WEEK ONE

DATE: ______________________
TOPIC: FOOT CARE
Foot care involves all aspects of preventive and corrective care of the foot and ankle. The feet are
undeniably the simplest and safest mode of transportation. They provide support and freedom.
Physicians specializing in foot care are called podiatrists.

Tips on foot care

i. Wash the feet often: Keep the feet clean by washing them every day in warm soapy water, but
don't soak them, as this might destroy the skin's natural oils.
ii. Dry the feet well: Dry the feet thoroughly after washing them, especially between the toes, which
is where fungal infections like athlete's foot can develop.
iii. Moisturize and file: If the skin is dry, apply moisturizing cream all over the foot, except for
between the toes. Gently remove hard skin and calluses with a pumice stone or foot file.
Overdoing it could damage fresh skin underneath.
iv. Cut toenails carefully: Trim the toenails regularly using proper nail clippers. Cut straight across,
never at an angle or down the edges. This can cause ingrown toenails.
v. Limit time wearing high heels: Only wear high heels and pointed shoes for special occasions. If you
wear heels, try to vary your heel height. Wearing a heel that's higher than a couple of inches
(about 5cm) on a regular basis can damage your feet.
vi. Wear the right shoes: Wearing the right provides the necessary support for the foot as the weight
of the body rest on it.
vii. Change socks daily to avoid foot odor: As well as changing the socks regularly, wear socks made of
cotton, wool or bamboo. These allow your feet to breathe and help keep them at the right
temperature.
viii. Take care with flip-flops: Avoid wearing flip-flops all the time. They don't support your feet and
can give you arch and heel pain if you wear them too much.
ix. Maintain excellent hygiene.
x. Never ignore a foot problem; seek medical attention promptly.

Pregnancy, aging and diabetes all affect your feet. Pregnant women need shoes with broad heels, arch
support and good shock absorbency. Added pregnancy weight may cause the shoe size to change, so
get the feet measured. Older women lose some of the cushioning fat on the balls of their feet; choose
shoes that provide more shock protection. Diabetics can develop serious conditions related to the feet
and lower legs. Check feet for any problems daily and see a podiatric physician at least annually.

Effect of shoes on feet

The toes and metatarsals (the bones upstream of your toes) scrunch together which reduces mobility
and dexterity throughout the foot. This also causes the bones of the feet to become misaligned can
leave one more prone to injury.

The big toe gets pushed towards your second toe which tends to lead to pronation of the foot (the arch
drops). This seems to be a primary cause of bunions. When the big toe is aligned correctly (spread) it
causes supination on the foot (the arch is lifted).
All toes tend to get lifted up towards the front of most shoes which chronically shorts the muscles in
the tops of the feet and causes the muscles under the feet to become weak from underuse. Again, this
also increases the risk of injury.

Most shoes have what is called 'drop' meaning the heel is higher than the forefoot. Having the heel
constantly raised can cause the muscles in the back of the calves to become short and tight and limits
ankle flexibility - which can lead to a host of biomechanics problems throughout the body.

Effects of bad shoes and foot wear

Foot and ankle surgeons call wearing bad shoes, especially high heels, as shoe-icide. As online shopping
grows in popularity, there is a greater temptation to purchase and wear shoes that look fashionable,
but may not fit properly.

Following are the general problems associated with wrong foot wear:

 Pointed bellies shoes: This type of shoe can cause corns, bunions, and other toe deformities such
as hammer and claw toes, cross over toes, ingrown toe nails that may require surgery to correct.
 High Heels: High heels can lead to everything from ankle sprains to chronic pain in heels, knees,
back and shoulders.
 Ballet Flats: Wearing thin flats is like walking on cardboard. There's no arch support whatsoever
and that keeps the feet from functioning optimally and can lead to knee, hip, and back problems.
Poor arch support is also associated with a painful heel condition called plantar fasciitis.
 Flip-Flops: Flip-flops offer very little protection. The risk of getting splinters or other foot injuries
is higher when the feet are so exposed. People with diabetes should not wear flip-flops, because
simple cuts and scrapes can lead to serious complications. In addition, many flip-flops provide no
arch support. Like flats, they can aggravate plantar fasciitis.
 Platform Shoes: Platform shoes and wedges tend to have rigid foot bed that throws off the
biomechanics of walking. Your foot is trying to bend a certain way, but the shoe is fighting you
because it's so rigid. If the heel of the platform is much higher than the toe area, the shoe also
causes all the problems of high heel shoes.
 Wrong Size Shoes: Nine out of 10 women are wearing shoes that are too small. The
consequences aren't pretty – calluses, blisters, bunions, corns, and other problems. The constant
rubbing can irritate the joints in the foot and lead to arthritis.

Feet Massage

Foot massages help to support the well-being of your feet and your body as a whole, since your feet
are subject to many tons of pressure over the course of your life

Health Benefits of Foot Massage

1. Helps control blood pressure

2. Improves nerve sensitivity

 3. Improves energy levels

4. Improves blood circulation

5. Helps promote sleep

6. Improves liver function

7. Treatment for migraines and headaches

8. Speeds up healing of wounds

9. Treatment of arthritis

10. Useful for depression

11. Helps reduce swollen feet

Assignment

State reasons for wearing good shoes

1. How do you care for your foot?
 WEEK TWO
DATE: ______________________
TOPIC: CARE FOR THE HANDS
Hands play an important role in our lives. We use our hands to express ourselves; we use them to show
our affection for the ones we love; we use them to cuddle our children and we even put them through
the stress of daily chores and other complex activities. Our hands are a vital tool that we should
definitely care for.

How to take care of the hand

1. Wear rubber gloves to protect the hands when working at home or in the garden
2. Use mild/gentle soap when washing your hands. It’s important to wash regularly to keep the
hands as free of germs as possible.
3. Exfoliate your hands at least once a week. The skin on the back of the hands is particularly thin
and doesn’t contain much fat. As one age, this fat then decreases and so veins and bones
become more prominent. Exfoliating will not bring the fat back but it will help to keep your
skin looking revitalized and glowing.
4. Wear sunscreen. The hands are often overlooked when it comes to sunscreen and even in the
coldest of weather; the hands are still exposed to the sun’s rays.
5. Moisturising is crucial for hand care. Daily activities and washing the hands regularly to
prevent germs dries out the skin on the hands and so moisturising will give back some much
needed hydration.
6. Massage the hands. Using cream or oil, massage up and down the fingers and the rest of the
hand in a circular motion as this will help to relax and release any stress or pain in the hands.
7. Avoid exposure to extremely hot water. Instead of hot water, use lukewarm water to wash the
hands or shower/bathe.
8. Pat the hands dry after washing. By gently patting the hands rather than rubbing with a towel,
one is less likely to irritate and dry out the skin on the hands.
9. Apply body lotions and creams soon after bathing. By applying a lotion or cream whilst the
skin is still damp help to seal in moisture
10. Clean under your nails with a nail brush.
11. Keep the nails trim and well-shaped.

How to Massage the Hand

1. Massage one hand at a time. A good hand massage should take about 5 minutes per hand.

2. Have the person sit or stand in front of you. One should be able to comfortably reach the
hands. If possible, sit across from the person at a desk or table that is narrow enough to reach
across comfortably, and place a towel on the table. Then ask the person to rest her hands on
the towel.
3. Apply massage oil or lotion to the hands. This will help ones hand glide over the other person's
skin better. Use approximately 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon of massage oil per hand, or a coin-sized
dollop of lotion. One can always apply more oil or lotion as needed during the massage. Popular
oils used for massage include sweet almond oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and grapeseed oil.

4. Gently smooth the massage medium (oil or lotion) over the person's hand. Use smooth, gentle
strokes (called "effleurage") to apply the oil or lotion and warm and relax the muscles of the
hand. Apply the lotion using ones palm in several (3-6) long smooth strokes to the back of the
fingers and hand. Flip the hand over and smooth more medium into the palm and fingers. Work
from the tips of the fingers to the wrist, and then back down to the fingers.

5. Massage the fingers. Hold the person's hand, palm down. Beginning with the pinky finger, pinch
the tip of the finger firmly for a moment. Then using firm, short strokes with the thumb,
massage up the finger towards the knuckle. Finally, squeeze the finger all over. Repeat the
process with each finger, and finish with the thumb. Be sure to ask the person one is massaging
if the pressure feels right, and remind them to speak up if they would like more or less pressure
at any time.

6. Massage the back of the hand. Hold the person's hand in your hand, palm down and use the
thumb to massage the back of the hand. Place the pad of your thumb between the pinky and
ring finger. Then using medium pressure, slide your thumb along the finger bone, up towards
the wrist. Repeat this process, working your way up along each finger bone. When you get to
the thumb, take some extra time. Massage the webbed area between the thumb and index
finger, using a circular motion.

7. Massage the back of the wrist. With the hand still face down, use both of your thumbs to
massage the wrist using a small, circular motion. Focus first on the middle of the wrist, and then
move out the sides.

8. Massage the palm of the hand. Turn the person's hand over, and cradle it in both hands. Then
massage the palm in small, circular movements using your thumbs. Begin in the middle of the
palm, and work your way towards the sides, and then up towards the wrist.

9. Stretch the fingers. Hold the person's hand palm down, and then interlace your fingers with
hers to stretch the fingers apart. Grasp the whole hand in yours, and gently push back to
stretch the wrist a bit. Then slowly and carefully turn the wrist from right to left, and then left
to right.

10. Finish the first hand. Hold the hand in yours, palm down, and give several long strokes with
your palm and fingers. Begin at the back of the wrist, and smooth your hand down towards the
fingers.

11. Massage the second hand. Use the same steps, and massage the person's other hand. Try to be
consistent in the motions you use, and the amount of time you spend on each hand.
 WEEK THREE
DATE:______________________
TOPIC: NAIL DISORDER AND DISEASES
Nails are unique structures formed of keratin, just like hair and the superficial skin layers. The nail unit
is made up of the nail plate (the hard part of the nail made of the protein keratin) and the surrounding
structures. The nail bed is underneath the nail and attaches the nail to the finger. Fingernails protect
the sensitive tips of the fingers from accidental trauma and are formed by the layer of germinal tissue
called the nail matrix. The matrix can be found at the very base of the nail, hidden under the skin fold
which lies just below the proximal side of the nail. The nail matrix is part of the nail bed which supports
and nourishes the nail plate. It is located at the base of the nail and is where nail growth originates.
The cuticle connects the top of the nail plate to the skin behind it. The lunula is the half-moon shape at
the base of the nail. The nail folds are the folds of hard skin at the sides of the nail plate where the nail
and the skin meet forming the cuticle. This prevents microbial organisms from entering the nail bed
and also keeps moisture out.

Healthy nails are smooth and have a consistent color. Anything else affecting the growth or appearance
of the fingernails or toenails may indicate an abnormality.

Some babies are born without nails, a condition called anonychia.

Nail disorder

i. Brittle nail (Onychorrhexis): It characterized by a vertical splitting or separation of the nail plate
layers at the distal (free) edge of the nail plate. This nail problem is also the result of
overexposure to water and chemical solvents such as household cleaning solutions. At the first
signs of splitting or peeling, re-hydrate the nail plate layers with a good quality cuticle and nail oil
that contains Jojoba and Vitamin E as two of the botanical oils. Wear gloves whenever working
with household cleaning solutions.
Onychauxis: this is evidenced by over-thickening of the nail plate and may be the result of internal
disorders.

Leuconychia: Presence of white lines or spots in the nail plate and may be caused by tiny bubbles of air
that are trapped in the nail plate layers due to trauma. This condition may be hereditary and no
treatment is required as the spots will grow out with the nail plate.

Beau’s Lines: These are nails that are characterized by horizontal lines of darkened cells and linear
depressions. This disorder may be caused by trauma, Zinc deficiency, illness, malnutrition or any major
metabolic condition, chemotherapy or other damaging event, and is the result of any interruption in
the protein formation of the nail plate. Seek a physician’s diagnosis.
Poonings (Koilonychia): This is usually caused through iron deficiency anemia. These nails show raised
ridges and are thin and concave. Seek a physician’s advice and treatment.

Melanonychia: These are vertical pigmented bands, often described as nail ‘moles’, which usually form
in the nail matrix. Seek a physician’s care should you suddenly see this change in the nail plate. It could
signify a malignant melanoma or lesion. Dark streaks may be a normal occurrence in dark-skinned
individuals, and are fairly common.

Nail Biting (Onychophagia): Nail biting can be a temporary, relatively nondestructive behavior that is
merely a cosmetic concern, but it can also develop into a severe, long-term problem. Onychophagia, or
onychophagy, is considered a pathological oral habit and grooming disorder characterized by chronic,
seemingly uncontrollable nail biting that is destructive to fingernails and the surrounding tissue.
Professional treatment, when necessary, focuses on both the physical and psychological factors
involved in nail biting.
Nail Pterygium: This is an acquired condition characterized by a forward growth of the hyponychium
characterized by live tissue firmly attached to the underside of the nail plate, which contains a blood
supply and nerves. Possible causes are systemic, hereditary, or from an allergic reaction to acrylics or
solvents. Consult a physician for diagnosis and treatment.

Vertical Ridges: These are also characteristic of aging, although are not limited to the aged or elderly.
The nail plate grows forward on the nail bed in a ‘rail and groove’ effect, much like a train rides on its’
tracks. As we age, the natural oil and moisture levels decline in the nail plate and this rail and groove
effect becomes apparent. Ridged nails will improve through re-hydration of the nail plate with twice
daily applications of good quality nail and cuticle oil containing Jojoba and Vitamin E.

Nail Patella Syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder involving nail and skeletal deformities (among a
host of other related anomalies) that occurs in approximately 2.2 out of every 100,000 people. Once
NPS is in a family, the risk of transmitting the disorder from parent to offspring is 50% for each
pregnancy, regardless of the sex of the child, with females being affected approximately 10% more
often.

Abnormalities of the finger nails

Some changes in the nails are due to medical conditions that need attention. See the doctor if there is
any signs of these symptoms:

i. Discoloration (dark streaks, white streaks, or changes in nail color)

ii. Changes in nail shape (curling or clubbing)
iii. Changes in nail thickness (thickening or thinning)
iv. Nails that become brittle
v. Nails that are pitted
vi. Bleeding around nails
vii. Swelling or redness around nails
viii. Pain around nails
ix. A nail separating from the skin

Causes of Nail Disorders

 Infections (such as paronychia, warts, and green nail syndrome)

 Injuries
 Internal diseases (such as certain lung diseases, which can cause yellow nail syndrome)
 Nail fungus (onychomycosis)
 Structural problems (such as an ingrown toenail)
 Birth deformities (such as pachyonychia congenita)
 Drugs
 Tumors

How to care for the nails

 Always use nails clippers and trim them after ones bathe, when nails are still soft.
 Keep your nails dry and clean.
 Using sharp manicure scissors, trim your nails straight across, rounding the tips gently.
 If you have a problem with brittle or weak nails, keep them short to avoid breakage. Use lotion
on the nails and cuticles to keep the nail and nail beds moisturized.
  Avoiding biting or tearing nails
 Avoiding pulling hangnails
 Using moisturizers often
 Avoiding long-term use of nail polish, nail polish removers, and artificial nails
 Only visiting professional nail technicians at certified salons for professional manicures and
pedicures
 Pay attention to any changes or problems, and seek medical attention when needed.

To determine the reason behind a nail abnormality, people should visit a doctor for diagnosis and
treatment.

WEEK FOUR

NAIL DISEASES
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure
produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have
their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that
show signs of infection or inflammation may require medical assistance.

Ringworm of the nails (Tinea Unguis): This is characterized by nail thickening, deformity, and eventually
results in nail plate loss. This is another symptom of candida yeast infection.

Psoriasis of the nails is characterized by raw, scaly skin and is sometimes confused with eczema. When
it attacks the nail plate, it will leave it pitted, dry, and it will often crumble. The plate may separate
from the nail bed and may also appear red, orange or brown, with red spots in the lunula. Do not
attempt salon treatments on a client with Nail Psoriasis. Consult with a dermatologist for diagnosis and
treatment.
Hematoma: This is the result of trauma to the nail plate. It can happen from simply trapping your finger
or toe in the car door to friction from improperly fitting or ‘too-tight’ shoes, to a sports related injury.
The nail bed will bleed due to this trauma, and the blood is trapped between the nail bed and the nail
plate. Hematoma may result in nail plate separation and infection because the blood can attract fungi
and bacteria. If several days have passed and the blood clot becomes painful, the nail plate may
require removal so the nail bed can be cleansed.

Paronychia: This infection of the nail fold can be caused by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. The
proximal and lateral nail folds act as a barrier, or seal, between the nail plate and the surrounding
tissue. If a tear or a break occurs in this seal, the bacterium can easily enter. This type of infection is
characterized by pain, redness and swelling of the nail folds. People who have their hands in water for
extended periods may develop this condition, and it is highly contagious.

Green nail (Pseudomonas): It is a bacterial infection which can occur between the natural nail plate
and the nail bed, and/or between an artificial nail coating and the natural nail plate. The discoloration
is simply a by-product of the infection and is caused primarily by iron compounds. Pseudomonas
thrives in moist places; it feeds off the dead tissue and bacteria in the nail plate, while the moisture
levels allow it to grow. The darker the discoloration, the deeper into the nail plate layers the bacteria
has traveled.
Fungal Infection of the nail plate: A fungal or yeast infection which resul ts in Onychomycosis, can
invade through a tear in the proximal and lateral nail folds as well as the eponychium. It normally
appears white or yellowish in color, and may also change the texture and shape of the nail. The fungus
digests the keratin protein of which the nail plate is comprised. As the infection progresses, organic
debris accumulate under the nail plate often discoloring it.

Ringworm of the nails: This is characterized by nail thickening, deformity, and eventually results in nail
plate loss. This is another symptom of candida yeast infection.

Felon: This bacterial infection of the finger pad, caused by the same organisms that cause paronychia,
is usually the result of a puncture wound. The wound allows the introduction of bacteria deep into the
fingertip pad. Because the fingertip has multiple compartments, the infection is contained in this area.
Nail Atrophy: This is wasting away of the nail plate which causes it to lose its luster, become smaller
and sometimes shed entirely. Injury or disease may account for this irregularity.

Ingrown Toenail: Onychogryposis are claw-type nails that are characterized by a thickened nail plate
and are often the result of trauma. This type of nail plate will curve inward and pinching the nail bed

Nail inspection can give hints to the internal condition of the body as well. Nail disease can be very
subtle and should be evaluated by a dermatologist with a focus in this particular area of medicine. A
nail technician may be the first to note a subtle change in nail health.
 WEEK FIVE
DATE: ______________________
TOPIC: SKIN
The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the body. The skin has up
to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal
organs. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two
general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless).

Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays an important immunity role in protecting the
body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature
regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely
damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

The study of skin is known as DERMATOLOGY while skin care specialist are DERMATOLOGIST.

Skin type and condition

There are four basic types of healthy skin: normal, dry, oily and combination skin. Skin type is
determined by genetics. The condition of our skin can, however, vary greatly according to the various
internal and external factors it is subjected to.

Normal skin

‘Normal’ is a term widely used to refer to well-balanced skin. The scientific term for well-balanced skin
is eudermic. The T-zone (forehead, chin and nose) may be a bit oily, but overall sebum and moisture is
balanced and the skin is neither too oily nor too dry.

How to identify normal skin

Normal skin has fine pores, good blood circulation, a velvety, soft and smooth texture, a fresh, rosy
colour uniform transparency. No blemishes and is not prone to sensitivity.

Dry skin

‘Dry’ is used to describe a skin type that produces less sebum than normal skin. As a result of the lack
of sebum, dry skin lacks the lipids that it needs to retain moisture and build a protective shield against
external influences. This leads to an impaired barrier function. Dry skin (Xerosis) exists in varying
degrees of severity and in different forms that are not always clearly distinguishable.

Significantly more women suffer from dry skin than men and all skin gets dryer as it ages. Problems
related to dry skin are a common complaint and account for 40% of visits to dermatologists.

The causes of dry skin

Skin moisture depends on supply of water in the deeper skin layers and on perspiration.

Skin is constantly loosing water via:

 Perspiration: active water loss from the glands caused by heat, stress and activity.
 Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL): the natural, passive way in which skin diffuses about half a
litre of water a day from the deeper skin layers.

How to identify dry skin

 Tightness and a rough skin feeling often indicate a dry skin.

 Elderly women with dry skin have more pronounced wrinkles and lines.

Oily skin

‘Oily’ is used to describe a skin type with heightened sebum production. An overproduction is known
as seborrhea.

The causes of oily skin

A number of issues trigger the over production of sebum:

 Genetics
 Hormonal changes and imbalances
 Medication
 Stress

Oily skin is characterised by:

 Enlarged, clearly visible pores

 A glossy shine
 Thicker, pale skin: blood vessels may not be visible
 Acne concerns often appear in the T-zone, especially during puberty.
Oily skin is prone to comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) and to the varying forms of acne. With
mild acne, a significant number of comedones appear on the face and frequently on the neck,
shoulders, back and chest too.

Combination skin

In combination skin the skin types vary in the T-zone and the cheeks. The so-called T-zone can differ
substantially – from a very slim zone to an extended area.

Combination skin is characterized by: an oily T-zone (forehead, chin and nose), enlarged pores in this
area perhaps with some impurities and normal to dry cheeks.

The causes of combination skin

The oilier parts of combination skin are caused by an over production of sebum. The drier parts of
combination skin are caused by a lack of sebum and a corresponding lipid deficiency.
 WEEK FIVE
DATE: ______________________
TOPIC: SKIN CARE
Skin care is the range of practices that support skin integrity, enhance its appearance and relieve skin
conditions. They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure and appropriate use of
emollients. Practices that enhance appearance include the use of cosmetics, botulinum, exfoliation,
fillers, laser resurfacing, microdermabrasion, peels and retinol therapy.

No matter what your skin type is, a daily skin care routine can help you maintain overall skin health and
improve specific concerns like acne, scarring, and dark spots. A daily skin care routine has four basic
steps you can do once in the morning and once before you sleep.

1. Cleansing: Choose a cleanser that doesn’t leave the skin tight after washing. Clean the face no more
than twice a day, or just once, if it is dry skin and don’t wear makeup.

2. Serums: A serum is a product typified by its rapid absorption and ability to penetrate into deeper
layers of the skin. It must be applied to the skin after cleansing but before moisturizer. A serum with
vitamin C or growth factors or peptides would be better in the morning, under sunscreen. At night,
retinol or prescription retinoids work best.

3. Moisturizer: These types of products help add /lock moisture to the skin.

4. Sunscreen: It protects the skin against the harshness of the sun on the skin

Others include

1. Exfoliator: helps to take away dead skin cells off the surface of the skin and to make the skin
glow.
2. Face oils: nutrient-filled face oils help to build a resilient layer for your skin, no matter the skin
type.
3. Chemical peels: they remove the outer layer of the skin, which means that they tend to go
deeper to remove excess dead skin cells than exfoliator.
4. Toner: help to remove excess traces of makeup or other residue from the skin. It shrinks pores
and restore skin to its natural pH balance.
5. Eye cream: they are formulated for specific eye area issues such as puffiness, wrinkles and dark
circles
6. Face mask

General skin care

 Stay hydrated.
 Change pillow cases at least once a week.
 Wash or wrap up hair before bed.
 Wear sunscreen every day and apply 15 minutes before going out.
 Avoid these on the skin or for skin treatment

 Lemon juice: It may have citric acidic, but it’s far too acidic and can cause dark spots to appear
after sun exposure. It can also dry and irritate your skin.
 Baking soda: At a pH level of 8, baking soda will stress the skin, significantly decrease the skin’s
water content, and cause dry skin.
 Garlic: In raw form, garlic can cause skin allergies, eczema, skin inflammation, and watery
blisters.
 Toothpaste: The ingredients in toothpaste may kill germs and absorb oil, but they can also dry
out or irritate your skin.
 Sugar: As an exfoliant, sugar is too harsh for the skin on your face.
 Vitamin E: Topical application of vitamin E can irritate the skin and is not proven to improve
scar appearance.

Some of these ingredients may be all natural and cost-effective, but they aren’t formulated for the
skin. Even if one doesn’t feel immediate side effects, these ingredients can cause delayed or long-term
damage. It’s best to use products formulated for the face.
 WEEK SIX
DATE: ______________________
TOPIC: COMMON SKIN PROBLEMS AND TREATMENT
1. Shingles (Herpes Zoster): A rash of raised dots that turns into painful blisters, shingles causes your
skin to burn, itch, tingle, or become very sensitive. Shingles often shows up on your trunk and
buttocks, but can appear anywhere. Treatment includes creams for the skin, antiviral drugs,
steroids, and even antidepressants. It’s important to be treated early.
2. Hives (Urticaria): Hives look like welts and can itch, sting or burn. They vary in size and sometimes
join together. They may appear on any part of you and last anywhere from minutes to days. Causes
include extreme temperatures, infections like strep throat, and allergies to medications, foods, and
food additives. Antihistamines and skin creams can help.
3. Psoriasis: Thick, red patches of skin covered with white or silvery scales are signs of psoriasis. The
patches show up on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. They can heal and come back
throughout one’s life. Treatments include creams and ointments for your skin, light therapy, and
medications taken by mouth, injection, or IV.
4. Eczema: Eczema is a blanket term for several non-contagious conditions that cause inflamed, red,
dry, and itchy skin. It can be caused by stress, irritants (like soaps), allergens, and climate can
trigger flares. In adults, it often appears on the elbows, hands, and in skin folds. Several
medications treat eczema. Some are spread over the skin, and others are taken by mouth or as a
shot.
5. Rosacea: A tendency to flush easily, followed by redness on your nose, chin, cheeks, and forehead
could be rosacea. It can get redder over time with blood vessels you can see. One may have
thickened skin, bumps, and pus-filled pimples. It could even affect the eyes. Medications taken by
mouth or spread on the skin are available. Doctors can treat broken blood vessels and red or
thickened skin with lasers.
6. Cold Sores (Fever Blisters): The herpes simplex virus causes small, painful, fluid-filled blisters on the
mouth or nose. Cold sores last about 10 days and easily spread from person to person. Triggers
include fever, too much sun, stress, and hormonal changes like periods. One can treat cold sores
with antiviral pills or creams. These can be treated with prescription pills or creams.
7. Rash from Plants: Contact with the oily coating from poison ivy, oak, or sumac causes a rash in
many people. It begins with redness and swelling at the site, and then becomes itchy. Blisters
usually show up within 12 to 72 hours after one touch the plant. A typical rash looks like a red line,
the result of the plant dragging across your skin. An outbreak usually lasts up to 2 weeks.
Treatment can include medicine spread on the skin or taken by mouth.
8. Wrinkles: Skin changes as one age. One might notice wrinkles, age spots, and dryness. Sunlight is a
major cause of skin aging. Cigarette smoking also contributes to wrinkles. The wrinkling increases
with the number of cigarettes and years a person has smoked. Many products claim to revitalize
aging skin or reduce wrinkles. Various treatments soothe dry skin and reduce the appearance of
age spots.
9. Razor Bumps: It pops up after shaving, when the sharp edge of a closely cut hair curls back and
grows into the skin. This can cause irritation, pimples, and even scars. To minimize razor bumps,
take a hot shower before shaving, pull the blade in the direction your hair grows, and don’t stretch
your skin while you pull the razor across it. Always use a shaving cream or foam. Rinse with cold
water, and then apply moisturizer.
10. Skin Tags: This small flap of flesh-colored or slightly darker tissue hangs off your skin by a stalk.
They’re usually found on the neck, chest, back, armpits, under the breasts, or in the groin area. Skin
tags appear most often on women and elderly people. They aren’t dangerous and usually don’t
cause pain unless they become irritated when clothing or nearby skin rubs against them. A doctor
can cut, freeze, or burn them off.
11. Acne: Acne breaks out when a pore clogged with oil and dead skin cells gets inflamed. Pores that
stay open and turn dark are called blackheads; completely blocked pores are known as whiteheads.
Bacteria and hormones trigger acne, which most often shows up on y face, chest, and back. Acne is
the most common skin disease; an estimated 80 percent of all people have acne at some point.
Early treatment is the best way to prevent scars. To control acne, keep oily areas clean and don’t
squeeze (this may cause infection and scars).
12. Impetigo: A skin infection caused by bacteria. Usually the cause is staphylococcal (staph), but
sometimes streptococcus (strep) can cause it, too. It is most common in children between the ages
of 2 and 6. It usually starts when bacteria get into a break in the skin, such as a cut, scratch, or
insect bite. Symptoms start with red or pimple-like sores surrounded by red skin. These sores
usually occur on the face, arms, and legs. The sores fill with pus, then break open after a few days
and form a thick crust. It can be treated with antibiotics.
13. Athlete’s Foot: This fungal skin infection causes your feet to peel, turn red, itch, and burn. Athlete’s
foot is contagious and passed through direct contact. To prevent it, don’t share shoes with an
infected person or walk barefoot in areas like locker rooms or near pools. Treat it with topical
antifungal lotions. A doctor can prescribe medications for more severe cases. During treatment,
one will need to keep the feet and the insides of the shoes clean and dry.
14. Moles: These are usually brown or black, can be anywhere on the body. They might show up alone
or in groups and generally appear before age 20. Some moles change slowly over the years. They
can go from flat to raised, grow hair, or change color.
15. Age or Liver Spots: These pesky brown or gray spots aren’t really caused by aging, though they do
become more common as one get older. One gets them from exposure to sunlight, which is why
they tend to appear on ones face, hands, and arms. See a dermatologist to rule out serious
problems like melanoma, a type of skin cancer.
16. Pityriasis Rosea: it is a harmless rash. Pityriasis rosea usually begins as a single scaly, pink patch
with a raised border. Days to weeks later, it starts to itch and spread. The rash may look like
Christmas trees spread across the body. It often goes away in 6 to 8 weeks without treatment.
Pityriasis rosea most often shows up between the ages of 10 and 35.
17. Melasma (‘Pregnancy Mask’): This is tan or brown patches on the cheeks, nose, forehead, and chin.
It’s often called the “pregnancy mask” because it happens in half of all pregnant women. Men can
get it, too. If it doesn’t go away on its own after the baby comes, one can treat it with prescription
creams, over-the-counter products, or with laser treatments. Sunlight makes it worse.
18. Warts: In most cases, common warts appear on the fingers or hands. They’re caused by the human
papilloma virus. Warts spread when one touch something used by a person with the virus. To
prevent more warts, cover them with bandages, keep them dry, and don’t pick them. They’re
usually harmless and painless. A doctor can freeze or burn them off. More advanced removal
techniques include surgery, lasers, and chemicals.
19. Seborrheic keratoses: These are noncancerous growths that often show up as one age. They can
appear on many areas of the skin either alone or in groups. They may be dark or multicolored, and
they usually have a grainy surface, though they can be smooth and waxy. They’re easy to mistake
for moles or skin cancer, but a dermatologist can tell the difference.

How to treat skin problems

There are ways to tackle skin problems without damaging your skin. Just remember the number one
rule of skin care: Don’t pick! Picking at acne, blackheads, scabs, or other skin problems can cause open
wounds or darker skin spots known as hyperpigmentation. Open wounds can lead to infections, more
acne, or scars. The deeper the wound, the more likely your skin will scar.
 WEEK SIX
DATE: ______________________

TOPIC: COLOR
Colour is describes as “sensation produced on eye by rays of light when resolved as by prism into
different wavelengths; one, or any mixture, of the constituents into which light can be separated as in
a spectrum or rainbow or Appearance of things as a result of reflecting light.

Characteristics of Colour

Color is a characteristic of human visual perception whereby different wavelengths of light and combinations of
wavelengths are perceived with concepts such as white, black, brown, grey, blue, green, red, orange, yellow and
purple. Humans can differentiate between about 10 million colors although this varies greatly from person to
person. The following are the basic characteristics of color.

1. Hue: This is a pure color that has not been shaded with black or tinted with white.
 Shade: A hue mixed with black.
 Tint: A hue mixed with white.
 Tone: A hue mixed with both black and white. In other words, a hue mixed with grey.
2. Colorfulness: The degree to which a color looks like a colorful hue as opposed to black, white or grey.
This is a result of human perception and can't necessarily be measured. Colorfulness increases with
brightness of a color until the color becomes too bright such that it begins to look white.
3. Saturation: The colorfulness of an object as compared to the light levels. For example, in a dark image a
color may be saturated if it stands out as somewhat bright. In a bright image, a color has to appear
brighter than the rest to be considered saturated.
4. Brightness: This is the degree to which a color appears to be radiating light. For example, changing the
brightness of a flat screen display can have a significant influence on the perceived lightness and
darkness of colors.
5. Spectral and Non-Spectral: A spectral color is a pure wavelength of light. These are typically listed as red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. A non-spectral color is a color that results from mixing
different wavelengths of light such as white, brown, grey and pink. It should be noted that most colors
perceived as red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet are mixes of non-spectral color.
6. Temperature: People commonly view reds, oranges and yellows as being hot or warm. Greens and blues
are viewed as cool. This reflects nature where greens are associated with vegetation and blue with the
sky and sea. Reds, oranges and yellows are associated with hot things such as the sun or fire. Color
temperature is also an area of science and engineering that looks at the ideal temperature for producing
different colors in devices such as light bulbs.
7. Harmony: Combinations of colors that are perceived as visually appealing. This can include both like
colors and contrasts that are perceived positively. There is no science to color harmony as these
perceptions can be subjective and are heavily influenced by culture.
8. Complementary Colors: These are color pairs that have maximum contrast with each other. When
complementary colors are mixed they produce a grey.
9. Symbolism: Colors are used to symbolize nature, food, ideas, ideologies, places, things, pastimes and
holidays. This differs by culture and can be subjective.
 Types of color

Primary Colors:

Red, blue and yellow are considered the primary colors because they are pure colors, which are
beyond production by mixing other colors. Since we can arrive at any color by mixing these three
colors in different proportions, these are rightly identified as primary colors.

Secondary Colors:

If we mix two primary colors in equal parts, we get the secondary colors viz., violet, green and orange.
(violet = blue + red, green = blue + yellow, orange = yellow + red).
 WEEK NINE
DATE: ______________________

TOPIC: INTERMEDIATE COLORS

Intermediate colors are formed by mixing two or more colors to create a different hue.

Color mixing has no boundaries. When you paint effortlessly, you are like floating kites on the sky,
enjoying every degree of freedom. Your painting is your own creation and the colors are manifestation
of your imaginative mind. Color mixing techniques can be random or smooth. You can bring out
different hues to give unique definition to your painting. If you are a beginner, you need to know the
primary, secondary and tertiary colors, at first. Subsequently, you can learn to create different effects
by mixing these three types of colors.

Intermediate Colors:

 green + yellow = chartreuse

 red + purple = magenta
 blue + green = aquamarine
 yellow + orange = marigold
 purple + blue = violet
 red + yellow = orange
 green + cyan = aquamarine
 blue + cyan = azure
 red + magenta = fuchsia
 magenta + red = violet
 blue + violet = indigo
 violet + red = violet red
 orange + yellow = yellow orange
 orange + red = vermilion
 orange + purple = russet
 orange + green = citron
 purple + green = olive

Tertiary Colors: By mixing a primary color and a secondary color in equal proportion, we get tertiary
colors.