Tenses
1. Present Simple
Form: Subject + base verb (+ s/es)
Use:
Habits and routines
General truths and facts
Fixed schedules
Time markers: always, usually, often, every day, never
Examples:
She walks to school.
The Earth revolves around the sun.
2. Present Continuous (Progressive)
Form: Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing
Use:
Actions happening now
Temporary actions
Planned future events
Time markers: now, at the moment, currently, today
Examples:
I am reading a book.
They are coming tomorrow
3. Present Perfect
Form: Subject + has/have + past participle (V3)
Use:
Actions with results in the present
Unspecified past experiences
Time markers: already, yet, ever, never, just, so far
Examples:
She has visited Paris.
I have already eaten.
4. Present Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + has/have been + verb + ing
Use:
Ongoing action started in the past and still continuing
Recently stopped actions with present effect
Time markers: for, since, all day, lately, recently
Examples:
They have been working since morning.
He has been crying, look at his eyes.
5. Past Simple
Form: Subject + verb (past form)
Use:
Completed actions in the past
Past facts or habitat
Time markers: yesterday, last week, in 2000, ago
Examples:
I visited my grandmother last weekend.
He played football when he was young.
6. Past Continuous
Form: Subject + was/were + verb + ing
Use:
Action in progress at a specific time in the past
Two simultaneous past actions
Interrupted action
Time markers: while, when, as
Examples:
She was cooking while he was watching TV.
I was reading when the phone rang.
7. Past Perfect
Form: Subject + had + past participle (V3)
Use:
An action completed before another past action
Time markers: before, after, by the time, already
Examples:
I had eaten before he arrived.
She had left when we got there.
8. Past Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + had been + verb + ing
Use:
Emphasizes the duration before a point in the past
Time markers: for, since, before
Examples:
They had been studying for two hours before the exam.
He had been living in London for a year before he
moved to Paris.
9. Future Simple
Form: Subject + will + base verb
Use:
Predictions
Promises
Spontaneous decisions
Time markers: tomorrow, next week, in the future,
soon
Examples
I will call you later.
It will rain this evening.
10. Future Continuous
Form: Subject + will be + verb + ing
Use:
Ongoing action at a specific time in the future
Time markers: at this time tomorrow, next week at 5
PM
Examples:
I will be traveling at this time tomorrow.
She will be waiting for you at the station.
11. Future Perfect
Form: Subject + will have + past participle (V3)
Use:
Action completed before a point in the future
Time markers: by tomorrow, by next year, by the time
Examples:
By next year, he will have graduated.
She will have finished the project by Monday.
12. Future Perfect Continuous
Form: Subject + will have been + verb + ing
Use:
Duration of action before a certain time in the future
Time markers: for, since, by the time
Examples:
By 6 PM, I will have been working for 8 hours.
He will have been living here for 10 years by next
month
