EXPERIMENT NO 1:

Aim
To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction.

1. Action of water on quick lime.

2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

Materials Required
A beaker, four test tubes, test tube holder, tongs, test tube stand, a dropper, a piece
of sand paper and bunsen burner, A small piece of quick lime, ferrous sulphate
crystals, iron nails (clean and unrusted), copper sulphate solution, sodium sulphate
solution, barium chloride solution and distilled water.
Precautions

1. Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.

2. Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat, so add water
drop by drop and use borosil beaker.
3. For heating, use hard glass tubes.
4. Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
5. Do not touch any chemical with hands.
6. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while heating.
7. The iron nails must be cleaned properly by using sand paper before dipping
them in copper sulphate solution.
 EXPERIMENT NO 2
Aim:To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal
indicator.

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid

(b) Dilute NaOH solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Test tube Sample Colour of pH Paper Approximate pH Nature

A Dil. HCI Red colour 1 Strong acid

B Dil. NaOH Dark blue colour 14 Strong base

C Dil. CH,COOH Orange colour 3 Weak acid

D Lemon juice Pink colour 2 Weak acid

E Water Green colour 7 Neutral

F Dil. NaHCO3
Light blue colour 9 Weak base

Materials Required
Six test tubes, six droppers, white tile, pH paper (with coloured chart strip of pH
scale) and test tube stand, Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide, dilute ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled water and dilute solution of
sodium bicarbonate.
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Procedure
1. Take six test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place them on test tube
stand.
2. Mark these test tubes as A, B, C, D, E and F.
3. Take 2 mL each of the above chemicals and add them to the test tubes marked.
Test tube A – add 2 mL of dil. HCI acid Test tube B – add 2 mL of dil. NaOH solution
Test tube C – add 2 mL of dil-. ethanoic acid Test tube D – add 2 mL of lemon juice
Test tube E – add 2 mL of distilled water Test tube F – add 2 mL of dil. sodium
bicarbonate solution
4. Take a white tile and place small strips of pH paper on it, mark them as A to F.
5. Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.
6. Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tubes A to F and pour a
drop of each content on marked pH paper respectively.
E.g., the contents of test tube A to be placed on the pH paper with label A.
7. Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with the colour pH chart
given. Record your observations.
Observations

Conclusion

Test tube Sample

 A Hydrochloric acid

B Sodium hydroxide

C Ethanoic acid

D Lemon juice

E Water (distilled)

F Sodium bicarbonate

Precautions

1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared and the firuit juice
samples should also be fresh.
2. Use clean and rinsed droppers.
3. Use clean test tubes and mark them carefully.
4. Rinse the test tubes and droppers with distilled water only.
5. Use clean tile.

Sources of Error

1. Be careful while using the dropper, ensure that everytime you use a clean
dropper.
2. Do not use tap water for rinsing, the pH may go wrong.
 EXPERIMENT NO 3:

Aim
To study the properties of acids and bases (dilute HCl and dilute NaOH) by
their reaction with
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc metal (c) Solid sodium carbonate

Materials Required
A test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder, droppers, a bent delivery
tube, burner and cork.

Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, blue litmus
solution, red litmus solution, zinc metal granules or powdered zinc, solid sodium
carbonate and freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure
(A) Properties of Hydrochloric Acid

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Litmus Test Blue litmus solution turns red Dil. HCl shows acidic character.

Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 in first test tube.

mL of dilute HCl solution in each test Red litmus solution shows no

 tube. Pour a drop of blue litmus in

one test tube and a drop of red

change in second test tube.
litmus solution in the second test

tube.

Reaction with Zinc Metal Zinc metal reacts with the Zinc + dil. HCl →

Take 1 mL of dilute HCl in a clean acid. Test tube becomes Zinc chloride + Hydrogen gas

test tube. Add a small piece of zinc warm and pressure is exerted Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →

2. metal/ zinc powder in it. on thumb due to release of a ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Light a matchstick and bring it near gas. Hydrogen gas always bums with

the mouth of the test tube, remove The matchstick bums with a a pop sound when lighted

the thumb and observe. pop sound. matchstick is introduced in it.

Reaction with Sodium Carbonat

Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL of

(i) Na2CO3 + 2HCl →
dilute HCl. Now add lg/pinch of Dilute HCl reacts with sodium
2NaCl + H20 + CO2
sodium carbonate in it. Immediately carbonate to release a
3. (ii)Ca(OH)2+CO2 →
close the mouth with cork containing colourless gas. The gas turns
Lime waterCaCO3 +H2O
delivery tube. Hold a test tube with lime water milky.
White insoluble ppt
lime water at the other end of the

delivery tube.

(B) Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

 Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus Test

Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 Blue litmus solution shows no
mL of dilute NaOH in each test tube. change.

1. Add a drop of blue litmus solution in Dil. NaOH shows basic

one test tube and a drop of red character.

Red litmus solution changes
litmus solution in the second test
to blue colour.
tube.

Reaction with Zinc Metal

Take a clean test tube. Add zinc On heating the mixture;

Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
metal granules/zinc powder in it. reaction begins, colourless
Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g) Hydrogen
Pour 2 mL of NaOH solution in the gas is evolved.
2. gas always bums with a pop
tube. Hold the test tube with a test The burning matchstick bums
sound.
tube holder and heat it. Bring a with a ‘pop’ sound.
burning matchstick near the mouth

of the test tube.

Reaction with Solid Sodium

Carbonate
Dil. NaOH doesn’t react with
3. Take a clean test tube. Add 2 mL of No change.
sodium carbonate.
NaOH solution in a tube and 1 g of

sodium carbonate. Heat the mixture.

Precaution

1. Use clean test tubes.

 2. Use very small amount of chemicals.
3. Handle hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions very carefully.
4. Shake the solutions and reaction mixtures carefully without spilling.
5. Always carry out the test for hydrogen with a very small volume of gas.
6. For H2 gas test, be careful as H2 catches fire. The flame on test tube can be
seen due to H2 gas.
7. For lime water test, allow the CO2 gas to pass through lime water and shake
the test tube by placing thumb on the mouth of the tube to get quick result.

EXPERIMENT NO4:

Aim
(i) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt
solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.)
(b) FeSO4(aq.)
(c) CuSO4 (aq.)
(d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
(ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on

Materials Required
Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper sulphate solution, zinc
sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution, metal strips of iron, zinc; copper and
aluminium.
Procedure
Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tubes A,
B, C and D respectively.
5. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu. Hence, Cu is the least
reactive metal among the given four metals.
> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper metals in test tube A,
B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tube A, B, C and D
respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tubes A, B, C and D
respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the given metals i.e. Al, Zn, Fe and
Cu.

Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt solution, hence, Al is at
the top of the reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal could displace it.
Hence, the reactivity order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution but Cu cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

I. CuSO4 solution in each test tube.

II. FeSO4 solution in each test tube.

III. ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.

IV. Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.

Precautions
1. Clean the metals by rubbing them with a piece of sand paper before dipping them
in the salt solutions.
2. Wash the test tubes after every set of observations of interaction of a particular
metal with the four salt solution.
3. Use very little amount of saturated solution of copper sulphate, aluminium
sulphate, iron sulphate and zinc sulphate.
4. Use very small pieces of metal every time.
5. Do not touch any chemical.