HISTORY OF COMPUTER'S

1.definition of computer

an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according
to instructions given to it in a variable program.

2.introduction

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to
solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown
so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results.
The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-
card based computers that took up entire rooms.
Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available
in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of
how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today
that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to
crunching numbers.

Famed mathematician Charles Babbage designed a Victorian-era computer called the Analytical Engine.
This is a portion of the mill with a printing mechanism.

(Image: © Science Museum | Science & Society Picture Library

1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched
wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use
similar punch cards.
1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven
calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The
project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century
later, however, the world's first computer was actually built.
1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880
census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government
$5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.
1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the
Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central
concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.
1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State
University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or
shafts.
1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo
Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer
that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a
computer is able to store information on its main memory.
1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).
Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot
room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive
funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial
computer for business and government applications.
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories
invent the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid
materials and no need for a vacuum.
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually
becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas
Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations
keep tabs on Korea during the war.
1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula
TRANslation, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus,
according to the University of Michigan

John backus the lead developer of fortran programming language

1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the
computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his
work.
1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a
mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the
computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to
technology that is more accessible to the general public.
1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system
that addressed compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language,
UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system
of choice among mainframes at large companies and government entities. Due
to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home PC
users.
1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access
Memory (DRAM) chip.
DRAM (Dynamic random access memory)

1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk,"
allowing data to be shared among computers.

The floppy disk

1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops
Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
1974-1977: A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi &
Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately known as the
"Trash 80" — and the Commodore PET.
1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair
8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial
models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write
software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the
success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software
company, Microsoft.
 1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day
and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according
to Stanford University.

The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose documentation was intended for non-
geeks (Image credit: Radioshack)

1977: Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold
like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a
computer do what they wished.
1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first
West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio
cassette drive for storage.

1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized

The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12, 1981, used the MS-DOS operating system. (Image
credit: IBM)
1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It
uses Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks
and an optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck and Computerland sell the
machines, marking the first time a computer is available through outside
distributors. It also popularizes the term PC.
1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a
drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh.
The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor
and the first to be marketed as a "laptop."
1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This
was the company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga
1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities
1985: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before
the World Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history. The
Symbolics Computer Company, a small Massachusetts computer manufacturer,
registers Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100 dot-coms had
been registered.
1986: Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market. Its 32-bit architecture
provides as speed comparable to mainframes.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics
laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise
to the World Wide Web.
1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on
PCs.
1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the
Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are
among the games to hit the market.
1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford
University.
1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time,
ending Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft
copied the "look and feel" of its operating system.
1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin
connecting to the Internet without wires.
2001: Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory
architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not to be outdone,
Microsoft rolls out Windows XP, which has a significantly redesigned GUI.
2003: The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the
consumer market.
2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the
dominant Web browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches.
2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a
Linux-based mobile phone operating system.
2006: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile
computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the
market.
2007: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone.

2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications
to the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other
features.
2010: Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and
jumpstarting the dormant tablet computer segment.
2011: Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome
OS.
2012: Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4.
2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.
2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now,
there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to
program new algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to
attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a
quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College
Park.
2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing
a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers.
"Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for
rapid, scalable information storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program
manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. "Millions of
molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic
structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color. This richness
provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to
encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital
architecture