India & Indian Constitution

CHAPTER - I
PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INDIA
CHANAKYA THOUGHT ON POLITICS
Chanakya also propounded that justice should not be delayed and matters should be
heard urgently. It is not prudent for a leader to antagonise the elders and the wise. The
king should be a promulgator of Dharma and should be a role model for the masses in his
character.
Concept of Dharma
Dharma plays a very important role in the constitution through which the people get the
justice and can have the equality in the society. Dharma's 7 limbs which are given by
Chanakya which is related to constitution are:
1. Swamy (King)
2. Amatya (Ministers)
3. Janapada (People/Territory)
4. Durga (Fort/Capital)
5. Kosha (Treasury)
6. Danda (Punishment)
7. Mitra (Allies)
8. Swamy (King):-

His role is to maintain law and order in the country, protect the Dharma and work
for the development of the country or kingdom.
Protect and make efficient strategies to defend his kingdom or country from the
enemies and also he should be impartial in judicial system and look after his citizens
like his own family.
9. Amatya (Ministers)

The role of ministers is to suggest and help the king to rule correct path at the right
time in assisting him to make the right decisions.
They will also help the king by providing the information regarding the wants and needs
of the people,
emergencies faced by the people so that the required action can be taken by the king.
10. Janapada (People/Territory)

The citizen of the country is very much important as they contribute to the country’s
economy by paying taxes which is a significant source of money for the king.
Also, they conduct trade activities, they show their artistic abilities, knowledge, skill
etc., which in turns become the source of human resource for a country to grow.
11. Durga (Fort/Capital)

The fort or capital of a kingdom is very much important, and it should be strengthened
internally as well as externally. Act as safe havens in times of attack and it is the state's
main administrative and economic hubs. The capital city, which serves as the kingdom's
administrative, economic, and military center, it is the biggest of the
fortifications(defence wall). Forts should be built with mud ramparts and parapets(walls)
made of brick and
stone, and it should be well stocked with requirements for a siege, including food and
other requirement.
12. Kosha (Treasury)

The kosha should be very rich so that it should have the capability of withstanding
prolonged calamities. The developments that take place in the country can only happen
when there is sufficient funds or strong treasury.
 India & Indian Constitution

The major revenue for the kosha is taxes paid by the citizens. The kosha should also be
strong enough to take up military expenditures.
1. Danda (Punishment)

Danda can be taken to mean either force or justice. Fines, lifetime imprisonment and
even the death penalty are used as sanctions for offenses and crimes.
It has been used to maintain law and order in the country to reduce crimes. The
punishments are based on the intensity of the crimes committed.
2. Mitra (Allies)

Allies is very much important in terms of emergency situations such as Natural disasters,
military emergency, food emergency etc., so the friendly allies helps the country to
overcome the hardships strongly and also maintains peace in the society.
Overall, these 7 limbs are the base of the constitution through which a country
gets build in stronger way politically, economically, resourcefully to face the
upcoming challenges and also to become model nation for the other countries
in the world.
Concept of Danda:-
Danda means punishment which is given to the accused based on the crime committed.
The punishment system depends on the country’s laws framed in the constitution.
3.
1.Vak Danda
2.Dhana Danda
3. Dhik Danda
4. Bhada Danda
Vak danda: Here the punishment is given by warning through word of mouth to the
accused.
Dhana danda: Here the punishment is given by levying heavy penalties or fines from
the accused.
Dhik danda: Here the punishment is given to the accused by humiliating and also by
condemning his unlawful acts.
Bhada danda: Here the punishment is given to the physically or to the physical body
based on the intensity of the crime.
Danda is very much important in the constitution as it regulates and maintains law and
order in the society. It brings discipline and reduces the crime in the society. It also helps
to uplift the Dharma in the society. In the house
of Danda everybody is equally treated including the king. The respect to the constitution,
respect and right of its people are safeguarded by the shield of Danda.

BUDDHIST
Buddhist thought, particularly the concept of Dhamma/Dharma, has the potential to
influence political action in a way that aligns with the ideals of emancipation and ethical
governance.
While Buddhism is primarily a spiritual and philosophical tradition, it does offer insights
and principles that can be applied to political contexts.
The Buddhist tradition definitely provided a greater ethical foundation to ancient
Indian political thought and is particularly visible in the idea of ahimsa, kingship,
religion etc.
Ambedkar explained the purpose of the Dhamma as the end of suffering and end of
poverty. Dhamma becomes a “universal morality that protects the weak from the
strong, and safeguards the growth of the individual”.
 India & Indian Constitution

Freedom in a political context can be seen as the liberation from suffering and cruelty,
which aligns with the core goal of Buddhism – the end of suffering (Nirvana).
Buddhism emerged as a reaction against Vedic tradition. At the time, the Vedic
tradition was spoiled by superstition, caste inequality and animal sacrifice.
Buddhism renounced Varnasharam dharma, and promoted equality and ahimsa.
Buddhist tradition represents a Republican form of government. King is called
Mahasammat who has been elected by the council. Early Buddhist texts also mention
the qualifications of the citizens of such republics,
such as moral goodness and discipline, etc.
Buddhist political tradition is idealistic in orientation. It lays great emphasis on the
virtues of a King. Asvaghosha, in ‘Buddhacharit’, describes an ideal king as ‘atmajit’,
one who has conquered himself.
According to him, a king should be calm, learned, generous and truthful. He should be
loved by the people,
rather than feared. He should also be a symbol of sacrifice to his people. According to
Upinder Kaur, Buddhist texts overemphasize compassion.
The Buddhist tradition believes in the complete application of the principle of
righteousness to the King’s internal administration and to his foreign policy.
A king should have learned and worthy ministers, and should devout himself to the
welfare of the people. Ashoka in his laws advised kings to adopt the policy of non-
aggression towards neighbor’s.
The Buddhist tradition rejected the Brahmanical ethics regarding treacherous war and
questionable methods in war and diplomacy. A king rather wins others by
Dharmachakra.
Thus, Buddhist tradition enriched Indian political thought with ethical foundations.
Philosophical and political foundations of Indian society by the
impact of great thinkers:-
1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772 -1833):-
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called as father of Indian Renaissance, Father of modern India,
first feminist of modern India.
He was a Brahmin by caste and a Hindu by religion. His main motto was to uphold the
matter of Humanity and equality in the society.
He is also the founder of Brahmo samaj which was established in the year 1828. Roy
also published a magazine called Samvada koumudi where he discussed about all the
social evils and started to create awareness in the society.
He attempted to cleanse the Hindu society through Rationality.
The thought to fight against sati came to Roy by watching a fearful incident where his
sister-in-law was forcefully pushed into the fire of her husband who was Roy's elder
brother. So, at that moment Roy decided to eliminate the sati from the system and he
succeeded by putting a petition to the British government regarding the abolition of
sati and where the Governor General of India William Bentinck bought a law and
abolished sati in the year 1829.
The Dharma sabra was completely against and started to oppose this sati abolition law
where to stop this ram Mohan Roy went to England so that this must be completely
and permanently get abolished for India and he succeeded.
He also fought against the child marriage and dowry. He supported for the western
education and education of women, property rights if women.
 India & Indian Constitution
He also condemned(judged) and opposed Polygamy and many other superstitions.
So overall he changed the perspective of the Indian society and made the people
understand that the God resides in everyone, and all should be treated equally, and
nobody has the right to take the lives of others by keeping the Vedas, Upanishads, or
other Hindu scriptures as a base. This is how philosophically and politically his
ideologies impacted the Indian society.
1. Ranajit Guha (1923-2023)

Ranajit Guha is a Indian Historian. Who was one of the early pioneers of the subaltern
study groups. He was the editor of several of the Group's Anthologies and wrote
extensively both in English and in Bengali.
His South Asian studies focused on post-colonial and post imperial societies. He has
also mentioned about the
pre-colonial aspects.

He bought a major turn in the modern Indian history by dearly presenting the after
impacts of the British rule to the people of the country to make them understand
the sufferings of the people or society and how did the country overcome and built
itself strongly.
He has also mentioned about the cunningness of the britishers in front of the people to
make them understand the worth of the freedom they have got and how many
lives and families were sacrificed to get the freedom and how the people should
uplift and respect their sacrifices and to develop a responsibility as a citizen of this
country to give a proper justice to the great sacrifices.
Being an Historian He has done his duty towards the country by providing the
necessary facts and figures of
the impact of the colonial attack where through this the people got awareness and
started to think in the perspective that changed.

The mindsets of the people in respect to the colonial rule in all aspects became
rational and they started to value the balidaans made by the great leaders and
continue the same dignity to place our country In a better
position economically, politically and also philosophically
Contributions and impact of
Britishers:- Colonial
contributions and impact
Social and Cultural Impact:
Amid social issues like Sati, Child Marriages, Infanticides; ideas like Liberty, Equality,
Freedom, and Human Rights were brought by the British.
To improve the condition of women in society, various legal measures were introduced.
British showed interest in introducing the English language in Indian society. (The
vernacular languages were ignored)
The British Parliament issued the Charter Act of 1813 by which a sum of ₹100000 was
sanctioned for
promoting western sciences in India
Economic Impact:
India became an economic colony of industrial England.
Indian handloom weaving industry was hit by the industrialization in England and
eventually collapsed.
 India & Indian Constitution

Impact of British Rule – Positive Aspects

1. New Job Opportunities: The British introduce new job opportunities that were
especially beneficial to the
members of the lower caste. With these opportunities, there was a better chance of
upward social mobility for them.
2. Development of Infrastructure: The British authorities built many important
infrastructures such as hospital schools and the most important of all, railways. Of
course, this was done not to enhance the lives of the local Indians but rather to
facilitate their exploitation.
3. Protection from external enemies: India was known as the “jewel in the crown of

the British Empire”. Thus, the British provided protection against like Persia and
Afghanistan. Even other western nations like France were deterred from being too
involved with India. Though a boon, it turned out to be a bane in the long run as it
made India too heavily dependent on the British.
4. Education system: The britishers bought the western education system in English

medium where they affiliated universities in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. They
introduced new concepts into the education system.
5. Judicial system: The britishers introduced a new system of law and justice in
India those are Civil and Criminal courts. (it discriminated between the Europeans and
Indians)
Impact of British Rule – Negative Aspects
6. Destruction of Indian Industry: When Britain took over, they forced the
governments to import goods from the British Isles rather than create their own
products. This led to the local cloth, metal, and carpentry
industries to fall into disarray.
7. British mismanagement led to scarcities: The British rule placed more emphasis

on the cultivation of cash crops rather than growing crops that would feed India’s huge
population. They imported food from other parts of the empire to feed its citizens.
8. The Divide and Rule Policy: The British realized that they could never rule a vast

territory like India without breaking up strong kingdoms into small easily conquerable
segments. The British Empire also made it a policy to pay religious leaders to speak
out against each other, slowly poisoning relations between different faiths.
9. Indian Economy: Due in no small part to the unethical business practices of the East

India Company it can be estimated that trillions were siphoned off by Britain. Such
practices even destroyed the Indian industries and
ensured that money flowing through the Indian economy ended up in the hands of
London.
It may seem that the British rule in India that transformed its society for the better. But
upon closer examination, these benefits were purely coincidental, if not self-serving.
Economic improvements were only enacted to better plunder the Indian economy. Even
societal changes would have come out on their own without the need for British
intervention. In the end, the negative effects of British Imperialism far outweigh the
benefits.
 India & Indian Constitution

CHAPTER - 2
POLITICAL VALUES & IDEALS
Mahatma Gandhi (1869- 1948):-
Gandhiji was a lawyer, politician, social activist, writer and became the leader of the
nationalist movement against the British rule of India.
Gandhiji was born in Porbandar, Gujarat in a brahmin family where he grew in the
concept of Vaishnavism
worship of the Hindu god Vishnu—with a strong teenage of Jainism.
Thus, he took for granted ahimsa (noninjury to all living beings), vegetarianism, fasting
for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between adherents of various creeds
and sects.
Gandhi took his studies seriously and tried to brush up on his English and Latin by
taking the university of London.
Where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to south Africa in
1893 to represent an Indian
merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in south Africa for 21 years.
It was here that Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a
campaign for civil rights.
Gandhi was quickly exposed to the racial discrimination practiced in south Africa
he was beaten up by the white driver of a stagecoach because he would not travel on
the footboard to make room for a European passenger, and finally he was barred from
hotels reserved “for Europeans only.”
In 1915, he returned to India and soon set about organizing peasants, farmers, and
urban laborer's to protest excessive land-tax and discrimination.
He entered the freedom struggle in India in the year 1921.
Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax dandi salt march in 1930
from sabarmathi ashram to dandi (24 days) and in calling for the British to quit
India in 1942.
He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both south Africa and India.
Concepts Non – violence and tolerance
Ahimsa means not torturing or killing others, however according to Gandhi, non-
violence is when a person does not cause violence to other beings on earth through
his thoughts, words, and actions, planning to harm others, speaking to hurt others,
Gandhi believed that even causing trouble to others by doing actions is
violence.
Gandhi asserted that a person who practices non-violence should not consider anyone
as his enemy was by suggested Gandhi.
In simple terms, tolerance is the quality of respecting. Accepting and encouraging
diversity around.
Further, tolerance represents a positive attitude that upholds the basic freedom or
rights of others, and tolerance is considered a useful tool for settling peace rather
than conflict.
Gandhi advocated the concept of sarva dharma sama bhava and held that the state
should treat all religions as equal.
Gandhi during his lifetime worked hard to unite the Hindu and Muslim communities
politically.
Concept of swadeshi represents the total environment surrounding the individual the
concept of swadeshi broadly encompasses the social, religious cultural and political
 India & Indian Constitution

In Gandhi's view, satyagraha was not the tool of the cowardly, the weak or the
unarmed, but the tool of the strong and morally strong. Satyagraha is a non-violent
means of trying to convert opponents to give up cruelty, inequality, untruth, and
violence
Gandhiji started non-co-operation movement as there was severe economic problems
faced by the Indians the main motto of this movement was to grant self-
governance by revoking the cooperation of Indians from the British government.
While Gandhiji doing a non - cooperation movement in chauri chaura where the
extremists groups attacked the
police station and blasted it which killed 22 officers as it created violence, so Gandhiji
stop the non- cooperation movement in a grief.
Gandhiji took up Dandi march on 1930 from Sabarmathi ashram to Dandi which was
organized to go against salt tax laws setup by the British through non-violence.
He also started swadeshi movement to boycott the British goods and promote the
Indian products by taking a stand to upbring the Indian industries.
He also conducted civil disobedience movement and quit India movement by moving a
slogan as “do or die.”
All these movements were conducted by Gandhiji in order to get freedom through non-
violence and also he
worked a lot to bring harmony and unity among Hindus and Muslim community. He
believed that all religions have the same purpose to work for.
Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad(1888-1958) Co-
existence
Maulana Azad was the Islamic theologian, a poet, freedom fighter, educational
reformer, and an Indian
politician.
He is also known to become the youngest president of the INC. In the age of 12 only
Azad was very much active in journalism.
In 1912 he began publishing a weekly Urdu
language newspaper Al-hilal. Al-hilal was soon
banned by British authorities in 1914.
Later he published another magazine Al-balagh which was again banned in 1916 by
Britishers.
In 1929 he was released from prison after 4 years because of the revolutionary ideas
he was imposing in the minds of people to make them aware of their responsibilities.
He was the leader of the Khilafat movement that happened India to support their
fellow Muslims in Turkey.
As he was close to Gandhiji he participated in the salt satyagraha, noncooperation
movements etc., As he liked the Gandhi's concept of nonviolence, he started to
promote Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi. He wrote many books
such as India wins freedom, ghubare-khatir etc..,
He was the first education minister of India after independence & bought many
changes. He advocated the idea of universalization of the basic education system
and proposed the idea of free and compulsory education until secondary level for
both boys and girls.
He was in favor of giving the rightful education place to the regional languages in
education. He also
 India & Indian Constitution

Literary, cultural, and scholarly institution such as sahitya academy, sangeet natak
academy, lalit kala academy, Indian council for cultural relations.
Azad was against the idea of “TWO NATION” theory of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
So, Azad always believed in the concept of co-exsistence and wanted to get the
freedom for our country through unity.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(1856-1920) Swarajya
Lokmanya tilak was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher and a dedicated nationalist.
He was born in a middle class Brahman family.
He had a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and Sanskrit. He decided to teach
mathematics in private schools in Poona. The school became the basis for his
political career.
He turned towards the task of awakening the political consciousness of the people
through two weekly newspapers that he owned and edited: Kesari in Marathi
language and Mahratta in English language.
He required to widen the popularity of the nationalist movement by introducing the
Hindu religious symbolism and by invoking popular traditions of the Maratha
struggle against Muslim rule.
He thus organized two important festivals. Ganesha festival in 1893 and Shivaji
Maharaj festival in 1895. (Shivaji Mahotsav)
His activities soon also brought him into conflict with British government which
accused him and sent him to jail in 1897. The trial and sentence earned him the title
Lokmanya. He was released after 18 months.
He supported the Bengali demand for the annulment of the partition and advocated a
boycott of British goods later this was adopted by Gandhiji in non-cooperation
with Sathyagraha.
He aimed at Swarajya, so he wanted congress party to adopt his militant program.
On that issue he clashed with the moderates taking advantage of the division the
British government again
accused Lokmanya on the charges of troublemaking and terrorism he was imprisoned fir
six years in Burma (Myanmar) in Mandalay jail.
He settled down to write Shrimad Bhagavad-Gita Rahasya.
1914 on the eve of world war I he was released.
He came back to politics with inspiring slogan “Swarajya is my birth right and I will
have it".
Tilak believed that swaraj was an ancient concept as did Dayananda Saraswati. The
reason for this position was that the states in ancient India were politically,
economically, and morally autonomous.
In this background it clears that tilak’s Swarajya concept represents the autonomy of
ancient times and the democracy of modern times.
Swaraj was a concept consisting of the following four elements: SWARAJ, SWADESHI,
NATIONAL EDUCATION, AND BOYCOTT.
The ruler and the ruled belong to the same country, religion, or race. A state system
with good governance or rule of law. Swaraj in tilak's view is an attempt at self-
restraint.
Later he rejoined the Lucknow pact. He realized that the labor party was a growing
force in British politics, and he established firm relationships with its leaders.
His foresight was justified: it was a labor government that granted independence to
 India & Indian Constitution

Deen Dayal Upadhyay

(1916-1968):- Integral
Humanism
EARLY LIFE
He was born in 1916 in the village of Nagla Chandraban, now called Deendayal Dham,
near Mauthra District
His father, Bhagwati Prasad Upadhyaya, was an astrologer and his mother, Rampyari
Upadhaya was a homemaker
Both of his parents died when he was eight years old and then brought up by his uncle
EDUCATION
He attended high school in Sikar, Rajashtan
The Maharaja of Sikar gave him a Gold medal and monthly scholarship of Rs.10
He took a BA degree at the Sanatan Dharma College, Kanpur.
In 1939 he moved over to Agra and joined St. John's College, Agra to pursue a master's
degree in English literature but could not continue his studies.
JOINING RSS
While studying in SD college, he came into contact with RSS through a classmate in
1937
He started the monthly Rashtra Dharma from Lucknow in the 1940s. The publication
was meant for spreading the ideology of Hindutva nationalism. Later he started
the weekly Panchjanya and the daily Swadesh.
He met the founder of RSS(rashtriya swayamsevak sangh), K.B. Hedgewar He started
full-time work in the RSS from 1942
He attended various training camps of RSS
He became a lifelong pracharak of RSS, after completing the 2nd year training in RSS
Education Wing
WORKING WITH BJS
In 1951, Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the BJS (Bhartiya Jan Sangh) party
Upadhyaya was appointed as General Secretary of its UP branch and held this position
for next 15 years ch and held this
He contested by-poll for the Lok Sabha Seat of Jaunpur from UP in 1963 but could not
win
In the 1967, Lok Sabha election, BJS got 35 seats and became the third largest party in
the Lok Sabha
He became the president of party in Dec, 1967.
NON-CONGRESS COALITION
The BJS became the part of Northen states party's coalition i.e. Samyukta Vidhayak Dal
This was the anti-congress coalition Upadhyaya during his presidential speech in Dec,
1967 talked on multiple aspects of coalition. He developed the ideology of BJS.
INTEGRAL HUMANISM
This concept was drafted by Upadhaya
It was adopted in 1965 as official doctrine of the BJS and has subsequently inherited by
the BJP
According to this concept, Humankind consist of four parts body, mind, intellect and
soul Even though there is diversity in humans, but still it is the soul or atman is the
common among all
Thus, world may looks diverse but it is idea of Ekatmata or the unifying soul that
infuses the world
It is important to develop all elements of humankind i.e. body, mind, intellect and soul
 India & Indian Constitution

IDEOLOGY
Upadhyaya conceived the political philosophy Integral Humanism. This philosophy
advocates the simultaneous and integrated program of the body, mind and intellect and
soul of each human being.
Deendayal Upadhyaya was convinced that India as an independent nation could not rely
upon Western
concepts like individualism, democracy, socialism, communism & capitalism.
He was of the view that the Indian intellect was getting suffocated by Western theories
He welcomed modern technology but wanted it to be adapted to suit Indian
requirements. He believed in Swaraj ("self-governance").
He was the one who introduced Anthyodhay concept.
MURDER?
In December 1967, Upadhyaya was elected president of the Jana Sangh.
In the evening of 10 February 1968, at Lucknow he boarded the Sealdah Express for
Patna.
The train reached Mughalsarai at about 2:10 AM but Upadhyaya was not found on the
train. He was murdered under mysterious circumstances on 11 February 1968 while
travelling.
His body was found near Mughalsarai railway station in Uttar Pradesh 10 minutes after
the train arrived. His body was lying near a traction pole.
Vinoba Bhave
(1895-1982)
Voluntarism
Acharya Vinoba Bhave is Gandhiji's follower, influenced by Gandhi right from his
student days, Vinoba spent most of his life with gandhiji.
Vinoba actively participated in various movements initiated by Gandhi in India.
Also, in 1940, Gandhi chose his follower Vinoba for a personal satyagraha, apart from
this, after the death of Gandhiji, Vinoba was responsible for implementing his
Sarvodaya concept.
Who was a beloved disciple of Gandhiji it is considered a great Gandhian.
He presented various ideas like Gandhiji in his speeches, works, articles and
experiments and among them volunteerism was the main one.
Vinoba worked hard to bring social and economic revolution in India under Gandhiji's
Sarvodaya concept in this regard Vinobaji believed in the necessity of various
charities based on voluntary service.
1. Bhoo dana

Vinoba came forward to provide a solution to the problems of landless farmers.

The landowners volunteered to donate their surplus land for the benefit of the landless
as a result Ramachandra Reddy donated his hundred acres of land on April 18,
1951 under the ideas of Swayamsevak for this purpose.
Vinobaji, who continued his padayatra, collided thousands of acres of land under the
ideal of Swayamsevak
and distributed it to the landless people.

This experiment was popularly known as the bhoo dana principle and was based onPage
the people voluntarism. 10
1. Grama dana
After the success of the bhoo dana movement, Vinobaji advocated the concept of gram
 India & Indian Constitution

Under village donation, whether a family owns land or not, the total land of the village
is distributed in proportion to the number of members of a family.
Each family has to keep enough produce for its own needs and give the surplus to the
community, the produce collected by all the families of the villages sold and used
for the development of the village.
Finally, the remaining income is divided among the family members proportionately.
In addition, a meeting of the village administration consisting of one representative
from each family of the village was organized to deal with the problems of the
village 33 remedial decisions are taken thus, a town in
Uttar Pradesh, was the first to be subjected to village donation advocated under the
ideals of self-sacrifice.
1. Dhana dana

Vinoba abstained from donation of wealth position was that wealth and money can
cause confusion, mistrust.
However, due to the need for funds for the maintenance of the volunteers of the land
donation movement, Vinoba offered to donate his wealth.
He called to voluntarily donate wealth to solve the problems of the poor.
He also advised everyone to donate a portion of their income to serve the needy.
Thus, the donation of extra wealth is a means to uplift the weak so he raised
awareness regarding the donation of money.
2. Shrama dana

Vinoba wanted to eliminate the influence of money as a medium of exchange.

Thus, he advised to prevent the influence of money by donating physical labor.
According to him, instead of acquiring a particular good or service by paying money,
one can control the demand for it by performing physical labor. Ex: If a person
makes the clothes he needs by self-effort. Then there is no need for money.
Similarly, village development is possible if we show our own physical labor rather
than paying taxes in the form of money and demanding various development
measures from the government of village.
By donating public utility road, temple. He advised to join hands in the construction of
lake and gardens.
Over Shrama dana a recreational thought based on the idea of self-sacrifice.
5. Buddhi dana
Inculcating the importance of volunteering by intellectuals in the society with the help of
literature, lecture,
awareness articles is considered as Buddhi dana cannot participate in donation of land,
wealth, labor among the people of professional class to participate in Swayamsevak,
Bhave believed that intellectual donation is more beneficial than other voluntary
activities and cannot be ignored.
Vinoba is remembered for popularizing the value of volunteerism, which can bring
happiness to both the person
who performs the task and the person who receives its fruits. Even today we can observe
that the ideal of self- service advocated by Vinoba is beneficial in solving many
challenges in the society.
 India & Indian Constitution

Chapter 3
Political Contribution Of Regional Freedom Struggle
Kittur Rani Chennamma (1778-1829)
She was embodiment of independence and self-respect are exemplary for the
contemporary generation.
Born in Kakati village near Belgaum. Belonging to Desai family of Kakati the
Chennamma were well experienced in history, Mythology, literature and weaponry at
the age of 15.
Chennamma was married to Mallasarja, the king of Kittur.
When Mallasarja died in 1816. A few days before his death, a boy named
Shivalingappa was adopted and declared the heir to the Kittur kingdom.
At this time, Chennamma was overseeing the administration of kittur.
Chennamma decision to adopt Shivalingappa was not accepted by William
Makepeace Thackeray the English collector in Dharwad. His plan was to somehow
occupy the kingdom of Kittur.
He was supported by Chaplin, commissioner of Dakhan. They also informed to the
governor of Bombay.
Thackeray himself went to kittur and temporarily appointed Mallappashetty and
Venkata Rao.
They attacked the Kittur at 1824 the people of Kittur under the leadership of
Chennamma got ready to fight against the British with Sangolli Rayanna,
Chennabasavanna, Balappa meanwhile.
A bullet fired from Balappa’s gun hit British collector Thackeray. A soldier attached his
head to the sword and held as a sign of victory the frightened British army left.
Hundreds of English soldiers died in his battle. Defeat at the battle of Kittur humiliated
the British, the British decided to take revenge on Kittur bought troops(soilders) from
different places such as Mysore, Solapur etc.,
The British army attacked to siege Kittur fort. Under the leadership of Chennamma, the
Kannadiga’s fought continuously against the British for 12 days Chennamma's
military powers and devotion shocked the British.
The guns was rendered useless because Venkata Rao and Mallappashetty who added
mud to the gun powder and it did not work, at december 1824, kittur was
captured by the British.
The British arrested Chennamma and imprisoned her in the prison of Balihongal,
Chennamma hoped that her kingdom would one day become independent.
She spent her prison life in prayer, listening to puranas, worshiping shiva.
Eventually, Chennamma died in prison on February 21, 1829, due to illness, however,
the heroes of Kittur continued to fight against the British.
In 1830, Kittur was completely captured by the British when Shivalingappa and 400
other soldiers surrendered to the British.
Chennamma’s name is eternal in the history of Indian freedom struggle Chennamma,
who fought bravely
against the British for the political independence of her state, initiated the future political
struggle.
Chennamma's Success story is still sung by people in the form of poems.
Hardekar Manjappa (1886-1947)
Hardekar Manjappa is a Kannadiga who is a political thinker, social reformer, writer,
journalist.
 India & Indian Constitution

This paper used to publish Kannada translation of articles of Kesari, a Marathi

newspaper published by Lokmanya Tilak in Maharashtra. The paper was shut
down because the printers did not like the militant attitude of the paper.
In 1910, Manjappa decided not to marry at the age of 25, feeling that marriage was a
hindrance to social service. In addition, he gave up salt, sour, spicy and sweet
foods in order to complement celibacy.
In Davanagere in collaboration with Mrityunjaya Mahaswamy Manjappa started mass
bhajan and commentary programme.
Next, in 1930, Manjappa started a monthly magazine called "Udyoga". Along with this,
in 1931, he published a monthly magazine called “Sharanara Sandesha” which
became his achievement.
Manjappa used to criticize the government's anti-people policies through his writings.
As a result, Manjappa became popular with people. Slowly, Manjappa leaned
towards Basavanna's scientific(systematic),
rational(Balanced), equal opportunities preferences.
Manjappa's major contributions Establishment of Educational institute at Alamatti,
Satyagraha Samaj organization in Hubli, Initiated a national movement for
eradication of social evils among the people.
In 1935 Akka Mahadevi's Jayanthi celebrations were initiated for women's awareness,
on banks of river
Tungabhadra Established Sathyagraha Ashram in The Basaveshwara Seva Dal organized
by Manjappa rendered good service during the Belgaum Congress session in 1924 This is
henceforth known as Hindustan Seva Dal.
Manjappa used to criticize the policies of the government through his writings.
Such an effort was the foundation of democracy in the pre-independence period.
In this background, Manjappa is known as “Yuga Purusha of Karnataka.” With this,
Manjappa became a role model for self-reliance and simple life for the people of
Karnataka.
Manjappa is one of those who lived like ordinary among ordinary people and lived for
those who were suffering from poverty. That is why he is called the “Gandhi of
Karnataka.”
Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay (1903-1988)
Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay was an Indian social reformer and freedom activist.
She was born in Mangaluru, Karnataka.
She was most remembered for her contribution to the Indian independence movement
for being the driving
force behind the renaissance of Indian handicrafts, handlooms, and theatre in
independent India and for upliftment of the socio-economic standard of Indian women by
pioneering the co-operation.
She is the first lady in India to stand in elections from Madras Constituency. While she
lost in the election, she established the path for women in India.
Several cultural institutions in India today exist because of her vision, including the
National School of Drama, Sangeet Natak Academy.
She was married in 1917 at the age of 14 but was widowed two years later.
She came to know Suhasini Chattopadhyay, a fellow student and the younger sister of
Sarojini Naidu, who
later introduced Kamaladevi to their talented brother, Harindranath Chattopadhyay, by
then a well-known poet- playwrightactor.
 India & Indian Constitution

Shortly after their marriage, Harindranath and kamala devi left for London, on their
first trip to abroad, and a few months later Kamaladevi joined him, where she
joined University of London, and later she received a diploma in Sociology.
While still in London, Kamaladevi came to know Mahatma Gandhi's Non-cooperation
Movement in 1923, and she promptly returned to India, to join the Seva Dal.
During her tenure, she travelled extensively to many European nations and was
inspired to initiate several social reform and community welfare programs, and set
up educational institutions, run for and by women.
She was a part of the seven-member lead team, announced by Mahatma Gandhi, in
the famous Salt Satyagraha 1930, to prepare Salt at the Bombay beachfront.
When World War II broke out Kamaladevi was in England, and she immediately began a
world tour to represent India's situation to other countries and drum up support
for Independence after the war.
She acted in the first silent film of Kannada film industry, Mricchakatika , she has also
acted in a 1943 Hindi film, Tansen and many more.
Independence of India, brought Partition in its wake, and she plunged into
rehabilitation of the refugees.
Her first task was to set up the Indian Cooperative Union to help with rehabilitation.
She worked tirelessly in helping the refugees to establish new homes and new
professions; for this they were trained in new skills.
She also helped set up health facilities in the new town.
The Government of India conferred on her the Padma Bhushan in 1955, and the Padma
Vibhushan in 1987.
Overall these great freedom fighters have supported and contributed politically, socially
for their respective regions which has benefitted to the country as whole. Because of
their works the women has got their equal rights, courage to fight against the evil,
understood the value of the freedom and country as a family concept etc., they fought
tirelessly with constant determination for the freedom and spreading the awareness to
the world which was essentially required for the people to know and understand. Without
these people we couldn’t enjoy our freedom and also couldn’t share our thoughts publicly
 India & Indian Constitution

Chapter-4
Historical background of constitutional development In India .
Developments Between 1857 to 1952:-
Revolt of 1857
MAY, 1857 Revolt of 1857 erupted.
Structural administrative problems of EIC got highlighted.
Military inefficiency of EIC came to the notice of British Parliament.
I. Government of India Act of 1858
British Govt. now wanted direct control over India's administration.
August 2, 1858- GOI Act, 1858 was passed. Thereby, EIC was abolished & all its
powers transferred to British crown. Thereby, Company Rule ended & Crown Rule
started.
Also known as "Act for Good Govt. " of India.
Governor General. Of India's designation Changed →Viceroy of India
First Viceroy-Lord Canning
Ended system of double govt, by abolishing Board of Control &Board of Director
It created office of Secretary of state(SOS) for India
1st Secretary of State for India- Lord Stanley
Member of British Cabinet Responsible to British Parliament.
Established 15 member council of India to assist the secretary of state for India.
II. Indian Council Act of 1861:;-
Made beginning of representative institutions by associating Indians with law making
process.
Viceroy will nominate some Indians as Non- Official members.
Nominated 3 Indians
♣Raja of Benaras ♣Maharaja of Patiala ♣Sir Dinkar Rao
Decentralized legislative powers of the Governor General's Council ➔ Vested them in
the Govt. of Bombay & Madras.
Established new legislative councils for Bengal, North- Western Frontier provinces(NWFP)
& Punjab.
Act gave recognition to Portfolio system.
III. Indian Council Act of 1892:-
Pressure of Indian National Congress, which came into game in 1885.
The size of the Legislative Council was increased from 10-16
Empowered legislative council with:
♠Power of discussing budget.
♠Power of addressing questions to executive.
Non-official members of Indian Legislative Council →Nominated by Bengal Chamber of
Commerce & Provincial Legislative Councils.
Non-official members of Provincial legislative council →Nominated by local bodies such
as Universities,
zamindars, municipalities etc.
IV. Indian Councils Act, 1909 – Morley Minto Reforms:;-
Also known as "Morley-Minto Reforms ". Secretary Of State-Morley, Viceroy-Minto
 India & Indian Constitution

Bengal partition- Lord Curzon in 1905.

All India Muslim League- Jinnah in 1906 Also known.
Increased the size of legislative council from 16-60
Provided the association of Indians with executive council of Viceroy & Governors.
Satyendra Prasad Sinha -First Indian to join Viceroy’s Executive Council.
Provided for separate representation of presidency corporations, chamber of
commerce, universities & zamindars.
Introduced a system of Communal representation(Divide & Rule)
Gives separate electorate to Muslims.
"Legalized communalism" Muslim members were elected by Muslim Voters only.
V. Government of India Act, 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford Reforms:-
Montagu- Secretary Of State, Chelmsford- Viceroy
World War I came to end.(Battle was won by Britishers)
Britishers became weak.
Mahatma Gandhi came from South Africa
Congress raised demand of Provincial Autonomy
1. Division of Power
2. Bicameralism(2 houses)
Created new office of High Commissioner for India in London.
Established Central Public Service Commission in 1926.
Act provided voting rights to Indian Women.
Extended Communal electorates for Sikhs, Christians Anglo-Indians & European.
Separated provincial Budget from Central Budget,
Dyarchy, a scheme of Dual Governance was introduced in the Provincial
Subjects, it was divided into Reserved and Transferred. The transferred list included
agriculture, health, education, and supervision of the local government. The
Transferred list was Administered by Governor with of ministers Responsible to
Legislative Council. The reserved list included communications, foreign affairs,
defense; this transferred list was Administered by Governor with Executive council of
ministers not Responsible to Legislative Council.
Governor was empowered to reserve a Bill for the consideration of the Governor
General if it was related to some specified matters.
Indian Legislature was made "Bi-cameral”. Upper house was named "Council of
States ".Lower house was named "Legislative Assembly".
Appointment of statutory commission to report on "GOI 1919" working after 10 years.
November 1927➔ Simon Commission
The Governor General's/ Viceroy Of India overriding powers in respect of Central
Legislation were retained as follows
His prior sanction was required to introduce Bills relating to certain matters.
He had Veto powers.
He could make Ordinance.
He had power of certifying Bill or any grant refused by Legislature.
 India & Indian Constitution

Simon Commission
Nov. 1927- Seven-member committee under Chairmanship
of Sir John Simon. All members were Britishers-> Indians
boycotted it.
Recommendation:♦Abolition of dyarchy. ♦Extension of responsible govt. in provinces.
♦Continuation of
communal electorate.
VI. Government of India Act 1935:-
Growing demand of constitutional reforms in India by Indian leaders.
Act was based on:
1. Simon Commission report.
2. Recommendation of Round Table Conference(Nehru Report).
3. Joint selected committee report
Longest Act enacted by British Parliament at that time.
Act separated Burma from India & two new provinces of Sind & Orissa were created.
Creation of an All India Federation(a group of states) : Federation was to consist of
British India & Princely States.Not compulsory for princely states.
Introduced bicameralism in six (Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Assam, Bihar, United
Provinces) out of 11 British
India Provinces.

Apart from Governor General's power of veto, a Bill passed by the Central Legislature
was also subjected to Veto by the Crown.
A federal railway authority established.
Extended communal electorate for SC’s, Women & Labours.
Establishment of the Federal PublicService Commission (FPSC), a
Provincial PublicService Commission (PPSC) in each province, and the JPSC.
Creation of the Federal Court in 1937.
Due to the length of Government of India Act 1935, it was divided into 2 separate Acts
Act divided legislative powers between centre & provinces
1. The Legislature in the provinces were enlarged.
2. As per the Act, the powers were divided into Federal List, Provincial List and
Concurrent List.
Establishment of RBI
VII. Cripps Mission – 1942:-
In the beginning of World War II British Forces had suffered Heavy Defeats at the hands
of Japanese Army
Japanese Forces Occupied Malaya and drove the British Troops from Malayan
Peninsula. Their Aircraft bombed Singapore & Had Invaded Hong Kong & Phillipines.
Winston Churchili , British Government did not want to lose INDIA. So, they felt the
necessity of revising and softening their attitude towards demand of INDIAN'S Winston
Churchili
In Order to win over the sympathies of the Indian Masses & political parties during the
2nd World WarBritain
had to do something.
In March 1942 Cripps Mission was sent to India under the leadership of Sir Stafford
Cripps. Some of the proposals given by the Cripps Mission are:-
1. Dominion status would be given to India, after the 2nd World War.
 India & Indian Constitution

1. Right to Secede(separate):- Cripps Mission 1942 Provinces unwilling to join the Indian
Union could have a separate Constitution and can form a separate Union.
2. Congress did not liked the Cripps Proposal as every proposal was to be fulfilled after
the War.
3. During Lahore session Congress Changed its goal from Dominion Status to Poorna
Swaraj.
4. Right to Secede(separate) this was not liked by the political party.
5. Almost all the Parties and sections in India rejected the proposals given by the Cripps
Mission
IX. Mountbatten Plan – Indian Independence Act – 1947:-
20 FEB 1947 HOUSE OF COMMONS ,British would quit India after transferring power
into the responsible hand not later than 3 June 1948.
Mountbatten Plan ➔Partition ➔ British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan with
effect from 15th August 1947.
Partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries.
A boundary commission was appointed for the partition of Bengal and Punjab- Sir Cyril
Radcliff.
Conferred(discussed) complete legislative authority to the constituent assembly.
Established Governments in Both provinces & states
IX. Mountbatten Plan – Indian Independence Act – 1947
20 FEB 1947 HOUSE OF COMMONS ,British would quit India after transferring power
into the responsible hand not later than 3 June 1948.
Mountbatten Plan ➔Partition ➔ British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan with
effect from 15th
August 1947.
Partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries.
A boundary commission was appointed for the partition of Bengal and Punjab- Sir Cyril
Radcliff.
Conferred(discussed) complete legislative authority to the constituent assembly.
Established Governments in Both provinces & states
X .1950: Adoption of the Indian Constitution:
India adopted its own constitution on January 26, 1950, which came into effect,
marking the country's transition to a republic.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of the Republic of India.
Composition and debates of Constituent Assembly
Composition:-
1. The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was to be 389. Of these, 296 seats
were to be allotted to British India and 93 seats to the princely states. Out of 296 seats
allotted to British India, 292 members were to be drawn from the 11 governors’
provinces (Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, the United Provinces,
the Bombay Presidency, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province, Bengal,
Punjab and Sind.) and four from the 4 Chief Commissioners’
provinces(Delhi ,Ajmer,Coorg,Baluchistan) one from each.
2. Seats were to be distributed proportionally to the population of each province and
princely state (or group of states in the event of tiny states). One seat was supposed
to be allocated for every million people.
3. In accordance with their numbers, seats given to each British province were to be split
among the three main communities–Muslims, Sikhs, and General (all save Muslims and
Sikhs).
 India & Indian Constitution

1. Members of each community were to elect their representatives in the provincial

legislative assembly, and voting was to be done using the proportional representation
method with a single transferable vote.
2. The princely states' representatives were to be chosen by the princely states' heads.
As a result, it is apparent that the Constituent Assembly was to be a body that was to
be partially elected and partly appointed. Furthermore, the members were to be
elected indirectly by provincial assembly members, who were elected on a limited
franchise.
3. In July-August 1946, elections to the Constituent Assembly (for 296 seats apportioned
to the British Indian
Provinces) were held. The Indian National Congress gained 208 seats, the Muslim League
73, and the remaining 15 seats went to tiny groupings and independents. The 93 seats
given to princely states, however, were not filled because they chose to boycott the
Constituent Assembly
Working Of the Constituent Assembly

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place on December 9, 1946 at New
Delhi with Dr Sachidananda Sinha being elected as the interim President of the
Assembly.
Later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly. Similarly,
both H.C. Mookherjee V and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected as the Vice-Presidents of
the Assembly.
Total 211 members attended the first meeting of Constituent assembly
Functions Performed by Constituent Assembly: Nurturing the Nation

Making of the Constitution and enacting of ordinary laws

Approved India’s membership of the Commonwealth(Nationality) in May 1949.
Adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947.
Adopted the National Anthem on January 24, 1950.
Adopted the National Song on January 24, 1950.
It elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the first President of India
on January 24, 1950. OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION:-
‘Objectives Resolution’ was passed by Jawaharlal Nehru in the session of the
constituent assembly. These
resolutions were some guiding principles that helped our leaders in drafting the
Constitution of India.
These principles were-

That India will be an Independent, Sovereign, Republic.

It will be a democratic country
It will ensure all citizens of justice, equality, and freedom
It will safeguard the interests of minorities, tribes, and depressed classes
It will work for world peace and the welfare of all mankind.
Meaning of debates in constituent assembly

The debates and discussions held by the Constituent Assembly members during the
process of drafting the constitution of India are known as Constituent Assembly
Debates or CADs.