THINK INDIA JOURNAL

ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan: An

Overvie w
Dr. Geeta Shahu
Basanti Shahu
(E. Mail- 2014phdcms01@gmail.com)

An Introduction of De-notified, Nomadic and S emi-Nomadic Tribes: The De-notified,

Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes are very important part in several countries of the whole
world. These tribes are an integral part of India and Indian societies.

There is very less information available about the different aspects on De-notified, Nomadic
and Semi-Nomadic tribes. History of each individual tribes is not existing yet. There is the
scarcity of their literature.

The history of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes in India is very old. There are
about 500 registered De-
notified. Nomadic and
Semi-Nomadic tribes are
living in India. They are
the seven to ten per cent of
total population of country.
De-notified, Nomadic and
Semi-Nomadic tribal
groups are most neglected,
suppressed and oppressed
communities in India.

The De-notified, Nomadic

and Semi-Nomadic tribes
did not categorise properly
in central and state list.
They belonged toOBC,
SC, ST and None (not
described in any category)

Page | 1017 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

in different state as well as in Centre. So, most of them are not able to take proper benefit of
development policies and schemes.

Tribes in Rajasthan: Rajasthan is a home of numerous tribal groups and communities. They
constitute about 13.5% of total population of Rajasthan. The Different communities and
castes who belong to the Rajasthan make the distinct culture. Rajasthan is known for its
cultural heritage and the unity in diversity. Each community specially the tribal communities
of Rajasthan have their own culture, fairs, festivals, customs, costumes and way of livelihood.
They have distinct culture for that they are very famous in worldwide or abroad. In
Rajasthan, the tribes are divided into four categories as

1. Scheduled Tribes
2. De-notified Tribes
3. Nomadic Tribes
4. Semi-Nomadic Tribes

S cheduled Tribes: An Indigenous people or communities who officially considered as

socially disadvantaged and backward comes under the category of Scheduled tribe in India.
These people are previously untouchables in India. These tribes are enabled for incentives
and reservation policies and schemes.

The term first appeared in the Constitution of India and its Article 366 (25) defined it as such
tribal communities of group of people within such tribal communities as are deemed under
Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution. They consider
Scheduled Tribes because they included in one of the Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In
Rajasthan there are more than 10 Scheduled Tribes are listed as

List No. 1
S cheduled Tribes of Rajasthan
Bhil Meena Bhil Mina Damor Garasi a Sahariya

Dhanla Kathodi Kokna Koli Nayaka Patelia

De-notified Tribes: The tribes that was originally listed under the Criminal Tribes Act
(1871) considered as Criminal Tribes. In colonial period these tribes were labelled as
Criminal tribes and have been seen with doubt, hatred and suspicion way. Later, the Criminal

Page | 1018 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

Tribes Act 1952 repealed the notification and these tribes became De-notified Tribal
communities. Even though in independent India the 1952 Act was cancelled but the stigma of
criminality remains for De-notified Tribes. They are living like the marginalised segments
from the mainstream society.

According to the different lists made by state, centre and commission (2008) the name of
several communities of De-notified tribes are as following

List No. 2
The List of De -Notifie d Tribe s made by Rajasthan State and sent to NCDNT, 2008
S.No De-NotifiedTribes Whether SC Or ST Or OBC Or None

1. Baori, Badri 
2. Kanjar 
3. Sansi 
4. Bagri, Bawaria 
Jagri 
5. Mogia 
6. Nut 
7. Naik 
8. Multanis 
9. Bhat 
Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-193

List No. 3
Database of De-notified People of Rajasthan
S. No. Name of the De-notified Communities Status in Government. Notification

1 Bhil ST List Sl. No.1

2 Bhil Mina ST List Sl. No.2
3 Dhanka, Tadvi,Tetapia Valvi ST List Sl. No.4
4 Mina ST List Sl. No.9
5 Naikda, Nayak(Naik) ST List Sl. No.10
6 Aheri SC List Sl.No.1
7 Baori SC List Sl.No.9
8 Bargo, Vargi,Biragi SC List Sl.No.10
9 Bawaria SC List Sl.No.11
10 Bedia, Beria SC List Sl. No.12.
11 Chamar SC List Sl. No.17
12 Domme, Dom SC List Sl.No.24
13 Gandia SC List Sl.No.25
14 Kanjar, Kunjar SC List Sl.No.33
15 Kapadia, Sansi SC List Sl.No.34
16 Khatik SC List Sl. No.36

Page | 1019 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

17 Kooch Band, Kuch Band SC List Sl.No.38

18 Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi SC List Sl.No.41
19 Nat SC List Sl.No.48
20 Pasi SC List Sl.No.49
21 Sansi SC List Sl.No.52
22 Banjara Laman OBC List Sl.No.5
23 Gujar, Gurjar OBC List Sl.No.20
24 Jogi, Nath OBC List, Sl.No.24
25 Lodha, Lodh, Lodhi OBC List, Sl.No.33
26 Mogia (Mogya) OBC List Sl. No. 39
27 Odd OBC List Sl. No. 42
Source: Sharma, A. South Asian Nomads- A Literature Review (2011), Page-84-85

List No. 4
Draft list of De-notified Tribes of Rajasthan prepared by the collection of information
from different sources
S.No. De-notified Tribes Sources
1 Baori, Badri Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
2 Kanjar Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
3 Sansi Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
4 Bagri, Bawaria Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
5 Mogia Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
6 Nut Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
7 Naik Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
8 Multains Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
9 Bhat Renke Commission-2008 & also in the list sent by State -2016
10 Lodha/Lodhi Community Leader, Sri Laxmi Narayan Singh Lodhi (Dada)
11 Banjara Mahasveta Devi (2003)
12 Bhil Mahasveta Devi (2003)
13 Bijoria Mahasveta Devi (2003)
14 Nayak Mahasveta Devi (2003)
Some othercommunities along with above 14 are also listed in De-notified Tribes are below-
Baldias (Banjaras) Khurpalts Pardhis Ghisadi Agamnaths Masanis

Gadias Lohars Shikkaligar Dombaris Girinaths Namanths

Jogi Kanphate Jogi Kalbelia Iranis Ajaipals Jalandhars

Source: Draf t list of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (Govt. of India), Page 41-42

Page | 1020 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

List No. 5
S ynonyms of De-notified Tribes of Rajasthan
S.No. Names of the Denotified Tribes as *
Synonyms
intimated by Govt. of Rajasthan

1. Baori (Badri) Bavari

2. Kanjar

3. Sansi Sansi Kapadia, Kapdia Sansi, Kapadia

4. Bagri ( Jagri/Bawaria) Bagdi, Baori

5. Mogia Mungia

6. Nut Nat, Raj Nat, Bhanmati

7. Naik

8. Multanis

9. Bhat Baldiya Bhat, Banjara Bhat

Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-402

Nomadic Tribes: Thirty to forty million nomads are living in the world presently. The origin
of the word nomads is from the Greek term ‘Nemo’ it refers ‘to pasture’. The different group
of people define it in several ways such as, the nomads is a group of people who did not live
at a place for the long. They found travelling with their families for the basic things of
livelihood. They called Gypsies in European countries.

According to some group of anthropologists the nomads divided into two categories-

1. Pastoral Nomads
2. Non-Pastoral Nomads
Or
1. Subsistence Nomads like- Bharwads, Dhangars, Todas, Gavlis etc.
2. Non-Subsistence Nomads like- Lamans, Vadars, M adaris, Gosavis etc.

According to some another group of anthropologists the nomads are divided into three
categories-

1. Hunter-Gatherer
2. Pastoral Nomads
3. Peripatetic Nomads

Page | 1021 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

According to the different lists made by state, centre and commission (2008) the name of
several communities of Nomadic tribes are as following

List No. 6
The List of Nomadic Tribes made by Rajasthan S tate and sent to NCDNT, 2008

S.No NomadicTribes Whether SC Or ST Or OBC Or None

1. Baldias (Banjaras) 
2. Pardhis 
3. Domabaris 

4. Gadia Lohars 
5. Iranis 
6. Jogi Kalbelia 

7. Jogi Kanphata 
8. Khurpalts (Kulphaltas) 
9. Shikkaligar 
10. Ghisadis 
Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-192

List No. 7
Database of Nomadic People of Rajasthan
S. No. Name of the Community Status in Government. Notification

1 Badi SC List Sl.No.3

2 Bagri, Bagdi SC List Sl.No.4
3 Bajgar SC List Sl.No.6
4 Kalbelia, Sapera SC List Sl.No.31
5 Madari, Bazigar SC List Sl. No.40
6 Ahir (Yadav) OBC List Sl. No.1
7 Badwa, Bhat, Rao OBC List, Sl. No. 2
OBC List, Sl. No. 14
8 Dhivar, Kanar, Bhoi
OBC List, Sl. No. 15
9 Gadari a (Gadri, Gaddi, Ghosi)
OBC List, Sl. No. 16
10 Gadia Lohar
OBC List, Sl. No. 44
11 Raika, Rebari
Source: Sharma, A. South Asian Nomads- A Literature Review (2011), Page-85

Page | 1022 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

List No. 8
Draft list of Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan made by the collection of information from
the Rajasthan State in 2016
Badi Bedia, Beria Garasi a Jogi Nath Madari, Bazigar Odd

Bagri Gawaria/Gwariya Gavari a Kalbelia, Sapera Mang Garudi Rawal

Baori Champta/Chamta Bhand Kangigar Ghihara Sanchia

Bawaria Dhivar, Kahar, Mangnyar Kooch Band, Mirasi Santia, Satia

Bhoi Muslim Kuchband (Muslim)
Bajgar Garo, Garoda Ghosi (Muslim) Kanjar Mongia (Mogya) Singiwala

Bansphor, Gadaria (Gadri), Jogi, Kanipa Langa Nat Sindhi Meher

Banphod Gaddi, Ghosi (Muslim),
(Gvala) Meher

Source: Draf t list of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (Govt. of India), Page 41-42

List No. 9
S ynonyms of Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan
S.No. Names of the Nomadic Tribes as intimated Synonyms
by Govt. of Rajasthan
1. Baldias (Banjaras) Banjare, Bamnia, Labana
2. Pardhis
3. Domabaris Dombari
4. Gadia Lohars Gadia, Gadia Luhar, Damkutia, Lohkutia
5. Iranis
6. Jogi Kalbelia Jogi Kanipa
Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-402

Semi-Nomadic Tribes:The group of people who move from one place to another not
permanently but generally they move according to the seasons and habitually follow a
traditional circuit and route for livelihood.

According to the different lists made by state, centre and commission (2008) the name of
several communities of Semi-Nomadic tribes are as following

Page | 1023 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

List No. 10
The List of Semi-Nomadic Tribes made by Rajasthan S tate and sent to NCDNT, 2008
S.No. Semi-Nomadic Tribes Whether SC Or ST Or OBC Or None

1. Sarangiwala -Bhopas 
2. Rebaris 
3. Raths 
4. Mangalias 
5. Bhayas 
6. Kannis 
7. Janglus 
8. Jalukus 
9. Jhangs 
10. Sindlus 
11. Jogis (Other than those 
included in Nomadic Tribes)
(i) Girinaths 
(ii) Ajaipals 
(iii)Agamnaths 
(iv)Namanths 
(v) Jalanthars 
(vi) Masanis 
12. Ramaswamies 
13. Bharaddi- Jadhavs 
Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-192

List No. 11
Draft list of Semi-Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan made by the collection of information
from the Rajasthan S tate in 2016
Sarangiwala-Bhopas Raths Mangalias Jhangs Jalukus

Bharaddi-Jadhavs Kannis Bhayas Sindlus Robaris

Ramaswamies Jogis Janglus

Source: Draf t list of De-notified Tribes, Nomadic Tribes and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (G ovt. of India), Page-42

Some other lists of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan presented
below-

Page | 1024 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

List No. 12
The List of De-notified and Nomadic Tribes prepared by NCDNT, 2008
S.No NomadicTribes Whether SC Or ST Or OBC Or None

1. Badi 
2. 
Bagri *
3. 
Baori *
4. 
Bawaria *
5. Bajgar 
6. Bansphor, Banphod 
7. Bedia, Beria 
8. Bhand 
9. Champta/Chamta 
10. Dhivar, Kahar, Bhoi 
11. Garo, Garoda 
12. Gadari a(Gadri), Gaddi, 
hosi(Gvala),
13. Garasi a 
14. Gavari a 
15. Gawaria/ Gwariya 
16. Ghihara 
17. Ghosi (Muslim) 
18. Jogi, Kanipa 
19. Jogi Nath 
20. Kalbelia, Sapera 
21. Kangigar 
22. 
Kanjar *
23. Kooch Band, Kuchband 
24. Langa  

25. Madari, Bazigar 

26. Mang Garudi 

27. Mangnyar Muslim  

28. Mirasi (Muslim)  

29. Mogia (Mogya) *  

30. Nat * 

31. Odd  

32. Rawal 

33. Sanchia  
34. Santia, Satia 
35. Sindhi Meher (Muslim), Meher  
36. Singiwala 
Note: The inclusion of the * markagainst certain communities indicates that those communities are listed as De-Notified
Tribes by theState.Source: NCDNT (2008), Vol. 2, Page-354-55

Page | 1025 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

List No. 13
According to The Criminal Tribes Act En quiry Committee (Ayyangar Committee)
(1949-50), the list of Criminal Tribes of Rajasthanis below
Baori Minas Sansis Mogias Multannis

Baoris Bhils Banjaras Nat Bhats

Sansi Kanjars Bagias Naiks

Source: Draf t list of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (Govt. of India) Page-62-63

List No. 14
According to the Rajasthan S tate, the list of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic
Tribes which have not been included in the list of SC, S T and OBC
De-Notified Tribes Naik

Nomadic Tribes P ardhis Domobaris Iranis Jogi Ghisadis Khurpalts

(As per Raj. State) Kanphata

Champta/Chamta Gawaria/ Ghihara Ghosi Mangnyar Sindhi Meher

Nomadic Gwariya Muslim (Muslim),
Tribes(As per Renke Meher
Report) Kangigar Langa Sanchia

Sarangiwala- Raths Kannis Jhangs Ajaipals Jakanthars

Bhopas
Semi-Nomadic Ramaswamies Mangalias Janglus Sindlus Agamnaths Masanis
Tribes
Bharaddi-Jadhavs Bhayas Jalukus Girinaths Namanths

Source: Draf t list of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (Govt. of India), Page 69-70

After seen the above lists of the several communities of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-
Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan comes out from different sources indicates that these
communities did not have proper categorisation either in state or centre. There is no clear-cut
definition of words of De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes of Rajasthan.

The Status ofDe-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan: The

contemporary status of the most of families of the De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic
Tribes of Rajasthan analysed here.

The people from these communities are facing the problems for basic amenities like Roti,
Kapada and Makan, and Toilets, water, electricity etc. Child marriage is very common
among them. M ost of them did not have permanent settlements and houses so they are living
in tents, jhuggies, semi-pucca, hut, etc. they have huge families as 10 to 20 members in one

Page | 1026 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

family. They live in waste land, or edge of the villages in towns. Their habitations are located
at roadsides, pavements, slums, under the bridges, fringes of villages and along with the
highways in the cities and urban areas. These communities do not have their own land. So,
they do not have rights on their living place. They use government land, space near to
garbage dumps, railways, roadways, rivers, streams, slums etc. Each community from these
tribes live individually and far from another community of these tribes rather than together.

The traditional occupations of these tribes are puppetry, artisans, musicians, singing, dancing,
snake charming, hunting, , handicrafts, fortune telling, healing, wage labourers (agricultural
and non-agricultural labourers), bonded labourers, private services, garbage segregation,
acrobatics, menial works, cultivation, herding, foraging, traders and begging etc. Nowadays
their children can be seen along with the parents perform on the roads in cities/towns. They
depend on the unorganized sectors for wage employment because of illiteracy, stigma of
criminality, continuous mobility or the nomadic lifestyle etc.

Some of the communities from the De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes owning
livestock and had symbiotic strong relationship with the landowning communities for
utilising their land and other property resources for herding and grazing their cattle’s. M ostly
they have goat, sheep, camel, dog, cat, hen, rabbit but some of them have buffalos, cows,
horses, oxen, pigs etc. These tribes losing their customary rights to graze their livestock in
common, public, government lands and forests because of the different forest laws and acts.

In India the ownership of land considered a very important part and a source of sustainability,
permanency and livelihood or a permanent income source. But most of the communities from
these tribes did not have any land ownership and any form of land. Because of that they are
deprived from welfare programmes as well as citizenry rights.

They have very low social, economic, political and educational status. M ost of their
traditional skills to earn or their traditional skills could not be utilised to earn livelihood in
present time or in the era or mechanization.

These tribes are very far from education and they have very low literacy. They are facing
several problems and not able to utilise the quotas and different facilities provided by the
government. Their basic problems like lower education status or illiteracy, lower income
sources, poverty, not much share in political power and administrative mechanism etc. have
been depriving them from empowerment and development.

Page | 1027 Copyright ©2019Authors

THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

The all families of these tribes did not have different identity cards as ration card, caste
certificate, voter I.D. card etc. so they are not able to take the benefits of different schemes as
without ration card they are not able to take benefit of public distribution system (PDS).
Without caste certificate they are not able to take the benefit of reservations and different
developments. Not having the fixed place to live they are not able to take the different
identity cards because they did not have proper residence proof, absence of birth certificates,
stigma of criminality on their caste name, lower status in society etc. are making problems to
them. M ost of the people from these community have voter identity card it gives the right to a
citizen for participating in local democratic processes but they did not much aware about it
that what are the benefits of this card and they can be the part of Indian politics. After having
the card, they are far from its benefits.

The women in De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes are working very hard as they
are fetching water, cooking, washing clothes, trading cattle, taking care of children, fetching
fuel and fodder etc. After all these they are playing a major role in their family income as
well. Some communities from these tribes give preference to girl child and other
communities give the preference to the male child. The communities who giving preference
to girl child are Bagria, Pardhi, Ganga Reddula, Yanadi, Nakkala, Yerukula, Pusala, Jangam,
Nari Kuravar, Koravar, Konar etc.

Conclusion: After about 70 years of formal eradication of punitive restrictions,

discrimination, stigma, humiliation and renunciation of basic rights continue. The years of
deprivation and poverty affect their lives in present time as well. Thestruggle of De-notified,
Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic tribes for Basic amenities showing their poverty and how they
are living below the poverty line.

The De-notified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic Tribes are untouched traditionally of social,
cultural, economic and political rights. Their very low educational status is one of the main
barrier in their empowerment and development. Their children are not going schools yet. It
can be said that their historical injustice is still affecting them.

They are not only considered untouchables, but they occupy lowermost positions in the social
hierarchy. The reason of vulnerabilities among the De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic
tribes are due to non-availability of land, access to grazing land for livestock, diminishing
traditional occupation or livelihood opportunities and scarcity of daily basis wage or wage
employment.
Page | 1028 Copyright ©2019Authors
 THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

M ostly the Nomadic tribes prefer to live in urban areas because they find their earnings near
the cities. De-notified tribes prefer to live in rural areas because they have their earning
sources in villages, in forests or in waste land. The Semi-Nomadic tribes live in villages
because they have cattle’s and for their herding, they must live near to the villages.

Suggestions: These tribal groups are requiring the help of academicians, activists, media,
government and many more should focus and highlight their issues to their empowerment
and overall development and to bring out them from their existing conditions and situations
as poverty and deprivation. Their participation in political activities is also needed to
mobilize themselves and advocate for their basic rights.

Reference:

 Government of India. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2008). National Commission for
Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes. Report, Vol. 1, (June 30, 2008).
 Government of India. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2008). National Commission for
Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes. Report, Vol. 2, (June 30, 2008).
 Draft list of De-notified T ribes, Nomadic T ribes and Semi-Nomadic Tribes of India (Govt. of India)
 Bokil, M. (2002). De-notified and nomadic tribes: A perspective. Economic and Political Weekly,
148-154.
 D'Souza, D. (1999). De-Notified T ribes: Still 'Criminal'?. Economic and Political Weekly,34(51),
3576-3578.
 Gandhi, M. (2014). An appraisal of the nomadic, semi-nomadic and denotified communities of
Karnataka. Local Government Quarterly, 110.
 Gandhi, M. (2014). Denotified Tribes: Retrospect and Prospect. Delhi, Manak Publications.
 Heredia, R. C. (2007). Denotified and nomadic tribes: The challenge of free and equal citizenship.
Department of Sociology, University of Pune.
 Kolekar, S. (2008). Violence against nomadic tribes. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(26), 569-
571.
 Kumar, N. & Shahu, G. (2018). Tribal society of India and Indian tribes (text & causes). Best
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Shahu, G. (2019), Media Representation of Nomadic Tribes: A Socio-Cultural Study in Rajasthan,
Thesis Submitted for Ph.D. at Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan.

 Lindner, P. R. (1982). What was a nomadic tribe?. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24(4),
689-711.
 Milind, B. (2002). De-Notified and Nomadic T ribe: A Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly,
37(2), 148-154.
 Robbins, P. (1998). Nomadization in Rajasthan, India: Migration, Institutions, and Economy. Human
Ecology, 26(1), 87-112.
 Radhakrishna, M. (2001). Dishonoured by history:" criminal Tribes" and British Colonial Policy.
Orient Blackswan.
 Rao, S. M. (2013). Understanding denotified and nomadic tribes through resolutions,
recommendations & representations. Hyderabad, Charita Impressions.
 Shahu, B. (2018). Reviewed book, Development of denotified tribes: Policy Practice by Malli Gandhi
(2006). Research Reinforcement, 5(2), 181-182.

Page | 1029 Copyright ©2019Authors

 THINK INDIA JOURNAL
ISSN:0971-1260
Vol-22- Issue-35-December-2019

 Shahu, G. (2017). Representation of de-notified and nomadic tribes in print newspapers: A critical
study in media language in Rajasthan. Research Reinforcement, 5(1),72-75.
 Sharma, A. (2011). South Asian nomads--A literature review. Create Pathways to Access. Research
Monograph No. 58.
 Singh, K. S. (1998). People of India. Anthropological Survey of India, 4.

Page | 1030 Copyright ©2019Authors