S/ Author (year) Title Findings Gaps

N
1 Hernando et al. Impact of glycerol on oil (a) The study (a) The authors
(2024) palm trunk starch focused on carried out
bioplastics enhanced with optimizing optimization
citric-acid epoxidized palm bioplastic films studies but
oil oligomers made from oil palm failed to conduct
trunk starch kinetics and
(OPTS), using modelling
glycerol (10, 20,
and 30 % v/w) as a
plasticizer and
modified with
citric-acid
epoxidized palm oil
(CEPO).
(b) The optimal
conditions were
achieved with 30 %
glycerol (Sample
ST-CEPO-
GLY30).
(c) The addition of
glycerol enhances
the thermal and
mechanical
properties,
improves the
biodegradability,
and compostability
of the bioplastics.
2 Awere et al. Application of palm kernel (a) The removal (a) The authors
(2023) shell granular filter medium efficiencies for the studied
for decolourisation and PKS and sand decolourization
COD removal from filters were, and COD
clarified palm oil mill respectively, 77% removal from
effluent and 79% for COD palm oil mill
and 69% and 62% effluent but not
for colour. palm oil itself
(b)The COD (b) They also
removal was used palm
consistent with kernel shell
first-order kinetics granular filter
for both PKS and medium but not
sand filters. palm oil
However, colour derivatives

1
 removal in PKS
and sand filters
followed second-
and zero-order
kinetics
respectively.
(c) The correlation
coefficients of the
selected kinetic
models show a
strong correlation
between the
experimental and
predicted results
3 Stavila et al. Recent advances in (a) The review (a) The authors
(2023) synthesis of polymers based summarizes the only carried out
on palm oil and its fatty recent advancement a review without
acids in using palm oil experimental
and its fatty acids studies
for polymer
synthesis and their
applications.
(b) Palm oil and its
fatty acids have
great potential to be
used as raw
materials for
producing bio-
based polymers.
(c) Thus, it is very
likely that in the
future, bio-based
polymers can
replace
petrochemical-
based polymers.
4 Jumaah et al. D-optimal design (a) The results (a) The authors
(2022) optimization for showed that PFAD- succeeded in
esterification of palm fatty based polyesters of producing only
acids distillate with PFAD-TMP ester biolubricants
polyhydric alcohols for successfully and no other
biolubricants production produced high oleochemicals
yields of 93% (b) They carried
compared to others. out optimization
(b)The synthesized studies but
PFAD-based failed to conduct

2
 polyesters showed kinetics and
good lubrication modelling
properties with
high viscosity
indices in the range
of 141-187, pour
points (-5 to 5 ºC),
flash points (230-
360 ºC), and
oxidative stability
temperature (188-
301 °C),
respectively. (c)
The ester
functional group
present in the
chemical structure
of PFAD-based
polyesters showed
a positive impact
on the lubrication
properties.
5 Ramirez et al. Epoxidation of used (a) It was found (a) The authors
(2022) cooking oils: Kinetic that the model that worked on used
modeling and reaction included two cooking oil and
optimization oxirane ring not palm oil
opening reactions (b) They carried
pathways better out optimization
described the and kinetic
experimental studies but
results, and that it failed to conduct
can be further used modelling
for process design
and scale up.
(b)The validated
model was used to
optimize a batch
UCOs epoxidation
by mean of a multi-
objective
optimization
approach.
(c) Results further
indicated that
conversions below
88% are required to

3
 avoid oxirane ring
opening reaction,
obtaining a product
with an oxirane
oxygen content of
4.4% wt.
6 Chilakamarry et Glycerol waste to bio- (a) The Taguchi (a) The authors
al. (2022) ethanol: optimization of model employed optimized
fermentation parameters by optimization of fermentation of
the Taguchi method fermentation palm oil derived
parameters. glycerol and not
(b)The process palm oil
parameters showed (b) They equally
the mass substrate carried out
glycerol of 20 g optimization
with an inoculum studies but
size of 20%, and 12 failed to conduct
hours yielded the kinetics and
ethanol modelling
concentration of
10.0 g/L.
7 Angeline et al. Synthesis and (a) The end product (a) The authors
(2021) characterization of fat- has a distinct worked on
liquor from waste tallow advantage (anti- another
foaming & fire- vegetable oil not
retardant) over palm oil
traditional fat- (b) They only
liquoring did synthesis
techniques. and
(b) Amidation characterizations
reactions helps to
increase the
hydroxyl groups.
8 Aziz et al. An acceleration of (a) The yield of (a) The authors
(2020) microwave-assisted TMP triester at worked only on
transesterification of palm 66.9 wt.% and esterification of
oil-based methyl ester into undesirable fatty palm oil derived
trimethylolpropane ester soap at 17.4% were methyl ester
obtained at 130 °C, (b) They carried
10 mbar, sodium out optimization
methoxide solution studies but
at 0.6 wt.%, 10 min failed to conduct
reaction time and kinetics and
molar ratio of TMP modelling
to PME at 1:4.
(b)The

4
 transesterification
of palm oil-based
methyl ester to
trimethylolpropane
ester was 3.1 folds
faster in the
presence of
microwave
irradiation.
(c) The total energy
requirement was
markedly reduced
as compared to the
conventional
heating method.
9 Forero- Validation and (a) The results (a) The author
Hernandez improvement of property showed that by worked only one
(2019) and process modeling for carrying out the vegetable oil
oleochemicals reaction together (rapeseed oil)
with the optimized and did not
conditions allows work with palm
one to reach yields oil
of fatty acids of up
to 93.83% using
rapeseed oil.
(b) At equilibrium,
high conversions
are theoretically
possible for the
hydrolysis of
simple triglycerides
at relatively low
values of water-to-
oil molar ratios and
temperature.
(c)The results
showed that the
presented model
was able to predict
accurately the
experimental data
with a narrow
confidence interval
for hydrolysis of
vegetable oils
10 Jones (2019) Design and optimisation of (a) The presented (a) The author

5
 oleochemical processes model allows to be worked only one
adapted to different vegetable oil
spray column (rapeseed oil)
setups and gives and did not
the engineer a work with palm
valuable tool to oil
validate, analyse
and optimise an
industrial scale
spray column.
(b) Analysis of the
molecular
distillation showed
that the uncertainty
of the recovery of
β-carotene can be
apportioned mostly
to the critical
temperature of
carotene as the
input properties’
uncertainties
propagate from the
SRK EOS through
the calculations of
the molecular
distillation unit.
(c) A
superstructure
optimisation
problem was
solved correctly by
selecting the spray
column as the unit
operation and finds
the optimal point of
operation for the
feed to solvent ratio
at 0.58.
11 Jalil et al. Synthesis and (a) The (a) The authors
(2019) physicochemical properties characterization of worked on palm
of epoxidized oleic acid- oleic acid through oil but only
based palm oil iodine value, carried out
viscosity, acid synthesis and
value, characterization
saponification (b) They only

6
 number and produced one
refractive index oleochemical
were 130, 146. (oleic acid)
190.0, 206.1 and
1.47 respectively.
(b) On the other
hand, the
characterization of
epoxidized oleic
acid were 109.8,
156, 192.6, 219.9
and 1.38 of the
same analysis.
12 Gul et al. (2018) Parameters affecting (a) Based on (a) The authors
oleochemical production optimisation by only produced
from waste bleaching earth response surface methyl ester
via alcoholysis methodology oleochemicals
(RSM), the critical (b) They also
synthesis failed to carry
conditions for 210 out
min reaction time optimization,
with a maximum of kinetics and
85.8% methyl ester modelling
content were
determined as
temperature: 68.4C,
catalyst amount
1.5% based on oil
weight and
methanol/oil molar
ratio: 6.4.
(b) The highest
ester content was
obtained in the
presence of
homogeneous
alkali polymeric
gel catalyst and
NaOCH3.
13 Ng et al. (2017) Preparation and (a) In terms of (a) The authors
modification of water- biodegradation produced
blown porous properties, all the polyurethane
biodegradable polyurethane modified foams but failed
foams with palm oil-based polyurethane foams to conduct
polyester polyol were susceptible to kinetics and
enzymatic modeling

7
 degradation. (b) They also
(b)The degradation worked only
of modified with palm oil
polyurethane did derived
not incur polyester polyol
significant changes and not directly
in pH of the with palm oil
medium used. After
7 days of
enzymatic
treatment,
polyurethane
prepared with
100 wt.% and
75 wt.% of PPP
maintained 90%
and 70% of the
tensile strength,
respectively.
14 Nwokedi et al. Effect of process (a) Oleochemicals (a) The authors
(2015) parameters in cracking of with an optimum of carried out
palm oil to yield 85-90% yield modeling but
oleochemicals relative to the failed to
feedstock amount investigate the
were obtained by kinetics of their
cracking of cracking process
vegetable palm oil (b) They also
in a batch reactor at failed to carry
temperatures of out optimization
100oC - 400°C and studies
700 -900oC for
catalytic cracking
and thermal
cracking process
respectively
(b) Results also
showed that
triglyceride
molecules in the
palm oil were
broken down to
light molecules,
which is a good
process used in
obtaining oleo
chemicals (fatty

8
 acid, fatty acid
methyl esters and
fatty alcohols) as
shown in the FTIR
results.
(c) It was also seen
that the catalytic
cracking values
gave a higher yield
to that of thermal
cracking and the
dependent variables
were better suiting
to that of thermal
aspect of the
cracking

9
References

Ahmed Jumaah, M., Salih, N., & Salimon, J. (2022). D-optimal design optimization for
esterification of palm fatty acids distillate with polyhydric alcohols for biolubricants
production. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 41(5), 1657-1672.

Angeline, P. D., Panda, R. C., & Saravanathamizhan, R. (2022). Synthesis and characterization
of fat-liquor from waste tallow. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 20(8),
855-871.

Awere, E., Obeng, P. A., & Bonoli, A. (2023). Application of palm kernel shell granular filter
medium for decolourisation and COD removal from clarified palm oil mill
effluent. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 14(5), 329-339.

Aziz, N. A. M., Yunus, R., Hamid, H. A., Ghassan, A. A. K., Omar, R., Rashid, U., & Abbas, Z.
(2020). An acceleration of microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester
into trimethylolpropane ester. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 19652.

Chilakamarry, C. R., Mimi Sakinah, A. M., Zularism, A. W., Khilji, I. A., & Kumarasamy, S.
(2022). Glycerol waste to bio‐ethanol: Optimization of fermentation parameters by the Taguchi
method. Journal of Chemistry, 2022(1), 4892992.

Forero-Hernandez, H. A. (2019). Validation and improvement of property and process modeling

Gül, Ö. F., Tuter, M., & Karaosmanoglu, F. (2018). Parameters affecting oleochemical
production from waste bleaching earth via alcoholysis. Sādhanā, 43, 1-8.

Hernando, H., Julianti, E., Nuryawan, A., Amaturrahim, S. A., Piliang, A. F. R., Yanhar, M.
R., ... & Gea, S. (2024). Impact of glycerol on oil palm trunk starch bioplastics enhanced with
citric-acid epoxidized palm oil oligomers. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, 100839.

Jalil, M. J., Zaini, M. S. M., Yamin, A. F. M., Azmi, I. S., Chang, S. H., Morad, N., & Hadi, A.
(2019, June). Synthesis and physicochemical properties of epoxidized oleic acid-based palm oil.
In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 291, No. 1, p. 012046). IOP
Publishing.

10
Jones, M. N. (2019). Design and optimisation of oleochemical processes. Technical University
of Denmark.

Ng, W. S., Lee, C. S., Chuah, C. H., & Cheng, S. F. (2017). Preparation and modification of
water-blown porous biodegradable polyurethane foams with palm oil-based polyester
polyol. Industrial Crops and Products, 97, 65-78.

Nwokedi, I. C., Ude, C. N., Okoye, B. O., & Igbokwe, P. K. (2015). Effect of process parameters
in cracking of palm oil to yield oleochemicals. International Journal of Science and Engineering
Investigations, 4(7), 26-35.

Radzuan, Mohd Nazren. Biosurfactant production by fermentation of palm oil agricultural

Ramírez, L. M., Cadavid, J. G., Orjuela, A., Gutiérrez, M. F., & Bohórquez, W. F. (2022).
Epoxidation of used cooking oils: Kinetic modeling and reaction optimization. Chemical
Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 176, 108963.

Stavila, E., Yuliati, F., Adharis, A., Laksmono, J. A., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Recent advances in
synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids. RSC advances, 13(22), 14747-14775.

11