A programming language is a set of instructions and syntax used to create

software programs. Some of the key features of programming languages

include:
1. Syntax: The specific rules and structure used to write code in a
programming language.
2. Data Types: The type of values that can be stored in a program, such
as numbers, strings, and booleans.
3. Variables: Named memory locations that can store values.
4. Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on values, such as
addition, subtraction, and comparison.
5. Control Structures: Statements used to control the flow of a program,
such as if-else statements, loops, and function calls.
6. Libraries and Frameworks: Collections of pre-written code that can be
used to perform common tasks and speed up development.
7. Paradigms: The programming style or philosophy used in the
language, such as procedural, object-oriented, or functional.
Examples of popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++,
JavaScript, and Ruby. Each language has its own strengths and
weaknesses and is suited for different types of projects.
A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of
instructions for a computer to perform specific tasks. It’s used to write
software programs and applications, and to control and manipulate
computer systems. There are many different programming languages,
each with its own syntax, structure, and set of commands. Some of the
most commonly used programming languages include Java, Python, C++,
JavaScript, and C#. The choice of programming language depends on the
specific requirements of a project, including the platform being used, the
intended audience, and the desired outcome.

What is Computer Programming?

To put it simply, computer programming is the process of humans
communicating with computers to make them perform specific tasks. It
involves crafting a set of instructions, enabling computers to execute
operations and fulfil particular purposes. The programmer plays a pivotal
role here, imparting purpose and functionality to these electronic devices.
Without programming, computers are just sophisticated machines with
untapped potential.

Basic Terminologies in Programming Languages:

 Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or
performing a task.
 Variable: A named storage location in memory that holds a value or
data.
 Data Type: A classification that specifies what type of data a variable
can hold, such as integer, string, or boolean.
 Function: A self-contained block of code that performs a specific task
and can be called from other parts of the program.
 Control Flow: The order in which statements are executed in a
program, including loops and conditional statements.
 Syntax: The set of rules that govern the structure and format of a
programming language.
 Comment: A piece of text in a program that is ignored by the compiler
or interpreter, used to add notes or explanations to the code.
 Debugging: The process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in a
program.
 IDE: Integrated Development Environment, a software application that
provides a comprehensive development environment for coding,
debugging, and testing.
 Operator: A symbol or keyword that represents an action or operation
to be performed on one or more values or variables, such as +
(addition), – (subtraction), * (multiplication), and / (division).
 Statement: A single line or instruction in a program that performs a
specific action or operation.

Flowchart and Algorithm are Used for?

The algorithm and the flowchart are the two tools that software
programmers utilize on the most frequent basis. People employ these
methods while attempting to describe the operation of the software.
Creating new programmes, especially in the realm of computer
programming, is made easier by the use of flowcharts and algorithms.
An algorithm is a logical method broken down into steps that may be used
to solve issues. When you have made the decision to solve an issue, you
need to be aware of what has to be done, how it should be done, and
what kinds of actions need to be taken in order to arrive at a solution. An
algorithm is a term that is used to refer to the sequence of procedures that
need to be carried out in order to solve a problem.

Example of algorithm Let’s consider for example an algorithm that calculates the
square of a given number.

 Input: the input data is a single-digit number (e.g., 5).

  Transformation/processing: the algorithm takes the input (number 5) and
performs the specific operation (i.e., multiplies the number by itself).
 Output: the result of the calculation is the square of the input number, which,
in this case, would be 25 (since 5 * 5 = 25).

We could express this as an algorithm in the following way:

Algorithm: Calculate the square of a number

1. Start.
2. Input the number (N) whose square you want to find.
3. Multiply the number (N) by itself.
4. Store the result of the multiplication in a variable (result).
5. Output the value of the variable (result), which represents the square of the
input number.
6. End.

An algorithm represents the thinking process for solving a problem in an abstract yet
precise way, rather than the answer itself.

A flowchart is nothing more than a graphical representation of an

algorithm. A flowchart, also known as a flow diagram. A flowchart is a
blueprint that pictorially represents the algorithm and its steps..
Graphically illustrating a process or a programme is accomplished by the
utilisation of a variety of symbols, shapes, and arrows

Flow-Chart Symbols
The following table illustrates the symbols along with their names
(used in a flow-chart) −

Name Symbol Name Symbol

Flow Line Magnetic Disk

Communication
Terminal
Link

Processing Offline Storage

 Decision Annotation

Connector Flow line

Off-Page
Document
Connector

Sample of Flow Chart

What is structured programming (modular

programming)?
Structured programming, or modular programming, is a programming
paradigm that facilitates the creation of programs with readable code and
reusable components. All modern programming languages support
structured programming, but the mechanisms of support -- like the syntax
of the programming languages -- vary.
Structured programming encourages dividing an application program into a
hierarchy of modules or autonomous elements, which, in turn, may contain
other such elements. Within each element, code may be further structured
using blocks of related logic designed to improve readability and
maintainability.

Types of structured programming

There are three categories of structured programming:

1. Procedural programming. Defines modules as procedures or functions

that are called with a set of parameters to perform a task. A procedural
language begins a process, which is then given data. It is also the most
common category and is subdivided into the following:

a. Service-oriented programming simply defines reusable modules

as services with advertised interfaces.

b. Microservice programming focuses on creating modules that do

not store data internally and so are scalable and resilient in cloud
deployment.

c. Functional programming, technically, means that modules are

written from functions, and that these functions' outputs are derived
only from their inputs. Designed for serverless computing, the
definition of functional programming has since expanded to be
largely synonymous with microservices.

2. Object-oriented programming (OOP). Defines a program as a set of

objects or resources to which commands are sent. An object-oriented
language defines a data resource and sends it to process commands.
For example, the procedural programmer might say, "Print(object),"
while the OOP programmer might say, "Tell Object to Print."

3. Model-based programming. The most common example of this is

database query languages. In database programming, units of code are
associated with steps in database access and update or run when those
steps occur. The database and database access structure determine
the structure of the code. Another example of a model-based structure
is Reverse Polish notation, a math-problem structure that lends itself to
 efficient solving of complex expressions. Quantum computing is another
example of model-based structured programming; the quantum
computer demands a specific model to organize steps, and the
language simply provides it.

What Is Compilation In C?
Compilation refers to the process by which human-readable source code written in
any programming language is transformed into machine-executable binary code.
This transformation bridges the gap between the way we write code, which is in a
form that's easy for humans to understand, and the way computers execute code,
which is in binary form, composed of 0s and 1s.

The Compilation Process

The compilation process in C can be divided into several phases, each with specific
tasks and objectives. These phases ensure that the source code is translated into
an efficient and executable form while also checking for errors and allowing for
modularity. The phases of the process are-

1. Preprocessing
2. Compilation

3. Assembling

4. Linking