Chapter 1
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Concepts of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the process of a
creating a new enterprise through innovation, identifying and exploiting opportunities to meet
customer demands.
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Characteristics of Entrepreneurship
1. Risk-taking
2. Visionary Thinking
3. Leadership Ability
4. Innovation Orientation
5. Value Creation
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Evolution of Entrepreneurship
a. Early Views:
Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832): Called entrepreneurs "economic agents" who shift resources to
more productive uses.
Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950): Entrepreneurs are innovators who bring change through new
combinations of resources.
b. Contemporary Views:
Entrepreneurship today is about creativity, opportunity exploitation, and innovation to meet
market needs and achieve competitive advantage.
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Types of Functions of Entrepreneurship
1. Managerial Functions
a. Planning: Deciding future actions today.
b. Organizing: Arranging resources efficiently.
c. Staffing: Hiring and managing human resources.
d. Directing: Leading activities toward goals.
e. Controlling: Measuring and correcting deviations from plans.
2. Promotional Functions
a. Developing Business Idea: Based on experience, knowledge, and creativity.
b. Preparing Business Plan: A document showing the feasibility and direction of the business.
c. Resource Acquisition: Gathering and managing necessary resources.
3. Commercial Functions
a. Production/Operation: Converting inputs into products/services.
b. Marketing: Understanding and satisfying customer needs and wants.
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Social Entrepreneurship
Uses innovative and sustainable methods to solve social issues.
Aims to improve society and the environment, not just earn profit.
Here’s a complete and simplified version of “Types of Entrepreneur” categorized under different
grounds for your study or exam reference:
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Types of Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurs can be classified on the following three major grounds:
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1. On the Basis of Innovation
a. Innovative Entrepreneur:
These entrepreneurs introduce new ideas, products, production methods, or markets. They are
creative and bring innovation in the business.
Example: Elon Musk (Tesla, SpaceX)
b. Imitative Entrepreneur:
They adopt and copy innovations made by others. They are more common in developing
countries where innovation is less.
Example: A local mobile company adopting iPhone features.
c. Fabian Entrepreneur:
Very cautious and skeptical about changes. They do not take risks and only act when
necessary.
Example: A traditional family business that avoids change.
d. Drone Entrepreneur:
They completely refuse to change their old methods even when they are outdated and
unprofitable.
Example: A craftsman still using manual tools despite available machines.
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2. On the Basis of Behavior
a. Solo Operator:
Runs business alone and employs very few people.
Example: A small street food seller.
b. Active Partner:
Engages in a joint venture and actively participates in running the business.
Example: Co-founders running a restaurant.
c. Inventor:
Focuses on inventing new products or technologies.
Example: A tech developer creating a new app.
d. Challenger:
Takes business as a challenge and loves solving problems.
Example: A startup founder entering a tough market.
e. Buyer:
Prefers buying an existing business to reduce risk instead of starting from zero.
Example: Buying a franchise like Subway or KFC.
f. Life Timer:
Takes business as a lifelong profession, often continuing a family business.
Example: Generations running the same store.
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3. On the Basis of Focus Group
a. Women Entrepreneur:
A woman who initiates, organizes, and runs a business.
Example: A woman running a boutique or café.
b. Minority Entrepreneur:
Belongs to marginalized or minority groups but still ventures into business.
Example: An entrepreneur from an indigenous community.
c. Immigrant Entrepreneur:
Starts business in a foreign country.
Example: A Nepali running a restaurant in the USA.
d. Part-time Entrepreneur:
Holds a job and runs a business simultaneously.
Example: A teacher also selling cosmetics online.
e. Home-based Entrepreneur:
Runs business from home, often using e-commerce platforms.
Example: Selling bakery items from home.
f. Family Business Entrepreneur:
Business is owned and managed by family members.
Example: A family-run grocery store.
g. Copreneurs:
Couples (husband and wife) running a business together.
Example: A husband-wife team running a café.
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Let me know if you'd like these types in a table or chart format, or translated into Nepali.
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2 MARK QUESTIONS (Detailed Answers)
1. Define entrepreneurship in your own words.
Entrepreneurship is the creative and proactive process of identifying a business opportunity,
taking calculated risks, and organizing resources to launch and grow a new business venture
with the aim of generating profit and delivering value.
2. Mention any two major functions of an entrepreneur.
a) Innovation – Introducing new products or improving processes.
b) Risk-taking – Accepting financial and business uncertainties to pursue a business goal.
3. What is the difference between an entrepreneur and a manager?
An entrepreneur creates and owns the business by taking risks and making strategic decisions.
A manager operates the business by organizing, planning, and controlling activities to achieve
organizational goals, but does not usually bear personal financial risk.
4. List any two dimensions of entrepreneurship.
a) Innovation – Developing new ideas or solutions.
b) Risk-taking – Facing uncertainty to achieve success.
5. What are the key traits of a successful entrepreneur?
a) Creativity – Ability to think outside the box.
b) Perseverance – Continuously working despite failures.
6. Mention two factors that influence the growth of entrepreneurship.
a) Access to finance – Availability of capital for startups.
b) Government policies – Supportive regulations and tax incentives.
7. Define entrepreneurial opportunity.
It refers to a favorable situation where an individual identifies a potential market need that can
be satisfied profitably through a new product, service, or process.
8. What are the ingredients of a successful business venture?
a) Clear vision and mission.
b) Strong business plan with a viable value proposition.
9. Define Entrepreneurial Competency Development (ECD).
ECD is the process of enhancing an individual’s skills, knowledge, and behavior necessary to
successfully perform entrepreneurial roles and tasks.
10. Mention two methods of developing entrepreneurial competencies.
a) Training and workshops – Formal education and practical exposure.
b) Mentorship – Guidance from experienced entrepreneurs.
11. What is competency mapping?
It is the process of identifying key competencies (skills, attitudes, and knowledge) required for
success in entrepreneurship and evaluating the existing gap in an individual.
12. State any two roles of vocational institutions in entrepreneurship development.
a) Skill training – Provide technical and practical business skills.
b) Idea incubation – Help students transform ideas into viable businesses.
13. What is a business idea?
It is a concept or plan for a new product, service, or business venture that has the potential to
generate revenue and fulfill a market need.
14. Name any two sources of business idea generation.
a) Market demand – Observing customer needs.
b) Personal experience – Identifying problems from one’s daily life.
15. Mention two components of a business plan.
a) Executive Summary – Overview of the business.
b) Marketing Plan – Strategy for reaching target customers.
16. What is a value proposition?
It is the unique benefit or value a business offers to its customers, explaining why customers
should choose that product/service over competitors.
17. Write the difference between lean canvas and business model canvas.
Lean Canvas focuses on startups and includes elements like problem and early adopters, while
Business Model Canvas is broader and includes key partnerships and customer relationships.
18. Define a family business in brief.
A family business is a commercial organization where decision-making is influenced by multiple
generations of a family related by blood or marriage.
19. What are the stages of a family business?
a) Founder Stage – One individual controls and leads.
b) Sibling Partnership – Next generation shares responsibility.
c) Cousin Confederation – Business passed to extended family members.
20. List any two causes of conflict in family businesses.
a) Succession disputes – Unclear inheritance or leadership.
b) Lack of professionalism – Mixing family and business issues.
21. Mention any two ethical issues faced by entrepreneurs.
a) Corruption and bribery – Giving or taking bribes for business gains.
b) Employee exploitation – Underpaying or overworking staff.
22. What are the characteristics of ethical entrepreneurship?
a) Transparency – Open and honest business dealings.
b) Social responsibility – Concern for community and environment.
23. Write any two responsibilities of family members in a family business.
a) Upholding family values.
b) Contributing actively to business decisions.
24. What is meant by MSMEs?
MSMEs are Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises – businesses defined by small-scale
investment, employment, and revenue generation.
25. Mention any two contributions of MSMEs to Nepal’s economy.
a) Employment generation.
b) Promoting local entrepreneurship and regional development.
26. What is rural entrepreneurship?
It refers to the establishment and management of business ventures in rural areas to utilize local
resources and create employment.
27. Mention two problems of women entrepreneurship in Nepal.
a) Lack of access to finance.
b) Social and cultural restrictions.
28. Define green entrepreneurship.
Green entrepreneurship involves business practices that are environmentally sustainable and
focus on eco-friendly innovations.
29. What is social entrepreneurship?
Social entrepreneurship refers to the pursuit of innovative solutions to social problems through
entrepreneurial principles, aiming for social change and impact rather than just profit.
30. List two roles of entrepreneurs in promoting social change.
a) Creating employment opportunities.
b) Introducing innovations that solve social issues (e.g., sanitation, education).
31. Mention any two reasons for the success or failure of an enterprise in Nepal.
a) Strong leadership (success).
b) Lack of proper market research (failure).
32. Define institutional support in entrepreneurship.
It refers to the assistance provided by public and private institutions such as training, financing,
mentoring, and legal services to help entrepreneurs start and grow businesses.
33. List two financial institutions that support entrepreneurship in Nepal.
a) Microfinance Institutions (MFIs).
b) Nepal Rastra Bank (through refinancing schemes).
34. Mention any two logistic support agencies for entrepreneurs.
a) Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI).
b) Nepal Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC).
35. What is the role of government in promoting entrepreneurship?
The government creates policies, offers subsidies, builds infrastructure, provides training, and
ensures access to funding for entrepreneurs.
36. What are fiscal or tax concessions for entrepreneurs?
These are financial benefits provided by the government such as reduced tax rates, tax
holidays, or exemptions to encourage startup growth.
37. Mention two entrepreneurship development programs in Nepal.
a) MEDEP (Micro-Enterprise Development Programme).
b) ELAM (Enhanced Livelihoods through Agricultural Markets).
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10 MARK QUESTIONS (Detailed Answers)
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1. Explain the significance and core functions of entrepreneurship.
Significance of Entrepreneurship:
a) Employment Generation: Entrepreneurs create jobs for themselves and others, which helps
reduce unemployment.
b) Economic Growth: Startups and new ventures contribute to GDP and national income.
c) Innovation: Entrepreneurs introduce new products, services, and technologies, fostering
innovation.
d) Regional Development: Entrepreneurship promotes balanced regional development by
setting up industries in rural and underdeveloped areas.
e) Social Development: Through social entrepreneurship, they solve social issues (e.g., health,
education, and sanitation).
f) Wealth Creation: Entrepreneurs convert ideas into wealth and contribute to the nation’s
financial development.
Core Functions of Entrepreneurship:
1. Idea Generation: Identify opportunities and come up with innovative business ideas.
2. Risk-Taking: Assume financial and business risks in the face of uncertainty.
3. Resource Mobilization: Gather and organize resources like capital, labor, technology.
4. Decision Making: Make strategic decisions related to operations, finance, marketing, etc.
5. Innovation: Develop new or improved products/services to gain competitive advantage.
6. Leadership and Motivation: Inspire and guide teams toward achieving business goals.
7. Business Planning: Create detailed strategies for growth, sustainability, and operations.
8. Adaptability: Respond to changes in market trends, customer needs, and competition.
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2. Describe the role of vocational institutions and universities in developing entrepreneurial
intention.
Role of Vocational Institutions and Universities:
1. Skill Development: Provide technical, managerial, and entrepreneurial skills through practical
and theoretical education.
2. Entrepreneurship Curriculum: Introduce entrepreneurship as a subject to create awareness
and build interest in business creation.
3. Incubation Centers: Offer support like workspace, mentorship, and networking opportunities
to turn ideas into viable businesses.
4. Business Plan Competitions: Encourage students to create and present real-world business
plans, stimulating creativity and business acumen.
5. Internships and Industry Linkages: Provide exposure to real-life business scenarios, giving
insight into entrepreneurial challenges.
6. Workshops and Seminars: Organize events with successful entrepreneurs, investors, and
industry experts to motivate and guide students.
7. Mentorship: Connect students with experienced mentors for personal and professional
guidance.
8. Research and Innovation: Promote R&D activities that can be commercialized into business
ventures.
Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention: These institutions influence attitude, self-efficacy, and
perceived behavioral control, which are core elements of entrepreneurial intention as per the
Theory of Planned Behavior.
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3. Explain the problems and prospects of rural entrepreneurship in Nepal.
Problems of Rural Entrepreneurship:
a) Lack of Infrastructure: Poor roads, electricity, internet, and transport hinder business growth.
b) Limited Access to Finance: Rural entrepreneurs face difficulties obtaining loans and
investments.
c) Low Education and Awareness: Many lack business knowledge, technical skills, and
awareness of opportunities.
d) Social and Cultural Barriers: Traditional beliefs and gender roles often limit entrepreneurship,
especially for women.
e) Market Accessibility: Difficulty reaching larger markets due to isolation and limited supply
chains.
f) Policy Implementation Gaps: Though policies exist, they are poorly executed in rural areas.
Prospects of Rural Entrepreneurship:
a) Abundant Natural Resources: Local raw materials (agriculture, herbs, crafts) can be used to
create unique products.
b) Government Support: Programs like MEDEP and ELAM are promoting rural enterprises.
c) Tourism Opportunities: Eco-tourism and cultural tourism can generate entrepreneurial
prospects.
d) Employment Generation: Helps reduce rural-urban migration by creating local jobs.
e) Promotion of Indigenous Skills: Encourages traditional crafts and farming techniques.
f) Self-Reliance and Sustainability: Builds local capacity and reduces dependency on external
aid.
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4. Evaluate the key ingredients required for a successful business venture.
Key Ingredients:
1. Innovative Idea: The venture should address a real problem with a unique solution.
2. Strong Value Proposition: The product or service should offer clear value to customers,
meeting their needs better than competitors.
3. Effective Business Plan: A detailed plan covering marketing, finance, operations, and human
resource strategies.
4. Customer Focus: Deep understanding of the target market and ability to deliver superior
customer service.
5. Adequate Funding: Access to capital from personal savings, banks, investors, or government
grants.
6. Efficient Team: A capable and motivated team with complementary skills is critical.
7. Risk Management: Ability to assess and mitigate risks using contingency plans.
8. Technology Adoption: Use of modern tools and platforms to increase efficiency and reach.
9. Legal Compliance: Understanding and adhering to regulatory frameworks, licenses, and
taxation.
10. Scalability and Adaptability: Capacity to grow and evolve based on market dynamics and
consumer trends.
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5. Discuss the contents and structure of a sound business plan.
Structure of a Sound Business Plan:
1. Executive Summary:
Brief overview of the business idea, vision, mission, and goals.
2. Business Description:
Details about the business concept, background, structure, and location.
3. Market Analysis:
Assessment of industry trends, customer segments, market needs, and competitors.
4. Marketing and Sales Strategy:
Plan for pricing, distribution, promotion, and customer acquisition.
5. Operational Plan:
Day-to-day operations, suppliers, logistics, and workflow.
6. Organizational Structure:
Management team, their roles, qualifications, and HR planning.
7. Product/Service Line:
Details of products or services, their features, benefits, and uniqueness.
8. Financial Plan:
Includes income statement, cash flow projections, balance sheet, and funding needs.
9. Appendices:
Supporting documents like charts, surveys, resumes, legal papers.
Importance of Business Plan:
Acts as a roadmap for the business.
Helps attract investors and lenders.
Clarifies objectives and strategies.
Aids in performance measurement and control.
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6. Explain the support provided by National Banking Institute and Microfinance programs in
Nepal.
National Banking Institute (NBI):
Capacity Building: Provides training and certification programs for banking professionals and
entrepreneurs.
Financial Literacy: Promotes understanding of banking systems and financial tools.
Access to Capital: Connects entrepreneurs with financial institutions.
Consultancy Services: Offers advisory services for business planning and loan processing.
Microfinance Programs:
Micro Loans: Provide small-scale credit to low-income individuals, especially women and rural
populations.
Group Lending Model: Encourages group-based financing with social collateral.
Empowerment: Helps uplift marginalized communities through financial independence.
Training & Mentorship: Some microfinance institutions provide business training to increase
success rates.
Impact:
Promotes self-employment and inclusive growth.
Reduces poverty and encourages grassroots entrepreneurship.
Helps bridge the gap between rural and urban development.
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REMAINING 10-MARK QUESTIONS
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7. Explain the three-circle model of family business and critical factors affecting it.
Three-Circle Model of Family Business:
This model describes the interaction of three key systems in a family business:
1. Family Circle – Individuals who are family members, regardless of their involvement in the
business.
2. Ownership Circle – Individuals who own shares in the business.
3. Management Circle – Individuals who are employed and run the daily operations of the
business.
People can fall into one, two, or all three circles. For example, a family member who owns and
manages the business lies in all three.
Critical Factors Affecting Family Business:
a) Succession Planning: Transferring leadership from one generation to another.
b) Conflict Management: Resolving personal vs. business disagreements.
c) Professionalism: Maintaining a balance between family emotions and business decisions.
d) Governance Structure: Establishing clear policies and roles for family and non-family
employees.
e) Communication: Open and transparent communication among family members.
f) Vision and Values: Shared family vision helps long-term continuity.
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8. Discuss common ethical issues entrepreneurs face and their role in promoting ethics.
Common Ethical Issues:
a) Bribery and Corruption: Offering or accepting illegal payments for business gains.
b) False Advertising: Misleading customers with exaggerated claims.
c) Labor Exploitation: Underpayment, unsafe work conditions.
d) Tax Evasion: Avoiding taxes through illegal practices.
e) Environmental Damage: Ignoring sustainability for profit.
f) Data Privacy Violations: Misusing or exposing customer data.
Entrepreneur's Role in Promoting Ethics:
Developing Ethical Codes: Create and follow company ethical guidelines.
Leading by Example: Display honesty, fairness, and responsibility.
Training and Awareness: Educate employees about ethical behavior.
Fair Practices: Deal transparently with customers, suppliers, and competitors.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Engage in activities that benefit society and the
environment.
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9. Describe the phases and steps involved in Entrepreneurial Competency Development (ECD).
Phases of ECD:
1. Entrepreneurial Awareness Phase:
Create awareness and interest through seminars, media, or education.
2. Entrepreneurial Motivation Phase:
Motivate individuals through success stories, training, and rewards.
3. Entrepreneurial Skill Development Phase:
Develop skills like communication, leadership, negotiation, risk management.
4. Enterprise Launching Phase:
Assist in preparing business plans, securing funds, and starting the venture.
5. Enterprise Sustenance and Growth Phase:
Support through mentorship, market access, and expansion planning.
Steps of ECD:
a) Self-assessment of current skills and traits.
b) Identifying skill gaps through competency mapping.
c) Training programs and capacity building.
d) Practical exposure (internships, incubation).
e) Monitoring and evaluation of progress.
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10. Analyze the importance and contribution of MSMEs in the economic development of Nepal.
Importance of MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises):
a) Employment Generation: MSMEs are labor-intensive and create jobs across regions.
b) Balanced Regional Growth: Encourage industrialization in rural and backward areas.
c) Promoting Entrepreneurship: Encourage innovation and self-employment.
d) Export Contribution: Many MSMEs in Nepal produce handicrafts and agricultural products for
export.
e) Innovation and Flexibility: MSMEs adapt quickly to changes in consumer demand.
f) Contribution to GDP: Significant contributor to Nepal’s national income.
Challenges Faced by MSMEs:
Poor access to finance, low technological development, lack of infrastructure, and market
limitations.
Support Needed:
Government policies, training programs, access to global markets, and digital transformation.
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15 MARK QUESTIONS (DETAILED ANSWERS)
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1. Critically evaluate the evolution of entrepreneurship and its dimensions. How do
entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial feelings drive innovation in business? Compare
entrepreneur vs. manager vs. owner-manager in this context.
Evolution of Entrepreneurship:
Early Stage (Trade-based): Barter system, local trade.
Industrial Revolution: Emergence of factories and product innovation.
20th Century: Scientific management, corporate entrepreneurship.
Modern Era: Tech startups, social and green entrepreneurship, globalization.
Dimensions of Entrepreneurship:
a) Innovation – Creating or improving products/services.
b) Risk-taking – Accepting financial and market uncertainties.
c) Proactiveness – Acting before the competition.
d) Need for Achievement – Strong desire to accomplish challenging goals.
e) Resource Management – Efficiently utilizing time, capital, labor.
Entrepreneurial Feelings and Innovation:
Entrepreneurs are driven by passion, independence, and achievement, which motivate them to
solve problems innovatively.
Comparison:
AspectEntrepreneur Manager Owner-Manager
Role Creates and grows business Runs and controls business Both owns and manages
Risk High personal financial risk Low/No personal risk Moderate risk
Focus Innovation and opportunity Efficiency and stabilityBoth strategic and operational
Motivation Passion, vision, autonomy Salary, career growth Business survival/growth
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2. Explain the various factors affecting entrepreneurship growth. How can an entrepreneur
successfully evaluate and recognize new venture opportunities in the Nepalese context?
Factors Affecting Growth:
a) Economic Environment – GDP growth, interest rates, inflation.
b) Infrastructure – Roads, electricity, internet access.
c) Access to Finance – Loans, microfinance, grants.
d) Government Policies – Laws, tax incentives, subsidies.
e) Cultural Factors – Family support, social norms.
f) Education and Training – Entrepreneurial curriculum and exposure.
g) Technology – Availability and affordability of innovation tools.
Evaluating Opportunities in Nepal:
a) Identify Market Gaps: Study unmet needs in local areas.
b) Analyze Trends: Follow changes in tourism, agriculture, remittance use.
c) Leverage Local Resources: Use herbs, handicrafts, or agriculture.
d) SWOT Analysis: Analyze internal strengths and external opportunities.
e) Test with MVP: Create a minimum viable product to validate demand.
f) Seek Feedback: From experts, potential customers, and local mentors.
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3. Analyze the full ECD process including its phases, methods, and institutional support
mechanisms. How does ECD contribute to the development of entrepreneurial intentions?
ECD Process (Phases): As described earlier: Awareness → Motivation → Skill Development →
Launch → Growth.
Methods:
Workshops, case studies, role plays, mentorship, simulation exercises, and real business
projects.
Institutional Support:
Universities and TVETs: Education, incubation.
Microfinance and Banks: Seed funding, loans.
Government (e.g., MEDEP, ELAM): Training and promotion.
Business Associations (FNCCI, CNI): Networking and policy support.
Contribution to Entrepreneurial Intentions:
Builds confidence and self-efficacy.
Encourages risk-taking.
Increases awareness of entrepreneurship as a viable career.
Enhances idea evaluation and opportunity recognition.
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4. Develop a prototype business plan using Lean Canvas or Business Model Canvas. Justify
each component and its contribution to value proposition and co-creation.
Lean Canvas Structure with Justification:
1. Problem: Identify real pain points (e.g., lack of organic vegetables in urban Nepal).
2. Customer Segments: Target urban middle-class households.
3. Unique Value Proposition: “Farm-fresh organic vegetables delivered at your doorstep.”
4. Solution: Partner with rural farmers and deliver weekly baskets.
5. Channels: Mobile app, website, social media.
6. Revenue Streams: Subscription plans, pay-per-order.
7. Cost Structure: Farmer payment, logistics, tech maintenance.
8. Key Metrics: Customer retention, delivery time, satisfaction.
9. Unfair Advantage: Direct farmer network, eco-certification.
Contribution to Value Proposition:
Provides health-conscious customers with fresh food, while empowering farmers.
Value co-creation occurs as customers support sustainability, and farmers earn more.
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5. Examine the role, structure, and conflict management in family businesses. How can ethical
principles be embedded in such enterprises for long-term sustainability?
Role: Family businesses are a major source of GDP, employment, and innovation in Nepal.
Structure: Follows the Three-Circle Model (Family, Ownership, Management).
Conflict Management:
Clear rules for decision-making.
Family constitution or charter.
Involvement of independent advisors.
Open communication and regular family meetings.
Embedding Ethics:
Define ethical values in the family charter.
Practice transparency in hiring and succession.
Avoid favoritism and nepotism.
Invest in social and environmental projects (CSR).
Develop long-term goals aligned with community needs.
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6. Discuss the challenges and potential of green, women, tourism, and e-entrepreneurship in
Nepal. What reforms and policies could promote these sectors?
Challenges:
Green: High initial cost, lack of awareness.
Women: Patriarchal society, limited mobility and finance.
Tourism: Political instability, infrastructure gaps.
E-entrepreneurship: Poor digital literacy, limited internet access.
Potential:
Green: Eco-tourism, solar tech, waste recycling.
Women: Handicrafts, agri-business, service sector.
Tourism: Nature, heritage, and adventure activities.
E-entrepreneurship: Online marketplaces, digital learning, remote services.
Reforms Needed:
Tax incentives for eco and women-owned businesses.
Digital infrastructure investment.
Skill development and access to funding.
Tourism branding and safety policies.
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7. Evaluate the contributions of government institutions, financial bodies, and national programs
(MEDEP, IED, ELAM) in entrepreneurship development. What are the existing gaps and how
can they be addressed?
Contributions:
MEDEP: Trains and finances micro-entrepreneurs.
ELAM: Supports agribusinesses through market access.
IED: Develops entrepreneurial education in schools and colleges.
NBI and Microfinance: Provide financial and knowledge support.
Gaps:
Overlapping roles among institutions.
Lack of follow-up and monitoring.
Urban-centric program implementation.
Low female participation.
Recommendations:
Better coordination among programs.
Technology integration in delivery.
Gender-inclusive planning.
Strong M&E (Monitoring & Evaluation) systems.
