ENG241: INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

The simplest way to explain the term language is probably to say that it is a means of communication

To use a modern expression associated with wireless communication, language helps mankind to “stay connected!”

Sapir (1921: 18) sees language as: …a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions
and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.

Gimson (1980: 4-5) describes language as: …a system of conventional symbols used for communication by a whole
community, the pattern of conventions covers a system of significant sound units, the inflection and the arrangement
of words and the association of meaning with words.

Hall (1968: 158) says that language is: …the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by
means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols

__words are words whose pronunciations suggest their meanings such as clean, sneeze, flush
onomatopoeic words

the features of language__

 language is arbitrary and conventional
 language is non instinctive
 language is essentially used among human beings

language that can be said to be artificial or non human is includes__

animal and machine language

the artificial languages crafted from existing natural language(s) are_

Esperanto, Wazobia

The artificial language “Esperanto” was crafted in the late 19th century

Wa-zo-bia” was coined from the word meaning come in the three languages spoken by the larger ethnic groups in
Nigeria (Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo)

languages are realized through symbols which are either oral-auditory (spoken) or graphic (written).

Language is primarily a system of phonetic symbols for the expression of communicable thought and feeling is
called__
primacy of speech

the languages in the world which are not written whereas all are spoken is called primacy of speech

the two main language mediums are Spoken language and the written language
Spoken language consists of sounds – organised sounds – which result from the action of the speech organs. The ..
organised sound is perceived via hearing.

The written language is produced by use of symbols that can be visually recognised by the reader, and is referred to as
the visual medium

__ consists of symbols that are identified through the sense of ‘touch’.

tactile medium

A common feature of the tactile medium is__

is that they serve as a link between the sender of a message and the receiver of it.

the major components of language may be approached through a consideration of the following:
(i) levels of language such as phonology, phonetics, syntax, semantics; (ii) sounds and letters; (iii) speech and
writing.

One simple way to explain the term sound is to see it as a unit of speech which is produced by the human speech
organs

IPA stands for International Phonetics Alphabet stands

The International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) comprises the symbols that are used to represent sounds

A syllable is made of up of sounds and is considered to be the minimum speech unit.

A syllable is sometimes the size of a word or the size of a sound

The difference between Spoken and written language are__

 In speech, the focus is on clarity while In writing, emphasis is on appropriateness of usage.
 Speech is made of sounds and is produced for the ears.
 In speech, there seems to be always a greater degree of repetition and the use of softeners such as ‘you see,
you know, what I mean is….’ than in writing while in In writing, the writer has the opportunity to choose
between alternatives, thereby avoiding repetition.
 Speech is time-bound and dynamic.

In the language hierarchy, ‘Phonetics’ comes first and it is followed by ‘Phonology’

phonetics constitutes the study of the smallest unit of speech and it provides the raw materials for phonology to build
on.

Phonetics is concerned with the study of the sounds of natural languages…languages into which human beings are
born.

Phonetics is the study of production of sounds as produced by the organs of speech

__ It deals with the analysis of the sounds of languages in terms of articulation, transmission and perception
Phonetics

There are three major braches in the study of phonetics, namely acoustic Phonetics, articulatory Phonetics, and
auditory Phonetics.

Acoustic Phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air (sound waves).
Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced.
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Auditory Phonetics refers to the ability to detect sounds

Auditory Phonetics is also reffered to as hearing phonetics

A common rule of thumb used to describe human hearing is that human hearing is sensitive in the range of sound
wave or frequency of 20 decibel or Hertz to 20 kHz

Auditory phonetics studies how the human hearing organ perceives sound.

Phonemes constitute the basic unit of study in Phonetics

Phonology deals with the organisation, grouping, patterning and distribution of the basic sounds of natural languages
(vowels and consonants).

The syllable is the basic unit of Phonology

In phonology, distinctive features of phonemes are determined and used to describe, compare and contrast
phonemes

Phonological analysis is also concerned how sound patterns are conditioned in the context of other sounds

The relationship between phonetics and phonology is such that human speech is the subject matter

Phonetics is the starting point while phonology takes off from where phonetics ends.

The dual nature of human languages makes it possible for languages to be broken down into various units so that it is
possible to be learnt

Phonetics as a level of language study deals with the physical realization of sounds as produced by the organs of
speech.

__ deals with the study and analysis of the speech sounds of languages in terms of articulation, transmission and
perception.
Phonetics

There are three main component of phonetics which are acoustic phonetics (the physics or instrumental production of
sounds), articulatory phonetics (production of sounds with the speech organs), and auditory phonetics (perception of
sounds with the ears).

The sounds in phonetics that do not belong to any particular language is called universal sounds

Phonology is a branch of linguistics that deals with useful sounds of a specific language

Adetugbo (1992:103) says, “phonology takes phonetic facts…but goes further to study speech sounds as constituting a
system in any language”

Phonetics is the scientific study of human speech sounds.

__ study provides methods for the identification, description, classification, and transcription of human speech
sounds.
Phonetics

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Articulatory phonetics refers to the approach to the phonetic medium that seeks to explain and classify speech
sounds in terms of the variations in the production of the speech sounds.

In articulatory phonetics speech sounds are described in terms of the organs which produce them and how these
organs behave during their production.

__ branch of phonetics sees speech mainly as an activity of the hearer: how the hearer perceives and interprets
speech sounds.
Auditory

__ branch of phonetics concentrates attention on studying the physical properties of the sound waves generated
when the speech organs go into activity.
Acoustic

One way to describe speech is to see it as a medium of transmission for language

When air leaves the lungs (where it is normally stored), it moves through the trachea to the larynx which covers and
encloses the vocal lips (vocal bands, vocal cords or vocal folds)

Voice be seen as a technical term that refers to phonation

__is a prearticulatory output from the vibration of the vocal lips.

Phonation

In the realization of a plosive consonant, four stages described here in sporting terms are notable:
 Two articulators come together
 The air from the lungs is now held completely in check
 There follows a sudden parting of the organs, a process which allows the imprisoned air to escape
 What follows immediately in the wake of the plosion may be voicing or voicelessness depending on the
action of the vocal lips

With respect to English, six consonant sounds /p, b, t, d, k, g/ are often realized following the four stages .Of these six,
/b,d,g/ are generally said to be voiced (even if they are not equally vigorously voided in all word positions), while /p, t,
k/ are generally said to be voiceless.

Fricative consonants are realized when articulating organs get near to each other, leaving a small space between
them. Because of the narrowed space, the air that passes through makes some kind of hissing sound

Fricative consonants are often said to be continuant consonants, and this is because of the fact that the fricative
sounds can be continued almost indefinitely so long as the speaker has enough air to continue the pronunciation at
any given time.

The English language has a total of twenty vowels which are twelve pure vowels and eight diphthongs

Pure vowels, also called monothongs

__ are those vowels which are produced by the movement of the tongue in one direction only
Pure vowels

Pure vowels are also described as simple vocalic sounds that are said to have ‘a steady state articulation’, implying
that the tongue, lips and jaw achieve, however briefly, a stable configuration, commonly called Target Configuration
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There are three subgroups of vowels which are_
 Front [i:, , e, æ]
 Back [ , :, u, u:]
 Central [ , , :]

Hyman (1975:59) defines the phoneme as a minimal unit of sound capable of distinguishing words of different
meanings

A traditional way of arriving at significant sounds in all natural languages (and hence phonemes in them), is through
the construction of minimal pairs.

A single phoneme can be realized (pronounced) in different ways depending on where the sound occurs in the word
called The Allophone

A phonological system is generally concerned with phonological units which are significant and/or contrastive and are
therefore differentially replaceable with other significant units within a given language.

A major feature of the phonological system is that the units in each system have the function of distinguishing or
isolating words and changes in words as a result of occurrence in mutually inclusive environments.

A phonological structure is generally concerned with phonological units which cooccur together in a horizontal
arrangement

Within the phonological structure of English, there are sounds which enter into complementary distribution. Such
sounds are normally allophones of phonemes.

Allophones in complementary distribution are those which cannot be replaced by other allophones without bringing
about a change in the meaning of the words concerned.

Phonological processes are a common and predictable part of phonological development often recognized as simple
pronunciation alteration.

When phonemes are combined to form words, the segments of neighbouring phonemes become juxtaposed and
sometimes undergo changes.

Phonological processes are the changes sounds undergo for occurring with other sounds in a particular phonological
environment.

__ are a set of restructuring which link the underlying structure to the phonetic structure.
Phonological processes

Assimilation is a phonological process where a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound, which
follows or precedes it

The functions of assimilation are___

 To save time
 To anticipate other sounds
 For ease of articulation
Nasalisation is a phonological process whereby a non-nasal sound picks on the features of a nasal sound because it
occurs in the same distributional environment

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Dissimilation is a process whereby sounds become less similar to their surrounding segments

__ is a phonological process whereby two contiguous sounds are replaced by one which, though different from each of
the two shares some properties in common with each of the two original sounds.
Coalescence

Contraction is a phonological process whereby a sequence of two identical segments is reduced to one.

Vowel Reduction is a phonological process whereby unstressed vowels are weekend to schwa, this process abound in
English

____ is a phonological process whereby a segment that had existed is lost or become zero.
Elision /Deletion

____ affects a morpheme or a sound at initial position. This is initial deletion

Aphaeresis

__ is a process, which takes place when two distinctive sounds (phonemes) in a language are no longer distinctive.
Neutralization

__ is a phonological process whereby the order of segments is juxtaposed.

Metathesis

Phonological process is the change sounds undergo for occurring in the same environment with other sounds.

Minimal pairs are representative of elements of speech, which have difference only in one segment of their make-up.

Minimal pairs can occur at the segmental sound level and the level of the suprasegmentals, especially that of stress.

The phonetic base for minimal pairs can be found in the phonetic elements that help us to determine the nature of a
sound

__ are referring to the sound elements made within a language.

Phone

A phoneme is a sound segment that has been found to possess significance in terms of its existence and
meaningfulness within a language.

Allophones are usually variants of the same phoneme.

The position in which the stress is placed in this group of words is the phonemic.

intonation in English may be classified into two groups which are__

 simple or undirectional
 complex or bidirectional.

__ intonation are those with pitch movement involving no change of direction on the tonic syllable;
simple or undirectional

__ intonation are those with pitch movement involving change of direction on the tonic syllable.
complex or bidirectional.

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Statements without implication, commands, wh-s are generally known to be realized on a falling intonation

When the pitch of the voice rises at the end of an utterance or at a tonic syllable, we have a rising intonation

A syllable is the smallest unit of pronunciation is a word.

__ can also be defined as the puff of air that accompanies the production of speech sounds.
Syllable

Syllable can also be considered as the most prominent or sonorous sound in a sound neighbourhood or phonetic
environment.

Sonority is the phonetic loudness of sounds

Otto Jesperson, defines syllable as the most Peak prominent or relatively loudest or most sonorous sound in a sound
neighbourhood or (Nucleus) Coda phonetic environment.

Oral stops are the least sonorous while vowels are the most sonorous.

The four major structures of syllables are__

• A minimum syllable with a single vowel in isolation e.g. are /a: /, or / : / and err / :/ These are preceded
and followed by silence. Structurally this is a V-syllable structure.
• Some syllables have an onset e.g. bar /ba: /, key / ki: /, more /m : /. CVstructure
• Syllables with no onset, but coda e.g. am /æm/, ought / :t /, ease /i:z/. VC structure
• Syllables with onset and coda e.g. run /r n /, sat / sæt /, fill / fIl /. CVC Structure

The major problem in the phonetic description of the syllable is on the division between syllable or syllable boundary
(+).

There are three types of syllables which are: monosyllabic, disyllabic and polysyllabic words

the pulse theory states that when the pulmonic air stream mechanism is in action, the respiratory muscles alternately
contract and relax so that the air is expelled in a succession of small puffs with each contraction.

According to the prominence theory, syllables may be distinguished in terms of their peaks and valleys of sonority, the
peaks denoting the areas where the sound comes out most audibly, the valleys designating the areas of comparatively
less audible sound produced.

The term syllable juncture refers to the demarcation of a word of more than one syllable into its syllable components.

accentuation refers to the emphasis or the totality of energy that makes a sound, a syllable, a word or even a stretch
of utterance to stand out from the other sounds, syllables, words or stretches of utterances

Accent refers to a variety of pronunciation associated with a particular person or group.

Ward (1972:156) sees accentuation as prominence which can be achieved through a very intimate combination of two
or more of length, stress, pitch and inherent sonority of sounds.

Gimson (1977:33) sees accentuation in a way quite similar to the above: as prominence which can be achieved
through any or all of four factors: stress, pitch, quality and quantity.

stress is indicated specifically as: “loudness for the listener” while pitch prominence associated with it (stress) is
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considered the most important correlate for the determination of the accentual system of the given language.

Clark and Yallop (1990:288) indicates that accentuation and stress are sometimes used as alternative terms, and in
this rather loose sense, what is referred to as word stress or lexical stress may, alternatively, be referred to as word
accent or lexical accent

Rhythm is sometimes known by another name – timing.

The rhythms of natural languages are classified into three: stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed

Languages which are stress-timed are generally said to be those whose utterances can be broken down into parts (or
feet) which are isochronous

Syllable-timed languages are also said to be those which are isochronous, but unlike the situation with stress-timed
languages, the basis for the segmentation is the syllable, whether accented or unaccented.

When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows or precedes it, we say that__ has
taken place.
assimilation

___ are often characterised by a glide from one vowel position to another.
Diphthongs

When a non-nasal sound picks on the features of a nasal sound because it occurs in the same distributional
environment,__ is said to have occurred
Nasalization

Consonants produced with some kind of hissing sound are said to be__
Fricatives

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [m] can be described as___,__,__
voiced, bilabial, nasal

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [z] can be described as__,___,____
voiced,alveolar,fricative

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [f] can be described as___
voiceless, labiodental, fricative

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [k] can be described as___,__,___
voiceless,velar, plosive

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [t] can be described as___,____,___
voiceless, alveolar, plosive

The twelve pure vowels in English are referred to as___

Monothongs

The vowels are those sounds which are generally produced with no___ of air stream.
Obstruction

Articulators are generally classified into___ and ___ Articulators

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active, passive

The blocking of the oral cavity takes place when___ sounds are to be realized All__ in natural languages are normally
voiced
Vowels

When the vocal lips are still open, air passes through them without vibration thereby resulting in the production of___
sounds.
Voiceless

A sound that comes with the vibration of the vocal cords is normally___
Voiced

No two languages share the same___ in their organisation of sounds.

Phonology

Phonetics describes the sounds of general languages, while phonology studies the sound system of a__ language.
Particular

Of all the range of sounds described in phonetics, only a small fraction of these sounds is__
Significant

In the description of a language's sound system,____ usually takes off from where phonetics stops.
Phonology

___ are classified according to the parameters of lengthening, heightening of the tongue and shape of the lips.
Vowels

Consonants are classified according to the parameters of___.____.____

place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing

When the differences in sound combinations are as a result of non-segmental phenomena like tone, intonation and
rhythm, it is referred to as___phonology.
Suprasegmental

Following phonological convention, symbols which are used to indicate the phonemes, syllables or words being
pronounced are written within___
Slashes

___ studies the restrictions and regular patterns of sound combinations.

Phonotactics

Phonology is the study of The___and___ of the basic sounds of natural languages.

organisation, distribution

Phonemes are the___and ___ sounds of language

distinctive, significant

___ constitute the basic unit of study in phonetics

Phones

In a phonetic study,___ brackets are used to enclose phonetic symbols.

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Square

The basic sounds of any natural languages are___ and____

consonants, vowels

__ phonetics studies how the human hearing organ perceives sound.

Auditory

___ phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced.

Articulatory

The transmission of speech sounds through the air is known as___ phonetics.
Acoustic

The three major branches in the study of phonetics are___,___ and____

acoustic, articulatory, auditory

Phonetics deals with the analysis of the sounds of language in terms of__,___and___
articulation,transmission, perception

The___ function of language makes it possible for one to study human language at any linguistic level.
Dual

The approach to phonetics Is__ in that its analysis of the subject matter is accurate and verifiable.
Scientific

The output of phonetics is The___ of phonology.

Input

Phonetics provides the___ for phonology to build on.

raw materials

___ is the study of the production of sounds in language.

Phonetics

Meaning in speech can be made clear through such extra-linguistic cues like___,___and ___
Facial,expression,gestures

The levels of language are____,___and ___

phonetics,phonology,semantics,syntax

A___ is made up of sounds and is considered to be the minimum speech unit.

Syllable

In the sound production system, the air that leaves the____ moves through the trachea to the larynx.
Lungs

___ comprises the symbols that are used to represent sounds of the world languages.
The International Phonetics Alphabet

Sound differs from noise in that sound is___ while noise is usually___
meaningful,meaningless

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The term 'sound' is seen as a unit of___
speech

The written language used by the visually impaired is in the form of the___
Braille

The sense of___ is utilised to perceive spoken language.

Hearing

Because the organized sound in spoken language is perceived via hearing, the spoken medium is often called the___
medium
Aural

Spoken languages consist of sounds, which are produced by the___

organs of speech

The fact that all languages are spoken and there are many languages in the world which are not written
is often described as the___
primacy of speech

All natural languages are usually first spoken and later___ if necessary.
Written

The symbols through which languages are realized could be either__or___

phonic, graphic

__ enhances the continuity of natural languages

Cultural transmission

Artificial’ and ‘non-human’ language include____and___languages

animal, machine

Some of the features common to all languages are___,___and ___

conventionality, arbitrariness, humanity

In spite of the communicative and social roles of language, nobody knows precisely how language__
originated

Through __, people are able to live together, to interact and to express their thoughts and feelings
language

The simplest way to explain the term language is probably to say that it is a means of___
communicating

When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows or precedes it, we say that___ has
taken place
assimilation

__ are often characterised by a glide from one vowel position to another.

Diphthongs

When a non-nasal sound picks on the features of a nasal sound because it occurs in the same distributional
environment___
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nasalization

Consonants produced with some kind of hissing sound are said to be___
fricatives

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [m] can be described as___,___and___
voiced, bilabial, nasal

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [z] can be described as____,___and ___
voiced,alveolar,fricative

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [f] can be described as___
voiceless,labiodental,fricative

Using the formal descriptive pattern of consonants in English, [k] can be described as__,__and___
voiceless,velar, plosive

The simplest way to explain the term language is probably to say that it is a means of___
communicating

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ----------- bouquet
bucket

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ----------- rest
asked

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ----------- High
who

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ------- past
preached

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: -------- cough
Trophy

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ------------ buSiness
eyes

Match the sound indicated in this word with a corresponding one in the options: ----------- CHalet
champagne

………………………..usually form the peak of the syllable.

Vowels

A ------------------ is the smallest unit of pronunciation in a word

Syllable

Languages which use pitch variation are generally said to be -------------------.

intonational/tonal

The most common phonological rule is ----------

Assimilation

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A sequence of two or more consonants in a syllable is called -------------------.
Consonant cluster

Allophones of a phoneme are said to be in ---------------

Complementary distribution

A phoneme can be realized in different ways depending on --------------------.

The environment of realization

A traditional way of arriving at significant sounds in all natural languages is through the construction of
-------------------.
minimal pairs

A phoneme is a ----------------- unit of sound capable of distinguishing words of different meanings.

Minimal

A significant sound segment may be said to represent a ------------------------.

Phoneme

Vowel number 1 on the vowel chart is -----------------.

[i:]

The schwa is normally identified as vowel number ---------------- on the vowel chart.
12

eiə] is an example of a ----- -----------.

Triphthong

[ei] is an example of a --------------------.

Diphthong

[u] can be phonetically described as ------------------- --- vowel.

a back and rounded

[a:] can be phonetically described as ------------------- -- vowel.

An unrounded and long vowel

The vowel sound technically referred to as the schwa normally occurs in --------------- syllable.
An unstressed

[w] can be phonetically described as -----------------------.

a bilabial semivowel

[r] can be phonetically described as ------------------- ----.

alveolar liquid

[h] can be phonetically described as ---------------.

a voiceless glottal fricative

[n] is -------------------. an alveolar

nasal

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___ is the major means of communication between individuals and countries
Language

The fact that language is a(n) ____ behaviour means that it is non-instructive
Acquired

___ is the language coined from Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo

WAZOBIA

One of these two languages in parenthesis (Urhobo; Esperanto) stands a greater chance of continuity
Urhobo

The graphic aspect of language is expressed through ____

Writing

The acronym IPA stands for _____

International Phonetics Alphabet

The minimum speech unit in a language is known as ____

Syllable

The English word _____ is transcribed as /fait/

Fight

The English word _____ is transcribed as /mᴂt/

Mat

The English word _____ is transcribed as /aƱə/

Hour

The English word _____ is transcribed as /meid/

Made

The English word _____ is transcribed as /gaƱ/

Go

The English word _____ is transcribed as /ti:θ/

Teeth

The English word _____ is transcribed as /maƱθ/

Mouth

Hierarchically, in the study of language, one of the options in parenthesis (phonology; phonetics) comes first
Phonetics

___ phonetics studies how sounds are produced

Articulatory

The English language has ____ number of pure vowels

12

The English word _____ is transcribed as /fa:ðə/

Father
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A sound that is produced with vibration is otherwise known as a ____ sound
Voiced

Another term for Vocal lips is ____

Vocal cords

One of the two sounds in parenthesis (vowel; consonant) can serve as a word
Vowel

Another word for the term LENIS is___

Weak

___ sound is realised through the nose

Nasal

In sound production, articulatory movements are usually (downward; upward)

Upward

One of the two types of sounds in parenthesis (consonant; vowel) is usually produced without any audible obstruction
in the speech organs
Vowel

One of the sound types in parenthesis (consonant; vowel) is peripheral in the structure of words
Consonant

Vowels produced with a gliding of the tongue from one position to another are called _____
Diphthongs

The different realisations of a sound are known as ___ of the sound

Allophones

The clear /l/sound in English occurs in the (medial; initial) position

Initial

When a phoneme is significant, it is ______ (contrastive; compulsory)

Contrastive

The following words: ten;den; peg;keg; mat;bat are examples of ____

Minimal pairs

One of the options in parenthesis (phonetics; phonology) studies the ways in which sounds are organised in a
particular language
Phonology

The phonological process in which a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows or
precedes it is known as ____
Assimilation

The phonological process whereby sounds become less similar to their surrounding segments is known as ____
Dissimilation

The term syncopation refers to (internal; external) deletion

Internal
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Square brackets are used to indicate (phonemes; phones) in phonology
Phones

The term apocopation refers to the deletion of the (initial; final) segments of words
Final

Professor ___ was reputed for juxtapositioning segments

Spooner

The term phone refers to _____(sound; word)

Sound

Nigerian languages are ____(stress-timed; tonal) in structure

Tonal

One of the words in parenthesis (MOther; moTHER) has the correct stress placement
Mother

One of the words in parenthesis (anGER; ANger) has the correct stress placement
Anger

One of the words in parenthesis (Identity; iDentity) has the correct stress placement
Identity

One of the words in parenthesis (tarGET; TARget) has the correct stress placement
TARget

One of the words in parenthesis (examiNAtion; EXAmination) has the correct stress placement
examiNAtion

One of the words in parenthesis (ADmit; adMit) has the correct stress placement
adMit

The word TRANSFORMATION contains ____ number of syllables

4

The word ACCESSIBLILITY contains ____ number of syllables

6

The syllabic structure for the capitalised word: SPIT is _____ (CCVC; CCCV)
CCVC

The syllabic structure for the capitalised word: ARE is _____ (VC; V)
V

The soft palate is otherwise known as the ___

Velum

One of the options in parenthesis (Maori; Esperanto) is an artificial language: ____

Esperanto

Language is described as ___ because it uses symbols

Visual
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One of the options in parenthesis (writing; speech) is dynamic in nature: ___
Speech

One of the fields of linguistics in parenthesis (phonology; phonetics) studies the articulation, transmission and
perception of human sounds: ____
Phonetics

The term for the variants of phonemes is _______

Allophones

The pure vowels of English are ___ in number

12

The articulators refer to the ____ of speech

Organs

___ is the scientific study of human speech sounds

Phonetics

The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, _____ phonetics and auditory phonetics
Acoustic

___ are two words in English which are morphologically similar except for one sound which makes a difference in their
meanings
Minimal pairs

Nigerian languages are (intonational; tonal)

Tonal

The movable organs in speech production are also known as the ______(passive; active) articulators
Active

One of the options in parenthesis (consonant; vowel) can serve as a word

Vowel

In phonology, the term ‘double sound’ refers to ____

Diphthong

The term for the symbol /ə/ is ______

Schwa

___ is described as a minimal unit of sound capable of distinguishing words of different meanings
Phoneme

The phonological process of assimilation could either be progressive or ____

Regressive

A syllable comprise the onset, ___ and nucleus

Coda

When a syllable begins with a vowel in English, it is said to have a ___ onset
Zero
..
The speech error which results in the reversal of the order of the segments in a word is known as _____
Metathesis

The words ban;barn, seat;sit are examples of ___

Minimal pairs

A language where the variation of voice pitch is reflected in items higher than the word is said to be (tonal;
intonational) Intonational

The rising intonation pattern is used for the Yes or ___

No

___ is described as a puff of air that accompanies the production of speech sounds
Syllable

One of the options in parenthesis (CVC; CCV) is the syllabic structure of the capitalised word BAT
CVC

One of the options in parenthesis (V; VC) is the syllabic structure of the capitalised word ARE
V

One of the options in parenthesis (CVCVC; CCCVC) is the syllabic structure of the capitalised word SPRITE
CCCVC

One of the options in parenthesis (CVCV; CCCV) is the syllabic structure of the capitalised word DIRTY
CVCV

One of the options in parenthesis (CCV; CVC) is the syllabic structure of the capitalised word JUDGE
CVC

The sound /f/ is a voiceless ___ fricative

Labio-dental

The sound /m/ is a ____ nasal

Bilabial

The sound /g/ is a voiced _____

Velar plosive

The sound /θ/ is a voiceless _____

Dental fricative

The sound /t/ is a voiceless ______

Alveolar plosive

One of these two sounds in parenthesis will be pronounced with an explosion (/f/; /t/)
/t/

One of these sounds in parenthesis is realised by bringing together the articulating organs and a sudden release of the
sound (/d/; /v/)
/d/

One of these sounds in parenthesis (/z/; /g/) is realised with a hissing sound
..
/z/

The air passes through the nose when one of these sounds in parenthesis (/ŋ/; /g/) is realised
/ŋ/

Air flows out from the sides of the mouth when one of the sounds in parenthesis (/f/; /l/) is produced
/l/

A baby is said to (imitate; acquire) a language

Acquire

One of these words (hide; hour) has an initial voiceless consonant sound
Hour

One of these options in parenthesis (WEIvð; weiVð) shows the right stress for the word WAIVER
/WEIvð/

One of these options in parenthesis (disKↄ:S; DISkↄ:s) shows the right stress for the word DISCOURSE (Noun)
DISkↄ:s

One of these options in parenthesis (ʧa:tə; ʧa:tə ) reflects the right stress for the word CHARTER
ʧa:tə

One of these options in parenthesis (prɒdϳʊ:s; prɒdϳʊ:s) reflects the right stress for the word PRODUCE (Noun)
prɒdϳʊ:s

One of the following options in parenthesis (/əbl/; /eibl/) is the correct transcription of the capitalised word ABLE
/eibl/

One of the following options in parenthesis (/ma:ʃin/; /məʃin/) is the correct transcription of the capitalised word
MACHINE
/məʃin/

One of the following options in parenthesis (/gəut/; /gaʊt/) is the correct transcription of the capitalised word GOAT
/gəut/

One of the following options in parenthesis (/peipə/; /peipa/) is the correct transcription of the capitalised word
PAPER
/peipə/

One of the following options comprises symbols that represent sounds in natural language: -----
APA

When the vocal lips are partially open, the air that passes through them result in a _____
noise

The language called Esperanto was created in one of these centuries

15th

One of the following terms refers to the branch of linguistics that studies universal sounds: ___
Phonostatics

One of the following options is connected to the way hearers perceive sounds: ------
..
Acoustic phonetics

The /p/ sound is said to be ___ if it is produced with a puff air when it occurs in a word initial position
Aspirated

One of these linguists defined language as ‘a system of conventional symbols used for communication by a whole
community’: --------
Michael Halliday

One of the following options is the reason why natural languages outlast artificial languages: ------
Natural language can be electronically transmitted

A sound is described as contrastive when it is ___

Indigenous

When the tongue moves from one vowel position to another in the production of diphthongs, it is said to have ____
Glided

All but ONE of the following words contain the sound /f/: -------
Of

One of the following words contains the sound /i:/: ------

Tea

One of the following words contains the sound /a:/: ------

Again

One of the following words contains the sound /ʃ/: -----

Measure

One of the following words contains the sound /s/: -----

Treasure

All but ONE of the following words contain the /iz/ allomorph: ------
Goats

One of the following options best describes natural language: ------

Languages generated by machines

The smallest meaningful unit of study in Phonetics is ______

Allomorph

Languages can be broken into various units because of its ___ nature
dual

One of these branches of linguistics studies the sound waves generated in speech production: -----
Sensory phonetics

One of the following options refers to the space between the vocal lips: -----
Lungs

The second symbol of a diphthong represents _____

The position of the soft palate
..
One of these consonants is also called a stop consonant: -----
Fricative

A consonant that is produced with an almost indefinite exertion of energy is called _____
Continuant

One of these sounds is produced only as a voiced consonant in majority of the world languages: ------
Fricatives

The capitalised word VOWEL originated from a _____ source

Latin

Syntagmatic arrangement of phonological structures is ______

Horizontal

The phonological process that involves the deletion of the final segment of a word is called ____
Elision

Unstressed vowels are usually weakened to one of the following forms: -------
Allophone

The structural process which led to the loss of the initial consonant sound in the word knight /nait/ is known as ____
Neutralisation

One of the options below usually forms the peak of a syllable: -------
Vowel

The underlined sound in the sentence: ‘I cooked beans weekly’ is represented by one of the following sounds: --------
/ʊ/

The underlined sound in the sentence: ‘We sailed on the boat for two hours’ is represented by one of the following
sounds: ------
/au/

The underlined sound in the sentence: ‘Kolawole prefers to fly than to drive’ is represented by one of the following
sounds: ------
/ai/

35: The underlined sound in the sentence: ‘Adukwu is barely making ends meet in Abuja’ is represented by one of the
following sounds: -------
/ei/

One of the following words contains the /aiə/ sound: ------

Flyer

The /h/ sound is silent in one of the following words: ------

Heat

One of the following words contains the voiceless dental fricative: -----
Pat

One of the following words contains the voiceless glottal fricative: ------
Hatred
..
One of the following words contains a bilabial nasal: ------
Keg

One of the following words contains the voiced alveolar fricative: ------
Visit

The sound /k/ is described as ____

Voiceless velar plosive

The capitalised word: MARKETING has ___ number of syllables

2

The capitalised word: ADDRESS has ___ number of syllables

2

The capitalised word: EDUCATION has ___ number of syllables

4

One of the following options is the correct transcription for the capitalised word: PLEASURE
/pleʒə/

One of the following options is the correct transcription for the capitalised word: WEATHER
/weda/

One of the following options is the correct transcription for the capitalised word: PHYSICS
/fiziks/

One of the following options is the correct transcription for the capitalised word: DELIVER
/deliva/

One of the following options is the correct transcription for the capitalised word: ACCEPT
/əsept/

..