, autumn is the best
time to transplant.

Flowering period, March and April.

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 Leucojum AEstivum
Summer Snowflake; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceae

This native bulbous plant is somewhat ungainly; There are, it is said, two varieties of this species, which
blooming specimens are sometimes 2ft. high, and have generally become mixed; the other variety is said
each one rarely produces more than three of its small to be more dwarf and later in flowering; if this is correct,
flowers, but they are worth growing, because of their possibly these mixed varieties may have something
lasting

properties, either cut or otherwise; the pretty to do with the long time which they are known to
snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when continue flowering.
used in vases, their long stems rendering them more
serviceable than they otherwise would be. Not only for the sake of preventing the tall growths
from heading over should it be grown in broad masses,
The white flower is without calyx, and has a corolla of but when so planted this flower is more effective. It
six petals, each one being delicately tipped with pale will grow in any kind of soil, but it seems most at home
green; they are produced on long thick stems, each amongst dwarf shrubs, where its flowers are always of
flower having a somewhat lengthened pedicel, by a more delicate color than when exposed. Propagated
which they are suspended bell-fashion. The foliage is by division of the roots during autumn every third year.
of the common daffodil form, but longer; bulb small.

Flowering period, May to July.

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 Lilium Auratum
Golden-rayed or Japanese Lily; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

This is a hardy Lily, and though this species is torn that the current season’s bloom is more or less
comparatively new to our English gardens, it belongs damaged and root development checked.
to a noble genus which has had a place in our ancestors’
gardens for ages. It was long thought that this bulb To put my simple method of growing this Lily in a
from Japan could not endure our winters, and though plainer way, I may state that my garden is naturally well
it is proved to be perfectly hardy, there are yet many drained, has light soil, and a south aspect. Under a west
who only cultivate it indoors, and seem surprised when wall I planted small bulbs in the manner already stated,
they see it in beds and borders, where it is allowed to and though I have often seen this Lily nearly twice as
remain year after year. tall as ever I grew it, I have not any cause to complain
about the quantity of bloom. I never either water or
The flowers vary very much in size, from 5in. to 8in. put down stakes as supports. If the situation is moist
across; the divisions are richly tinted (golden-rayed), no water is needed, and it is next to impossible to send
beautifully spotted and reflexed; the stems, at the down stakes without coming in contact with the large
height of 3ft. to 6ft., are furnished with flowers, mostly bulbs. Doubtless a few good waterings with liquid
about five to eight in number. Though the flowers manure would be an advantage, but where L. auratum
appear delicate, it is surprising how well they stand out is esteemed as satisfactory with short stems, this need
in the open garden. For beauty and effect this Lily is not be given.
incomparable.
When once a clump or batch of this Lily has become
Much has been said about its culture, far more than established, it should not be disturbed for several years,
need be put into practice. I have found the observance when, if the stems are becoming too rank to allow
of three simple rules is sufficient in order to have it them to wave without damaging each other’s flowers,
in fine bloom year after year: First, begin with good or if there are many young unflowered stems, they may
sound bulbs, not over large. Second, plant them 9in. profitably be dug out in a careful manner when the
deep in sandy soil, and a moist situation, surrounding bulbs have ripened, which will be the case when the
each bulb with half-a-spadeful of fine charcoal, which tops have become thoroughly dry; there will then be
protects them from rot, canker, and (what I believe to found to be numbers of nice clean young bulbs, which,
be the chief cause of failure) the wireworm. Third, grow with a year’s extra patience, will probably form a more
them where they will be sheltered from high winds; vigorous batch than the parent one. Such bulbs are
otherwise their long and top-heavy stems become properly called “home grown.”
wrenched, and the upper roots, above the bulbs, so

Flowering period, September to November.

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 Lobelia Cardinalis
Cardinal Flower; Nat. Ord. Lobeliaceae

This “old-fashioned” plant grows

2ft. or 3ft. high; the flowers are
produced in terminal spikes on
stout, round, and well-foliaged
stems; each flower has a slender
stalk, starting from the axil of
a rudimentary leaf. The calyx
is very finely formed, broadly
cup-shaped and cornered; the
five divisions are narrow, finely
pointed, ¾in. long, and spreading;
the corolla has a divided tube 1in.
long, broadly set in the ample
calyx, gradually narrowing to the
divisions of the corolla. As may be
seen by the engraving, the flowers
much resemble some of our native
This is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that orchids in form, the lip being most characteristic. The
bloom in October; stately, brilliant and lasting. There leaves are broadly lance-shaped, serrated, and sessile.
are many varieties of it, and of late years some extra The habit of the plant is erect, and almost rigid. The
fine sorts have been raised and named, all of which are flowers are of the most attractive kind for borders, and,
good. The varieties differ much in the foliage as well as cut bloom, can hardly be excelled.
as the flowers, some being much larger, and of a dark
brown or reddish color. It has smooth foliage; it is not so The only drawback which attaches to it in this climate
large as some of the varieties, but it seemed desirable is that it is not perfectly hardy; in other words, it dies in
to figure the type, otherwise the varieties might have winter when planted in certain soils and positions. But
proved misleading. To a more than ordinary extent I can, from an experience extending over three trying
this plant is called by its common name, “the Cardinal winters, confidently state that, if it is planted in spring,
Flower,” and I have very frequently found that it has not in deep rich loam, fully exposed to the sun, it will both
been recognized by its proper name, even by amateurs flower well and live through the winter. Only let the
who had long grown it. “Is that tall plant a Lobelia?” has reader remember that it is a native of North America,
often been asked; therefore, common as the plant is, and he may then judge that it can be no stranger to
I thought it might prove useful to give an illustration. a cold climate. The advantages of the above method
One of its valuable qualities is that it flowers for a very are, that the plant becomes well established during
long time, beginning about the latter end of August summer, its long cord-like roots get deep down to
and continuing until stopped by frosts. In the early part the moisture it loves so well, and from full exposure
of October, it is simply grand, as then not only the main it withers seasonably and the crowns become fully
stems, but the lower ones, are all furnished with their ripened by the time the strongest frosts occur, so that
brilliant coloring. they do it no harm. The reader may take it for what it is

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 worth, that by leaving the dried stalks on, the plants are seen. So that, after all, it is perhaps not less hardy than
benefited; at any rate, I leave them on, for the following many other plants about which little doubt exists, but
reasons: In a dry state they are very hollow, and when which may have been a little more fortunate as regards
cut I have found them conductors of rain into the midst other conditions than cold.
of the younger roots and dormant crowns, causing
them to rot, and when the remaining part of the stalk To those who prefer to dig up their stock of L. cardinalis
has come away from rottenness too, it has been seen and winter it away from frost, I may say that it is only
that a cavity of corruption had formed where it joined. needful to pack the roots in sand, which should be
When I have left the withered stalks untrimmed until kept moist, not wet. Propagation may be affected by
the following growing season, no such decay has been division of the crowns in spring.

Flowering period, August to first frosts.

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 Muscari Botryoides
Grape Hyacinth; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

This is a hardy species, somewhat finer than the It seems to do best in light earth, and the flowers are
more common M. racemosum, from the fact of its finer in color when grown in shade, but not too much.
richer, bright sky-blue flowers. The form of the Grape Where quantities are available, they may be used as an
Hyacinth is well known, being a very old garden flower edging, nothing looking better in a spring garden.
and a great favorite; when it is once planted, it keeps
its place, despite all drawbacks common to a crowded M. b. alba varies only in the color of its flowers; the
border, with the exception of that wholesale destroyer, white is somewhat creamy for a time; it becomes much
a careless digger; if left undisturbed for a year or two, it clearer after a few days and remains in perfection for
increases to very showy clumps. two weeks in ordinary weather. This is a charming
variety; grown by the side of the different blues its
The flowers, which are densely arranged on stout beauty is enhanced. It is very effective as a cut flower,
spikes 8in. high, are very small, globular, and narrowed though rather stiff, but if sparingly used it is attractive
at the opening, where the tiny divisions are tipped with for bouquets, whilst for a buttonhole one or two spikes
white. The foliage resembles that of the wood hyacinth, answer admirably.
but it is more rigid, not so broad, and slightly glaucous.

Flowering period, March to May.

Narcissus Minor
Smaller Daffodil; Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceae

A very beautiful and effective spring flower. Though a leaves are densely grown, and being only 4in. high and
native of Spain, it proves one of the hardiest denizens somewhat rigid, they not only form a rich setting for
of our gardens; it is not often met with, but it has been the bright blossom which scarcely tops them, but they
cultivated in this country since 1629. It was well known support the flowers, which have a drooping habit. Later,
in Parkinson’s time. Not merely is it a species due to however, they lift their fair faces and look out sideways,
bloom early, but it does so, no matter how severe the but whether seen in profile or otherwise, they are alike
weather may be, in March, and the flowers are freely charming.
produced. We could hardly have more severe weather
than we had in March 1883, when the snow was I do not remember ever to have seen or heard this
sometimes several inches deep and the frost as much flower described as finely scented; as a matter of fact,
as 17deg. to 23deg. Still this little Daffodil continued to it is deliciously so. The odor is aromatic and mace-like.
push up its golden blossoms, so that in the latter half If the bloom is cut when in its prime and quite dry, a
of the month, it formed one of the most pleasing of few heads will scent a fair-sized room. Of course, all the
the hardy flowers of the spring garden. Its blue-green species of the genus (as implied by the generic name)

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 exhale an odor, and some kinds a very fragrant one, Flowers are produced on slender scapes, 3in. to 4in.
whilst others are said to be injurious; but the spicy smell long, singly, from the long membranous spatha; they
of this can scarcely be otherwise than acceptable, and are 1¼in. across the expanded perianth, and about the
it must always be a desirable feature in a flower suitable same length; the six divisions are rather longer than the
for cutting, and more especially in a winter and spring tube, and of a pale yellow or lemon color; the crown
flower. From its dwarfness this Daffodil is very liable or nectary is campanulate, longer than the petal-like
to be soiled; either of three plans may be adopted to divisions, lobed, fringed, and of a deep yellow color.
prevent this: Plant on grass; top-dress in January with The leaves are strap-shaped, stout and glaucous, and
longish litter, which by the blooming time will have a about the same length as the scapes.
washed and not very objectionable appearance; or,
lastly, let the patches grow broad and thick, when their This plant is in no way particular to soil, provided it
own foliage will keep down the mud, excepting at the is well drained. It enjoys, however, partial shade and
sides. I find the litter method to answer well for scores liberal topdressings of manure. It increases fast by
of things for a similar purpose. offsets, and, if desirable, the bulbs may be lifted the
third year for division, after the tops have died off in
late summer.

Flowering period, March and April.

Puschkinia Scilloides
Scilla-like Puschkinia, or Striped Squill; Syns. P. Libanotica, Adamsia Scilloides; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this however, has put both the plants and names to their
charming bulbous plant is like the scillas; it may, proper belongings, and we are no longer puzzled with
therefore, be useful to point out the distinctions which a chionodoxa under the name of Puschkinia. This
divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at a Lilywort came from Siberia in 1819 and was long
glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular considered a tender bulb in this climate, and even yet
crown or corona, having six lobes and a membranous by many it is treated as such. With ordinary care—
fringe. This crown is connected at the base of the judicious planting—it not only proves hardy but
divisions of the perianth, which divisions do not go to increases fast. Still, it is a rare plant, and very seldom
the base of the flower, but form what may be called an seen, notwithstanding its great beauty. It was named
outer tube. In the scilla there is no corona, neither a by Adams, in honour of the Russian botanist, Count
tube, but the petal-like sepals or divisions of the Puschkin, whence the two synonymous names
perianth are entire, going to the base of the flower. Puschkinia and Adamsia; there is also another name,
There are other but less visible differences which need specific, which, though still used, has become discarded
not be further gone into. Although there are but two or by authorities, viz., P. Libanotica—this was supposed to
three known species of the genus, we have not only a be in reference to one of its habitats being on Mount
confusion of names, but plants of another genus have Lebanon. During mild winters it flowers in March, and
been mistaken as belonging to this. Mr. Baker, of Kew, so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must

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 always feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the are composed of four to eight flowers, to have a lax
proverbial harshness of the season. appearance. The leaves are few, 4in. to 6in. long, lance-
shaped, concave, but flatter near the apex, of good
At the height of 4in. to 8in. the flowers are produced substance and a dark green color; bulb small.
on slender bending scapes, the spikes of blossom are
arranged one-sided; each flower is ½in. to nearly 1in. As already stated, a little care is needed in planting this
across, white, richly striped with pale blue down the choice bulbous subject. It enjoys a rich, but light soil.
center, and on both sides of the petal-like divisions. It does not so much matter whether it is loamy or of
The latter are of equal length, lance-shaped, and finely a vegetable nature if it is light and well drained; and,
reflexed; there is a short tube, on the mouth of which provided it is planted under such conditions and in
is joined the smaller one of the coronas. The latter is full sunshine, it will both bloom well and increase. It
conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the limb may be propagated by division of the roots during late
of the perianth, and from its lobes and membranous summer, when the tops have died off; but only tufts
fringe being a soft lemon-yellow color. The pedicels are having a crowded appearance should be disturbed for
slender and distant, causing the flower spikes, which an increase of stock.

Flowering period, March to May.

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 Scilla Campanulata
Bell-flowered Scilla or Bluebell; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

Of the typical form little need, be

said by way of description. The
flowers are bell-shaped, pendent,
blue, and produced in racemes
of many flowers. The leaves are
lance-shaped, prostrate, and of a
dark shining green color.

S. c. alba differs from the type in

having its white flowers arranged
more evenly round the scape,
being shorter in the divisions of
petals and wider at the corolla;
the habit of the plant, too, is more
rigid and neat. In a cut state the
flowers are not only very lasting,
but if gathered clean, they are
A hardy bulbous perennial introduced from Spain suitable for the most delicate wreath or bouquet.
200 years ago. It very much resembles the English
All the forms of S. campanulata are cheerful and
hyacinth—H. nutans, or Scilla non-scripta—better
effective spring flowers. They should be grown in bold
known as the wood hyacinth. Handsome as this simple
clumps, and if under slight shade, where many other
flower is, it might have been omitted from these notes
things cannot be well grown, all the better; still, they
as a plant too well known, but for the fact that there are
are in no way particular—any aspect, position, or soil
several varieties of the species which are less known,
will answer for these robust flowers. Such being the
very beautiful, and deliciously fragrant, entitling them
case, few gardens should be without at least the finer
to a place amongst other choice flowers, both in books
forms of the large Bluebell. So fast do these varieties
and gardens.
increase by seed and otherwise, that any remarks on
their propagation are unnecessary.

Flowering period, April to June.

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 Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum
Satin-Flower, or Rush Lily; Nat. Ord. Iridaceae

The generic name of this flower is about the grubbing soon over; their fugaci. After such pains have been
of swine for its roots and means “pig-snout.” The taken with so well-deserving a plant, there will be little
common names may be seen to be most appropriate; to fear for its future, no matter how severe the winter
that of Satin-flower is of American origin the plant may prove.
being a native of Oregon, and is in reference to its rich
satiny blossom; that of Rush-lily, which is, perhaps, an S. g. album is a white-flowered variety, of which,
even more suitable name, has been recently applied to however, I have had no experience. Since these lines
it, I believe, in this country. It is applicable alike to the appeared in serial form, a lady, cultivating a good
rush-like form and habit of foliage, and the lily-like
purity and style of flowers. It was sent to this
country in 1826, and yet it is rarely met with in
English gardens. Some think it scarcely hardy in
our climate in certain soils. I happen to have grown
it for six years, which period includes the recent
severe winters, and it has not only survived but
increased in a moderate degree. This took place on
rockwork facing south; in the autumn of 1881 I
divided the specimen, and planted a part of it in
the coldest part of my garden, which is not without
clay, though far from all clay; that division is now a
strong plant, and has made an extra crown; it forms
the subject of the present illustration. Let me state,
in passing, that it is naturally a slow grower. The
very severe weather of the week previous to my
writing this note, in March, 1883, when 23deg. of
frost was registered, which cut down the bloom
stems of Hellebores and many other well-known
hardy things, did not hurt this subject very much; I
am, therefore, confident of its hardiness from six years collection of choice hardy flowers, has informed
of such experience. me that this variety is very fine, and in every way
commendable.
Tan almost invisible sheath 2in. or 3in. from the apex.
Gradually the sheath, from becoming swollen, attracts
notice, and during sunshine it will suddenly burst
and let fall its precious contents—a pair of beautiful
flowers—which dangle on slender arching pedicels,
springing from the sheath-socket. They seem to enjoy
their new-born freedom, and flutter in the March wind
like tethered butterflies. Their happy day, however, is

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 Triteleia Uniflora
Sometimes called Milla Uniflora; One-flowered Triteleia, or Spring Star Flower; Nat. Ord. Liliaceae

This is a favorite flower, and in some soils increases very they are abundantly produced from the rather small
fast; it is the commonest species of the very limited cocoon-shaped bulbs. On the whole, the plant is very
genus to which it belongs; was brought from South ornamental when in flower, and the bloom is produced
America only so recently as 1836, and it is already more or less for many weeks; at any rate, it is an early
extensively grown in this country, and as a trade article flower, and if it cannot be used indoors it should be
is very cheap indeed, thanks to its intrinsic worth. extensively planted amongst border subjects, than
Though small, its star-like form gives it a lively and which there are few more hardy or reliable. Propagated
effective appearance in the borders. It is much used by divisions of the crowded bulbs every other year,
by the Americans as a window and greenhouse plant, during late summer.
notwithstanding that it is a wild flower with them, and
it’s pretty shape and lovely hues render it eligible for T. u. lilacina (the Lilac-colored Star Flower) is a most
such uses, but on account of the esteem in which is handsome variety, having, as implied by the name, a
held the odor of garlic, I should not like to recommend richly colored flower. I am indebted to a lady for roots
it for such close associations. The flower in shape is, as and flowers recently sent me; so far as I know, it is not
the generic name implies, like the Trillium, formed of yet generally distributed. It is very distinct from the
three, or rather threes; the divisions are arranged in type in having smaller parts throughout, and a more
threes, or triangularly; the two triangles, being crossed, highly colored bloom, with the outer surface of the
give the flower a geometrical and star-like effect. The shining tube of a darker or brownish-green color. I
flowers, which are 1in. to 2in. across, are borne on have seen a mauve colored form, but this is much more
slender stems, 4in. to 6in. long. They are nearly white, pronounced and effective. The chief recommendation
but have various tints, bluish reflections, with a line of this otherwise desirable flower, to my thinking, is its
of blue in each petal. The leaves resemble those of rich, new-mown hay scent; in this it differs much from
the snowdrop when overgrown and turning flabby the parent form.
and have a somewhat untidy and sprawling habit;

Flowering period, March to May.

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 BUTTERCUPS
Buttercups furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves, whence its
name; other leaves are of varying forms, mostly broadly lance-
shaped, and some once-notched; those of the root are nearly
spoon-shaped.

On rockwork, in leaf soil, it does remarkably well; in loam it seems

somewhat stunted. Its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state,
and they are produced in succession for three or four weeks on
the same plant. It has large, fleshy, semi-tuberous roots, and many
of them; so that at any time it may be transplanted. I have pulled
even flowering plants to pieces, and the different parts, which, of
course, had plenty of roots to them, continued to bloom.

Left:. Helleborus Abchasicus (page 36).

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 Aconitum Autumnale
Autumn Monk’s-hood; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

Hardy, perennial, and

herbaceous. This is one of the
finest subjects for autumn
flowering. The whole plant,
which stands nearly 3ft. high,
is stately and distinct; the
leaves are dark green, large,
deeply cut and veined, of
good substance, and slightly
drooping. The flowers are a
fine blue (a color somewhat
scarce in our gardens at that
season), irregularly arranged
on very stout stems; in form
they exactly resemble a
monk’s hood, and the way
they are held from the stems
further accords with that
likeness. These rich flowers
are numerously produced;
a three-year-old plant will
have as many as six stout
stems all well-furnished,
rendering the specimen
very conspicuous.

This is one form of the

Monk’s-hood long grown
in English gardens and is
called “old-fashioned.” A.
japonicum, according to
some, is identical with it, but whether that is I find it likes a rich deep soil. It is propagated by
so or not, there is but a slight difference, and division of the roots after the tops have turned
both, of course, are good. yellow in autumn or winter.

It flowers from August until cut down by frosts.

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 Above:. Eranthis Hyemalis, also known as Winter Aconite.

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 Eranthis Hyemalis
Syn. Helleborus Hyemalis; Winter Aconite; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

This, though well-known and a general It enjoys a moist soil, somewhat light; also,
favorite, is not seen in the broad masses which a little shade. In such quarters not only do
ought to characterize its culture. the tubers increase quickly, but the seed
germinates, and if such positions are allowed
It is nearly related to the Christmas roses, it, and garden tools kept off, there will soon be a
and, like them, flowers in winter, the bright dense carpet of golden flowers to brighten the
golden blossoms suddenly appearing during wintry aspect of the open garden. Many things
sunshine close to the earth. A little later the in the way of deciduous flowering shrubs may
involucrum becomes developed and is no be grown with them, their bareness in winter
unimportant feature. It forms a dark green and shade during summer favoring their
setting for the sessile flower, and is beautifully enjoyment and growth. Early in the summer
cut, like the Aconite. There are other and very they die down. From that time the tubers may
interesting traits about this little flower that be lifted and transplanted. Such work should
will engage the study of botanists. be finished in early autumn, or the roots will
not have time to establish themselves for the
first winter’s bloom.

Flowering period, December to February.

Helleborus Abchasicus
Abchasian Hellebore; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

This is a native of the Caucasus, and in this fixed as regards depth of color, but it is said
climate, where it has been cultivated about to be one of the parent forms of some of
fifteen years, it retains its foliage through the the fine hybrids. These considerations may
winter in a green state. It is a free grower, and help to reconcile the apparently conflicting
flowers well, having a somewhat slender habit. descriptions as regards bloom color.
It is sometimes described as having green
flowers, but more often as having purple ones. The flower stems are 12in. to 18in. high, distantly
It may be useful to remember that there are forked twice, and of a purplish color. The flowers
varieties, and it is likely that, even in the so- are produced in threes and fours on each of
called green flowers, traces of purple will be the branchlets, are inclined to purple, over 2in.
seen. Not only is it a fact that this species, across, and nodding; sepals oval, waved, and
like H. purpurascens and H. niger, is far from set well apart at the outer ends; petals scale-

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 like, green, and numerous; anthers a beautiful A good fat loam suits them; the position should
delicate yellow; leaves of the flower stems few, be rather shady and moist, but well drained. A
small, and of irregular form, notched, finely top dressing of good rotten manure, after all
serrate, and of a purplish-green shade; in their have done blooming, about the end of March,
young state more especially does the purple is a great help to them. All the Hellebores may
prevail on the under surface—they are, in fact, be easily increased by root divisions, but the
nearly the color of the flowers. The radical stock should be strong and healthy. Roots
leaves are many, nearly a foot in diameter, of affected with the least rot or canker should be
a dark green color, and leathery substance; discarded, as from their slowness of growth
the leaflets are rather distant from each they will not be worth garden space. Seed
other, forming a noble pedate leaf; they are may also be raised, but unless sown as soon
somewhat one-sided, slightly waved, sharply as it is ripe germination is less certain, and
and regularly toothed nearly all their length. always slower in proportion to the length of
From this description it will be inferred that time it has been kept dry. I may add that, in
this is one of the most distinct species, and February (1883), I noticed a pot, sown with
such is truly the case. Moreover, it has a bold Hellebore seed in February of 1880; a few were
and rich effect. The older radical foliage, with just pushing through the mold. The seed
its long stalks, is for the most part spread on was sold to me as the produce of 1879. Since
the ground, when the new erect flower stems, 1880 I have sown seed ripened on plants that
furnished with small leaves and nodding buds were bloomed for indoor decoration, it being
and blossoms, all of a shining purplish color, ready about February. From this I had nice
form a peculiar but pleasing contrast, not little plants in less than twelve months. But by
nearly so marked in any other species with seed the process of propagation is slow, and
which I am acquainted. There is a variety called not advisable unless the object is to obtain
H. A. purpureus, in allusion to the color of the new varieties—a very easy matter, by the way,
flowers being a little more purple. with this family, if the simple rules of cross-
hybridizing are applied.
This Abchasian species and its varieties are
not widely distributed; they are to be obtained All the Christmas Roses should be so planted
and need no longer be found only in rare that they may be conveniently shaded during
collections. It is desirable in every way for the their blooming time. They mostly flower
garden, where it forms a most ornamental during the dullest part of the year, and the
object during winter. Its flowers last for four or blossom, more especially the white kinds and
five weeks, and in a cut state they form rich those with metallic hues, unless protected,
companion bloom to the white Christmas become damaged with mud splashes. Hand-
Rose. lights or bell-glasses should be freely used.

Flowering period, January to March.

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 Helleborus Foetidus
Stinking Hellebore; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

have leafy stems and many

flowers; it grows 2ft. high,
and never seems to rest, but
goes on making new leaves
throughout winter.

The flowers are produced in

clusters larger than a man’s
hand, and are of a green
color, the sepals edged with
brown, which turns to a
purplish tint; they are nearly
an inch across, well cupped,
and mostly hang bell-
fashion; the leaves are much
smaller than those of most
Hellebores, pedate, smooth,
of stout substance and dark
green color; the divisions
This is a native species, distinct, ornamental, of the leaves are narrow and numerous. The
and evergreen. Its name may, with some, foliage is persistent and keeps green until after
prevent its being planted in the pleasure the new has appeared; it bends downwards in
garden, but its foetid odor is not perceptible a pleasing manner, and the leafy stems have
unless sought for. It is mostly found wild in a palm-like appearance. These, when topped
this country in chalky districts, and it occurs with panicles of flowers, though they be green
largely in the southern parts of Europe. ones, are worthy objects for any garden. It is
Though poisonous, it is a valuable herb. Its a suitable plant for mixing with deciduous
value as a garden subject consists in its dark shrubs; bold specimens of it enliven such
evergreen foliage, good habit, and handsome borders by their shining greenery, and they are
panicles of bloom. The latter is produced of greatest service when most needed, for in
under cultivation in midwinter. It never fails to such sheltered quarters they are pretty sure to
flower then if the position is a sheltered one. flower during winter; and the summer shade,
In its wild state the flowers appear in March. It if not too dense, will prove more beneficial to
belongs to that section of the Hellebores which them than otherwise.

Flowering period, December to April.

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 Hepatica Angulosa
Hepatica Transsilvanica; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

This is a very distinct species. It comes from of being disturbed, and, after all, the increase
North America and is twice the size of H. triloba can exist in no finer form than in big clumps,
in all its parts; the leaves are more cut, and though when they are to be propagated the
very woolly; the flowers are bright mauve, and roots should be divided before the new leaves
1½in. across. All the Hepaticas are slow growers, are produced, which is during the blooming
but H. angulosa is the more vigorous. Some period. A deeply dug and well-manured plot
say they should be grown in peat, but I never should be prepared for them, and their long
saw them so fine in peat as in strong loam, roots should not be doubled up in the least;
well drained and manured; they are the better they both need and deserve great care.
with slight shade. I do not object to peat, as
possibly it may be more suitable than the
natural soil of some gardens. Still, if I had to
make up a compost for Hepaticas, I should
freely use strong loam on a well-drained site.
With me they have been in flower nearly three
months, commencing in February.

It seems desirable to increase these fine

spring flowers, but they are most impatient

Flowering period, February to April.

Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno

Double Acrid Crowfoot, Yellow Bachelor’s Buttons; Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae

The type of this is a common British plant, most of its fine double flowers, it resembles very
nearly related to the field buttercup. I am not much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it
going to describe it but mention it as I wish needs no further description; but, common as
to introduce R. acris fl.-pl., sometimes called is its parentage, it is both a showy and useful
“yellow Bachelor’s Buttons”—indeed, that is border flower, and forms a capital companion
the correct common name for it, as used fully to the double white Bachelor’s Buttons (R.
300 years ago. In every way, with the exception aconitifolius fl.-pl.).

Flowering period, April to June.

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 DAISIES
This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside,
and the weed of our grassplots, is the parent form of the handsome
and popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well
known as these flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little
more about the fine large double crimson and white kinds—their
treatment, for instance—in order to have abundance of flowers
during the earliest months of the year; and the uses to which they
may be most advantageously put; for, common as are the Daisies,
they are, without doubt, amongst the most useful flowers we
possess.

As cut bloom the daisy is charming in glass trays on a bed of

moss, or even in small bouquets, mixed with the foliage of pinks,
carnations, and rosemary. Such an arrangement has at least the
merit of sweet simplicity, and somehow has also the effect of
carrying our thoughts with a bound to springtime.

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 Asters
Michaelmas Daisies, or Starworts; Nat. Ord. Compositae

Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a flowered half their length with clusters of
numerous family, and many of them have an bloom about the size and form of full-grown
ungainly habit and insignificant flowers—in field daisies. These wand-like spikes in a cut
fact, are not worth growing, save as wildflowers state are bright and appropriate decorations.
in unfrequented places. I will mention a few In vases they are very effective, even when
of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: used alone. The flowers are very lasting, either
A. diversifolius, A. ericoides, A. grandiflorus, cut or otherwise; the plants will bloom six or
A. pendulus, and A. Dumosus, these are all eight weeks.
good, both in habit and flowers; ericoides
and pendulus make really handsome bushes, These subjects will thrive in almost any kind
but the very beautiful A. amellus, and its of soil or position, opening their flowers during
more dwarf variety (A. Mdme. Soyance), have the dullest weather, and though they like
tempted me to write of these old-fashioned sunshine, they will not wait for it. It is scarcely
plants, which may be said to be wholly distinct, needful to further describe these well-known
as their flowers are so very much brighter flowers, but, as well as the species, there are
(dark purple, with a clear yellow center), and some bright and beautiful varieties which
the rays so much more evenly and compactly merit further notice. All the Starworts are
furnished. Their stems are 2ft. to 3ft. high, and easily increased by root division any time.

Flowering period, August to November.

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 Aster Ptarmicoides
Bouquet Starwort; Nat. Ord. Compositae

This Starwort is a very recently imported damaged by coarse weather. Amongst other
species from North America. Like many Asters it shows to advantage, flowering earlier
other things which have proved worthless as than most of them, but lasting well into their
decorative flowers, this was highly praised, but period of bloom. It is sure to prove a useful
for a while its weedy-looking foliage caused white autumnal flower; small sprays when
suspicion; after becoming well established, cut look better than on the plant, as they are
it flowered, and, I am glad to say, proves a then seen to be well spread and rigidly held
most distinct and useful Starwort. Its small by means of their wiry stalks; they have the
white flowers much resemble the field daisy, scent of Southernwood. It grows well with me
but they are borne on
densely branched stems in
hundreds; in fact, the plant,
which grows nearly 2ft. high,
seems to be nearly all flowers.
Each one has a single ray of
shining white florets, narrow
and separate. Those of the
disk are of a canary-yellow
color; the imbricated calyx
is pear-shaped; pedicels
slender, bent, wiry, and
furnished with very small
leaves; main stems hispid,
woody, and brittle. The leaves
of the root are 2in. to 4in.
long, smooth, entire, linear,
almost grass-like; those
of the stems much less,
becoming smaller as they
near the flowers; they are
somewhat rough, partaking
of the quality of the stems.
The habit of the plant is much branched, the in ordinary garden loam, the situation being
spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten well exposed to the sun. It may be readily
times the size of the plant, so that it becomes propagated by root division.
top-heavy; it blooms for many weeks and is not

Flowering period, August to October.

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 Bellis Perennis
Common Perennial Daisy; Nat. Ord. Compositae

First, I will briefly give the names and globular appearance; another good point is
descriptions of the more distinct varieties. its flower stalks being 4in. to 5in. long, which
renders it serviceable as cut bloom. Sweep is
B. p. aucubifolia is the Double Daisy, having not quite so large, though a good-sized Daisy,
a beautifully variegated foliage, mottled with it also opens flatter; its color, however, is first
golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba. B. rate, it is the darkest crimson Daisy I ever saw,
p. fistulosa. —This is the double crimson or is of a quilled form and very full. Its chief point
pink Daisy, having its florets piped or quilled. is its constant color; if the florets are examined,
B. p. hortensis embraces all the double forms they are the same deep crimson underneath
raised and cultivated in gardens, no matter as on the face of the flower; this, together with
what color, and so distinguished from the its long stalks, renders it useful, too, in a cut
typical form of the fields. B. p. prolifera is that state.
curious and favorite kind called “Hen and
Chickens.” The flowers are double, and from To grow this useful flower well and render it
the imbricate calyx of the normal flower there doubly valuable by having it in bloom in mid-
issue several smaller Daisies having straggling winter, requires three things: First, timely
florets; the whole on one main stalk presenting transplanting; secondly, rich soil; thirdly,
a bouquet-like effect. partial shade; these conditions will be more
briefly and, perhaps, clearly explained, if I state
These kinds, the specific names of which are my method. At the end of May or fore part of
not only descriptive, but amply embrace the June, plenty of good rotten stable manure
group, are much added to by flowers having is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters; it is
other names and minor distinctions, the worked in with a fork, to do as little damage
latter, for the most part, being only shades as possible to the bush roots. A line is drawn,
or mixtures of color—as crimson, pink, white, and the old Daisy roots which have just been
and bicolors. The florets in many kinds are taken up are trimmed by shortening both
exceedingly pretty, from the way in which they tops and roots. They are severely divided,
are tipped and shaded; notably, a new variety and the pieces planted 6in. apart in rows 8in.
that was sent me under the name of Dresden asunder. In such a cool, moist situation they
China. These sorts having different tints are soon form good tufts, and I need scarcely say
usefully named with “florists’” names—as that the dressing of manure has also a marked
Pearl, Snowball, Rob Roy, Sweep, Bride, &c. effect on the fruit crop. A planting so made is
I may say that I have long grown the Daisy not only a cheerful carpet of greenery during
largely, Bride and Sweep being the favorite winter but is well dotted over with bloom.
kinds; both are robust growers, very hardy and The plants being well established in rich soil
early. Bride is the purest white, with florets full, and having the shelter of the bushes during
shining, and well reflexed; rather larger than summer and winter, are the conditions which
a florin, and when fully developed has a half have conducted to such early flowers. This is

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 the method I have adopted for years, and both November, never flower so early, from which
Daisies and fruit have been invariably good it will be seen that the treatment explained
crops. I ought, however, to say that beds more hardly applies to such bedding; but where a
exposed, together with the fact that the Daisy breadth of bloom is required, say, for cutting
roots have to be transplanted in October or purposes, I know no better plan.

Flowering period, February to July.

Stenactis Speciosus
Syn. Erigeron Speciosus; Showy Fleabane; Nat. Ord. Compositae

This has not long been cultivated in this in beauty the best of them, with only a third of
country; but though a native of the warm their ungainly length of stem.
climate of California, it proves to be one of
the most hardy of herbaceous perennials; it The flowers are fully two inches across, of a
begins to flower in early summer, but August light purple color; the disk is somewhat large
is the heyday of its showiness, and it continues and of a greenish yellow; the florets of the
at least a month longer. Its more recent name, ray are numerous, full, narrow, and slightly
Stenactis, is, according to Paxton, a happy and uneven at their points, giving the otherwise
appropriate derivation, and tends much to dense ray a feathery appearance. These large
explain the form of flower, “Stene, narrow, and flowers are produced in bunches of six or
aktin, a sunbeam, from the narrow and sun ten on each branch, at the height of about
like rays of the expanded flower.” It belongs eighteen inches; there are many stems, and
to a genus of “old-fashioned” flowers, which, each one is well branched, the species being
moreover, is that of the most modern fashion very floriferous; the leaves are herb-like, lance-
in flowers. As a garden plant it is not only shaped, pointed, amplexicaul, and smooth;
effective, but one of that class which will put up root-leaves spathulate.
with the most offhand treatment; tenacious
This plant needs no cultural care; its only
of life, neither particular as to soil nor position,
requirements are a place in the garden and
constant in fair and foul weather, and doing
someone to appropriate its beaming crop of
duty alike in town or suburban garden, these
flowers, which cannot fail to be serviceable. As
qualities go to make it a worthy subject. Whilst
a border plant, among suitable companions,
it is nearly related to, and much resembles, the
bold clumps are fine, especially when seen by
starworts or Michaelmas daises, it far exceeds
twilight; in lines, too, it may be profitably used.
Propagated by division of the roots at any time.

Flowering period, June to September.

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 Stokesia Laevis
Jasper-blue Stokesia, or Stokes’ Aster; Nat. Ord. Compositae

This handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial would not have been introduced in this book,
was brought from Carolina in the year 1766. much less illustrated. The plant itself is very
It is the only species known of the genus, hardy, enduring keen frosts without apparent
and was named after Jonathan Stokes, M.D., damage, and the bloom is also durable, either
who assisted Withering, the botanist, in his cut or on the plant.
arrangement of British plants. The order
which includes it is a very extensive one,
and it may be useful to add that it belongs
to the sub-order Carduaceae, or the Thistle
family. The mention of this relationship may
not help our subject much in the estimation
of the reader, but it must be borne in mind
that in plant families as well as others, there
are individual members that often contrast
rather than compare with their relatives, and
so it is in the Thistle family, for it embraces the
gay Doronicums, silky Gnaphaliums, shining
Arnica, and noble Stobaea and Echinops.
But the relationship will, perhaps, be better
understood when it is stated that as a sub-
order the Carduaceae stand side by side with
that of the Asteraceae, which includes so
many well-known and favorite flowers.

Of all herbaceous plants, this is one of the latest

to bloom; in favorable situations it will begin
in October, but often not until November and
December in northern parts of the country;
and, I hardly need add, unless severe frosts hold
off, it will be cut down before its buds expand.
There is much uncertainty about its flowering,
when planted in the ordinary way, so that, fine
as its flowers are, the plant would scarcely be
worth a place in our gardens, if there were
no means by which such uncertainty could
be at least minimized; and were it not a fact
that this plant may be bloomed by a little
special treatment, which it justly merits, it

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 I scarcely need further describe the flowers, as To get it to bloom before the frosts cut it,
the form is a very common one. It has, however, the soil and situation should be carefully
a very ample bract, which supports a large selected; the former cannot be too sandy if
imbricate calyx, the members of which have enriched with manure, whilst cold, stiff soil is
stiff bristle-like hairs. Each flower will be 2in. to quite unsuited to it. The position should not
3in. across, and of a fine blue color. The leaves only have the sunniest possible aspect but
are arranged on stout round stems, 18in. high, be at the base of a wall that will ward off the
being from 2in. to 6in. long, somewhat lobed more cutting winds. In such snug quarters
and toothed at the base, the teeth rather spiny; many things may be had in bloom earlier,
their shape varies very much, but generally and others kept in flower through the winter,
they are lance-shaped, concave, often waved as violets; whilst fuchsias, crinums, African
at the edges, and otherwise contorted. The and Belladonna lilies, and similar roots, that
foliage is more thickly furnished at the upper would perish in more exposed parts, will live
part of the plant, it has a glaucous hue, is of from year to year in such situations. Unless the
good substance, smooth and shining, like subject now under consideration can have
many of the gentians. It will, therefore, be seen these conditions, it is useless to plant it—not
that this is far from a weedy-looking subject, that its hardiness is doubtful, but because
and throughout the season has a tidy and its blooming period should be hastened. Its
shrub-like appearance, but it grows top-heavy, propagation may be by division of the roots
and, unless supported, is liable to be snapped after it has flowered, or in spring.
off at the ground line by high winds.

Flowering period, October to December.

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 FEDERAL
COMMON NATIVE
SCIENTIFIC NAME PROTECTED HABIT TYPE
NAME STATES
STATUS

Aconitum Northern Wild IA, NY, OH,

Threatened Herb Buttercup
Noveboracense Monkshood WI

Allium Munzii Munz’s Onion Endangered Herb Bulb CA

Smooth AL, GA, MI,

Echinacea Laevigata Endangered Herb Sunflower
Coneflower NC, PA, SC

Echinacea Tennessee Purple

Endangered Herb Sunflower TN
Tennesseensis Coneflower

Erigeron Decumbens Willamette Daisy Endangered Herb Daisy OR

Erigeron Maguirei Maguire Daisy Threatened Herb Sunflower UT

Erigeron Parishii Parish’s Daisy Threatened Herb Daisy CA

Eriophyllum San Mateo Woolly

Endangered Herb Sunflower CA
Latilobum Sunflower

Erythronium Minnesota Dwarf

Endangered Herb Bulb WI
Propullans Trout Lily

Helianthus Schweinitz’s
Endangered Herb Sunflower NC, SC
Schweinitzii Sunflower

Lilium Occidentale Western Lily Endangered Herb Bulb CA, OR

Lilium Pardalinum Pitkin Marsh Lily Endangered Herb Bulb CA

Koolau Range
Lobelia Gaudichaudii Endangered Herb Bellflower HI
Lobelia

Waianae Range
Lobelia Monostachya Endangered Shrub Bellflower HI
Lobelia

49

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ION FLOWERS
FEDERAL
COMMON NATIVE
SCIENTIFIC NAME PROTECTED HABIT TYPE
NAME STATES
STATUS

Lobelia Niihauensis Niihau Lobelia Endangered Shrub Bellflower HI

Lobelia Oahuensis Oahu Lobelia Endangered Shrub Bellflower HI

Eureka Valley
Oenothera Avita Endangered Herb Primrose CA
Evening-Primrose

Antioch Dunes
Oenothera Deltoides Endangered Herb Primrose CA
Evening-Primrose

IA, IL, IN, MA,

Platanthera Eastern Prairie MI, NY, OH,
Threatened Herb Orchid
Leucophaea Fringed Orchid OK, PA, VA,
WI

IA, KA, MI,

Western Prairie
Platanthera Praeclara Threatened Herb Orchid MO, ND, NE,
Fringed Orchid
OK, SD, WY

Primula Cusickiana Cusick’s Primrose Threatened Herb Primrose UT

Primula Maguirei Maguire Primrose Threatened Herb Primrose UT

CO, ID, MT,

Ranunculus Acriformis Autumn Buttercup Endangered Herb Buttercup
UT, WA, WY

Sisyrinchium
White Irisette Endangered Herb Bulb NC, SC
Dichotomum

Hymenoxys Herbacea Lakeside Daisy Threatened Herb Daisy MI

Trematolobelia Lavaslope False

Endangered Shrub Bellflower HI
Singularis Lobelia

50

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 ORCHIDS
The gorgeous orchid-flower can be easily and cheaply grown from
seed and will give blossoming plants almost as soon as those
started from bulbs. When one must buy plants and the fine new
varieties are desired, the starting of an eight-or ten-foot bed is a
matter for economical consideration.

The seed must be filed on the end opposite the germ, so that the
white shows through plainly, and the best way to do it is to tack a
piece of medium sandpaper to a piece of wood and rub the seed
on that. Soak the seeds in hot water for an hour or two before
planting and sow in hotbed or flat, keeping moist and warm. When
large enough to handle, prick out in thumb-pots and place in a
warm, sunny window. It would be even better to start them in tiny
pots, plunged in a box of sand or in the hotbed, to avoid danger in
removing, as they sometimes suffer in the process.

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 Cypripedium Calceolus
English Lady’s Slipper; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae

in all collections of choice

plants, and every amateur
should persevere until he
succeeds in establishing it.

Under cultivation it flowers

in early May, at a height
of 9in. to 12in.; the flowers
are composed of a calyx
of three brownish-purple
sepals, which have only the
appearance of two, from the
fact of the lower two being
joined or grown together,
and even so combined they
are somewhat less than the
upper sepal. The division
may be observed at the tips,
This well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare though in some specimens
British plant, very beautiful, and much it is microscopic—in the one now by me it
admired. It happens, however, that it seldom is hardly the eighth of an inch. Two petals;
thrives under cultural treatment, and seems these are cross-form in relation to the sepals,
to prefer a home of its own selection, but its of the same color, and a little longer—about
habitats are said now to be very few in Great 2in.—narrow, drooping, pointed, and slightly
Britain, having been hunted out and grubbed twisted when a few days old; lip, “blown
up everywhere. Fortunately, it can be grown in out like a slipper,” shorter than the sepals,
gardens, and in good form, though rarely seen compressed, richly veined, and lemon yellow.
thus. To see well-grown flowers of this orchid The seed organs are curious, the stigma being
either makes us feel more contented with our foot-stalked, peltate, and placed between
own climate or strongly reminds us of others and above the anthers. The leaves are pale
where the most gorgeous varieties of flowers green, very hairy, many-ribbed, stem-clasping,
and fruit grow wild. It is large and striking, alternate, ovate, and slightly wavy; the lower
fragrant, and very beautiful; no one can see ones are 5in. or 6in. long and 2in. to 3in. wide
it, especially in a growing state, without being and pointed. The root is creeping, the fibers
charmed by its freshness and simplicity; it stout, long, wiry, and bent. During spring the
also forms one of the finest specimens for the plant makes rapid growth, and seldom bears
student in botany, and in every way it is a plant more than one flower; for the first time a
and flower of the highest merit. It should be

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 plant produced two with me in 1882. They are being shaded by an apple tree. They are
sweetly scented, like the primrose. now well established, and only receive a top
dressing of leaves and manure to keep them
Many amateurs, who have otherwise proved cool and moist in summer. At the same time
their knowledge of the requirements of plants a number were potted deeply in loam, peat,
by growing large and choice collections, and broken oyster shells; when filling in the
have failed to establish this after many trials; compost, it, too, was washed to the roots, so as
and were it not for the fact that with me it to make all solid by frequent applications; the
is growing in various positions and under pots have always been kept in cool and shady
different modes of treatment, and that it has quarters, and plunged; they bloom well every
so grown for several years, I think I should not season. I have likewise found another plan
have ventured to give hints to experienced to answer well. In a moist corner make up a
horticulturists. In my opinion, four conditions low-lying bed of sand and peat, mostly sand,
are strictly necessary in order to establish plant 9in. deep, and make all solid, as before,
this native orchid in our garden: (1) A strong by water. When the growths appear on the
specimen with a goodly portion of the rhizome surface, water with weak liquid manure, and
attached; (2) Firm or solid planting during if shade does not exist from the mid-day sun,
autumn; (3) Moist situation; (4) Shade from some should be provided; in this way I am
the mid-day sun. Further information may now growing my finest specimens; but if once
be best given by stating the modus operandi: the roots become dry, the plants will suffer a
Several years ago, a number of good roots serious check. I feel equally confident that the
were planted in sandy loam of a calcareous roots enjoy a firm bed, but it should be of such
nature. They were put in somewhat deeply, material that they can freely run in it.
the roots carefully spread out, and the soil
made solid by repeated watering, the position

Flowering period, May and June.

Orchis Foliosa
Leafy Orchis; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae

This terrestrial Orchid is not generally known soil and leaving alone—being very impatient
to be hardy, but that such is the fact is beyond of disturbance at its roots. Many of the hardy
doubt. It is not only hardy, though it comes Orchids, though interesting, are not showy
from Madeira, but it thrives better in this enough as flowers for beds or borders. This,
climate when exposed to all the drawbacks however, is an exception, and is not only, in
belonging to the open garden, or hardy common with other Orchids, an interesting
treatment, than when kept under glass. It species, but a handsome and durable flower.
only seems to require two things—a deep rich

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 It blooms at different heights, from 9in. to 2ft.; Fortunately, it is not so particular either as
the spike, as implied by the name, is leafy up
to and among the flowered portion, which is

from 3in. to 9in. long; the flowers are a cheerful regards soil or atmosphere as most of its
purple color, each ¾in. in diameter; the sepals relations, and it may frequently be met with in
are erect, cupped, and paler in color than the cottage gardens in splendid form. Good sandy
other parts of the flower; petals small; lip large, loam, in a moist situation, suits it well, and I
three lobed, the middle one somewhat have seen it with fine spikes of bloom both
pointed; leaves oblong and smooth, lessening in partial shade and fully exposed. Its position
and becoming more subulate near the top of should be correctly noted, otherwise, when
the stem. When well grown, this plant has a the tops have died down, the roots may suffer
noble appearance, and when closely viewed is damage; they should be well guarded against
seen to be a flower of a high order, as, in fact, disturbance. When increase is desirable the
all the Orchids are. roots may be divided, but if they can be left
alone it will be much to the advantage of the
specimens.

Flowering period, June and July.

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 Orchis Fusca
Lady Orchid; Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae

A rare and noble British species, terrestrial, spike rather over a foot tall; they continue in
and having a tuberous root of moderate size; perfection three weeks or a month. The leaves
the specific name does not always apply, as are 9in. or more in length, lance-shaped, and
this species varies
considerably in the color of
its flowers—certainly all are
not brown. According to
Gray, the flowers are “large,
greenish-brown, brownish-
purple, or pale ash grey”.
According to Linnaeus, it is
synonymous with O. Militaris,
the Soldier, or Brown Man
Orchis. Of the native kinds of
Orchis, many of which are
now getting very scarce, it is
desirable to know what’s
what. But, as a garden flower,
the one now under
consideration has many
points of merit. The plant is
bold and portly, and the foliage ample fully an inch broad in the middle; they are of
compared with many of the genus. The head a pale, shining, green color, the root leaves
of flowers is large, numerous, and well lifted, resting on the ground.
while, far from their least good quality, is that
of their fine aromatic perfume. I find this Orchid capable of withstanding very
rough treatment, but it requires some time
The full size of a flower is shown in the drawing. (two years) to get established. Silky loam and
The sepals are seen to be broad, converging, leaf soil are suitable for it; a moist situation, but
and pointed; the lip, which is rough, is three- in no way of a stagnant character, should be
parted; lobes, unequal and ragged; the side given, and the position should also be carefully
ones are long and narrow, the middle lobe selected, so as to secure the brittle and top-
is twice notched in an irregular manner; the heavy flower spikes from strong winds,
spur is straight with the stem; bracts, short; otherwise it will suffer the fate of hundreds
the flowers are densely produced, forming of tulips after a gale. It is propagated by root
a compact bunch 3in. to 4in. long, on a division after the foliage has died off.

Flowering period, end of May to end of June.

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 PRIMROSES
Primroses require the same general treatment as other plants.
A good compost of leaf-mold, loam, and sand is best. Repeated
shifting hastens blooming, while keeping the plants in small pots
retards it. When ready to bloom they should be fine, large plants
in five-or six-inch pots. Primrose care must be taken to have the
crown of the plant slightly above the surface of the soil and the soil
lowest at the edge of the pot, that no water may settle around the
crown and cause it to rot.

The leaves of Primroses are easily injured, they should be placed

where they will be subjected to as little handling as possible. Injured
or faded leaves should be removed at once. A receptacle rather
broad than deep gives opportunity for the best development. A
hanging-basket, milk-crock with drainage hole, or jardinière with
outlet will answer. Enough room for roots is necessary in the case of
old plants, as these have more divisions to the crown and therefore
spread more.

Left:. Primula Denticulata (page 63).

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 Dodecatheon Meadia
Shooting Star, or American Cowslip; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

A distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial, pointed, giving the appearance of shooting
very hardy and floriferous. Those who do stars. The flowers are arranged in fine clusters
not readily recognize it by any of the above on a scape more than a foot high, each flower
names. It has long been grown in English having a rather long, wiry, and gracefully
gardens—nearly 150 years—its habitat being bending pedicel; all of them spring from one
North America. Not only does it do well in center. The leaves are radical, oblong, smooth,
this climate, but since its introduction several dented, and wavy, about 8in. long and nearly
improved varieties of this species have been 3in. broad.
produced, which are both good and distinct.
A brief notice of them will not be out of place D. M. albiflorum I do not grow, but from what
here, but first the general description may as I remember of it, it differs from the above only
well be given. in being less vigorous and in having white
flowers. D. M. elegans. —Shorter and broader
The flowers much resemble the Cyclamen, in leaf, and roundly toothed; flower stems
but they are only about one-fourth the size; shorter, umbels more numerously flowered,
the calyx is five-parted; the corolla has five bloom deeper in color. D. M. giganteum has
stout petals inserted in the tube of calyx; they a very large leaf, much larger than the typical
are well reflexed and rather twisted; their color form of the species, and of a pale green color,
is purplish-lilac, but at the base of the petals and in all other respects it is larger, being also
there is a rich blending of maroon and yellow. more than a week earlier in flower.
The seed organs are very long, compact, and

Flowering period, April to June.

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 Primula Acaulis
Syn. P. Vulgaris, Common Primrose; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

This common native flower

needs no description,
growing everywhere, yet
we all seem to enjoy its
company in our gardens,
though it may, perhaps,
be seen wild close by. It is a
flower of more interest than
ordinary, and to the florist of
some importance. The great
variety of double and single
primroses have all sprung
from this, the modest form
found in our woods and
damp hedgerows, and the
number is being added to
year by year. The generic
name is in allusion to a quality—that of early names for this plant, as P. grandiflora, P.
or first flowering. The specific name, acaulis, vulgaris, P. sylvestris, and P. veris. The last is
is about its stem-lessness, which is its main given by three authorities, including Linnaeus.
distinguishing feature from the Polyanthus As this seems to clash hard with the name as
and Oxlip (P. veris). I may add, that from the applied to the Cowslip species, I may at once
great variety of P. acaulis and P. veris, and state that Linnaeus has only that one name
their mutual resemblance in many instances, for the three species, viz: P. acaulis, P. elatior,
the casual observer may often find in this P. veris; the name P. vulgaris, by another
feature a ready means by which to identify a authority, is explained by the same rule; Curtis
specimen. Of course, there are other points by (Flora Londinensis) is the authority for the
which the different species can be recognised, name P. acaulis.
even when the scape is out of sight, but I am
now speaking of their general likeness to each I need not here go into any of the varieties,
other in early spring. beyond giving a cursory glance at them. The
double kinds are all beautiful, some superb
Common Cowslips or Paigles (P. veris), great and rare, as the ruby and crimson; the white,
Cowslips or Oxlips (P. elatior), field primrose or sulphur, mauve, magenta, and other less
large-flowered primrose (P. acaulis), were all distinct double forms are more easily grown,
in olden times called by the general name of and in some parts are very plentiful. The
primrose, the literal meaning of which is first single kinds have even a more extensive range
rose. Old authorities give us many synonymous in color. We have now fine reds and what

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 are called blue primrose; the latter variety and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over
is not a blue, but certainly a near approach them; this will not only keep them fresh and
to it. It is an interesting occupation to raise plump during winter, but also protect them
the colored primroses from seed, not only from the effects of wet succeeded by frost,
because of the pleasing kinds which may which often lifts such things entirely out of
be so obtained, but under cultivation, as in the earth. In March, plant out in well enriched
a wild state, seedlings are always seen to be loam, in shady quarters; many will flower in
the more vigorous plants; self-sown seed late spring. Another plan would be to leave
springs up freely on short grass, sandy walks, them in the seed bed if not too rank, where
and in half-shaded borders; but when it is most would flower; in either case, the seed
sought to improve the strain, not only should bed might be left furnished with undisturbed
seedlings be regularly raised, but it should be seedlings. The main crop of bloom should not
done systematically, when it will be necessary, be looked for until the second spring after the
during the blooming season, to look over the summer sowing.
flowers daily and remove inferior kinds as soon
as proved, so that neither their seed nor pollen The double forms are not only less vigorous,
can escape and be disseminated. This part of but the means of propagation are limited;
the operation alone will, in a few years, where offsets of only healthy stock should be taken
strictly carried out, cause a garden to become in early summer. A rich retentive loam suits
famous for its primroses. Seasonable sowing, them, or moist vegetable soil would do:
protection from slugs, and liberal treatment shade, however, is the great desideratum;
are also of the utmost importance. exposure to full sunshine harms them, even if
well moistened at the roots; besides, in such
Briefly stated, the modus operandi should be positions red spider is sure to attack them. This
as follows: Sow the seed at the natural season, mode of propagation is applicable to desirable
soon as ripe, on moist vegetable soil; do not single varieties, as they cannot be relied upon
cover it with more than a mere dash of sand; the to produce stock true to themselves from
aspect should be north, but with a little shade seed. In planting offsets it is a good practice
any other will do; the seedlings will be pretty to put them in rather deeply; not only are
strong by the time of the early frosts; about the new roots emitted from above the old
that time they should, on dry days, have three ones, but the heart of the offset seems to be
or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime; sustained during the warm and, perhaps, dry
it should be dusted over them with a “dredge” weather, by being set a trifle below the surface.
or sieve; this may be expected to clear them of This I have ever proved to be a sure and quick
the slug pest, after which a dressing of sand method in the open garden.

Flowering period, February to June.

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 Primula Capitata
Round-headed Primula; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

The British representatives

of this class are Primula
farinosa and P. Scotica,
but from nearly all parts of
the temperate zone these
lovely subjects have been
imported. It may not be
out of place to name some
of them: P. Allioni, France;
P. amœna, Caucasus; P.
auricula, Switzerland; P.
Carniolica, Carniola; P.
decora, South Europe; P.
glaucescens and P. grandis,
Switzerland; P. glutinosa,
South Europe; P. latifolia,
Pyrenees; P. longifolia,
Levant; P. marginata,
Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before Switzerland; P. minima, South Europe; P. nivalis,
referring to this Primula in particular, I would Dahuria; P. villosa, Switzerland; P. viscosa,
say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine Piedmont; P. Wulfeniana, P. spectabilis, P.
Primulae in general. It may appear strange denticulata, P. luteola, P. Tirolensis, and others,
and, on my part, somewhat presumptuous, from the Himalayas and North America, all
when I state that this section of the Primula of which I have proved to be of easy culture,
family is little known. Gardeners, both old and either on rockwork, or in pots and cold frames,
young, who have seen them in collections, where, though they may be frozen as hard as
have asked what they were as they stood over the stones amongst which their roots delight
them admiring their lovely flowers. They are, to run, they are perfectly safe. The treatment
however, very distinct on the one hand from they will not endure is a confined atmosphere.
the primrose (Primula vulgaris or acaulis) and
polyanthus (Primula elatior) sections; and P. capitata, which is a native of Sikkim, is still
also from the P. sinensis section—the species considered to be new in this country, though it
with so many fine double and single varieties, was flowered at Kew about thirty years ago, but
much grown in our greenhouses, and which, it has only become general in its distribution
of course, are not hardy. The hardy and distinct during the past three or four years.
species to which I now allude are mostly from
The flowers are borne on stems which are
alpine habitats, of stunted but neat forms,
very mealy, and 6in. to 9in. high; the head of
widely distinct, and very beautiful.

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 bloom is round and dense, 1½in. across. The It makes a fine pot subject but will not endure
outer pips are first developed, and as they a heated greenhouse. It should be kept in
fade the succeeding rings or tiers extend and a cold frame, with plenty of air. It may be
hide them. The very smallest in the center of planted on rockwork where it will not get the
the head remain covered with the farina-like midday sun. I hear that it grows like grass with
substance and form a beautiful contrast to a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff
the deep violet-blue of the opened, and the loam; there it seeds and increases rapidly. My
lavender-blue of the unopened pips. One first experience with it was troublesome; when
head of bloom will last fully four weeks. The dying down in the winter, the leaves, which
denseness and form of the head, combined are persistent, seemed to collect moisture at
with the fine color of the bloom, are the the collar and cause it to rot. I tried planting
chief points which go to make this Primula not quite so deeply, and I imagine that it has
very distinct. The leaves, which are arranged proved a remedy. So choice a garden subject
in rosette form, are otherwise very pretty, should not be passed by because it cannot be
having a mealy covering on the underside, dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage.
sometimes of a golden hue; they are also finely Old plants produce offsets which, as soon as
wrinkled and toothed, giving the appearance, the April showers come, may be transplanted
in small plants, of a rosette of green feathers. in loamy soil and a shady situation. Propagation
Sometimes the leaves are as large as a full- may also be carried on by seed when well
grown polyanthus leaf, whilst other plants, ripened, but that has not been my experience
which have flowered equally well, have not of it hitherto.
produced foliage larger than that of primroses,
when having their earliest flowers.

Flowering period, April to June.

Primula Denticulata
Toothed Primula; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

This is one of that section of the Primrose rise on their straight round stems, new foliage
family having stout scapes and compact being developed at the same time.
heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent
introduction from the Himalayas, a true alpine, The flowers are arranged in dense round
and perfectly hardy in this climate. As a garden clusters and are often in their finest form when
flower, it has much merit, blooming early and nearly a foot high. They are of a light purple
profusely. It cannot be too highly commended color, each flower ½in. across, corolla prettily
for its fine form as a plant and beauty as a cupped, segments two-lobed, greenish white
flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. at bases, tube long and cylindrical, calyx about
The flower buds begin in very early spring to half length of tube, teeth rather long and of

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 a dark brown color. The scape is somewhat more neat and upright, and the blooming
dark-colored, especially near the apex. The period earlier by about two weeks.
leaves are arranged in rosette form, are lance-
shaped, rolled back at the edges and toothed, A moist position and vegetable mold suit it
also wrinkled and downy; they continue to best, according to my experience, and the
grow long after the flowers have faded. dips of rockwork are just the places for it, not
exactly in the bottom, for the following reason:
Delicate as the flowers seem, they stand the The large crowns are liable to rot from wet
roughest storms without much hurt. standing in them, and if the plants are set in
a slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of
P. d. major is a larger form in all its parts. P. stagnant moisture. Propagation is by means
d. nana is more dwarfed than the type. P. d. of offsets, which should be taken during the
amabilis is a truly lovely form, having darker growing season, so that they may form good
foliage and rosy buds; its habit, too, is even roots and become established before winter.

Flowering period, March to May.

Primula Farinosa
Mealy Primrose, or Bird’s-eye; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

The pretty native species, very common in leaves small, ovate-oblong, roundly toothed,
a wild state in some parts, near which, of bald, and powdery beneath; the flower scapes
course, it need not be grown in gardens; but are round and quite white, with a meal-like
as its beauty is unquestionable, and as there covering.
are many who do not know it, and evidently
have never seen it, it ought to have a place in In stiff soil and a damp situation this little
the garden. It is herbaceous and perennial. gem does well, or it will be equally at home
All its names are strictly descriptive. The little in a vegetable soil, such as leaf mold or peat,
center has a resemblance to a bird’s eye, and but there must be no lack of moisture, and it
the whole plant is thickly covered with a meal- is all the better for being screened from the
like substance. Small as this plant is, when mid-day sun, as it would be behind a hedge
properly grown it produces a large quantity of or low wall. So freely does it bloom, that it is
bloom for cutting purposes. not only worth a place in the garden but
repays all the trouble required to establish it
It is 3in. to 8in. high, according to the situation in proper quarters, after which it will take care
in which it is grown. The flowers are light purple, of itself, by producing offsets and seedlings in
only ½in. across, arranged in neat umbels; the abundance.
corolla is flat, having a bright yellow center;

Flowering period, April to June.

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 Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno
Double-flowered Primrose; Nat. Ord. Primulaceae

It is not intended to descant upon, or even thickly covered with blossoms, which are of
attempt to name, the many forms of Double the most desirable kind for spring gathering.

Its flowers need no further

description beyond that
already given; but I may add
that the stalks are somewhat
short, which is an advantage,
as the bloom is kept more
amongst the leaves and
away from the mud. The
foliage is truly handsome,
short, finely toothed, rolled
back, pleasingly wrinkled,
and of a pale green color. It is
very hardy, standing all kinds
of weather, and I never saw
it rot at the older crowns, like
so many of the fine varieties,
but it goes on growing,
Primrose; the object is more to direct the forming itself into large tufts a foot and more
attention of the reader to one which is a across.
truly valuable flower and ought to be in
It has been tried in stiff loam and light
every garden. Let me at once state its chief
vegetable soil; in shade, and fully exposed; it
points. Color, yellow; flowers, large, full, clear,
has proved to do equally well in both kinds of
and sweetly scented, produced regularly
soil, but where it received the full force of the
twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen,
summer sun the plants were weak, infested
handsome, and supporting the flowers from
with red spider, and had a poorer crop of
earth splashes. Having grown this variety
flowers. It would, therefore, appear that soil
for five years, I have proved it to be as stated
is of little or no importance, but that partial
during both mild and severe seasons. It seems
shade is needful. It is not only a variety worth
as if it wanted to commence its blooming
the having, but one which deserves to have
period about October, from which time to
the best possible treatment, for flowers in
the severest part of winter it affords a goodly
winter—and such flowers—are worth all care.
amount of flowers; it is then stopped for a
while, though its buds can be seen during
the whole winter, and when the longer days
and vernal sunshine return, it soon becomes

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 Flowering periods, late autumn and early spring to June.

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 SUNFLOWERS
Everybody knows the Sunflower, therefore no one will care to read
a description of it; still, one or two remarks may, perhaps, be usefully
made in the comparative sense, as this is a numerous genus.
Many of the Sunflowers are annuals, to which this and others of
a perennial character are much superior, not only in being less
trouble and not liable to be out of season from mismanagement
in sowing and planting, as with the annual sorts, but from the fact
that their flowers are of better substance and far more durable;
they are also less in size and more in number—two points of great
gain as regards their usefulness as cut bloom.

Well-established specimens, two or three years old, will, in average

weather, last in good form for fully six weeks. The color (yellow) is
common to the Sunflowers. This species has flowers which vary
much in size, from 2in. to 6in. across, and they are produced on
stems 3ft. to 6ft. high, well furnished with large heart-shaped leaves
of a herb-like character, distinctly nerved, toothed, and rough.

Left:. Rudbeckia Serotina, or also known as the Blackeyed Susan

sunflower (page 76).

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 Coreopsis Auriculata
Ear-leaved Coreopsis; Nat. Ord. Compositae

The oldest species of the genus grown in came from North America as long ago as
English gardens; its flowers are yellow but 1699. Slugs are very fond of these plants, and
dotted at the base of the ray florets. The in winter more especially, when the dormant
leaves, as implied by the name, are dissimilar eyes are not only in a green, but exposed state;
to other species, being lobed and having ear- they should be watched after, or during one
like appendages; but this feature is far from mild night the whole may be grazed off, to the
constant, and otherwise the leaves differ, great injury of the plant.
being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped. It

Its habit, uses, culture, and propagation are the same as for C. tenuifolia.

Coreopsis Grandiflora
Large-flowered Coreopsis; Nat. Ord. Compositae

In many parts this resembles C.

lanceolata, its main distinction being
implied by its name. The flowers
are larger, and the ray florets more
deeply cut; it is also bolder in the
foliage, and the stems grow nearly as
strong as willows. It is an abundant
bloomer, and a good specimen is a
glorious object during the autumn.
It comes from North America, but
my experience of it is that it is not
so hardy as C. lanceolata and C.
auriculata.

Habit, uses, culture, and

propagation, as for C. lanceolata.

S unflowers

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 Coreopsis Lanceolata
Spear-leaved Coreopsis; Nat. Ord. Compositae

This form of bright yellow flower is in great favor slightly at base; it becomes top-heavy from
during August, but that is not all. The various the numerous shoots near the top, which
kinds of this genus are plants of the easiest cause it to be procumbent; otherwise this
culture, and their rich flowers are produced in subject would rank with tall growers. It is one
great quantities from midsummer to the time of the most useful flowers, both, in the garden
the frosts begin. This species has been said to and when cut, the long stalks in both cases
be only of a biennial character; it is, however, adding much to its effectiveness; its form and
understood generally to be perennial, though brightness are sure to commend it, no matter
not quite so hardy as others which come whether it happens to be a fashionable flower
from the colder climates of America. It was or otherwise. It is at once a bold and delicate
imported from Carolina in 1724, and in this form, and one that harmonizes with any other
country proves hardy in selected situations, kinds and colors.
where its roots are comparatively dry in winter,
and I may add that it proves a true perennial. It should be grown in deeply dug and well-
enriched earth, and, as already hinted, the
When the plant has attained the height of drier the situation the more safely will it winter.
a foot it begins to flower; each bloom has a Not only that, but on raised beds or banks
long pedicel, nearly naked, also round and sloping to the full sunshine it will also flower to
smooth. The flowers are a shining yellow color, perfection. All its family, so far as I have proved
and nearly 3in. across; the florets of the ray them, hate excessive moisture. Its propagation
are flatly arranged, shield-shaped, pleated, may be by division, as in this damp climate it
and four-toothed, the teeth being sometimes does not seem to ripen seed, but I have found
jagged; the disk is small for so large a flower; sometimes not a little difficulty in dividing the
the florets brown and yellow. The double woody roots, as frequently there is only one
involucrum, common to the genus, has its stem below the surface with roots. When there
upper set of bracteoles rolled outward; they are more the difficulty is lessened, but I have
are of a brownish color; the lower set are noticed that the stronger branches which are
green and wheel-shaped during the period weighted to the ground form rudimentary
of a perfect ray, and they alternate with the roots where in contact with the earth. These
upper ones. The leaves, as may be inferred may either be pegged and covered with soil,
from the specific name, are lance-shaped, or cut off and made into cuttings, removing
2in. to 6in. long, smooth and entire; they are most of the tops. If the latter is done during
attenuated to the stems, which they clasp. The August, they will become well rooted before
habit of the plant is much branched, but only the frosts appear.

Flowering period, July to October.

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 Coreopsis Tenuifolia
Slender-leaved Coreopsis; Nat. Ord. Compositae

Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; a native of and a falling spray of the Flame nasturtium
North America, and a distinct species, from (Tropaeolum speciosum).
its finely cut foliage and small, dark, orange-
yellow flowers. For several weeks it has a few This plant should have a rich soil, sunny aspect,
flowers, but during September it literally and a raised or well-drained site, and this is all
covers itself with bloom, so that it is one of the it needs; it is not a subject to increase fast; not
most pleasing objects in the garden. only, however, may it be easily divided, but if
properly done after the tops have died down,
It grows 2 ft. high; each flower has a long the smallest pieces will make good blooming
nearly nude stalk, slender but wiry; the flowers stock the first season.
are 1½in. across, and of a deep yellow color; the
florets of the ray are more distant from each
other than is the case with many of the genus;
the disk is small, dark brown, but changing
from the appearance and disappearance of
the yellow seed organs. The foliage is deeply
and finely cut, of a dark green color, and so
arranged that each node has a nearly uniform
dressing; the main stems are slender, and
bend gracefully with the least breeze, and
otherwise this plant proves a lively subject. Its
habit is bushy and very floriferous, and it is well
worth a place in every garden. It cannot fail
to win admiration; even when growing, and
before the flowers appear, it is a refreshing
plant to look upon. In a cut state, the bloom,
if taken with long stems, is well adapted for
relieving large and more formal kinds. Tastes
differ, and in, perhaps, nothing more than
floral decorations; all tastes have a right to
a share of indulgence, and in claiming my
privilege in the use of this flower, I should place
two or three sprays (stems) alone in a glass or
bright vase, but there might be added a spike
of the cardinal flower or a pair of single dahlias

Flowering period, August and September.

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 Echinacea Purpurea
Syn. Rudbeckia Purpurea; Purple Coneflower; Nat. Ord. Compositae

In the autumn season one is almost confined large, rather flat, and furnished with spine-like
to Composites, but in this subject, there is, at scales, whence the name Echinacea, derived
any rate, a change, as regards color. Yellows from echinus (a hedgehog). In smelling this
are indispensable, but then predominate too flower contact should therefore be avoided; it
strongly. The flower under notice is a peculiar is rather forbidding; the disk has changeable
purple with greenish-white shadings. This hues of red, chocolate, and green. The leaves
will doubtless sound undesirable, but when of the root are oval, some nearly heart-shaped,
the flower is seen it can hardly fail to be unevenly toothed, having long channeled
appreciated. It is much admired; in fact, it is stalks; those of the stems are lance-shaped,
stately, sombre, and richly beautiful—not only distinctly toothed, of stouter substance, short
an “old-fashioned” flower, but an old inhabitant stalked, and, like those of the root, distinctly
of English gardens, coming, as it did, from nerved, very rough on both sides, and during
North America in the year 1699. In every way September quickly changes to a dark, dull,
the plant is distinct; it does not produce many purple color. The habit of the plant is rather
flowers, but they individually last for several “dumpy;” being spare of foliage, thick and
weeks, and their metallic appearance is a straight in the stems, which are drum-stick
fitting symbol of their durability. They begin like; it is for all that a pleasing subject when
to expand in the early part of September, and in flower; I consider the blooms too stiff for
well-established plants will have bloom until cutting, more especially as they face upwards.
cut off by frost.
Unlike many species of its order, it is somewhat
The flowers are borne at the height of 2ft. to fickle. I have lost many plants of it; it likes
3ft., and are produced singly on very thick, rigid neither shade nor too much moisture; latterly
stalks, long, nearly nude, grooved, furnished I have found it to do well in a sunny situation,
with numerous short, bristle-like hairs, and in deep rich loam and vegetable soil mixed. If
gradually thickening up to the involucrum of planted with other ray flowers it forms a fine
the flower. Said involucrum is composed of contrast, and when once it has found suitable
numerous small leaves, a distinguishing trait quarters the more seldom it is disturbed
from its nearest relative genus Rudbeckia. The the better. It may be propagated by division,
receptacle or main body of the flower is very which may be more safely done after growth
bulky; the ray is fully 4in. across, the florets being has fairly started in spring, or it may be done
short for so large a ray; they are set somewhat at the sacrifice of the flowers in late summer
apart, slightly reflexed, plaited, and rolled at or early autumn, before growth or root action
the edges, color reddish-purple, paling off at has ceased.
the tips to a greyish-green; the disk is very

Flowering period, September to end of October.

H A N S E L & P E T A L O L D F A S H I O N G A R D E N F L O W E R S

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 Harpalium Rigidum
Syn. Helianthus Rigidus—Rigid Sunflower; Nat. Ord. Compositae

One of the most effective and beautiful and formed of a deep ray and small disk; the
flowers to be seen in autumn; it would be hard florets of the ray are 1½in. long and more
to mention another at any period of the year than ½in. broad, they are incurved at their
that gives more satisfaction and pleasure than points, but reflexed at their edges, and are
this does, either as a decorative plant or a cut handsomely ribbed or pleated; they are
flower. A bold specimen, 4ft. through, is truly arranged in two or three rays in each flower,
fine, and not only those who seldom visit a and irregularly disposed; the florets, being well
garden, but amateurs well versed in flowers, apart, not only seem to give the bloom body,
are alike charmed with its rich and stately but also an artistic informality and lightness.
blossoms. Most people know what a Sunflower The florets of the disk are chocolate color,
is; many of them are coarse and almost ugly; whence issue twirled filamentary forms, which
but though the present
subject is of the family,
it is supremely distinct;
it is without the formal
character in its ray, and also
the herby leafiness of many
of its genus, its large, clean,
shining, golden flowers,
mounted on slender, ruddy,
long, and nearly nude stalks,
not only render it distinct,
but impart an elegance to
this species, which is all its
own. It grows 4ft. high, is a
comparatively new kind in
English gardens, and comes
from North America; still, it
has become widely known
and appreciated, in fact a
universal favorite, so much
so that, although it increases
fast, the demand for it is not
yet satisfied; it is, doubtless,
a flower for every garden.

The flowers are 4in. across,

glistening golden yellow,

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 impart to the center of flower the appearance hispid character. As already stated, as a garden
of being netted with a golden thread. The subject this is one of the most useful; it shows
scaly involucre is formed of numerous small grandly in front of evergreens and associates
members of a dark olive-green color, neatly well with lilies. In borders of tall perennials, or
arranged and firmly clasping the whole in conspicuous but distant situations, such
flower. The pedicels are long, round, covered as are visible from the doors or windows of
with short stiff hairs, and thickened at the the house, or as isolated clumps, on or near
involucre; the stems are very rough, rigid, the lawn, this fine Sunflower may be planted
hard, and brown or ruddy on the sunny side, with satisfactory results; in fact, it cannot be
sometimes twisted and nude, except for a planted wrong, provided it is kept away from
solitary rudimentary leaf. The main stems small subjects. In a cut state it is of such value
have many axillary branches. The leaves of the that it cannot be overpraised—a branch with
root are few, 5in. or 6in. long, and oval. Those four fully blown flowers and others nearly out,
of the stems more lance-shaped, sessile, and requires no assistance as a table decoration.
slightly dentate, or toothed, lessening in size Its blooms have the quality of keeping clean,
as they get higher; all the leaves are very thick, doubtless from the smoothness of the florets.
three-veined, and remarkably hispid, being
almost as coarse as sandpaper to the touch. I The cultural requirements are few. Any garden
have also observed another peculiarity about soil will do for it, but if deeply dug and well
the leaves, when they have been taken from enriched with stable manure, so much the
the plant for an hour or more, i.e., they have better; it should have an open situation; it is
a most elastic property. Very often the leaves not only a Sunflower in name and form, but
may be seen in trios, whence spring three side it enjoys sunshine. It is self-propagating, and
branches, surrounding the upright and central runs freely at the roots, immediately under the
one. The habit of the whole specimen is very surface; the thick stolons form knobby crowns
rigid, except for the flowers, which are slightly at their extremities, out of and from under
nodding; the tallest growths need no stakes, which the roots issue, going straight and deep
and the species enjoys a happy immunity down, and so forming an independent plant.
from insect pests, probably by reason of its

Flowering period, August and September.

H A N S E L & P E T A L O L D F A S H I O N G A R D E N F L O W E R S

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 Heianthus Orygalis
Graceful Sunflower; Nat. Ord. Compositae

The flowers need not be

further described beyond
saying that they are borne
on short side shoots, near
the top of the main stems,
but they harmonize with
the general arrangement of
foliage, and, indeed, from
their bract-like leafiness,
somewhat enrich it. This is
one of the latest-blooming
Sunflowers. The leaves are
5in. to 8in. long, and ½in. to
1in. wide, the lower half on
the stems droop, though
they are of good substance;
the upper half bend
Yet another Sunflower, and one, too, of the gracefully, and, from their close arrangement,
common yellow color, and not otherwise all but hide the stem. At the axils of the larger
attractive. There are, however, features about leaves, tufts of smaller (much smaller) leaves
this species which all must admire; stems appear, causing the long stems to be top-
7ft. high, furnished with bright foliage, in the heavy. Still, they wave and bend during the
manner indicated, are not mean objects, strongest winds without supports or damage.
even if topped with but a common yellow It will be seen that the usefulness of this plant
composite. This is a native of North America, consists in its distinct form and tallness, and
and of recent introduction; it is a distinct that it is effective is without doubt. Among
species, and for foliage a prince among its low shrubs, or with other tall things, will prove
fellows. I know not another to nearly approach suitable quarters for it.
it, H. angustifolius being perhaps the nearest,
but that species has never with me proved of Any kind of soil will do, shelter from the wind
more than a biennial character, and its leaves, being the most important, and perhaps
though long and narrow, are irregular and the only point to study when planting. It is
herby. propagated by root divisions when the tops
have withered.

Flowering period, September and October.

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 Above:. Echinacea Purpurea, also known as a Purple Coneflower
(page 71).

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 Rudbeckia Serotina
Late Coneflower, Blackeyed Susan; Nat. Ord. Compositae

This hardy American species, though not an diameter, and the level mass of flowers, as
old plant in English gardens, is nevertheless I have often noticed them in twilight, were
classed with “old-fashioned” plants and grandly beautiful. I can well understand that
flowers; and certainly, its sombre but pleasing many have not cared for this cone flower when
dark golden ray flowers, together with its they have judged it from a small plant which
likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favors has sent up its first, and perhaps abnormal,
such classification. It is the latest of a late- bloom. It is especially a subject that should
flowering genus. be seen in bold clumps, and in moderately
rich soil it will soon become such. Moreover,
It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are the flowers are very effective in a cut state,
of irregular shape, some oval and pointed, when loosely arranged in vases, only needing
others, on the same plant, being lance- something in the way of tall grasses to blend
shaped, with two or three large teeth or acute with to form an antique “posy.”
lobes; in size the leaves also vary from 3in. to
8in. long, and being covered with short bristly Autumn is the best time to plant it; its long
hairs, they are very rough, also of a dull green roots denote that it enjoys deep soil, and, when
color; the flower stems have but few leaves, so planted, the roots of this, as well as all others
it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy then being transplanted, should be made
appearance, but this is compensated for by firm, otherwise the frost will lift them out and
the rich and numerous large dark orange the droughts will finish them off. Many plants
flowers, 3in. across; the ray is single, and the are lost in this manner, and, indeed, many
center, which is large and prominent, is a rich short-rooted kinds are scarcely saved by the
chocolate brown. greatest care. The stem-rooting character of
this plant affords ready means of propagation
This subject, to be effective, should be grown by root divisions.
in large specimens; mine is about 3ft. in

Flowering period, from September till strong frosts.

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 123 Main Street / Los Angeles, CA 91602
800-123-4567 / www.hanselandpetal.com

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