In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the
southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-
day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples. These ancestors, known variously as the Basket
Makers, the Line Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the area for at least 2,000
years. They were
(5) an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.The
Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were
originally built in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D.,
the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together into
rambling multistoried complexes, which the Spanish called pueblos or villages.
(10) Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos ― known as kivas or chapels ―
were set aside for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was
believed tolead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than
800 rooms. The Anasazi family was matrilinear, that is, descent was traced through
the female.
The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest
female, but the (15) actual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women
owned the rooms the pueblo and the crops, once they were harvested. While still
growing, crops belonged to the men who, in contrast to most other Native American
groups, planted them. The women made baskets and pottery; the men wove textiles
and crafted turquoise jewelry.
(20) Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and
religious affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that
broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building
projects. The cohesive political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost
impossible for other groups to conquer them.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) The culture of the Anasazi people
(b) European settlement in what became the southeastern United States
(c) The construction of Anasazi houses
(d) Political structures of Native American peoples
2. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way
they ---
(a) stored their crops
(b) fertilized their fields
(c) watered their crops
(d) planted their fields
3. The word "pits" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(a) stages
(b) scars
(c) seeds
(d) holes
4. The word "stories" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(a) articles (b) tales
(c) levels (d) rumors
5. Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi
family?
(a) A twenty-year-old man
(b) A twenty-year-old woman
(c) A forty-year-old man
(d) A forty-year-old woman
6. The word "they" in line 16 refers to
(a) women (b) crops
(c) rooms (d) pueblos
7. The word "disputes" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) discussions
(b) arguments
(c) developments
(d) purchases
8. Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men?
(a) Making baskets
(b) Planting crops
(c) building homes
(d) Crafting jewelry
9. According to the passage, what made it almost impossible for other groups to
conquer the Anasazi?
(a) The political and social organization of th Anasazi
(b) The military tactics employed by the Anasazi
(c) The Anasazi's agricultural technology
(d) The natural barriers surrounding Anasazi villages
10. The passage supports which of the following generalizations?
(a) The presence of the Spanish threatened Anasazi society.
(b) The Anasazi benefited from trading relations with the Spanish.
(c) Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.
(d) Conflicts between neighboring Anasazi villages were easily resolved.
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so
early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical
maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set
the table with impressive accuracy—one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for
each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five
knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen
pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It
seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at
birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade
mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. In the twentieth century, the work of cognitive
psychologists illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual
progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped—or, as the case
might be, bumped into—concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for
instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass
into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked
to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils but must
be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of
mathematics are mastered gradually and with effort. They have also suggested that the
very concept of abstract numbers—the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that
applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more
mathematically demanding than setting a table—is itself far from innate.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Trends in teaching mathematics to children
(B) The use of mathematics in child psychology
(C) The development of mathematical ability in children
(D) The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn
32. It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting
(A) soon after they learn to talk
(B) by looking at the clock
(C) when they begin to be mathematically mature
(D) after they reach second grade in school
33. The word “illuminated” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) illustrated
(B) accepted
(C) clarified
(D) lighted
34. The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water
changes when it is transferred to a container of a different
(A) color
(B) quality
(C) weight
(D) shape
35. According to the passage, when small children were asked to count a pile of red
and blue pencils they
(A) counted the number of pencils of each color
(B) guessed at the total number of pencils
(C) counted only the pencils of their favorite color
(D) subtracted the number of red pencils from the number of blue pencils
36. The word “They” in line 17 refers to
(A) mathematicians
(B) children
(C) pencils
(D) studies
37. The word “prerequisite” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) reason
(B) theory
(C) requirement
(D) technique
38. The word “itself” in line 20 refers to
(A) the total
(B) the concept of abstract numbers
(C) any class of objects
(D) setting a table
39. With which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to
agree?
(A) Children naturally and easily learn mathematics.
(B) Children learn to add before they learn to subtract.
(C) Most people follow the same pattern of mathematical development.
(D) Mathematical development is subtle and gradual.
40. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a hypothetical
experiment?
(A) Lines 3–6
(B) Lines 7–9
(C) Lines 11–14
(D) Lines 17–20
the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention
of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously
unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron
microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures.
Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons,
offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception
still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development,
however,was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron
microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's electron microscopes
routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope,
while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years,
however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such
as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness
available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century,
were the only available sources of soft X rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided
byoptical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain
chemicalelements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the
promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike
conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in
air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions
similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the
wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a
meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases.
Because of the wavelength ofthe X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will
never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their
special properties will make possible investiga tions that will complement those
performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
29. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The detail seen through a
microscope
(B) Sources of illumination for
microscope
(C) A new kind of microscope
(D) Outdated microscopic
techniques
30. According to the passage, theinvention of the visible-light microscope allowed
scientists to
(A) see viruses directly
(B) develop the electronmicroscope later on
(C) understand more about the distribution of the chemical elements
(D) discover single-celled plants and animals they had never seen before
31. The word "minuscule" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) circular
(B) dangerous
(C) complex
(D) tiny
32. The word "it" in line 7 refers to
(A) a type of microscope
(B) human perception
(C) the natural world
(D) light
33. Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?
(A) To begin a discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries
(B) To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective
(C) To show how limited its uses are
(D) To explain how it functioned
34. Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?
(A) Funds for research were insufficient.
(B) The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.
(C) Materials used to manufacture X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain.
(D) X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate.
35. The word "enables" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) constitutes
(B) specifies
(C) expands
(D) allows
36. The word "Rather" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) significantly
(B) preferably
(C) somewhat
(D) instead
37. The word "those" in line 29 refers to
(A) properties
(B) investigations
(C) microscopes
(D) X rays
38. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray
microscopes in the future?
(A) They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether.
(B) They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are now.
(C) They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.
(D) They will eventually chance the illumination range that they now use
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of
Independence,beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men
who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It
was she, a Line Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the
Declaration, the first
(5) copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of
all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother
opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to
get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother
(10) who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence
Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he
opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard
was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The
Maryland Jounal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal
(15) service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary Katherine Goddard's name
appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it
commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of
Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the
post
(20) riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's
only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the
colonies." She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 ― appointed by
Benjamin Franklin ― and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal
position.
33. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher
(B) The weaknesses of the newspaper industry
(C) The rights of a female publisher
(D) The publishing system in colonial America
34. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because
(A) she helped write the original document
(B) she published the document
(C) she paid to have the document printed
(D) her brother was in prison
35. The word "heralded" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) influenced
(B) announced
(C) rejected
(D) ignored
36. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in
publishing when she
(A) was appointed by Benjamin Franklin
(B) signed the Declaration of Independence
(C) took over her brother's printing shop
(D) moved to Baltimore
37. The word "there" in line 17 refers to
(A) the colonies
(B) the print shop
(C) Baltimore
(D) Providence
38. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was
(A) an accomplished businesswoman
(B) extremely wealthy
(C) a member of the Continental Congress
(D) a famous writer
39. The word "position" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) job
(B) election
(C) document
(D) location
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of
perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a
new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at
familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish,
harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked
realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don
Quixotemakes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of
science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None
of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected
to the claims ofpure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine
before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It
was the manner of expression, the satiric method, that made them interesting and
entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not
because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and
refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and
secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives,
scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal
idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It his lived because readers appreciate
a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous
thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into
an a wareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to
remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is
sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight
degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to
them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.
Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear
them expressed.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Difficulties of writing satiric literature
(B) Popular topics of satire
(C) New philosophies emerging from satiric literature
(D) Reasons for the popularity of satire
40.The word "realization" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) certainty
(B) awareness
(C) surprise
(D) confusion
41. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World, and A Modest
Proposal in lines 6-8?
(A) They are famous examples of satiric literature.
(B) They present commonsense solutions to problems.
(C) They are appropriate for readers of all ages.
(D) They are books with similar stories.
42. The word "aesthetically" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) artistically
(B) exceptionally
(C) realistically
(D) dependably
43. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?
(A) Newly emerging philosophies
(B) Odd combinations of objects and ideas
(C) Abstract discussion of morals and ethics
(D) Wholesome characters who are unselfish
44. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be
(A) informed about new scientificdevelopments
(B) exposed to original philosophies when they are formulated
(C) reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate
(D) told how they call be of service to their communities
45. The word "refreshing" in line 19 is closest ill meaning to
(A) popular
(B) ridiculous
(C) meaningful
(D) unusual
46. The word "they" in line 22 refers to
(A) people
(B) media
(C) ideals
(D) movies
47. The word "devote" in line 25 is
closest in meaning to
(A) distinguish
(B) feel affection
(C) prefer
(D) dedicate
48. As a result of reading satiric literature, readers will be most likely to
(A) teach themselves to write fiction
(B) accept conventional points of view
(C) become better informed about current affairs
(D) reexamine their opinions and values
49. The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT
(A) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations
(B) brushing away illusions
(C) reminding readers of the truth
(D) exposing false values
50. Why does the author mention “service of humanity" in line 25?
(A) People need to be reminded totake action
(B) Readers appreciate knowingabout it
(C) It is an ideal that is rarelyachieved
(D) Popular media often distort such stories
