2025

Counseling and Professional Practice

Prepared by Staff Members at

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Saad Osman
Ain Shams University, College of Education
Prof. Dr. Sarah Hossam Mostafa Mental Health& Counseling Department

Dr. Noura Mohamed Arafa

 Chapter 1
Introduction to psychological counseling

Chapter content

Introduction:
The concept of psychological counseling
Misconceptions about psychological
counseling
The difference between psychological
counseling and other concepts
The aims of psychological counseling
Methods of psychological counseling
The foundations of psychological
counseling
Ethical foundations

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Introduction:
Perhaps one of the most important features of our current era is the technological
progress that absorbs all aspects of life in agriculture, industry, economy,
information technology and communication. This progress has been accompanied
by a parallel change in the possibilities that occur within the human being; therefore,
the severity of psychological, social and behavioral disorders has increased, and
hence the need for counseling has become a necessity in order to reach solutions to
such disorders.

The concept of psychological counseling:

-Counselling is an English term that means to talk together.
- psychological counseling is an educational process that helps the individual to
understand himself, by identifying the aspects of his personality, so that he can make
his own decisions and solve his problems, which contributes to his growth, through
a human relationship between him and the counselor.
- Psychological counseling is a dynamic, interactive, professional and conscious
relationship between the counselor and the case that aims to help the client to know
himself and understand himself in order to be able to solve his problems, which helps
to reach consensus and mental health.
- Counselling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between two people، in
which the procedures vary according to the nature of the client's need, but in all cases
there is a mutual participation of both the counselor and the client, focusing on the
client's self-understanding.
-Psychological counseling is the process in which a relaxation of the self-structure
of the client occurs within the framework of the security provided by the relationship
with the counselor, and in which the client becomes aware of his excluded
experience in a new self.
- Psychological counseling is a process that includes an interaction between a
counselor and a client in a special situation with the aim of helping the counselor to
change his behavior so that he can reach an appropriate solution to his needs.

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 -Psychological counseling is the process through which the counselor, who is a
person who is specializedly qualified to carry out counseling, tries to help another
person in understanding himself, making decisions, and solving problems.

Misconceptions about psychological counseling:

There are some misconceptions about psychological counseling, which reduce
the effectiveness of any psychological counseling program and make it fall short of
achieving its goals. These concepts are as follows:
1 - Some believe that psychological counseling provides its services to
psychiatric patients:
The truth is that the counseling service is provided to ordinary individuals as well
as psychiatric patients.
2- The belief that psychological counseling is limited to the emotional problems
of the individual:
It is correct that it deals with the individual in all areas of his personal, educational,
professional and marital life.
3- Belief that psychological counseling provides ready-made plans, solutions
and advice for those who seek guidance:
The right thing is that psychological counseling helps the individual according to
his capabilities and in light of his self-understanding, and he has the right to self-
determination for himself.
4- Believing that psychological counseling is just services that are added to the
activity of any institution:
But it is true that psychological counseling is an integral part of the program of any
institution and is not an additional activity that may be undertaken or not.
5- Believing that psychological counseling is done by any person:
However, it is true that guidance needs qualified and trained specialists in theory
and practice, and that their personalities must have some characteristics; In order to
carry out his humanitarian mission to the fullest, he has a license to practice the
profession.

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The difference between psychological counseling and other concepts:
1- Psychological counseling and psychological guidance:
psychological guidance: Psychological counseling
1- It includes the psychological 1- It does not include guidance.
counseling process

2- It is concerned with theoretical 2- It is concerned with practical

aspects. aspects.
T

3- Anyone can do it. 3- It must be done by the

psychological counselor.
4- guidance is a group process. 4- Individual or group.
.

5- Like directing to education. 5- Like counseling for

psychological treatment.
2-Psychological counseling and Psychotherapy:
Psychological counseling Psychotherapy:
1- Caring for the normal people. 1- Caring for neurosis and psychosis
patients
2. The problems are less serious 2. The problems are more serious

3- Solving problems at the level of 3- Focusing on the subconscious.

consciousness

4- The client is conscious and 4- The therapist is responsible for

reorganizes himself reorganizing the patient's
personality.
5- The role of the psychotherapist 5- The role of the psychotherapist is
is small. large and essential.

6- Short term. 6- Long lasting.

7- It provides its services in . 7- Provides services in psychiatric

counseling centers hospitals.

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The aims of psychological counseling:
1. Maintaining the individual's mental health in the best possible position.
2.Helping the client direct his growth and develop his energies
3. Helping the client to make a positive change in his personality.
4. Increasing the client skills in dealing with problems.
5. Helping the client to improve his relationship with others.
6. Self-actualization of the client.
7. Improving the educational process.
8. Achieving adjustment.
a. Personal adjustment.
b. Social adjustment.
C . Educational adjustment.
d. Professional adjustment.

Second: The importance of psychological counseling:

1) The stress of life in the current time
2) Abuse of space time among young people
3) Development in the field of education
4) Scientific and technological progress
5) Critical transition periods
6) Family changes
7) Changes in work and profession

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Methods of psychological counseling:
There are three approaches aimed at achieving psychological counseling, which are
the developmental approach, the preventive approach, and the therapeutic approach.
The three approaches must be carefully planned in the psychological counseling
program.
1- The developmental approach:
It is sometimes called the construction strategy, and its importance is due to the fact
that the extension services provide a basis for ordinary people to achieve the increase
and efficiency of the individual to the maximum extent possible.
This is achieved through self-acceptance, setting normal goals for life, and caring
for the manifestations of personal growth, physically, mentally, socially and
emotionally.
2 - Preventive method:
It is sometimes called the psychological immunization approach against mental
disorders, which is consistent with the well-known proverb “Prevention is better than
treatment.” The preventive approach has three levels:
A - Primary prevention: It includes trying to prevent the occurrence of the problem
or disorder by removing the causes that may lead to it.
B - Secondary prevention: It includes an attempt to detect and diagnose the disorder
in its early stages to control it and prevent its development.
C - Third degree prevention: It includes an attempt to reduce the effect of obstructing
the disorder or prevent the chronicity of the disease.
3- Clinical method:
There are some problems and disorders that are difficult to predict and actually
happen, and every individual at some time tells of crisis situations, critical periods
and problems in which he needs support to reduce the level of anxiety and raise the
level of hope, for example (the death of a loved one), and the therapeutic approach
also includes addressing To cope with problems and psychological disorders until a
return to a state of compatibility and mental health; Therefore, he is interested in
diagnosing the disorder and ways to treat it, and this approach is considered the most
costly in terms of time, effort and money.

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The foundations of psychological counseling:
General foundations:
Relative stability of human behavior:
Behavior can be defined as every activity of a living organism, whether this activity
is physical, mental, emotional or social. This behavior is a characteristic of relative,
not absolute, stability, and therefore it can be predicted in the future.
Flexibility of human behavior.
Human behavior can be modified through teaching and learning. The principle of
flexibility applies to basic personality organization and self-concept as well.
- Individual human behavior - collective:
Each individual is distinct from the others, but the influence of the group is evident
in him.
A person’s readiness for guidance and direction:
It means that the individual seeks guidance for himself when he falls into a problem
or a predicament, so he feels a desire to change.
The right of the individual to benefit from guidance and counseling:
It is the right of the individual, male or female, student or worker, to benefit from
psychological counseling services, and it is the duty of the state to provide these
services to all.
The right of the individual to self-determination for himself:
It means recognizing the freedom of the individual, for the guide is free, and his
freedom is responsible.
Client accept:
It means that the counselor accepts the client without conditions or restrictions,
regardless of his behavior.
Continuity of counseling process:
A person needs psychological counseling from childhood until the end of life. He
needs counseling as a child, and when he faces problems related to his studies,
profession, marriage, divorce and retirement.

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Psychological and educational foundations:
Individual differences:
The principle of individual differences must be taken into account during the practice
of counseling; Because each individual has its own characteristics and independent
personality that are unique to others as a result of genetic and environmental factors
The differences between the sexes:
The psychological counselor must take into account the differences between the
sexes in all areas of school, vocational, family and marital counseling.
Growth Requirement:
The normal psychological development of the individual at each stage of his
development requires several needs or demands, which he must learn in order to
become happy in his life.
Social foundations:
Attention to the social aspects of the individual:
Man is a social being by nature who lives in a society that influences him and is
affected by it.
Benefiting from social institutions:
In his daily life, man deals with a group of people and social institutions, whether
directly or indirectly, that assist individuals, materially and morally.

Ethical foundations:
Adequacy of the scientific and professional counselor:
The psychological counselor must be scientifically and practically qualified.
License:
It is a prerequisite for practicing the profession of counseling, and this license is
granted by an official staff that qualifies him to carry out the responsibilities of this
profession.

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Maintaining confidentiality of information:
The counselor is fully responsible for maintaining the secrets of the client and the
information he provides during the counseling session.
The professional relationship:
It must be characterized as a specific professional relationship within a framework
of social, ethical and legal standards, otherwise it will develop into another type of
relationship (romantic, materialistic, interest, .......etc.).
Working as a team (case conference):
The counseling process sometimes requires an integrated team of specialists (such
as the psychological counselor, social worker, psychiatrist, organic physician, and
parents, in order to achieve the goal of the counseling process.
Client transfer:
The psychological counselor must refer the client to another specialist if necessary.

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 Chapter Two
Psychological counseling process

Chapter content

• First: concept of the counseling

process.
• Second: counseling process
procedures.
• Third: Characteristics of an
effective counselor

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-First: concept of the counseling process:
counselling is a talking therapy that allows people to discuss their problems with
trained professionals in a peaceful and safe condition, The counselling process is a
planned, structured relationship between a counsellor and a client. It is a cooperative
process in which a trained professional helps a person called the client to identify
sources of difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing.

-Second: counseling process procedures:

1- Determine the date and duration of the counseling session:
The psychological counselor must set the date for the first counseling interview in
agreement with the client , which includes the day and hour and determining the
duration of the counseling session so that it is not less than half an hour and not more
than an hour.
2- Determine the place of the counseling session:
The place must help create feelings of security for the client, and the absence of any
interruptions to the counseling process such as (telephone calls - knocking on the door).
3- preparation:
a- preparing the counsellor for the counseling process such as preparing the
appropriate place, sufficient time, and providing diagnostic too.
b- Preparation the client for the counseling process.
4- Determine the objectives of the counseling process:
It means Determining the important goals gradually according to view of the
counsellor.
5- Building rapport:
a close and harmonious relationship between counsellor and client to understand
feelings or ideas and communicate well.

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6-Determine the relationship between the counsellor and client
It is the main axis on which the psychological counseling process is centered to
express one's feelings and problems, to learn the method of solving the problem of
expression.
7-Focusing the conversation on the problem:
It means the conversation in the counseling session is focus on the problem of the
counselor and not general topics.
8- Effective communication between the counsellor and client:
The most important skills that the counselor must have, i.e. understanding non-
verbal behaviors from the client, including non-verbal messages and body language.
9- Interpretation:
One of the most important skills is the use of interpretation and its timing.
Interpretation leads to understanding of the client.
10- actual facing of the client's problem:
Understanding the client with all his strengths and weaknesses helps him to make
the appropriate decision to modify his wrong behavior.
11- Continuous evaluation of the counselling process:
It allows the counselor to judge the success of the counseling process, and the change
that occurred in the personality.
12- Ending the counselling process:
The process of Ending the counselling process should be gradual, not sudden.
13- Follow-up:
Follow-up may be done by phone or via the Internet to ensure that the client
continues to improve.
-Third: Characteristics of an effective counselor:
A career in counseling gives licensed professionals the opportunity to help those
who are coping with loss, depression, anxiety, addiction, relationship issues, and
other everyday mental health struggles. In order to be an effective counselor, there
are many characteristics that one must have .

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1- Personal skills such as:
a- Empathy: The ability to see things from another person’s point of
view and understand their struggles.
b- Flexibility: Counseling characteristics include remembering that no
two clients who come to therapy are the same. Each client has their
own values, culture, and belief system, so a therapist must be flexible
c- Optimism: One of the qualities of an effective counselor is the ability
to remain optimistic and show clients that there is hope for a better
future.
d- Warmth: When your therapist seems warm and caring, you will be
more comfortable opening up to them. On the other hand, if they come
across as cold and judgmental, you aren’t likely to make much
progress in therapy.
e- respectful and non-judgmental: As a counselor, you must respect
each client’s beliefs and struggles, and never assert your personal
values or beliefs.
f- importance of communication: An effective counselor must
understand that communication needs to be personalized to each client.
g- Active listening : is the use of eye contact, facial expressions, to imply
that you're engaged and focused on the information the other person is
saying.
2- Scientific skills such as:
a- License: You must have a license to practice as a counsellor.
b- Research often : such as reading one article a day or three each week.
Although you may have a degree and experience in the field, remember
that you can always learn.
c- Assessment And Testing: Testing is defined as collecting information
to analyze and evaluate a client to identify problems, plan for treatment,
and aid in diagnosing. Assessing a person requires training in areas of
psychology, statistics.
d- Interpretation : Counsellors interpret information that a client shares
and places it within the context of what they are going through.
3- basic skill such as :
a- Attending :Attending in counselling means being in the company of
someone else and giving that person your full attention,

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b- Silence :This includes the counsellor listening to silences as well as
words.
c- Reflecting and Paraphrasing: is part of the ‘art of listening’. It is making
sure that the client knows their story is being listened to. This is achieved
by the counsellor by both repeating and feeding a shorter version of their
story back to the client. This known as 'paraphrasing'.
d- Questioning : There are two types of questioning styles : open
questioning and closed questioning. Open questioning includes all
questions that gather more detailed and complex information and usually
require extensive answers. The counsellor uses open questions to clarify
his or her understanding of what the client is feeling An example of an
open question is "What brought you in today?". Closed questioning
involves more short-ended questions with specific responses, such as yes
or no. An example of a closed question is "Do you feel sad?".
e- Focusing: involves making decisions about what issues the client wants
to deal with
f- Building Rapport with clients in counselling: Rapport means a sense of
having a connection with the person.
g- Summarizing: are longer paraphrases. They condense the essence of
what the client is saying and feeling.
h- Immediacy: means that the therapist reveals how they themselves are
feeling in response to the client.

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 Chapter Three
Psychological diagnosis tools in the counseling process

Chapter content

-Interview
-Case Study
-Observation
- Psychological tests.
-Projective tests.
- Self-report (personal
biography)

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Introduction:
The psychological counselor obtains information from the counselor that helps him
to solve his problems and contributes to the counseling process in general.
counselling Interview:
definition the counselling interview:
The interview with a client by a therapist or counselor to obtain both information
regarding the issues or problems that have brought the client into therapy or
counseling and information regarding personal and family history.

Importance of the counseling interview:

• It provides the counselor with the opportunity to ask the client whatever
questions he deems appropriate, and to observe his emotions and movements.
• It gives the client the opportunity to inquire about what he is suffering and
what awaits him in the future (prognosis).
• It allows the client to see himself and express his feelings freely.
• it allows the client to insight himself and express his feelings freely.

Interview Types:
Types of interview according to its objectives:
Initial interview: it is used to preparation is made for the following interviews and
determined The time and place of the interview.
Diagnostic interview: It is used to carry out some tests to the diagnosis ( the factors
behind the behavior) in order to develop a plan for counseling.
Personal interview: It is called an employment interview, as it aims to determine
the suitability of a person for a study or a profession.

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counseling or therapeutic interview: It is the method through which the counseling
relationship is formed between the counselor and the client.
Survey interview: It is an interview aimed at collecting opinions in order to make a
specific decision.
Types of interview according to its form:
free interview: It is based on the free association of the person and the person
expresses himself freely.
Restricted interview: It is based on a specific set of questions and according to
certain topics.

Types of interview according to the number of participants:

Individual interview: It takes place between One-to-one.
Group interview: It takes place between the counselor and a group of clients with
similar problems, and it often ranges between 3-10 individuals.

Type of interview according to the procedure:

The direct interview: its procedures follow the behavior of the psychological
counselor ,and it proceeds according to pre-established and regulated steps.
The indirect interview: its procedures follow the behavior of the client, and the
counselor helps the counselor to talk freely.

Conditions for a successful interview:

- Ask questions to the client flexibly.
- Good listening to the client.
- Good observation of the client's behavior and emotions.
- Professional maturity and good looking.
- Accepting the client as he is and not setting himself up as a guardian of
values.
- avoid questions that are answered by yes or no or suggestive questions.
- confidence and complete honesty.

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Second: Case Study:
-Definition of a case study:
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases)
within a real-world context. For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an
individual patient. Generally, a case study can highlight nearly any individual,
group, organization, event, belief system, or action.
Importance of a case study:
- Give the counselor a comprehensive and clear idea of the client.
- Helps the counselor to summarize the information collected about the client.
- Helps the counselor to develop an appropriate plan for clients.
Counselor skills in case study:
skill of obtaining and recording information.
skill of Analyzing information.
skill of interpreting information.
skill of Prediction ( Prognosis).

Third: Observation:

Definition of observation:
an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement
with instruments.
Types of observation:
Direct observation: The observer is in front of the client face to face in the same
situation.
Indirect observation: It occurs without direct contact between the observers and
the clients, and without the clients realizing that they are being observed.

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External organized observation: objective observation without controlling the
factors causing the behavior.
- Internal organized observation: from the person to himself "internal
meditation".
Incidental observation: an accidental note.
Periodic observation: it takes place at specific time.
Restricted observation: It is restricted to a specific situation and certain items.

Factors of success observation:

- Objectivity and secret.
- Comprehensiveness of the observation.
- Selection of observed behavior.
Scientific observation steps:
- Preparing for observation.
- Determine the time.
- Determine the place.
- Determine the behavior
- Preparing the observation guide.
- Interpretation of observed behavior.

Fourth: psychological tests:

Definition of psychological tests:
Psychological testing, also called psychometrics, the systematic use of tests to
quantify psychophysical behavior, abilities, and problems and to make predictions
about psychological performance.
Importance of psychological tests:
- Obtain important and accurate information.
- Helping the client to choose the right study or profession.
- It is used to know the talented early, which helps them in drawing appropriate
plans to invest their talents.

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 - It is reveal the factors behind disturbed behavior (aggression - weak abilities
and intelligence).
Factors of success psychological tests :
- accuracy for testing.
- b-validity, reliability objectivity
- Explaining the purpose of applying the test.
- Explanation of how to apply the test and it is time.
Types of psychological tests:

According to the form:

Individual tests: They are applied to one person in one session, such as Stanford –
Binet Test children's intelligence.
Group tests: They are those that can be applied to a group of individuals at the same
time, such as the multifaceted personality test.
Paper and pen tests: They are presented in the form of questionnaires. These tests
cannot be applied to children ,such as Goodenough test.
Non-verbal tests: based on shapes and symbols, such as the Wechsler test.
Performance tests: They are in which the individual is asked to deal with some
materials such as pictures, cubes or wooden shapes such as Porteous mazes.

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According to the content:
Cognitive tests: such as tests of intelligence, abilities and aptitudes.
Affective and personality tests: such as objective personality tests (Eysenck's list
of personality) .

According to the time:

Speed tests: They are timed tests.
Strength tests: They are non-timed tests

According to Test reference:

Criterion reference: individual's performance is compared to against a specific test
not with the performance of other individuals.
Standard reference: individual's performance is compared to the performance of
his peers of the same age.

Fifth: Projective tests:

Definition of Projective tests:
A projective test is a type of personality test in which you offer responses to unclear
scenes, words, or images. The goal of such tests is to uncover the hidden conflicts
or emotions. For examples : 1- Thematic Apperception test:
TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a
series of ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to tell a story. The
subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story as they can for each picture presented,
including the following:

what has led up to the event shown

what is happening at the moment

what the characters are feeling and thinking

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what the outcome of the story was

The complete version of the test contains 32 picture cards. Some of the cards show
male figures, some female, some both male and female figures, some adults, some
children, and some show no human figures at all.

2-Rorschach test

The Rorschach test is a type of projective assessment in which subjects look at 10

unclear images and describe what they see in each one.

1- The Sacks Sentence Completion Test (SSCT) :

The Sacks Sentence Completion Test is a 60-item test that asks respondents to
complete 60 questions with the first thing that comes to mind across four areas:
Family, Sex, Interpersonal, Relationships and Self concept.
- Sixth: Personal biography (self-report):
-Definition of Personal biography:
self-report is written by the client about himself, expressing himself in an emotional
way, in which he deals with aspects of his life in the past and present, his
relationships inside and outside the family, and writes his personal, family,
educational, and sexual history, the events and pains he went through, his thoughts,
emotions, values, goals, and aspirations.

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 Chapter Four
Psychological Diagnosis

Chapter content

First: Psychological Diagnosis

definition.
Second: Elements of
Psychological Diagnosis
Third : Psychological
Diagnosis stages.

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First: Psychological Diagnosis definition:
- 1. the process of identifying and determining the nature of a disease or
disorder by its signs and symptoms, through the use of assessment techniques
(e.g., tests and examinations) and other available evidence.
- 2. the classification of individuals on the basis of a disease, disorder,
abnormality, or set of characteristics. Psychological diagnoses have been
codified for professional use, notably in the DSM–5.

- Second: Elements of Psychological Diagnosis

1- Specific &General abilities :
- General ability means that a person had the ability to do something at all times
and in all situations. such as intelligence.
- Specific ability means that the person had the ability to do something in a
specific situation or at a specific time. Such as music abilities.

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2- Personal characteristics:
- The characteristics of a person or thing are the qualities
or features that belong to them and make them recognizable.
For example, individual characteristics may include age, gender, health status,
addictions, qualification, marital status.
- Personal characteristics are the personality traits that make up and reflect who
you are. Examples include honesty, dependability or having a good sense of
humor.
3- Psychological disorders and diseases:
- is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's
cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. It is usually associated with
distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.
- disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of disorders
and disease include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating
disorders and addictive behaviors.
- Third : Psychological Diagnosis stages:

- Stage one: Relationship building:

The counseling process begins with relationship building. This stage focuses
on the counselor engaging with the client to explore the issues that directly
affect them.
The counselor focuses on using good listening skills and building a positive
relationship. When successful, it ensures a strong foundation for future
dialogue and the continuing counseling process.
- Stage two: Problem assessment:
While the counselor and client continue to build a beneficial, collaborative
relationship, another process is underway: problem assessment.
The counselor carefully listens and draws out information regarding the
client’s situation (life, work, home, education, etc.) and the reason they have
engaged in counseling.
Information to subsequent stages of counseling includes identifying triggers,
timing, environmental factors, stress levels, and other contributing factors.
- Stage three: Goal setting:
• Effective counseling relies on setting appropriate and realistic goals,
building on the previous stages. The goals must be identified and developed
cooperative ,with the client committing to a set of steps leading to a
particular outcome.
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 - Stage four: Counseling intervention:
- This stage varies depending on the counselor and the theories they are familiar
with, as well as the situation the client faces.

• For example, a behavioral approach may suggest engaging in activities

designed to help the clients change their behaviors.
Stage five: Evaluation:

- may not seem like a stage, but the art of ending the counseling is critical.
Drawing counseling to a close must be planned well in advance to ensure a positive
conclusion is reached while avoiding anger, sadness, or anxiety.
Part of the process is to reach an early agreement on how the therapy will end and
what success looks like. This may lead to a referral if required.

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 Chapter Five
Positive counselling

Chapter content

Introduction
First: The positive
Psychotherapy definition
(PPT)
Second : Importance of
positive psychology
Third :Assumptions of
positive psychology
Fourth: Positive Psychology
Theory: Three Happy Lives

Fifth: examples Of Positive

Psychology Interventions

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Introduction:
Positive Psychology is a branch of psychology focused on studying and enhancing
positive emotions, strengths, and overall well-being in individuals and communities.
Unlike traditional psychology, which deals with mental illness, Positive Psychology
emerged in the late 20th century to explore what contributes to a fulfilling life and
how individuals can thrive. Led by psychologists like Martin Seligman, this field
shifts its focus from pathology to actively promoting human flourishing and
happiness.
Key areas of interest include identifying strengths, pursuing meaning and purpose,
studying positive emotions, and exploring optimal human functioning. Positive
Psychology provides practical tools and strategies to empower individuals for a more
meaningful and satisfying life. Its applications extend to education, organizational
psychology, and public policy, contributing insights that help individuals overcome
challenges and flourish in various aspects of their lives.

Martin Seligman is a pioneer of positive psychology

First: Positive Psychotherapy Definition (PPT):

Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) is a therapeutic approach grounded in the principles
of Positive Psychology. Developed by Martin Seligman and his colleagues, PPT
aims to enhance well-being, foster personal growth, and promote a positive outlook
on life. Unlike traditional psychotherapy that primarily addresses pathology, PPT
focuses on building on individual strengths, cultivating positive emotions, and
nurturing resilience. The therapeutic process involves exploring and amplifying
positive aspects of one's life, encouraging a proactive and optimistic mindset.

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Second: Importance of Positive Psychology:
Positive Psychology holds significant importance in the field of psychology and
well-being. It shifts the focus from merely treating mental health issues to actively
promoting and enhancing the positive aspects of human life. By studying factors that
contribute to happiness, life satisfaction, and personal fulfillment, Positive
Psychology provides valuable insights and practical tools for individuals, therapists,
educators, and organizations. It contributes to creating a more balanced and holistic
approach to mental health, emphasizing prevention and the cultivation of a
flourishing life.
Third: Assumptions of Positive Psychology:
1. Focus on Strengths: Positive Psychology assumes that individuals possess
unique strengths and virtues that can be harnessed and developed to improve
overall well-being.
2. Optimal Human Functioning: It assumes that the goal of life is not merely
the absence of problems but the pursuit of optimal human functioning and
fulfillment.
3. Positive Emotions Matter: Positive Psychology recognizes the significance
of positive emotions and their role in contributing to a meaningful and
satisfying life.
4. Resilience is Nurture-able: The assumption is that resilience, the ability to
bounce back from challenges, can be nurtured and enhanced through various
interventions.
5. Life Satisfaction is Measurable: Positive Psychology operates under the
assumption that life satisfaction and happiness can be measured and studied
scientifically, providing valuable insights into human well-being.

Fourth: Positive Psychology Theory: Three Happy Lives

Seligman suggests that life satisfaction is the result of three types of “happy lives” :
1. The Pleasant Life: This refers to a life characterized by as much positive
emotion as possible such as happiness.

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 2. The Life of Engagement. This refers to a life characterized by flow, In this
life, much of your time is spent doing activities (work, parenting, etc.) that are
so engaging to you that you lose track of time.
3. The Meaningful Life. This life is characterized by a deep sense of meaning.
you are aware of what your highest strengths are

- Fifth: examples Of Positive Psychology Interventions:

a- Kindness is a trait all happy people have. Studies have shown that happiness and
kindness go hand in hand and complement each other.
b-Empathy: focus on building relationships through effective communication,
broadened perception. The core principle behind this is to let us understand others’
perspective and build a strong connection to them.
C- Optimistic interventions: create positive outcomes by setting realistic
expectations. Focuses on our strengths, our achievements, and all the fruitful aspects
of our lives so far.
d-Gratitude Interventions: It is such a powerful emotion, that by identifying and
naming the incidents and the people we would like to thank, we can feel more
positive and motivated from the inside.

30
Mindfulness Meditation:
Mindfulness exercises involve paying attention to the present moment without
judgment. Practices such as mindful breathing or body scan meditations can reduce
stress and increase self-awareness.
Savoring the Moment:
People are guided to fully engage in and appreciate positive experiences. This may
include savoring the taste of food, enjoying nature, or relishing achievements.
Flow Experiences:
Encouraging individuals to identify activities that provide a state of flow—complete
absorption and engagement. This enhances a sense of competence and fulfillment.
Resilience Building:
Developing coping strategies to bounce back from adversity. This includes
reframing negative situations, learning from challenges, and fostering a resilient
mindset.

31
 Chapter Six
Play counselling

Chapter content

Introduction
The Concept of Play
The Importance of Playing
Objectives of Play Counseling
Theories Explaining Playing
Forms of Play
Types of Pathological Play
The Role of the Psychological Counselor
in Play Counseling
The Role of Parents in Play Counseling
Playroom
Conditions of Play Counseling

32
Introduction
Play, as an essential aspect of childhood, is often regarded as important as food and
education. It is a spontaneous and disorganized free activity that holds intrinsic
value, bringing joy, pleasure, and entertainment. Understanding the concept of play
is crucial for comprehending its significance in various aspects of human
development.

The Concept of Play:

Play is defined as a free activity undertaken for its own sake, devoid of a
predetermined practical goal. It is characterized by spontaneity and disorganization,
manifesting as an automatic, joyful, and entertaining activity. Recognizing play as a
fundamental demand for growth emphasizes its role in fulfilling developmental
needs.

From this understanding, play can be defined as activities intended for pleasure and
joy, serving as a natural, innate motive comparable to the motives for food and sleep.
It becomes a necessary means for holistic growth, contributing to physical, mental,
social, and recreational development. Play acts as a primary avenue for self-
discovery, facilitating an understanding of the world, while also promoting mental
health and life balance.

The Importance of Playing:

Developmental Perspective: Developmental psychologists consider play as a child's

profession and a biological necessity for personality building. It allows children to
express themselves, understand their surroundings, and fulfill their need for
enjoyment and pleasure. The nature of play evolves across different life stages.

Therapeutic Perspective: Therapeutic psychologists view play as a psychological

and social need that serves as a coping mechanism for life's challenges. Play
becomes a way for children to address and overcome emotional stress and tension.

33
Psychological Needs Satisfaction: Play satisfies various psychological needs of the
child, fostering freedom, security, leadership, and self-realization. It facilitates the
transition from individuality to group dynamics, building essential social and
emotional skills.

Symbolic Language: Play acts as the child's symbolic language for self-expression,
allowing them to convey feelings and emotions that might be challenging to
articulate using abstract words.

Learning and Cooperation: Well-organized and educationally directed play helps

in developing memory, thinking, imagination, emotions, and a deeper understanding
of the world. It teaches cooperation, communication, and the societal norms.

Objectives of Play Counseling:

Play counseling serves three main goals:

Developmental Goal: Focusing on satisfying the child's needs and promoting social
principles through free play.
Preventive Goal: Planning and providing toys to anticipate and address potential
problems before they arise, using guided play to achieve specific goals.
Indicative-Therapeutic Goal: Assisting children in overcoming abnormal behavior
by providing tailored games and applying counseling methods based on the child's
problem.

Theories Explaining Playing:

Excess Energy Theory: Herbert Spencer's theory views play as an outlet for excess
energy, converting non-targeted energy into purposeful actions.

Instinctive Theory: Carl Gross suggests that play is based on instinctive activity,
refining instincts and training new skills.

Recap Theory: Stanley Hall proposes that play summarizes the history of human
behavior, allowing children to express typical roles through play.

34
Forms of Play:

Unstructured Play: Provides freedom for the child to choose and play as they wish,
offering insights into emotional disorders.
Structured Play: Directed and planned, designed to suit the child's age, experience,
and problems, offering a safe atmosphere for self-realization.
Behavioral Counseling: Gradual exposure to feared elements through play, helping
children overcome phobias.

Types of Pathological Play:

Inability to Play: Child's inability to play due to physical or emotional insecurity,

leading to isolation and daydreaming.
Aggressive Play: Characterized by destructive behavior, expressing inner turmoil
and pent-up aggression towards loved ones.
Regressive Play: Reverting to an earlier stage of play to attract attention or cope with
jealousy.
Civilized Play: Displaying a meticulous and non-negotiable approach to play,
avoiding messiness and noise.
Distracted Play: Starting a game but not completing it, indicative of underlying
anxiety.

35
The Role of the Psychological Counselor in Play Counseling:
The counselor creates a warm and accepting environment, fostering trust and
empathy. They accompany the child to the playroom, allowing the child to express
feelings through play. The counselor may or may not participate, providing
assistance or explanations when needed. Involvement of parents, family members,
or school staff may be considered.

The Role of Parents in Play Counseling:

Parents play a dual role as participants and beneficiaries in play counseling. Their
involvement is crucial for understanding the child's needs, behaviors, and growth
factors. Consultation with parents, especially the mother, is essential for a
comprehensive approach to the child's psychological development.

Playroom:
A designated playroom, equipped with a variety of toys, provides a space for play
counseling. The room, painted in bright colors, offers a safe and inviting
environment. The arrangement of toys is essential to encourage the child to project
feelings onto them freely.

Conditions of Play Counseling:

Setting limits is crucial for establishing a secure counseling relationship. This
includes giving the child the freedom to choose games, interacting at the child's
level, building a relationship based on love and acceptance, and maintaining a safe
and constructive playroom environment.

In conclusion, play counseling emerges as a valuable tool for understanding,

guiding, and correcting children's behavior. It leverages the innate and universal
nature of play to provide insights into children's problems and conflicts, facilitating
their self-discovery and promoting more effective coping mechanisms

36
 Chapter Seven
Marital counseling

Chapter content

Introduction
The Concept of Marital Counseling
Objectives of Marriage Counseling
The Importance of Marriage Counseling
Problems of Marital Life
Marriage Counseling Services

37
Introduction
Marriage, deeply ingrained in human history and endorsed by religions and legal
systems, forms the cornerstone of stable societies built on love and understanding.
Marital counseling emerges as a vital process, guiding couples through the
complexities of partner selection, fostering stability, harmony, and happiness. This
chapter explores the concept, objectives, importance, and challenges of marital
counseling, offering insights into its multifaceted role in contemporary society.
The Concept of Marital Counseling
Marital counseling is a professional process facilitated by scientifically qualified,
trained, licensed, and morally trusted individuals. In essence, it assists couples in
choosing suitable life partners and navigating the challenges that may arise before,
during, or after marriage.

Objectives of Marriage Counseling

1. Informed Partner Selection: Assisting individuals in selecting life partners
based on self-awareness, understanding of capabilities, and consideration of
social, economic, and cultural factors.
2. Promoting Marital Happiness: Facilitating preventive and curative
programs to ensure marital happiness, offering counseling for dispute
resolution and relationship building.
3. Problem Resolution: Aiding couples in overcoming challenges encountered
before, during, or after marriage.
4. Strengthening Marital Bonds: Defining new standards for relationships,
fostering understanding, trust, and responsibility between partners.
5. Realistic Marital Expectations: Helping couples understand and accept the
realistic nature of marital relationships.
6. Harmony and Integration: Promoting trust, integration, constructive
interaction, joint planning, and patience in addressing marital issues.
38
 7. Informed Decision-Making: Assisting couples in making appropriate
decisions, including divorce and remarriage.
The Importance of Marriage Counseling
Marital counseling's significance lies in fostering compatibility, addressing
psychological, economic, and social pressures, and overcoming misconceptions
derived from unrealistic portrayals of marital life in media. The emotional maturity
of couples is crucial for establishing a stable and sound marital life.
One of the primary advantages of marriage counseling lies in its ability to provide a
structured and impartial space for couples to explore and understand their
relationship dynamics. Qualified professionals, armed with scientific expertise and
ethical considerations, guide couples through a process that encourages open
communication and the identification of underlying issues. This not only helps in
resolving existing conflicts but also aids in preventing potential future challenges.
Moreover, marriage counseling serves as a proactive measure, offering couples the
tools and strategies needed to navigate the complexities of married life. Through
evidence-based approaches, counselors assist individuals in developing effective
communication skills, managing conflicts constructively, and fostering mutual
understanding. By doing so, couples are better equipped to build a resilient
foundation that can withstand the inevitable trials that may arise throughout the
course of their marriage.
The importance of marriage counseling extends beyond crisis intervention; it acts as
a preventative and enriching resource for couples at various stages of their
relationship. Scientifically informed interventions, aligned with ethical standards,
empower couples to nurture a strong emotional bond, cultivate intimacy, and co-
create a fulfilling marital journey. As such, marriage counseling stands as a beacon
of support, guiding couples towards not only resolving immediate challenges but
also building a sustainable and harmonious partnership for the long term.

39
Problems of Marital Life
Before Marriage:
1. Husband Selection Issues: Problems arising from coincidental choices or
love at first sight.
Husband selection issues can emerge when individuals base their choice of a life
partner on chance encounters or the allure of love at first sight. This approach
may lack a thorough understanding of compatibility factors, shared values, and
long-term considerations. Coincidental choices might neglect essential aspects of
a healthy relationship, such as communication styles, life goals, and personal
values. Marital counseling can guide individuals in adopting a more intentional
and informed approach to partner selection, ensuring a foundation built on mutual
understanding and shared values rather than impulsive decisions.
2. Discrepancies in Couple Levels: Differences in age, culture, economics,
religion, or personality traits causing feelings of inferiority.
Discrepancies in couple levels refer to significant differences between partners
in various aspects, such as age, cultural background, economic status, religious
beliefs, or personality traits. These disparities can contribute to feelings of
inferiority, insecurity, or a sense of imbalance in the relationship. For example, a
significant age gap may lead to different life priorities or communication styles.
Marital counseling can help couples navigate these differences by fostering open
communication, understanding, and mutual respect. It encourages partners to
embrace their diversity while finding common ground and addressing potential
challenges arising from these variations.
3. Reluctance to Marry: Hesitation due to past experiences, physical defects,
fear of responsibility, or exaggerated dowries.
Reluctance to marry can stem from various sources, including past traumatic
experiences, concerns about physical defects, fear of shouldering responsibilities
40
 associated with marriage, or exaggerated expectations related to dowries. Marital
counseling can provide a supportive environment for individuals to explore and
understand the root causes of their reluctance. Therapists can assist in addressing
past traumas, building self-confidence, and facilitating open discussions about
fears or concerns. Additionally, counseling can help individuals set realistic
expectations for marriage and develop coping strategies to overcome hesitations,
fostering a more informed and emotionally prepared decision to enter into
matrimony.

During Marriage:
1. Marital Infidelity: Rooted in inequality, boredom, experimentation, or
sexual dissatisfaction.
Marital infidelity refers to the breach of trust within a marriage, often manifesting
from underlying issues such as feelings of inequality between partners, boredom
in the relationship, a desire for experimentation, or dissatisfaction in the realm of
intimacy. Inequality may lead one partner to seek validation or fulfillment outside
the marriage, while boredom or dissatisfaction may drive individuals to explore
alternatives. Marital counseling addresses these root causes by fostering open
communication, rebuilding trust, and helping couples navigate complex
emotions. Strategies for enhancing intimacy and resolving underlying issues are
crucial components of infidelity-focused counseling.
2. Marital Disputes: Recurring conflicts turning the home into a place of
tension and constant quarrels.
Marital disputes signify persistent conflicts within a marriage, transforming the
home into an environment filled with tension and constant quarrels. These
disputes can arise from differences in communication styles, unmet expectations,
or unresolved issues. Marital counseling intervenes by providing couples with
effective conflict resolution strategies, teaching anger management techniques,
and promoting healthy communication. By addressing the root causes of
disputes, counseling aims to create a harmonious and supportive atmosphere
within the marriage.

41
3. Birth Control Issues: Differences leading to doubts and disagreements.
Birth control issues involve disagreements between partners regarding family
planning, potentially leading to doubts and conflicts. Differences in preferences,
values, or expectations concerning the timing and number of children can strain
the marital relationship. Marital counseling assists couples in navigating these
sensitive discussions, fostering mutual understanding, and helping them reach
informed decisions about family planning. By addressing concerns and
facilitating open communication, counseling aims to align the couple's
perspectives on this crucial aspect of married life.
4. Relatives' Interference: External involvement causing marital
disturbances.
Relatives' interference refers to external involvement from family members that
disrupts marital harmony. This interference can take various forms, including
unsolicited advice, overbearing opinions, or attempts to influence decision-
making. Marital counseling addresses boundary-setting, communication
strategies, and conflict resolution skills to help couples navigate external
influences while maintaining a strong and independent marital bond.
5. Infertility Challenges: Threatening separation or remarriage due to
feelings of inferiority.
Infertility challenges can lead to emotional distress within a marriage, potentially
threatening separation or remarriage due to feelings of inadequacy or inferiority.
Marital counseling provides a supportive space for couples to express their
emotions, explore coping mechanisms, and address the impact of infertility on
their relationship. Therapists assist in reframing perspectives, fostering mutual
support, and exploring alternative paths, such as adoption or assisted
reproductive technologies, to navigate this challenging aspect of married life.
6. Control Attempts: Mistakes in treating the partner as a child or
neglecting responsibilities.
Control attempts involve one partner trying to exert dominance or authority over
the other, leading to a dynamic where the other may feel treated as a child or
neglected in terms of responsibilities. Marital counseling addresses power
imbalances, communication breakdowns, and the underlying issues contributing
to control attempts. Therapists work with couples to establish healthy boundaries,

42
 promote mutual respect, and encourage shared responsibilities, fostering a more
balanced and equitable relationship

After Marriage:
1. Divorce: The end of a failed marital life with psychological and social
implications.
Divorce represents the formal termination of a marital union, marking the conclusion
of a relationship that is perceived as unsuccessful or irreparable. This significant life
event brings about psychological and social implications for the individuals
involved. Psychologically, divorce can lead to emotional distress, feelings of failure,
and a sense of loss. Marital counseling post-divorce is crucial for individuals to
navigate these emotions, rebuild self-esteem, and develop coping strategies.
Socially, divorce may result in changes in social circles, family dynamics, and
societal perceptions. Counseling can help individuals reconstruct their lives,
establish new relationships, and embrace a fresh start while addressing the potential
stigma associated with divorce.
2. Widowhood: Life difficulties after the death of a spouse, leading to
marginalization and anxiety.
Widowhood refers to the state of being a widow or widower, experiencing life
difficulties following the death of a spouse. This transition can lead to feelings of
grief, loneliness, and a sense of marginalization. The psychological impact of losing
a life partner is profound, often resulting in anxiety about the future and a significant
adjustment period. Marital counseling in the context of widowhood provides
essential support for individuals to navigate the grieving process, cope with life
changes, and address the emotional challenges associated with loss. Additionally,
counseling can help widows and widowers build resilience, establish a new sense of
identity, and find strategies to manage anxiety as they navigate life without their
spouse

43
Marriage Counseling Services
1. Premarital Counseling Services:
Addressing Information Gaps: Providing couples with essential information
about marriage, including expectations, responsibilities, and potential
challenges. This helps bridge any knowledge gaps and fosters realistic
expectations.
Boosting Self-Confidence: Assisting individuals in building self-confidence
as they approach marriage, addressing any concerns or insecurities they may
have about their readiness for this significant life commitment.
Doubt Resolution: Offering a platform for couples to openly discuss and
resolve any doubts or uncertainties they may have about each other or the
institution of marriage.
Marital Education and Guidance: Equipping couples with the necessary
skills and knowledge through educational sessions to enhance their
understanding of marital dynamics and effective communication. Guidance is
provided for successful partner selection, considering compatibility and shared
values.
2. Counseling Services During Marriage:
Emphasizing Core Values: Focusing on fundamental values such as honesty,
sincerity, love, respect, and trust to strengthen the foundation of the marital
relationship.
Conflict Resolution Strategies: Providing couples with practical tools and
strategies to navigate conflicts constructively, fostering a healthier and more
resilient relationship.
Anger Management: Addressing issues related to anger and providing
techniques for managing and expressing anger in a productive and non-
destructive manner.
Self-Control Skills: Helping individuals develop self-control skills to
navigate challenging situations and emotions within the marriage.

44
3. Counseling Services After Marriage:
Mitigating the Impact of Divorce or Widowhood: Offering support and
guidance for individuals coping with the aftermath of divorce or widowhood,
addressing emotional challenges, and facilitating the healing process.
Facilitating a New Married Life: Assisting individuals in transitioning to a
new chapter after a significant life event, offering guidance on rebuilding,
setting new goals, and establishing a fresh perspective on married life.

4. General Marriage Counseling Services:

Psychological Services: Providing psychological support to couples to
enhance compatibility, understanding, and emotional well-being. This may
include addressing issues such as communication breakdowns, intimacy
concerns, and individual mental health.
Medical Services: Conducting comprehensive pre-marital examinations to
identify and address potential health-related concerns that could impact the
couple's well-being. This may include fertility assessments, genetic screenings,
and overall health evaluations to ensure a holistic approach to marital health
and wellness.

45
 Chapter Eight
Cognitive Behavioral Counseling

Chapter content

The concept of cognitive behavioral

counseling:
Foundations of cognitive behavioral
counseling:
Objectives of cognitive behavioral
counseling:
Stages of the cognitive behavioral
counseling process:
Behavioral Counseling Techniques:
Uses of cognitive behavioral counseling:

46
The concept of cognitive behavioral counseling:

Cognitive-behavioral counseling is considered one of the modern methods in

psychological counseling, and the Preface to this attitude was by Donald Herbert
Meichenbaum in the sixties of the twentieth century, an American of origin, who
obtained a doctorate from the University of Illinois. Whether it is possible to train
them to speak to themselves in a way that leads to changing their behavior, i.e. focus
on the inner-speech in an attempt to change their behavior, and care about the
imagens in the hope that it will know whether these changes will lead to changes in
thinking, feeling and behavior. He described Mickenbaum, cognitive-behavioral
counseling, links dynamic and behavioral methods, taking advantage of learning
theories.

Talaat Mansour (2000) believes that this approach focuses on the role of ideas,
beliefs, information, perceptions and interpretations in our emotions and behavior.
Distorted or incorrect about oneself, others, the world, and the future.

Also, many of the emotional and behavioral responses and disorders depend to
a large extent on the presence of false intellectual beliefs that the individual builds
about himself and the world around him. Therefore, we must focus directly on
changing the mental processes before we expect any decisive change in the
personality of the client, i.e. the client learns that They think, feel, and therefore
behave appropriately.

Thus, cognitive-behavioral counseling is considered one of the modern counseling

attitudes that are concerned with the cognitive aspect in explaining psychological
disorders and then treating them. The owners of this current believe that irrational
thoughts and beliefs and internal dialogue play a fundamental role in the occurrence
of behavioral disorders.

Foundations of cognitive behavioral counseling:

1. As a reaction to the criticisms faced by the behavioral school regarding its non-
acceptance of the need to bring about direct changes in the cognitive aspect of the
client and to focus only on changing the behavior.
2. Increased interest in studying cognitive processes and their relationship to
psychological functions.
3. The efforts of some scientists such as "Jean Piaget" and others played a
fundamental role in the study of cognitive development in the child, and the link
between it and moral development, and the efforts of "Kelly" had a prominent role

47
in clarifying the role of the environment in modifying the mental structure and then
changing behavior.
4. Cognitive-behavioral counseling has benefited from all schools and theories, and
it has benefited from some postulates of analytical theory. It has recognized the
importance of feeling, unconsciousness, and conflict between the three elements of
personality when any personality disorder occurs. it used some analytical treatment
techniques such as: free association, which refers to letting the patient express
himself Orally, and about everything that goes on in his mind and the problems he
suffers from, while preserving the main goal of cognitive-behavioral counseling,
which is to help the patient solve his current problems, and adapt by teaching him
methods that help him solve his problems and develop his independence.
5. It also benefited from the theory of conditioning and reinforcement, which is based
on the assumption that a person learns attitudes in the same way he learns habits.
Just as a person acquires information and facts, he also learns feelings and values
associated with this information. Attitudes develop through three processes:
bonding, imitation, and reinforcement.
6. It also benefited from cognitive theory, which took from the cognitive structure
and mental processes a frame of reference and a theoretical basis for interpreting
human behavior and personality.

Objectives of cognitive behavioral counseling:

1. Teaching patients to identify and evaluate their thinking and fantasies related to
traumatic events and behaviors.
2. Teaching patients that assessing that knowledge requires correcting cognitive
distortions.
3. Teaching the client to participate in counseling by teaching the skills that make
him independent of the counselor and at the same time raise his low self-esteem by
reducing his dependence on the counselor.
4. Educating and training the client on ways to solve the problem instead of
submitting to it.
5. That the patients practice a variety of cognitive and behavioral strategies such as
those applied in real life while meeting unexpected pressures.
6. Designing homework that helps the client to learn and understand his
psychological problem.
7. The positive effects of long-term counseling through which self-preservation, and
thus learning of repeated experiences and new ways of responses that are practiced
on sufficient numbers of occasions or contexts, become major determinants of
behavior and thinking.
8. Behavioral counseling aims for a specific and prior goal for each session and for
each concept that is learned in each session. The counseling focuses on the goals of
48
the client and what he wants , is not to set goals for him and not tell him what to do,
but rather how to do it.

Stages of the cognitive behavioral counseling process:

Mickenbaum's cognitive-behavioral counseling process takes place in three
basic stages:
1- Self-observation:
Where the counselor tries to increase the client's awareness and attention to
focus his thoughts, feelings, and physiological responses or those related to his
personal relationships, noting that the client before the counseling process suffers
from negative self-talk and inappropriate fantasies, and this process leads to the
formation of new cognitive structures that allow the client to look at symptoms and
problems in a different way, in a way that gives the beneficiary a sense of
understanding, control, and hope necessary for the procedures of change, and gives
new or different meanings to thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In other words, the
counselor helps the client at this stage to identify his problems and become conscious
to reveal his thoughts and present problems.

2- Inappropriate behavioral thoughts:

The client realizes at this stage that what he repeats to himself of self-talk must
work to generate new behaviors that are inconsistent with his incompatible behaviors
that are to be changed, provided that this self-talk affects attention and stimulates
new behaviors, meaning that the counselor at this stage helps the patient to learn
Access to new, more adaptive behavioral patterns.

3- Developing knowledge aspects related to change:

What the client says to himself about the new behaviors he has acquired and the
consequences of them will affect the process of change, and the success of
counseling depends on the extent of the change that occurs in behavior and in
internal conversations. Therefore, it is not sufficient to focus on behavioral skills
only, but also to focus on new internal conversations and buildings. The new
cognitive (that organizational aspect of thinking that seems to monitor and direct the
choice of ideas) and then the development of the cognitive aspects related to change,
i.e. the main goal of this stage is to help the client to continue development and
positive behavioral change and avoid relapse.

It is clear that the three stages are intertwined, and that the cognitive-behavioral
model is concerned with the relationship between behavior and knowledge.
Cognitive-behavioral counseling influences the feelings, thinking, and behavioral
responses of individuals to situations and events.
49
Behavioral Counseling Techniques:
a. Cognitive Techniques:
There are many cognitive techniques, Mickenbaum emphasized, the combination of
which can achieve cognitive reconstruction by trying to overcome misperceptions.
The most important of these techniques are:

1) Self-talk:
It is the main technique for Mickenbaum, and it is represented in the internal
dialogue or the message that we address to ourselves, whether the message is
negative or positive, such as telling ourselves, “I am a failed person.” This negative
message makes us feel low and that we will not be able to succeed. Because we act
according to what we think.
2) Self-control:
That is, teaching the individual to face the causes of stress and painful thoughts, and
to practice relaxation and self-promotion, and that you have the strength to confront.

3) Self-Instructions:
Individuals often act according to what they say to themselves, and then link the
internal dialogue (self-talk) and self-control such as (pay attention - listen - ignore
what distracts you).

4) Self-awareness:
It means the clairvoyance of the client and his awareness of the reasons and factors
that lie behind his behavior, and his knowledge of his distinctive characteristics and
characteristics.

5) Re-attribution:
It is used to attack automatic negative thoughts, and to review the justifications and
evidence for the validity of negative thoughts, in order to refute them, as the client
often takes responsibility for negative events and situations.

6) Controlling thoughts:
It is a procedure proposed by Bain (1928) in which the client is asked to close his
eyes and engage in his unwanted thoughts, then the counselor shouts in a loud voice
“Stop” and this leads the panicked client to stop the unwanted thoughts, then he asks
the client to repeat it himself and at home out loud and then gradually in a low voice
until the process becomes automatic with the passage of time.

7) Fill in the blanks:

50
Whereas, the patient can understand his poor emotional distress if he can remember
and recall the thoughts that occurred to him or mention the circumstances in which
he felt distress. Between the stimulus and the response there is a void that the patient
can fill by remembering such thoughts.

8) Homework:
It is considered a task for the client as it is the skills and behaviors learned during
the counseling session, and the homework that he performs at home and in his daily
life after being trained on it during the counseling sessions.

B. Behavioral techniques:
1) Modeling:
Where the clients learns to notice the model that he should imitate, and to realize
that any behavior he has acquired can get rid of it and adopt the new behavioral
model.

2) Relaxation:
One of the important techniques in modifying muscular, meditative and respiratory
behaviour; It is practiced in situations of emotional arousal that require self-control,
and it is trained in counseling sessions as a prelude to practicing it outside.

3) Reinforcement:
They are words of praise and encouragement, and they may be moral or material,
with the aim of repeating the desired behavior.

4) Feedback:
It is to provide the client with the reactions of his behavior, sayings, and actions on
himself and others, i.e. evaluating the behavior that needs to be modified.

5) Gradual immunization:
It means the gradual elimination of the disturbed behavior being associated with a
specific thing or incident, by identifying the triggers for the disturbed behavior, and
gradually exposing the client to these stimuli of gradual intensity while he is in a
state of relaxation until the disturbed response disappears.

6) Avoidant conditioning:
It means modifying the behavior of the client from audacity to reluctance, and it has
been used in the treatment of smoking cases, where an emetic drug such as (Emetine)
51
is used as an aversive stimulus that is conditionally linked with regularity and
repetition with smoking. The client avoid drank wine.

Uses of cognitive behavioral counseling:

Cognitive-behavioral counseling is now widely used, as there are now many
disorders in a wide segment of society that need counseling assistance, such as
(disorder of personal relationships, marital relations, addiction, violence, suicidal
tendencies) and the psychological history of all these individuals often indicates
experiences of deprivation or cruelty and abuse in childhood, and these suffer from
an increase in psychological pressure and they lack social skills

52
 Chapter Nine
Online Counseling

Chapter content

Introduction
History of Using Computers in Counseling
Meaning of Online Counseling
Definition of Terms
Difference between Face-to-Face
Counseling and Online Counseling
Is Online Counseling Appropriate for
Everyone?
Who May Benefit from Online Counseling
Services?
Advantages/Strengths and
Disadvantages/Limitations of Online
Counseling
Types of Online Counseling
Therapeutic Relationship:
Evidence-Based Practices in Online
Counseling:
Innovations and Emerging Trends in
Online Counseling:

53
Introduction
In recent times, there's been a big change in how people get help for their mental health.
This change is thanks to online counseling, which uses the internet to connect individuals
with counselors. It goes by different names like e-therapy or web-based therapy.
Online counseling is like bringing traditional counseling into the digital world. It lets
people talk to counselors through the internet, using methods like emails, texts, or video
calls. This is a game-changer for those who face challenges like distance, time, or just
prefer being in a familiar space.
In this introduction, we'll explore the different types of online counseling. Each type has
its benefits and things to think about. Overall, online counseling isn't just a convenient
option; it's changing how mental health support is provided. By making use of technology,
it offers easy access, flexibility, and quick help to those who need it.

History of Using Computers in Counseling

- Computer-assisted counseling began in the 1960s, focusing on career counseling and
intake client interviewing.
- Programs like ELIZA and PLATO in the 1970s marked significant progress in individual
counseling using computers.
- Evolution continued in the 1980s with the development of various computer programs
for counseling services.
History of Internet Usage in Counseling
- Late 1980s saw a shift with the rise of the Internet, leading to developments in Computer-
Counseling relationships.
- Cyber-counseling services emerged in the 1990s, offering alternatives like email and chat
room modalities.
- The introduction of video-conferencing enhanced the efficiency of Cyber-counseling
services.
- Recognition of Cyber-counseling services by counseling bodies and the establishment of
ethical guidelines.

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Meaning of Online Counseling
In the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, the integration of internet and technology
has become indispensable in various aspects of individuals' lives. Activities such as online
teaching, skill acquisition, social interactions, and online shopping now rely extensively on
technology. The field of counseling has also embraced this shift through the use and
integration of Internet, Communication, and Technology (I.C.T) and the World Wide Web.
Online counseling emerges as a cost-effective, highly accessible, and convenient method
for delivering basic counseling and mental health services.
Online counseling, previously known as E-therapy, has gained prominence as an
attractive alternative to traditional face-to-face counseling. Commonly used terms for
Online Counseling include online counseling, cyber counseling, web-based counseling,
and web therapy. It involves a trained counselor or psychotherapist conducting counseling
sessions with clients over the internet to provide emotional support, mental health advice,
or other professional services. This form of counseling utilizes the power and convenience
of the internet to facilitate both simultaneous (synchronous) and time-delayed
(asynchronous) communication between the client and the counselor.
Online Counseling utilizes electronic media and information technology to provide
services for participants in different locations. It is a means employed by skilled
professionals to address various individual, family, and social issues. This method of
counseling encompasses therapy, consultation, and psychoeducation delivered by licensed
practitioners to clients in non-face-to-face settings through distance communication
technologies .
Online Counseling can be delivered through various channels, including chat, email,
video, or internet voice (e.g., Skype), offering a viable alternative when face-to-face
therapy is not available.
Definition of Terms
Several terminologies are crucial in understanding the processes of Online Counseling:
• Internet: A system of interconnected computer networks that carry various
information and services through electronic mail (email), online chat, and shared
web pages.
• Online: Anything based on the internet. Web-based is another term used to refer to
anything online.
• Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC): Communication through the
internet via computer.
• Email: Messages sent from one person to another through the internet.

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 • Website: An internet-based space where individuals can read and write messages,
post pictures, and exchange information.
• Message Board: Part of a website where individuals read and write messages. It
may be accessible to everyone or password-protected.
• Thread: One part of the message board containing a single conversation.
• Chat: Real-time conversation where messages are written and received. Examples
include synchronous communication through video and Skype.
• Synchronous Communication: Real-time communication, seen in chat, video, and
synchronous communication platforms like Skype.
• Asynchronous: Communication where messages are left and responded to at a later
time, occurring intermittently. Examples include message boards and emails.
This evolution in the field of counseling raises questions about its appropriateness for
everyone, leading to a discussion on its limitations and suitability for specific cases.

Difference between Face-to-Face Counseling and Online Counseling

Face-to-face counseling encompasses a broader therapeutic frame, involving the journey
to and from the session. In-person attendance provides clients with a sense of safety and
routine. It engages all senses, facilitating non-verbal communication, interaction with the
physical environment, and a holistic experience. In contrast, Online Counseling, heavily
reliant on the internet, requires a different form of listening and intensity. Although it
reduces senses to sight and sound, it offers accessibility, inclusivity, and greater flexibility
in scheduling.
The settings for Online Counseling involve computer-mediated technologies, whereas
face-to-face counseling requires a physical room. Online therapists need technological
competencies to handle confidentiality, internet issues, and data security. Skills in online
counseling differ from face-to-face counseling, as some observational skills may not apply.
Processes in online counseling, including the initial establishment of relationships, initial
reading of client emails, and orientation, may be slower than face-to-face counseling. The
accessibility and potential for therapy irrespective of circumstances and distance
underscore the unique features of Online Counseling.

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Is Online Counseling Appropriate for Everyone?
Online Counseling is not universally suitable for everyone, and considerations should be
made for specific cases:
i. Existing Face-to-Face Counseling: Individuals already engaged in face-to-face
counseling may need to discuss the motivation for trying Online Counseling with their
current counselor or therapist.
ii. Suicidal or Crisis Cases: Clients in crisis may not be appropriate for Online Counseling
due to the potential delay in response. Immediate help may be required, and online
platforms may not offer the prompt assistance needed.
iii. Severe and Enduring Mental Health Conditions: Individuals with severe and
enduring mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression, or personality
disorders, may not benefit from Online Counseling.
iv. Age Restrictions: Clients under the age of 18 may require parental consent, which can
be challenging to obtain online and verify its authenticity.

Who May Benefit from Online Counseling Services?

Just as certain individuals may not find Online Counseling suitable, there are those who
stand to gain significantly from this mode of counseling compared to face-to-face sessions.
These include:
i. Individuals Wary of Face-to-Face Interaction: Those who may feel apprehensive
about meeting a counselor in person or prefer not to wait extensively for an appointment.
ii. Busy Individuals with Time Constraints: People with hectic schedules, long working
hours, or frequent travel commitments who find it challenging to commit to regular face-
to-face appointments.
iii. Homebound Individuals: Those who may be confined to their homes due to reasons
such as disability or caregiving responsibilities for people they cannot leave behind, such
as small children or the elderly.
iv. Isolated Individuals during a Pandemic: Individuals in isolation due to a coronavirus
infection, provided they are in a stable state to engage in a conversation.
v. Deaf Individuals: Online counseling eliminates the need for interpreters, making it
particularly useful for individuals who are deaf or where both the counselor and the client
do not use sign language.

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Advantages/Strengths and Disadvantages/Limitations of Online Counseling
Strengths
• Convenience and Accessibility: Online Counseling is convenient, highly
accessible, and affordable. Clients can access counseling from the comfort of their
homes, eliminating the need for travel and associated costs.
• Choice of Counselors: Unlike face-to-face counseling, where clients may be
limited to a few counselors in a facility, Online Counseling provides a larger pool
of counselors for clients to choose from, ensuring a better fit for their needs.
• Privacy: Online counseling offers a level of privacy, as clients can engage in
therapy without the concern of being seen walking into a counselor's office.
• Enhanced Self-Reflection through Writing: The act of writing in online therapy
communications may promote enhanced self-reflection and ownership of the
therapeutic process.
• Access to Information: Therapists can refer clients to documents containing
helpful information related to their issues, enhancing their knowledge and providing
new ideas for coping.
• Disinhibition Effect: Online counseling may encourage clients to express and
disclose issues freely, fostering therapeutic expressions and self-reflection.
• Recorded Communication: Communication in online counseling can be recorded,
allowing clients to retrieve information easily, unlike face-to-face sessions where
recall is required.
Limitations
i. Reduced Interpersonal Quality: The absence of non-verbal cues is a significant
challenge in online counseling, limiting the interpersonal quality essential for certain
therapeutic approaches.
ii. Lack of Physical Closeness: Online counseling lacks physical closeness, which
diminishes the therapeutic relationship's warmth, safety, presence, and support.
iii. Potential for Misunderstandings: Asynchronous communication in online
therapy can lead to potential misunderstandings, with clients misreading or
misinterpreting content.
iv. Security Concerns: The potential for personal information falling into the wrong
hands through hacking or insecure sites raises confidentiality and security issues in
online counseling.

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 v. Time Delay: Technical challenges, especially in asynchronous communication via
email, can result in time delays that may increase anxiety for clients.
vi. Skill Deficiency: Both therapists and clients need to be proficient in writing,
typing, and computer literacy to effectively manage online therapy.
vii. Crisis Intervention Challenges: In asynchronous contexts, dealing with crises,
such as suicidal or homicidal tendencies, poses challenges due to the lack of certainty
in immediate responses.
viii. Cultural Clashes: The global nature of online therapy can lead to cultural
clashes, time zone differences, and social system disparities that may impact the
therapeutic relationship.
ix. Identity Verification: Verifying clients' identities can be challenging,
emphasizing the need for measures such as requiring passwords and emergency
contact information.
These strengths and limitations underscore the complex nature of online counseling
and the importance of careful consideration when choosing this mode of therapy.

Types of Online Counseling

Email Counseling and Text-Based Therapy
• Suitable for clients who find it easier to express feelings in writing.
• Involves a secure email account setup, with a set number of email contacts
between therapist and client.
• Can be used between other counseling sessions (online chat, telephone, or
webcam).
Online Chat Room Counseling
• Clients communicate with therapists in a secure, encrypted online chat room.
• Sessions are typically 50 minutes long, and a transcript is available afterward for
review.
• Clients can choose to remain anonymous; webcam not required.
Video Therapy – Talking-Based Methods (Using Zoom)
• Face-to-face sessions conducted via Zoom for visual interaction.

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 • Sessions typically last 50 minutes, providing benefits of face-to-face counseling
with online convenience.
• Allows nonverbal communication observation, such as facial expressions.
Telephone Counseling
• Similar to webcam counseling, can occur via Zoom or a handset.
• Clients can choose anonymity; conversation is encrypted on Zoom.
• Challenging for the counselor as nonverbal cues are conveyed through tone and
pace of speech.

Therapeutic Relationship:
• Challenges in Online Counseling: Establishing meaningful relationships through
computer-mediated communication (CMC).
• Alliance Studies: Mixed results in early studies, but more recent research supports
the feasibility of developing therapeutic relationships online.
• Process Variables: Questions about whether the same process variables as in
face-to-face interventions play a similar role in online counseling.
Convenience:
• Advantages: Convenience, accessibility, and reaching individuals facing
psychological and physical barriers.
• Specialized Expertise: Online counseling provides access to specialized expertise
beyond clients' geographical reach.
Time Delay:
• Synchronous vs. Asynchronous: Time delay in asynchronous communication
can lead to a "zone for reflection" but may cause anxieties.
• Advantages for Therapists: Time delay can aid therapists in better observation
and management of counter-transference reactions.
Loss of Cues:
• Criticism: Main limitation is the absence of visual and verbal cues present in
face-to-face interactions.

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 • Disinhibition Effect: Invisibility can lead to disinhibition, making clients more
open in online counseling.
• Increased Sense of Control: Clients may feel more control over what they
disclose due to the absence of cues.
Presence:
• Definition: Presence as the feeling of being in someone's presence without sharing
immediate physical space.
• Importance in Online Counseling: Presence has implications for the delivery of
online counseling and the development of therapeutic relationships.

Writing Behavior and Expression:

• Cathartic Impact: Writing in online counseling, similar to e-mail use, can be
cathartic, translating emotional experiences into words.
• Client Appreciation: Clients appreciate the ability to re-read therapist responses,
fostering self-reflection and processing.
• Psychological Safety: Writing allows the writer to control content, pace, and
depth, fostering a sense of psychological safety.
• Therapeutic Construction: Text-based communication facilitates therapeutic
construction of personal narratives.
Ethics:
• Early Ethical Concerns: Early concerns include confidentiality, data validity,
counselor interventions, misuse of applications, lack of awareness, digital divide,
and privacy.
• Credential Variances: Studies show varied credentials among online
practitioners, raising concerns about compliance with ethical standards.
Attitudes and Experience:
• Acceptance: Clients are generally more accepting of online counseling than
professionals.
• Therapists' Concerns: Therapists express concerns about technological barriers,
absence of cues, and difficulty assessing clients' states.

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 • Client Reasons: Clients seek online counseling for anonymity, convenience,
counselor credentials, access, and cost.
• Mixed Experiences: Some clients report positive experiences, while others have
mixed results in online counseling.
• Impact of Technology Use: Attitudes toward online counseling are influenced by
the level of comfort and use of internet technology.
Suitability:
• Individual Factors: Success in online counseling depends on factors like written
expression, reading ability, computer literacy, and openness to the medium.
• Debates on Suitability: Ongoing debates about whether online counseling is
suitable for all issues or should be restricted to less serious ones.
• Empirical Research: Limited empirical research on issues presented by online
clients, but no significant difference compared to face-to-face counseling.

Evidence-Based Practices in Online Counseling:

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the Virtual Realm:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has emerged as a prominent modality in online
counseling, demonstrating efficacy in addressing various mental health concerns. The
structured nature of CBT lends itself well to virtual delivery, with interactive modules,
online assessments, and asynchronous communication contributing to its adaptability in
the digital landscape.
2. Mindfulness-Based Interventions Online:
Mindfulness-based interventions, including Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), have found a place in online
counseling platforms. These interventions leverage guided audio sessions, online
mindfulness exercises, and virtual group sessions to promote well-being and resilience in
clients .
3. Integrating Positive Psychology Principles:
Positive psychology principles, focused on enhancing strengths and fostering positive
emotions, are increasingly integrated into online counseling approaches. Interventions such
as gratitude exercises, strengths-based assessments, and goal-setting activities contribute
to a holistic and strengths-focused therapeutic experience .

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4. Tailoring Interventions to Online Modalities:
Adapting evidence-based practices to suit the online modality involves thoughtful
consideration of the unique features of digital interactions. Therapists engage in ongoing
assessment of the effectiveness of virtual interventions, making adjustments based on client
feedback and empirical evidence to optimize therapeutic outcomes .

Innovations and Emerging Trends in Online Counseling:

1. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Therapeutic Spaces:
The integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) represents a cutting-
edge frontier in online counseling. These technologies offer immersive and interactive
therapeutic experiences, allowing clients to engage in simulated environments for exposure
therapy, anxiety management, and skills-building. VR and AR hold the potential to
enhance therapeutic outcomes by providing realistic scenarios within the safety of virtual
spaces .
2. Chatbots and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Supportive Interventions:
The utilization of Chatbots and Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents opportunities for
delivering supportive interventions and enhancing accessibility. Chatbots equipped with
natural language processing capabilities engage with clients in real-time, offering
psychoeducation, emotional support, and even structured therapeutic exercises. AI
algorithms contribute to personalized interventions, adapting to individual needs and
preferences .
3. Mobile Applications for On-the-Go Mental Health Support:
Mobile applications dedicated to mental health support continue to proliferate, offering on-
the-go interventions and resources. These apps provide features such as mood tracking,
relaxation exercises, and guided mindfulness sessions. The accessibility and convenience
of mobile applications cater to individuals seeking immediate support and self-directed
mental health tools.
4. Gamification for Therapeutic Engagement:
Gamification, incorporating game elements into therapeutic interventions, emerges as a
strategy to enhance client engagement and motivation. Therapeutic games address various
mental health concerns, promoting skill-building, emotional regulation, and goal
attainment. The interactive and goal-oriented nature of gamified interventions contributes
to a dynamic and engaging therapeutic experience .

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