Secure Synopsis compilation for April-2025

General Studies-1
Table of contents

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from
ancient to modern times.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Q. How does Hindustani classical music reflect India’s spiritual traditions? Discuss the
pedagogical relevance of integrating such traditions into rural education. (10 M) ---------------4
Q. Trace the impact of Mauryan-era missionary activities on the religious landscape of South
Asia, with special reference to Sanghamitta’s mission to Sri Lanka. --------------------------------6
Q. The decline of Buddhism in India was more a case of internal exhaustion than external
aggression. Comment. (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Q. Jain philosophy deeply influenced Indian art and architecture. Examine the contribution
of Jainism to temple architecture. Analyse its significance in the evolution of Indian
sculptural art. (10 M) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Q. Sanskrit is not merely a language but a carrier of India’s civilisational values. Trace its
cultural significance. Examine recent government initiatives for its revival. What more can be
done to protect and promote Sanskrit in a culturally inclusive and sustainable manner? (15
M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Q. The spiritual landscape of ancient India was shaped as much by trade as by theology.
Comment. (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Q. The fusion of oral traditions, visual symbolism, and ethical storytelling has shaped India's
cultural memory. Discuss. (15 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-
significant events, personalities, issues. -------------------------------------------------------------16
Q. Moderates in the Indian National Congress believed in constitutional methods. Examine
their approach. Evaluate their relevance in the pre-Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle.
(10 M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Q. How did the tribal uprisings of the 19th century reflect both continuity and divergence
from mainstream anti-colonial struggles? Examine with suitable examples. (10 M) ----------- 18
Q. While the Indian National Congress dominated the national stage, regional movements
significantly shaped the freedom struggle. Discuss. Illustrate with examples. (10 M) ---------- 19
Q. How did Jyotiba Phule’s educational philosophy differ from that of contemporary social
reformers? Analyse his contribution to the emergence of a counter-narrative in colonial
India’s socio-religious movements. (10 M)-------------------------------------------------------------- 20

1
The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country.--------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Q. Discuss the role of Ambedkar in the anti-caste movements of the 20th century. Analyse the
methods he adopted for social mobilisation. Examine the historical significance of the Mahad
Satyagraha in this context. (15 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Q. “The Jallianwala Bagh massacre marked a turning point in India’s struggle for
independence”. Examine the immediate nationalist response. Assess its long-term impact on
colonial legitimacy. (10 M) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country. --------------------25
Q. Trace the evolution of India’s planning model from the Nehruvian era to the early 1990s.
What were its major achievements and limitations in addressing socio-economic disparities?
(15 M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution,
world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political
philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the
society. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India. --------------------------------------------27
Q. Analyse the atmospheric triggers responsible for the recent surge in lightning events in
Eastern India. How do regional physiographic features influence lightning distribution across
the Indo-Gangetic plains? Examine the implications of these patterns for rural population
vulnerability. (15 M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies. ----------------------30
Q. The burden of unpaid care work is both a reflection and cause of structural inequality.
Analyse time poverty as a gendered phenomenon. What role can social infrastructure play in
alleviating it? (15 M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Q. The shift from informal care of the elderly to formal legal remedies signifies a weakening
of traditional social norms. Explain the reasons behind this shift. Discuss its implications on
the elderly’s dignity and autonomy. (15 M) ------------------------------------------------------------ 32
Q. Examine the role of education in shaping gender equality outcomes in India. Analyse the
challenges to sustaining gender parity across different stages of education. Suggest reforms to
achieve sustained gender parity in education. (15 M) ------------------------------------------------ 34
Q. Assess how comprehensive sex education can promote gender sensitivity in early
childhood. Examine its role in dismantling patriarchal social norms. Propose community-
level interventions to reinforce positive gender attitudes. (15 M) ---------------------------------- 36
Q. Open spaces are not a luxury but a necessity in modern cities. Enumerate the reasons
behind shrinking urban open spaces. Examine its impact on urban social life. (10 M) -------- 38
Q. Why is elderly mental health a growing concern in India? Analyse its link with
urbanisation and isolation. Suggest culturally sensitive solutions to address this silent
epidemic. (15 M) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Q. Thermal extremes are no longer exceptional but are part of the new climatic normal.
Evaluate the current capacity of Indian cities to respond to prolonged heat events. Examine

2
 the significance of heat-health action plans. Propose geospatial and infrastructural
improvements for heat resilience. (15 M) --------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Q. Why is youth resistance to correction increasing in modern societies? What consequences
does this pose for social cohesion? (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Q. Climate change is fuelling a silent surge in gender-based violence. Analyse the pathways
through which this link operates. Examine its regional variations. Propose long-term
solutions for climate-resilient gender safety. (15 M) -------------------------------------------------- 45
Q. Urbanisation in India has accelerated the fragmentation of traditional social institutions.
Analyse the social consequences of weakening kinship and neighbourhood networks. Suggest
strategies to build new urban solidarities. (15 M) ----------------------------------------------------- 47
Q. What are the structural factors responsible for the persistence of bonded labour in India?
Examine how informal labour markets facilitate this. Suggest institutional reforms for its
eradication. (15 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
Effects of globalization on Indian society. ----------------------------------------------------------51
Q. How is digital child abuse changing society’s understanding of victimhood in today’s
digital world? Examine its effect on moral values and the idea of childhood. Suggest ways to
make social responses more effective in dealing with such harm. (15 M) ------------------------ 51
Q. Evaluate the impact of the ‘dopamine economy’ on social behaviour. Assess how it
influences personal well-being in contemporary society. (10 M) ----------------------------------- 53
Q. The rise of disinformation and influencer culture signals the collapse of authentic
community bonds. Analyse. How can society rebuild ethical digital spaces? (10 M) ----------- 54
Q. India’s youth embody a paradox of global exposure and local detachment. Examine the
causes of this dissonance. What can be done to align their global aspirations with cultural
anchoring and civic commitment? (15 M) -------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Q. Empowering youth through emerging technologies is crucial for fostering inclusive societal
development. Comment. (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. -------------------------------59
Q. Regional identity movements in India increasingly draw legitimacy from perceived
cultural and linguistic subordination. Examine this trend in contemporary India. Analyse its
historical roots. Discuss the implications for Indian nationhood. (15 M) ------------------------- 59
Q. Environmentalism in India reflects the evolving social consciousness of the nation.
Examine this statement. Assess how environmental movements have shaped societal values in
India. (10 M)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Salient features of world’s physical geography. ----------------------------------------------------63
Q. Examine the causes of increasing monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats. Discuss its
implications for geomorphological processes in the region. (10 M) -------------------------------- 63
Q. How do oceanic and atmospheric factors collectively influence the Indian summer
monsoon? Why are sub-continental parameters becoming increasingly decisive? (10 M) ---- 64
Q. Explain the role of plate tectonics in shaping India’s physiographic divisions. Discuss its
implications for natural hazards and resource distribution. (10 M) ------------------------------- 65
Q. Describe the processes leading to the development of river meanders. Explain how
meanders evolve into oxbow lakes. (10 M)-------------------------------------------------------------- 68

3
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the
Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and
tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India). ---------------------69
Q. What role do agro-climatic zones play in determining regional cropping patterns? Analyse
how crop calendar modifications can affect inter-seasonal crop cycles. (10 M) ----------------- 69
Q. Illegal riverbed mining disrupts the geomorphic equilibrium of riverine systems. Explain
how this affects river morphology. Assess its impact on groundwater recharge and natural
springs. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
Q. Explain the geographical factors driving the localisation of data centres. Examine the
energy security concerns arising from this localisation. Analyse the role of renewable energy
integration in making data centres sustainable. (15 M) ---------------------------------------------- 73
Q. “Shrinking landholdings and rising food demand are shaping a new agricultural landscape
in India”. Analyse the causes of land shrinkage and its implications for food security. Suggest
structural reforms to enhance land productivity. (15 M) -------------------------------------------- 75
Q. Analyse how AI data centres can act as anchors for decentralised renewable clusters.
Examine the socio-economic opportunities this presents for semi-urban India. Suggest policy
innovations to maximise benefits. (15 M) --------------------------------------------------------------- 77
Q. Why is wind energy considered more geographically selective than solar energy? Explain
how wind regimes and terrain influence regional disparities in its expansion. (10 M) --------- 79
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,
cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
Q. Analyse the connection between soil moisture contrasts and atmospheric circulations.
Discuss how this relationship increases rainfall intensity. Evaluate the implications for water
resource management in India. (15 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 80
Q. Assess the contribution of floodplains to groundwater recharge and water security in the
Indo-Gangetic basin. Examine the impact of anthropogenic pressures on these functions.
Propose measures to restore hydrological sustainability. (15 M)----------------------------------- 82
Q. Climate change is fuelling a silent surge in gender-based violence. Analyse the pathways
through which this link operates. Examine its regional variations. Propose long-term
solutions for climate-resilient gender safety. (15 M) -------------------------------------------------- 84

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms,

literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Q. How does Hindustani classical music reflect India’s spiritual traditions?
Discuss the pedagogical relevance of integrating such traditions into rural
education. (10 M)

Introduction

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Hindustani classical music has long served as a spiritual medium, blending the sacred with
the aesthetic across Bhakti, Sufi, and yogic traditions that shaped India's pluralistic cultural
identity.

Body

Reflection of spiritual traditions in Hindustani classical music

1. Bhakti and Sant Parampara influence: Many compositions derive from devotional
poetry by Kabir, Meera, and Tulsidas, fostering spiritual introspection.
o Eg: Kumar Gandharva's Nirguni bhajans celebrated formless devotion
(nirguna bhakti), resonating with rural mystic traditions.
2. Sufi philosophical undertones: Gharanas like Delhi and Rampur have integrated
Sufi themes, invoking divine love and mystical union.
o Eg: Amir Khusrau’s compositions in khayal and qawwali forms reflect
Ishq-e-Haqiqi (divine love).
3. Yogic and meditative structures: Ragas are designed to evoke specific moods
(rasas), aiding spiritual focus and meditative practices.
o Eg: Raga Darbari is used in Nada Yoga to support inner tranquility.
4. Temple and court patronage of devotional music: Spiritual compositions were
patronised by rulers and temple trusts alike.
o Eg: Tansen's dhrupads at Akbar’s court had strong Vaishnav devotional
content.
5. Transmission of oral spiritual knowledge: Guru-shishya parampara in music
conveyed not just technique but ethical and spiritual discipline.
o Eg: Gwalior Gharana's pedagogy emphasizes sadhana (discipline) and
seva (service) to the guru.

Pedagogical relevance in rural education

1. Bridges cultural continuity and identity: Embedding traditional music fosters local
pride and intergenerational transmission of heritage.
o Eg: Kumar Gandharva Sangeet Vidyalaya (2025) in Sulebhavi,
Karnataka revived his legacy among rural youth.
2. Promotes value-based education: Themes of compassion, harmony, and truth in
devotional songs foster ethical development.
o Eg: Use of Kabir bhajans in Bal Sanskar Kendras imparts moral lessons
through music.
3. Encourages inclusive and pluralistic values: Exposure to Bhakti-Sufi content
enhances communal harmony and cultural empathy.
o Eg: Projects like SPIC MACAY introduce rural students to diverse
cultural-spiritual traditions.
4. Supports emotional and cognitive development: Raga-based education enhances
focus, memory, and emotional expression.

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 o Eg: Pilot by IGNOU (2023) showed improved learning outcomes when
music was introduced in tribal schools.
5. Low-cost culturally rooted pedagogy: Using local folk and classical music offers
affordable, community-driven education.
o Eg: Lok Vidyalaya model in Chhattisgarh uses folk bhajans and ragas as
part of curriculum.

Conclusion

Integrating Hindustani music into rural education not only nurtures artistic sensitivity but
anchors children in India’s rich spiritual and cultural wisdom — ensuring heritage becomes
habit, not just history.

Q. Trace the impact of Mauryan-era missionary activities on the religious

landscape of South Asia, with special reference to Sanghamitta’s mission to Sri
Lanka.

Introduction

The Mauryan Empire under Ashoka (268–232 BCE) marked a transformative era where
state-backed religious missions exported Buddhism across South Asia, laying the foundation
for cross-border spiritual and cultural exchanges.

Body

Impact of Mauryan-era missionary activities on South Asia

1. Widespread propagation of Buddhism: Ashoka dispatched emissaries to regions

like Gandhara, Kashmir, and South India, institutionalising Buddhism.
o Eg: Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) mention missions to "Yona,
Kamboja", evidencing trans-regional propagation
2. Emergence of monastic institutions: Establishment of monasteries provided centres
for learning and community anchorage.
o Eg: Dharmarajika stupa in Taxila, established post-Ashokan missions,
became a learning hub (UNESCO).
3. Integration with local cultures: Buddhism assimilated local traditions, creating
region-specific art and practices.
o Eg: Gandhara School of Art, blending Hellenistic and Buddhist elements
(CCRT).
4. Codification of Buddhist teachings: Missionary zeal led to documentation and
preservation of Buddhist texts.
o Eg: Third Buddhist Council (c. 250 BCE) compiled the Abhidhamma
Pitaka (Source: Ministry of Culture, GoI).
5. Promotion of Dhamma diplomacy: Ashoka’s missions fostered peaceful coexistence
and ethical governance.
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 o Eg: Rock Edict XIII, advocating religious tolerance and moral conduct across
regions (ASI).

Sanghamitta’s mission to Sri Lanka

1. Introduction of Bhikkhuni Sangha: Sanghamitta established the order of Buddhist

nuns, empowering women in monastic traditions.
o Eg: Foundation of Bhikkhuni Sangha at Anuradhapura, empowering royal
women like Queen Anula (Source: UNESCO).
2. Transplantation of the Bodhi sapling: She carried the sapling from Bodh Gaya,
sanctifying Anuradhapura as a Buddhist epicentre.
o Eg: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is recognised as the oldest living cultivated tree
(UNESCO World Heritage Centre).
3. Royal patronage and state support: Sanghamitta's arrival led to King
Devanampiya Tissa endorsing Buddhism as state religion.
o Eg: Mahavamsa chronicle details King Tissa's patronage of Sanghamitta’s
mission (National Archives of Sri Lanka).
4. Strengthening India-Sri Lanka cultural ties: Her mission established enduring
spiritual and cultural bridges.
o Eg: PM’s 2025 visit to Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, reaffirming ancient India-Sri
Lanka Buddhist bonds.

Conclusion

Mauryan-era missions, epitomised by Sanghamitta's journey, transcended mere religious

outreach to architect a shared cultural legacy in South Asia. Reinvigorating such historical
linkages today can foster deeper regional harmony and cultural diplomacy.

Q. The decline of Buddhism in India was more a case of internal exhaustion than
external aggression. Comment. (10 M)

Introduction
Buddhism’s decline was largely driven by its internal limitations rather than external
hostility, reflecting how cultural dissonance and institutional rigidity can erode mass appeal
over time.

Body

Internal exhaustion of Buddhism

1. Doctrinal complexity and inaccessibility: Excessive focus on abstract philosophy

distanced common people.
o Eg: Abhidhamma Pitaka’s intricate analysis of phenomena limited mass
engagement

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 2. Monastic detachment from society: Monasteries absorbed productive workforce,
disrupting socio-economic balance.
o Eg: Vinaya Pitaka prescribed detachment, weakening familial and agrarian
systems
3. Lack of emotional connect: Absence of a personal god limited devotional appeal for
masses.
o Eg: Rise of Bhakti movement offering personal devotion to deities like Shiva
and Vishnu
4. Declining royal patronage: Political shifts reduced state support for Buddhist
institutions.
o Eg: Gupta Empire’s preference for Brahmanism side-lined Buddhist
patronage
5. Institutional rigidity and conservatism: Buddhist Sangha became conservative,
resisting reforms.
o Eg: Internal disputes between Theravada and Mahayana sects fragmented
Buddhism
6. Failure to adapt cultural expressions: Lack of integration with performing arts
reduced popular engagement.
o Eg: Absence of music and dance in traditional Buddhism limited cultural
relevance

External factors and their limited role

1. Absence of state-sponsored suppression: Buddhism declined without religious

persecution.
o Eg: No records of violent suppression by Hindu rulers during Gupta or post-
Gupta period
2. Assimilation into Hindu fold: Buddhist practices were absorbed rather than
eliminated.
o Eg: Stupa architecture influenced Hindu temple design under Gupta
dynasty
3. Parallel growth of inclusive traditions: Bhakti and Hindu revivalism offered a more
accessible spiritual path.
o Eg: Alvars and Nayanars movements drew mass appeal through vernacular
poetry (
4. Successful overseas expansion, not domestic aggression: Buddhism thrived abroad
despite decline in India.
o Eg: Theravada Buddhism in Thailand, highlighted during PM’s 2025 visit
and Tipitaka presentation.

Conclusion
Buddhism’s decline highlights that internal stagnation, not external assault, can weaken even
profound philosophies. Future traditions must prioritise social integration and dynamic
adaptation to sustain relevance in changing contexts.

8
Q. Jain philosophy deeply influenced Indian art and architecture. Examine the
contribution of Jainism to temple architecture. Analyse its significance in the
evolution of Indian sculptural art. (10 M)

Introduction
Jain philosophy, with its core ideals of non-violence, asceticism, and spiritual liberation,
fostered a unique architectural and sculptural tradition, reflecting both material finesse and
metaphysical depth.

Body

Contribution of Jainism to temple architecture

Fig- Dilwara Temple (Rajasthan)

1. Use of intricate marble architecture: Jain temples are renowned for exquisite
marble carvings symbolising purity and spiritual clarity.
 Eg: Dilwara temples of Mount Abu, built between 11th–13th centuries,
feature intricate marble craftsmanship reflecting Jain ascetic values.
2. Development of temple complexes: Jainism pioneered temple-city complexes
enhancing religious congregations and learning.
 Eg: Shravanabelagola in Karnataka, a major Jain pilgrimage centre since
3rd century BCE, houses multiple temples and educational institutions.
3. Promotion of rock-cut architecture: Early Jain patrons advanced rock-cut cave
temples integrating natural landscapes with spirituality.
 Eg: Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, Odisha, commissioned by King
Kharavela (1st century BCE), display early Jain rock architecture.
4. Adoption of vastu principles with symbolism: Jain temples adhere to vastu shastra,
aligning structures with cosmic principles.

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  Eg: Ranakpur temple, Rajasthan, built in 15th century, is based on vastu
mandala, symbolising cosmic order.
5. Elevation of structural aesthetics through symmetry: Jain temples emphasised
symmetry reflecting inner spiritual balance.
 Eg: Palitana temples, Gujarat, over 860 temples on Shatrunjaya hills,
demonstrate architectural symmetry signifying spiritual ascent.

Significance in the evolution of Indian sculptural art

1. Emphasis on spiritual iconography: Jain sculpture focused on depicting tirthankaras

with serene expressions symbolising detachment.
 Eg: Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, 57 feet monolithic
statue, built in 981 AD, embodies spiritual asceticism.
2. Advancement of fine stone carving techniques: Jain artists achieved unparalleled
finesse in detailing ornaments and motifs.
 Eg: Dilwara temples, the marble ceilings showcase detailed carvings of
lotuses and mythological narratives.
3. Development of narrative friezes: Sculptures portrayed didactic tales promoting
ethical living and non-violence.
 Eg: Ellora Jain caves (9th century CE) exhibit sculptural friezes depicting
Jain cosmology and life of tirthankaras.
4. Promotion of monumental sculptures: Jainism encouraged grand statues
symbolising human potential for liberation.
 Eg: Bahubali statues at Karkala and Dharmasthala, erected during 15th
century, signify renunciation and spiritual victory.
5. Integration of aesthetic minimalism: Jain sculpture maintained restraint, reflecting
the principle of aparigraha (non-attachment).

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  Eg: Sculptures in Lakkundi, Karnataka, represent minimalistic yet
spiritually profound art from the Chalukyan period.

Conclusion
Jain architectural and sculptural legacy continues to inspire India’s cultural landscape,
offering a harmonious blend of spirituality and artistry that can enrich future sustainable
heritage conservation models.

Q. Sanskrit is not merely a language but a carrier of India’s civilisational values.

Trace its cultural significance. Examine recent government initiatives for its
revival. What more can be done to protect and promote Sanskrit in a culturally
inclusive and sustainable manner? (15 M)

Introduction
Sanskrit has been the foundational medium of India’s philosophical, literary, and scientific
traditions for over three millennia. Its decline has civilisational implications, making its
revival a cultural imperative.

Body

Cultural significance of Sanskrit

1. Preserver of ancient knowledge systems: Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas,

Upanishads, and Dharmashastras, storing India’s civilisational memory.
o Eg: Rigveda, dating to around 1500 BCE, is among the world’s earliest texts
composed in Sanskrit.
2. Medium of classical art and philosophy: It underpins traditions like Natya Shastra,
Ayurveda, and Nyaya philosophy.
o Eg: Natya Shastra by Bharata forms the foundation of Indian classical
theatre and is written entirely in Sanskrit.
3. Unifier across regions and faiths: It served as a pan-Indian intellectual language,
transcending regional boundaries.
o Eg: Adi Shankaracharya’s commentaries, composed in Sanskrit, unified
diverse schools of Vedanta across India.
4. Influence on South and Southeast Asia: Sanskrit shaped Pali, Prakrit, Balinese,
and Thai religious and literary traditions.
o Eg: Ramayana of Kampan (Tamil Nadu) and Ramakein (Thailand) derive
from Sanskrit epics.
5. Custodian of intangible heritage: Oral traditions like shloka chanting are globally
recognised heritage forms.
o Eg: Vedic chanting tradition was inscribed in UNESCO’s Intangible
Cultural Heritage list (2008).

Recent government initiatives for revival

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 1. Adarsh Sanskrit village programme (2025): One Sanskrit-promoting village
selected per district in Uttarakhand.
o Eg: Bhogpur (Dehradun) and Kotgaon (Uttarkashi) are part of the 13 pilot
villages.
2. Incentives for marginalised learners: Financial support to girls (2023) and SC/ST
students (2024) studying Sanskrit.
o Eg: ₹250/month is offered to encourage Sanskrit learning among these groups
in Uttarakhand.
3. Public use in signage and administration: Sanskrit is being used in airport,
railway, and government signage.
o Eg: Dehradun airport requested ₹50 lakh to add 350 Sanskrit signboards.
4. AI and digitisation integration: Sanskrit texts are being digitally archived using
language models and NLP tools.
o Eg: 1-billion-character corpus is being developed via IIT Roorkee
collaboration.
5. Mainstreaming via NEP 2020: Sanskrit introduced as a modern language option
from school to university level.
o Eg: NEP 2020 recommends Sanskrit as a mainstream elective across
education stages.

Measures for inclusive and sustainable promotion

1. Community-based pedagogy: Develop oral and localised teaching rooted in

storytelling and interaction.
o Eg: Panchatantra and Ramayana stories are used to teach Sanskrit in
village settings .
2. Decentralised teacher training: Establish continuous district-level Sanskrit
training centres.
o Eg: Haridwar Sanskrit Academy currently trains instructors for the village
model.
3. Cross-faith and tribal inclusion: Sanskrit being introduced in madrasas and tribal
schools to break exclusivity.
o Eg: Optional Sanskrit in madrasas being planned through MoUs in
Uttarakhand.
4. Career-linked application: Link Sanskrit skills to jobs in heritage tourism,
archival science, and AI sectors.
o Eg: Industry groups to offer jobs to Sanskrit-proficient youth in tourism and
heritage.
5. Digital platforms and content: Use of open-access tools, apps, and videos for
wider outreach.
o Eg: ‘Little Guru’ Sanskrit app by ICCR uses gamification for global
Sanskrit learning.

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Conclusion
Reviving Sanskrit must go beyond ceremonial use to become a living, inclusive, and
digitally-empowered language that reclaims its place in shaping India’s cultural future.

Q. The spiritual landscape of ancient India was shaped as much by trade as by

theology. Comment. (10 M)

Introduction
Ancient Indian spiritual traditions did not evolve in isolation; trade routes served as arteries
through which beliefs, rituals, and symbols travelled, reshaping religious geographies and
patronage networks.

Body

Role of trade in shaping spiritual diffusion

1. Merchants as religious patrons: Traders funded monastic institutions for spiritual

merit and prestige.
o Eg: Jetavana Monastery was gifted to Buddha by Sudatta
(Anathapindika), a wealthy merchant of Shravasti.
2. Pilgrimage circuits aligned with trade routes: Sacred sites emerged along trade
routes to serve both spiritual and commercial functions.
o Eg: Ujjain, Mathura and Sarnath developed as religious hubs along the
Dakshinapatha and Uttarapatha trade routes.
3. Cross-cultural religious exchanges: Indo-Roman and Indo-Greek trade led to
syncretic religious influences.
o Eg: Gandhara School of Art emerged through fusion of Buddhism and
Hellenistic elements during Indo-Greek trade (1st century CE).
4. Spread of Buddhism via maritime trade: Maritime trade helped propagate
Buddhism across South-East Asia.
o Eg: Buddhist relics and inscriptions found in Borobudur (Indonesia) and
Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) via ancient trade links (ASI, 2023 Excavation
Report).
5. Use of trade guilds to disseminate doctrine: Trade guilds served as both commercial
and spiritual collectives.
o Eg: Setthis (merchant guilds) in Andhra and Tamilakam sponsored
Buddhist and Jain cave temples, like those in Nasik and Karla (1st century
BCE).

Theology influencing trade-linked cultural patronage

1. Theology and economic ethics: Jain and Buddhist doctrines promoted ethical trade
practices and simplicity.

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 o Eg: Jain texts like Tattvartha Sutra emphasised aparigraha (non-
possession), influencing merchant philanthropy .
2. Temple towns as trade magnets: Theocratic centres evolved into urban trading
complexes.
o Eg: Kanchipuram and Madurai became temple-centric urban economies
with vast trade networks .
3. Monastic orders as economic agents: Monasteries functioned as financial centres
offering credit and storing grain.
o Eg: Nalanda and Vikramashila Mahaviharas acted as economic hubs
supported by royal and merchant endowments.
4. Art and iconography shaped by market demand: Religious art styles adapted for
wider appeal through trade.
o Eg: Amaravati and Mathura sculptures catered to diverse patrons along
trade routes, influencing stylistic evolution.
5. Pilgrimage economy interlinked with commerce: Pilgrimage spurred economic
activities like crafts and hospitality.
o Eg: Sanchi and Bodh Gaya witnessed flourishing artisan clusters and trade
fairs around pilgrimage events .

Conclusion
The sacred in ancient India was inseparable from the commercial; theology enriched trade
practices, while commerce ensured the proliferation of belief systems. Acknowledging this
interplay is key to reinterpreting India’s spiritual heritage in its full civilisational depth.

Q. The fusion of oral traditions, visual symbolism, and ethical storytelling has
shaped India's cultural memory. Discuss. (15 M)

Introduction

India’s civilisational identity was not archived in books but carried through voices, symbols
and stories—forming a living archive of ethical and cultural memory across millennia.

Body

Oral traditions and cultural continuity

1. Preservation through generations: Oral storytelling enabled transmission of culture

across non-literate populations.
o Eg: Puranic kathas, Buddhist Jatakas, and Vedic hymns were passed down
through shruti and smriti long before being written.
2. Embedded ethical lessons: Morality was internalised through metaphors and
dialogues in oral tales.
o Eg: Panchatantra tales taught rajadharma and niti through animal
characters, now adapted into global children's literature.

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 3. Regional language resilience: Oral traditions sustained local languages and dialects.
o Eg: Folklore in Maithili (Bidesiya) and Kannada (Yakshagana) preserved
linguistic identity per 2023 NCERT language curriculum report.
4. Performative cultural memory: Music and performance added emotion to
transmitted values.
o Eg: Bhavai (Gujarat) and Baul songs (Bengal) narrate devotional ethics with
community engagement.
5. Gender-inclusive voices: Women’s bhajans and lullabies preserved everyday ethics
and values.
o Eg: Mirabai’s bhakti poetry, orally sung, contributed to the Vaishnavite
ethical tradition across centuries.

Visual symbolism and cultural transmission

1. Sacred symbols and iconography: Motifs visually encoded religious and moral
ideals.
o Eg: Ashokan pillars, with lion capitals and dhamma wheels, projected
state-backed ethical governance (3rd century BCE).
2. Narrative architecture: Sculptures communicated moral stories in accessible
formats.
o Eg: Sanchi Stupa’s toranas depict Jataka tales visually for mass
comprehension, noted in ASI records 2023.
3. Syncretic design traditions: Visual motifs blended traditions while preserving
values.
o Eg: Toranas are found in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist temples—showing
shared symbolism of auspiciousness and hospitality.
4. Scripture to sculpture translation: Textual ethics were rendered into imagery.
o Eg: Ravi Varma’s Mahalakshmi painting follows Rig Vedic Sri Suktam, as
seen in Lakshmi Vilas Palace collection.
5. Emblematic reinforcement of ideals: National visual culture drew from ancient
symbolism.
o Eg: The National Emblem of India adopts Ashoka’s Lion Capital,
signifying truth and courage (Satyameva Jayate).

Ethical storytelling and memory formation

1. Dharma-centric narrative structure: Stories taught moral choices via

consequences.
o Eg: Jataka tales, compiled in 5th century CE Sri Lanka, were used for
Buddhist moral instruction across Asia.
2. Animal allegories as moral vehicles: Non-humans depicted as ethical agents.
o Eg: The baby quail’s satyakriya in a Jataka tale halted fire through truthful
intent, as narrated in 2025 Indian Express.

15
 3. Ritual storytelling and collective memory: Public readings and enactments
anchored morals.
o Eg: Ramlila performances, recognised by UNESCO in 2008, embody
ethical conflict and justice.
4. Moral imagination beyond caste lines: Stories accessible across varnas fostered
shared ethics.
o Eg: Bhakti and Sufi saints’ oral stories united diverse audiences in universal
moral codes.
5. Integration into state and community functions: Storytelling shaped policy and
pedagogy.
o Eg: NEP 2020 recommends using traditional storytelling to enhance value-
based learning in foundational education.

Conclusion

India’s civilisational arc thrives not through preservation of structures alone, but through the
resonance of stories, symbols, and spoken truths that continue shaping ethical citizenship in
modern times.

Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth

century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
Q. Moderates in the Indian National Congress believed in constitutional
methods. Examine their approach. Evaluate their relevance in the pre-Gandhian
phase of the freedom struggle. (10 M)

Introduction
The early nationalist leaders known as Moderates (1885–1905) laid the intellectual and
institutional foundations of India's freedom struggle through lawful and peaceful means,
shaping India’s initial political awakening.

Body

Approach of Moderates

1. Petitions and legislative advocacy: Relied on petitions, resolutions, and speeches to

influence British policies.
 Eg: Indian Councils Act 1892 reforms were partially shaped by Moderate
pressure through public petitions.
2. Faith in British justice: Believed in the benevolence of British Parliament and the
rule of law.
 Eg: Dadabhai Naoroji’s work in the British Parliament highlighted India’s
drain of wealth.
3. Economic critique of colonialism: Exposed economic exploitation through data-
driven critiques.

16
  Eg: Dadabhai Naoroji’s "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" (1901)
systematically analysed colonial economic drain.
4. Promotion of political rights: Demanded expansion of legislative councils and
public services for Indians.
 Eg: Gopal Krishna Gokhale in the Imperial Legislative Council (1902)
persistently advocated administrative reforms.
5. Use of press and public opinion: Mobilised educated middle classes through
newspapers and journals.
 Eg: The Hindu and Kesari became tools for spreading nationalist ideas
among urban Indians.

Relevance in pre-Gandhian phase

1. Foundation of organised nationalism: Created pan-India political platforms and

consciousness.
 Eg: Formation of Indian National Congress in 1885 unified diverse regional
political voices.
2. Development of political moderation: Prevented early British repression by
choosing peaceful methods.
 Eg: Congress sessions like Calcutta Session 1896, were used to air
grievances without provoking state crackdowns.
3. Intellectual groundwork for mass movements: Economic critiques laid basis for
future economic nationalism.
 Eg: R.C. Dutt’s "Economic History of India" (1902) became reference for
Swadeshi and later movements.
4. Bridge between elites and masses: Though limited, they gradually sensitised masses
towards political issues.
 Eg: Famine Relief Campaigns of 1896–97 involved moderate leaders
mobilising public support.
5. Prepared ground for assertive nationalism: Exposed the inefficacy of petitions,
paving way for extremists and Gandhian methods.
 Eg: Partition of Bengal agitation (1905) exposed limits of moderation,
fuelling rise of assertive nationalists.

Conclusion
While criticised for their cautious methods, the Moderates crucially institutionalised early
nationalism and set the ideological stage for mass-based struggles that would later galvanise
the nation towards independence.

17
Q. How did the tribal uprisings of the 19th century reflect both continuity and
divergence from mainstream anti-colonial struggles? Examine with suitable
examples. (10 M)

Introduction
Tribal uprisings of the 19th century were among the earliest resistances to colonial rule,
driven by alienation from land, forests, and traditions, yet distinct in form and leadership
from later nationalist movements.

Body

Continuity with mainstream anti-colonial struggles

1. Colonial economic exploitation: Both opposed colonial land revenue systems and
extractive forest policies.
o Eg: Santhal rebellion (1855-56) was triggered by zamindari oppression
under the Permanent Settlement and moneylender exploitation.
2. Assertion of indigenous rights: Uprisings challenged the legitimacy of British-
imposed systems over traditional authority.
o Eg: Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900) led by Birsa Munda demanded restoration
of Khuntkatti (tribal land rights) and rejection of British-imposed laws.
3. Militarised resistance and symbolic assertion: Like other armed revolts, tribal
revolts involved destruction of colonial symbols.
o Eg: In the Bhil revolts (1857-60), tribal groups looted colonial treasuries and
attacked administrative outposts.
4. Reaction to cultural alienation: Tribal revolts also arose from interference in
traditional customs, akin to mainstream resistance to cultural imperialism.
o Eg: Koya rebellion (1879-80) opposed missionary intrusion and new forest
laws that disrupted customary practices.
5. Common use of violence and rebellion: Like many early revolts, tribal uprisings
adopted violent, direct-action methods over negotiation.
o Eg: The Kol uprising (1831-32) involved widespread armed attacks on
British officials and moneylenders in Chotanagpur.

Divergence from mainstream anti-colonial struggles

1. Lack of pan-Indian political articulation: Tribal movements were localized with

limited awareness of broader nationalist goals.
o Eg: The Khasi uprising (1829-33) led by Tirot Singh had no link with the
INC or later nationalist networks.
2. Millenarian religious overtones: Many revolts were driven by divine visions and
tribal prophets rather than political ideology.
o Eg: Birsa Munda’s revolt was rooted in the belief of a divinely ordained
tribal kingdom free of British and dikus.

18
 3. Absence of modern political organisation: Tribal movements lacked structured
leadership, print media outreach, or legal mobilisations.
o Eg: Unlike the Swadeshi movement (1905), tribal uprisings had no press
campaigns or formal petitions.
4. Isolation from emerging middle class: There was minimal tribal participation in
urban-led constitutional movements.
o Eg: No tribal leader was involved in bodies like the Indian National
Congress (1885) or Indian Association (1876).
5. Different ideological lens: While mainstream movements gradually adopted modern
constitutionalism and civil rights discourse, tribal revolts framed resistance in terms of
customary rights and divine justice.
o Eg: Tana Bhagat movement (1913-20) blended Gandhian methods with
tribal customs, showing partial overlap but rooted divergence.

Conclusion
While tribal revolts shared anti-colonial undercurrents with nationalist movements, their
indigenous, isolated, and spiritual nature sets them apart—yet they remain foundational to
India’s broader freedom narrative.

Q. While the Indian National Congress dominated the national stage, regional
movements significantly shaped the freedom struggle. Discuss. Illustrate with
examples. (10 M)

Introduction
India’s freedom movement was not a monolithic campaign but a layered resistance where
regional struggles often sparked and sustained national momentum.

Body

Role of regional movements in shaping national consciousness

1. Preceded and inspired national mobilisation: Regional revolts laid the foundation
for mass awakening before INC took shape.
o Eg: The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) in Jharkhand challenged colonial
exploitation long before Congress’s birth in 1885.
2. Voiced local grievances and mobilised diverse sections: Movements addressed
specific socio-economic issues that the national leadership often overlooked.
o Eg: The Kisan Sabha Movement in Uttar Pradesh (1918 onwards)
mobilised peasants against landlords and colonial policies.
3. Acted as testing grounds for new strategies: Civil disobedience and boycott tactics
were often first tried regionally before being scaled nationally.
o Eg: The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905–08) used boycott of British
goods and national education, later adopted during Gandhian mass
movements.

19
 4. Forged inclusive leadership and political pluralism: Regional actors contributed
ideologies, leaders, and mass bases to the larger cause.
o Eg: Periyar’s Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu advanced anti-caste
mobilisation alongside anti-colonialism.
5. Resisted centralised politics of INC where needed: Regional parties and groups
challenged elitist or moderate tendencies of the Congress.
o Eg: The Ghadar Party (founded 1913 in California) drew heavily from
Punjab’s diaspora, operating independently of the INC's approach.
6. Mobilised tribal resistance with distinct identity: Tribal uprisings were both anti-
colonial and cultural assertions often missed by mainstream nationalism.
o Eg: Birsa Munda Ulgulan (1899–1900) in Chotanagpur opposed land
alienation and British forest policies.
7. Created region-specific symbols of resistance: Regional heroes and events inspired
pride and mass following within their zones of influence.
o Eg: Alluri Sitarama Raju’s Rampa Revolt (1922–24) in Andhra galvanised
tribals using Guerrilla warfare against British authority.
8. Complemented INC movements during critical phases: Regional initiatives
amplified national campaigns with local resonance.
o Eg: During the Quit India Movement (1942), local uprisings in Satara
(Maharashtra) and Tamluk (Bengal) led to parallel governments.

Conclusion
India’s freedom was the sum of many struggles—regional fires that collectively forged a
national flame. Acknowledging these roots is key to understanding the plural legacy of Indian
nationalism.

Q. How did Jyotiba Phule’s educational philosophy differ from that of

contemporary social reformers? Analyse his contribution to the emergence of a
counter-narrative in colonial India’s socio-religious movements. (10 M)

Introduction
Phule redefined education as a political act of liberation, using it to dismantle caste, gender,
and class hierarchies that most 19th-century reformers left untouched.

Body

Phule’s educational philosophy vs contemporary reformers

1. Focus on caste annihilation: Phule challenged the caste foundation of Indian society
unlike most reformers who focused on internal Hindu reform.
 Eg: Raja Ram Mohan Roy targeted Sati but did not challenge Brahmanical
monopoly over knowledge, while Phule called Brahmins “enemies of truth” in
‘Gulamgiri’ (1873).

20
 2. Mass-based schooling: Phule created schools for Shudras, Dalits, and girls, while
others largely focused on upper-caste males.
 Eg: In 1848, Phule and Savitribai Phule started India’s first girls' school in
Pune; Brahmo and Arya Samaj institutions primarily served urban elite castes.
3. Vocational and utilitarian focus: Phule emphasized skill-based, agriculture-linked
curriculum unlike Sanskritised moralism of others.
 Eg: In his 1882 representation to Hunter Commission, Phule proposed
agriculture and hygiene education for rural children.
4. Opposition to scriptural orthodoxy: He rejected Vedic authority, while others like
Dayanand Saraswati sought to reform them.
 Eg: Phule saw texts like Manusmriti as tools of oppression; Arya Samaj
promoted Vedic revivalism through Suddhi movement.

Contribution to counter-narrative in colonial socio-religious discourse

1. Dalit-bahujan assertion: Phule laid the ideological foundation for anti-caste

mobilisation and Bahujan consciousness.
 Eg: Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) fought Brahmanism and declared
education the weapon for Shudra empowerment.
2. Democratisation of knowledge: Phule argued for state-led, universal education to
challenge knowledge control by elites.
 Eg: His 1882 petition criticised University education benefiting only
Brahmins, pushing for compulsory state-funded schooling.
3. Early feminist voice: By promoting women’s education, Phule added gender justice
to caste critique.
 Eg: Appointed Savitribai Phule as first woman teacher, defying deep
patriarchal taboos of the time.
4. Anti-colonial through anti-hierarchy lens: He questioned both colonial exploitation
and indigenous caste tyranny.
 Eg: In ‘Shetkaryacha Asud’ (1881), he critiqued land revenue policies and
upper-caste collaboration with British against peasants.

Conclusion
Phule’s vision transformed education from a tool of conformity into one of emancipation. In
an age of symbolic reforms, his radical counter-narrative remains central to India's unfinished
quest for social justice.

21
The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important
contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
Q. Discuss the role of Ambedkar in the anti-caste movements of the 20th century.
Analyse the methods he adopted for social mobilisation. Examine the historical
significance of the Mahad Satyagraha in this context. (15 M)

Introduction

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emerged as a pioneering force in 20th-century India, transforming the
anti-caste discourse into a mass social movement rooted in constitutional values, human
rights, and economic justice.

Body

Role of Ambedkar in the anti-caste movements of the 20th century

1. Voice of the oppressed in the colonial era: Ambedkar gave institutional shape to
Dalit grievances by representing them in major forums like the Round Table
Conferences.
o Eg: Second Round Table Conference (1931), Ambedkar demanded separate
electorates for Dalits.
2. Drafting the Constitution ensuring social justice: As Chairman of the Drafting
Committee, he embedded provisions for abolition of untouchability (Article 17) and
ensured affirmative action (Article 15(4), Article 16(4)).
o Eg: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Act, 1989 operationalises these constitutional guarantees.
3. Political assertion through party formation: He founded the Independent Labour
Party (1936) and later the Scheduled Castes Federation (1942) to challenge caste
hierarchies politically.
o Eg: Bombay Legislative Assembly Elections 1937, ILP won 15 seats
advocating workers' and Dalit rights.
4. Economic empowerment of Dalits: Ambedkar linked caste oppression with
economic marginalisation, advocating for state socialism and land redistribution.
o Eg: In States and Minorities (1947), he proposed state ownership of
agriculture for equitable distribution.
5. Championing education as a liberation tool: He promoted compulsory education
for Dalits to break the cycle of caste-based exclusion.
o Eg: Ambedkar’s initiatives like founding People’s Education Society (1945)
to spread education among marginalised sections.

Methods adopted by Ambedkar for social mobilisation

1. Legal and constitutional advocacy: Ambedkar used legal mechanisms and

constitutional forums to demand rights and dignity for the oppressed.

22
 o Eg: Article 17, abolition of untouchability, and Constituent Assembly
Debates, 1946-49, where he defended rights of Scheduled Castes.
2. Mass mobilisation through public protests: He organised mass movements like the
Mahad Satyagraha (1927) to assert civil rights.
o Eg: Mahad Satyagraha marked a symbolic attack on caste-based public
exclusion from water bodies.
3. Power of publications and media: Ambedkar used journals like Mooknayak (1920)
and Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) to spread anti-caste ideas.
o Eg: Mooknayak, meaning "Leader of the Dumb", amplified Dalit voices in
the public sphere.
4. Religious reformation for dignity: He led Dalits towards Navayana Buddhism to
reject caste discrimination embedded in Hindu orthodoxy.
o Eg: Mass conversion at Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur (1956) with over 3,80,000
followers, reshaped Dalit identity.
5. Social symbols and cultural assertion: He encouraged Dalits to abandon caste
markers and adopt new cultural practices.
o Eg: Adoption of Navayana Buddhist symbols and rejection of caste-based
rituals post-1956 conversions.

Historical significance of the Mahad Satyagraha

1. Assertion of basic civil rights: The movement challenged the ban on Dalits using
public water bodies, affirming the right to dignity.
o Eg: Chavdar Tank at Mahad (1927) became a rallying point for Dalit civil
rights.
2. Integration of social and legal activism: Ambedkar combined grassroots activism
with legal steps by burning the Manusmriti at Mahad.
o Eg: Manusmriti Dahan Din (December 1927) marked a historic rupture
from oppressive Hindu legal codes.
3. Precursor to later mass movements: Mahad Satyagraha set the tone for further
direct actions like the Nashik Kalaram Temple Entry Movement (1930).
o Eg: Nashik Satyagraha, led by Ambedkar, demanded temple entry rights for
Dalits.
4. Catalyst for Dalit political consciousness: It mobilised Dalit masses and cultivated
leadership among marginalised communities.
o Eg: Emergence of Dalit leaders like Dadasaheb Gaikwad, who later led
movements for Dalit land rights.
5. National attention to caste oppression: The Satyagraha compelled national leaders
and mainstream media to acknowledge caste-based exclusions.
o Eg: Contemporary newspapers like 'The Bombay Chronicle' extensively
covered the Mahad events.

Conclusion

23
Ambedkar's relentless pursuit of justice fused constitutionalism, mass mobilisation, and
cultural transformation, making the anti-caste movement a cornerstone of India’s social
revolution. His legacy continues to inspire the fight for dignity and equality in contemporary
India.

Q. “The Jallianwala Bagh massacre marked a turning point in India’s struggle

for independence”. Examine the immediate nationalist response. Assess its long-
term impact on colonial legitimacy. (10 M)

Introduction
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919 exposed the brutality of British rule,
triggering irreversible shifts in public opinion, political strategies, and global perceptions of
colonial governance.

Body

Immediate nationalist response

1. Nationwide outrage and mourning: The massacre evoked spontaneous protests,

hartals, and deep resentment across India.
 Eg: Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood calling it “a time of
mourning” for Indian civilization.
2. Shift away from moderate politics: The faith in constitutional reforms waned
rapidly, leading to radicalisation of nationalist discourse.
 Eg: Congress-League cooperation weakened, paving way for non-
cooperation movement (1920) under Gandhi.
3. Emergence of mass civil disobedience: Mass leaders began mobilising wider
sections of society beyond elite circles.
 Eg: Gandhi's Rowlatt Satyagraha transformed into a broad anti-colonial
mobilisation post-massacre.
4. Boycott of British goods and institutions: Indians began rejecting British titles,
goods, and services as a mark of protest.
 Eg: Students boycotted government schools, lawyers like Motilal Nehru
left British courts (1920).
5. Demand for independent inquiry: Congress rejected the Hunter Committee (1919)
findings as a whitewash and set up its own inquiry.
 Eg: Congress Inquiry Report held General Dyer morally guilty, demanding
accountability.

Long-term impact on colonial legitimacy

1. Collapse of British moral authority: The massacre shattered the liberal image
Britain projected internationally.

24
  Eg: Winston Churchill, in the House of Commons (1920), condemned the act
as “monstrous” and “un-British”.
2. Global backlash and embarrassment: International outrage challenged the narrative
of benevolent imperialism.
 Eg: Coverage in Manchester Guardian and New York Times questioned
British democracy’s double standards.
3. Boost to revolutionary sentiment: Inspired a generation of youth toward armed
struggle against colonialism.
 Eg: Udham Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer in London (1940) calling it
revenge for Jallianwala.
4. Strengthening of nationalist unity: Created shared grief across regions and
communities, uniting India emotionally.
 Eg: The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation merger (1920) capitalised on this unity
against colonial repression.
5. Precedent for state impunity and resistance: Set the tone for future colonial
suppressions but also resilient mass mobilisations.
 Eg: British imposed Martial Law in Punjab, but nationalist resistance
expanded, influencing Quit India movement (1942).

Conclusion
Jallianwala Bagh became a symbol of colonial brutality and Indian unity, forever altering the
freedom struggle’s moral compass. Its legacy continues to underscore the cost of oppression
and the power of collective memory.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the

country.
Q. Trace the evolution of India’s planning model from the Nehruvian era to the
early 1990s. What were its major achievements and limitations in addressing
socio-economic disparities? (15 M)

Introduction
India’s post-independence planning journey reflects a unique blend of state-led development
with socialist aspirations, shaped by colonial underdevelopment and global ideological
currents.

Body

Evolution of India’s planning model (1950s–1991)

1. Soviet-inspired centralised model: Planning began with strong state control and
focus on capital goods under the Nehru-Mahalanobis strategy.
 Eg:– Second Five Year Plan (1956–61) prioritised heavy industries and
import substitution under P.C. Mahalanobis’ model.

25
 2. Mixed economy and institutionalisation: The Planning Commission was given key
powers, with both public and private sectors recognised constitutionally.
 Eg:– The Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956 formalised public sector
dominance in core areas and demarcated the three-sector model.
3. Green revolution and regionalised planning: Shift in the 1960s-70s towards
agricultural productivity and regional development disparities.
 Eg:– Fourth and Fifth Plans initiated Green Revolution and Minimum
Needs Programme targeting rural deprivation.
4. Welfare orientation under populism: 1970s-80s planning was marked by a rise in
redistributive rhetoric but declining fiscal discipline.
 Eg:– The Twenty Point Programme (1975) under Indira Gandhi
emphasised poverty alleviation and rural employment.
5. Pre-liberalisation reform attempts: 1980s saw piecemeal liberalisation to counter
inefficiencies but without dismantling planning control.
 Eg:– The Sixth Plan (1980–85) under Rangarajan Committee introduced
technology missions and export promotion policies.

Major achievements of the planning model

1. Industrial base creation: India developed core infrastructure and heavy industries
from near-zero levels.
 Eg:– Establishment of BHEL (1964), SAIL, and NTPC were pivotal public
sector outcomes of early planning.
2. Self-sufficiency in food: Planning-led agriculture transformation reduced dependency
on imports.
 Eg:– Food grain output rose from 50 MT (1950) to over 175 MT by 1990,
driven by HYV seeds, irrigation and procurement support.
3. Institutional development: Strong public institutions in health, education, and
research were a result of planned priorities.
 Eg:– Creation of IITs (1951–61) and ICMR as part of knowledge-oriented
planning.
4. Reduction in absolute poverty: Poverty rates declined despite rapid population
growth.
 Eg:– Poverty headcount ratio fell from over 50% in 1950s to 36% in 1993–
94 (Planning Commission data).
5. Regional upliftment policies: Special area programmes laid the foundation for
addressing regional inequality.
 Eg:– Launch of Backward Regions Grant Fund precursors under Fifth Plan
targeting tribal and hill regions.

Key limitations in addressing socio-economic disparities

26
 1. Urban–rural and regional imbalance: Resource concentration in select states
widened development gaps.
 Eg:– Green Revolution mostly benefitted Punjab, Haryana, and Western
UP, leaving eastern and tribal India behind .
2. Neglect of human capital: Early focus on physical capital sidelined social sector
investment.
 Eg:– UNDP Human Development Reports (1990) ranked India low on HDI,
highlighting poor health and literacy outcomes.
3. Inefficient public sector: Planning-induced PSU monopolies led to low productivity
and fiscal burden.
 Eg:– By 1991, over 200 loss-making PSUs were identified in the Public
Enterprises Survey.
4. License–permit raj: Overregulation under planning stifled entrepreneurship and
innovation.
 Eg:– The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (1969) curtailed
private sector dynamism.
5. Poverty persistence and leakages: Anti-poverty programmes often failed due to
weak targeting and corruption.
 Eg:– The Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978) suffered from
ghost beneficiaries and low impact (CAG Reports, 1990).

Conclusion
India’s pre-1991 planning model laid the foundation for economic sovereignty but failed to
dynamically adapt to changing socio-economic needs. A future-ready planning
framework must integrate inclusion, decentralisation, and private innovation.

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as
industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national
boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies
like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and
effect on the society.

Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

27
Q. Analyse the atmospheric triggers responsible for the recent surge in lightning
events in Eastern India. How do regional physiographic features influence
lightning distribution across the Indo-Gangetic plains? Examine the implications
of these patterns for rural population vulnerability. (15 M)

Introduction
The April 2025 lightning surge in eastern India signals a growing convergence of
meteorological instability and physical exposure, especially over the Indo-Gangetic plains.

Body

Atmospheric triggers behind lightning surge in eastern India

1. Moisture-laden easterlies from Bay of Bengal: High humidity enhances

atmospheric instability over the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains.
o Eg: In April 2025, easterly winds from the Bay of Bengal collided with dry
air masses, creating conditions for frequent lightning (CSE-DTE Lightning
Atlas, 2025).
2. Interaction with western disturbances: These upper-level winds enhance
convective uplift and thunderstorm formation.
o Eg: The April 2025 lightning outbreak was linked to a western
disturbance–easterly convergence over Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh
(IMD Lightning Report, 2025).
3. Strengthening of jet streams: Subtropical jet stream enhancement increases vertical
wind shear and thunderstorm potential.
o Eg: The Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council
(CROPC) cited jet stream intensification as a key contributor to lightning in
Eastern India (CROPC, 2025).
4. Early pre-monsoon heating: Rising land temperatures intensify convection and heat-
induced uplift.
o Eg: In March–April 2025, parts of Eastern India recorded above-normal
temperatures, intensifying localised thundercloud formation (IMD Weekly
Bulletin, April 2025).
5. Change in seasonal wind patterns: The shift from south-westerly to northeasterly
wind flow has caused unusual early-season lightning.
o Eg: IMD scientists noted wind reversal as a trigger for lightning in Bihar’s
Nalanda and Samastipur districts in early April 2025.

Physiographic influence on lightning distribution in Indo-Gangetic plains

1. Proximity to the Himalayan foothills: Orographic uplift aids rapid cloud formation
and vertical convection.
o Eg: Regions like northern Bihar and eastern UP face more lightning due to
rising terrain towards the Shivaliks (Journal of Earth System Science, 2022).

28
 2. Flat terrain and agricultural land use: Lack of natural obstructions increases
ground exposure to lightning.
o Eg: Open farmlands in Begusarai and Patna districts reported multiple
lightning deaths during fieldwork (CSE Lightning Database, 2025).
3. Low forest and tree cover: Reduced natural deflection results in direct lightning
strikes.
o Eg: The Forest Survey of India, 2023 showed declining green cover in
eastern Bihar, increasing surface vulnerability to lightning.
4. Presence of water bodies and wetlands: High surface moisture supports micro-
convective systems.
o Eg: Lightning-prone zones mapped around Kosi floodplains and Gandak
basin showed elevated activity in April 2025 (CROPC Lightning Hotspot
Map, 2024).
5. Electromagnetic conductivity of alluvial soil: Increases lightning attraction due to
moisture retention.
o Eg: Soil studies by IARI revealed that moist alluvial soils in eastern UP and
Bihar are more conductive, attracting strikes (IARI Lightning Risk
Assessment, 2023).

Implications for rural population vulnerability

1. High outdoor exposure of agrarian communities: Farming activities continue

despite weather alerts.
o Eg: 23 lightning deaths in Nalanda (April 2025) occurred while farmers
took shelter under trees during storm (DTE Report, 2025).
2. Low penetration of early warning systems: Apps like SACHET are poorly used in
rural belts.
o Eg: Despite alerts, villagers in Vaishali district ignored warnings on
SACHET app, leading to casualties (CROPC, 2025).
3. Weak rural infrastructure for shelter: Absence of lightning-safe structures in
hamlets.
o Eg: A dilapidated temple collapse in Madhubani during lightning killed
five people (NDMA District Risk Profile, 2025).
4. Lack of awareness on lightning safety: Inadequate dissemination of behaviour
protocols.
o Eg: NDMA guidelines on “Don’t shelter under trees” were not followed in
over 60% of April 2025 fatalities in Bihar (NDMA Compliance Audit, 2024).
5. Poverty-linked resilience deficit: Limited adaptive capacity to recover from
lightning injuries or fatalities.
o Eg: Families of victims in eastern UP’s Ballia district lacked compensation
and post-disaster support (State Disaster Management Review, 2025).

Conclusion
Lightning is a growing climatological threat demanding micro-level forecast integration with

29
grassroots disaster planning. Its inclusion under notified disasters would ensure targeted
mitigation, funding, and public awareness.

Role of women and women’s organization, population and

associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,
their problems and their remedies.
Q. The burden of unpaid care work is both a reflection and cause of structural
inequality. Analyse time poverty as a gendered phenomenon. What role can
social infrastructure play in alleviating it? (15 M)

Introduction

Time, though equally distributed by the clock, is unequally controlled in society. The
gendered burden of unpaid care work makes time a hidden axis of inequality in India.

Body

Burden of unpaid care work is both a reflection and cause of structural inequality

1. Patriarchal role assignment: Social norms assign caregiving as women’s natural

duty, limiting their freedom and reinforcing inequality.
o Eg: Time Use in India Report, 2024 shows women do 299 mins/day of
unpaid work, men only 97 mins.
2. Intergenerational transfer of inequality: Girls are socialised early into caregiving
roles, undermining their education and aspirations.
o Eg: ASER Report, 2023 found rising female dropout rates in rural areas due
to caregiving duties.
3. Economic exclusion of women: Time tied to unpaid care reduces women's
participation in formal labour markets.
o Eg: India’s female LFPR is just 27% in 2024, among the lowest globally
(ILO).
4. Invisibility in economic metrics: Unpaid care is excluded from GDP, rendering
women's work invisible in national accounts.
o Eg: NSSO 2019 highlighted how unpaid domestic labour has zero economic
valuation in GDP.
5. Policy design blind spots: Welfare and labour policies rarely account for care work
burdens.
o Eg: No national recognition or pension for unpaid caregivers in India despite
recommendations by SEWA and NCW.

Analyse time poverty as a gendered phenomenon

1. Inequitable discretionary time: Women have minimal time for self-care, rest, or
leisure, restricting agency and development.

30
 o Eg: UN Women (2023) reports Indian women get 1 hour/day of
discretionary time, men over 3 hours.
2. Double burden syndrome: Working women juggle paid and unpaid work, leading to
exhaustion and stress.
o Eg: ILO (2022) found 61% of employed Indian women report burnout due
to time overload.
3. Restricted mobility and safety tax: Women’s commute is longer due to unsafe
transport and timing constraints.
o Eg: RITES Survey 2024 found urban women’s average commute time
50% higher than men’s.
4. Rural survival tasks eat into time: Rural women spend hours on chores like fetching
water or firewood, limiting work or learning.
o Eg: NSSO (2018) noted rural women in Odisha spend up to 3.8 hrs/day on
collecting fuel and water.
5. Class dimension of time poverty: Poor women do both unpaid domestic work and
low-paying precarious jobs, compounding time deprivation.
o Eg: SEWA (2023) case study in Ahmedabad showed domestic workers
spend 15+ hours/day across paid and unpaid labour.

What role can social infrastructure play in alleviating it?

1. Universal childcare and crèche facilities: Free or subsidised centres reduce

caregiving load and enhance women's economic engagement.
o Eg: Revised National Crèche Scheme (2023) in Karnataka boosted female
workforce participation by 11% (KSRDC).
2. Water, sanitation, and clean energy access: Infrastructure cuts time spent on
subsistence chores, especially in rural areas.
o Eg: Jal Jeevan Mission ensured tap water in 70% rural households by
2024, saving 2–3 hours/day (MoJS, 2025).
3. Gender-sensitive and safe public transport: Improves mobility and reduces the
time-cost penalty on women.
o Eg: Free bus rides in Delhi increased women’s ridership by 28%, improving
access to jobs (DTC Report, 2024).
4. Paid family and parental leave: Institutionalising leave for both parents encourages
shared caregiving and challenges gender norms.
o Eg: Iceland and Sweden's equal parental leave models raised men’s share
of caregiving to 40% (ILO Gender Report, 2023).
5. Community-based care centres: Decentralised care systems support elderly and
disabled care, freeing women’s time for income or rest.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s Urban Care Centres Pilot (2022) provided daily support
to 500+ households in slums (TN Urban Dept.).

Conclusion

31
Time poverty is not just about overwork—it is about power. Redesigning India’s social
infrastructure to reclaim women’s time is essential to achieving gender justice and inclusive
growth.

Q. The shift from informal care of the elderly to formal legal remedies signifies a
weakening of traditional social norms. Explain the reasons behind this shift.
Discuss its implications on the elderly’s dignity and autonomy. (15 M)

Introduction
The moral economy of Indian families is undergoing a transformation as intergenerational
solidarity weakens under the weight of urbanisation, individualism, and legal consciousness.
This marks a societal shift from obligation-driven care to rights-based demands.

Body

Shift from informal care of the elderly to formal legal remedies signifies a weakening of
traditional social norms

1. Decline of joint family system: The fragmentation of joint families has diluted
customary caregiving responsibilities.
o Eg: NFHS-5 (2019–21) shows over 60% of elderly now live without their
children, especially in urban areas (MoHFW).
2. Reduced normative pressure: Social stigma around neglecting elders has weakened,
enabling disregard of filial duties.
o Eg: Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2021) reported that 16% of
elders face neglect, with most not seeking help due to societal apathy.
3. Commercialisation of care: Elder care is increasingly outsourced to private
institutions, reducing direct family involvement.
o Eg: CII Report 2022 projected a 17% growth in elderly care homes,
particularly in metros like Bengaluru and Pune.
4. Legal consciousness and assertion: Senior citizens are more aware and assertive of
their legal entitlements under formal laws.
o Eg: Over 8,000 cases filed under the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents
and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 in 2023 alone (Ministry of Social Justice &
Empowerment).

The reasons behind this shift

1. Urban migration and spatial distance: Children’s migration for employment has
physically distanced them from ageing parents.
o Eg: NSSO 2019 reports that over 35% of India’s elderly live separately from
children due to outstation jobs.
2. Changing value systems: The rise of individualism has displaced collective
responsibilities rooted in traditional ethics.

32
 o Eg: UNFPA India Report 2021 noted the emergence of a “nuclear-first”
mindset among urban millennials.
3. Economic dependency of elders: Elderly without income or pension become
vulnerable to neglect in the absence of reciprocity.
o Eg: As per RBI’s 2023 Report on Financial Inclusion, only 29% of senior
citizens have pension coverage in India.
4. Rise in elder abuse cases: Emotional, financial, and physical abuse have prompted
the elderly to approach legal systems.
o Eg: HelpAge India (2022) reported 47% increase in abuse complaints
compared to 2020, mostly from Tier-1 cities.

Its implications on the elderly’s dignity and autonomy

1. Reclaiming autonomy through legal recourse: Legal empowerment enables elders

to assert their agency and rights.
o Eg: SC in Ashwani Kumar v. UoI (2018) upheld elderly rights under
Article 21, directing states to implement care homes and tribunals.
2. Strain on family ties: Litigation within families can deepen alienation and emotional
distress among elders.
o Eg: Delhi High Court (2023) expressed concern over rising intrafamily
eviction petitions under the 2007 Act.
3. Stigmatization of elderly assertiveness: Legal actions are often seen as betrayal of
familial bonds, isolating the elders further.
o Eg: Social Attitudes Survey 2022 found 42% respondents viewed legal
action against children as socially shameful.
4. Increased reliance on institutional care: As home-based care erodes,
institutionalisation becomes a norm, sometimes without consent.
o Eg: Kerala Human Rights Commission (2023) flagged unauthorised
elderly institutionalisation cases under mental illness pretence.

Way forward

1. Integrated elderly care policies: Blend legal remedies with emotional support
services like counselling and community engagement.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu's Senior Citizens' Support Scheme (2022) includes
helplines, legal aid, and day-care centres.
2. Community-based elderly support systems: Encourage social participation and peer
networks to reduce dependency on family.
o Eg: Maharashtra’s "Anand Ashrams" (2023) offer community living for
seniors, improving social bonding.
3. Legal aid and awareness expansion: Strengthen awareness on rights and simplify
tribunal procedures at grassroots.
o Eg: NALSA (2023) introduced legal literacy camps focused on senior
citizens’ rights in rural areas.

33
 4. Pension and social security coverage: Expand old-age pensions and link with
healthcare to reduce financial dependence.
o Eg: National Social Assistance Programme (2023–24) increased Indira
Gandhi National Old Age Pension from ₹200 to ₹500/month.

Conclusion
Legal redress must not become a substitute for compassionate care. A just society will protect
its elders not just through law, but through revived human empathy and institutional dignity.

Q. Examine the role of education in shaping gender equality outcomes in India.

Analyse the challenges to sustaining gender parity across different stages of
education. Suggest reforms to achieve sustained gender parity in education. (15
M)

Introduction

Education acts as the strongest catalyst for gender transformation, empowering women
socially and economically. In India, education bridges the historical gender gaps and
promotes inclusive development across regions and communities.

Body

Role of education in shaping gender equality outcomes

1. Economic empowerment through employability: Education enhances women's

access to formal employment and entrepreneurship.
o Eg: Women entrepreneurs in DPIIT-recognised startups rose from 1,943
(2017) to 17,405 (2024), MoSPI report.
2. Reduction in social discrimination: Educational attainment reduces gender biases
and promotes shared household responsibilities.

34
 o Eg: NFHS-5 (2019-21) shows women with higher education report lower
acceptance of spousal violence.
3. Political participation and leadership: Education raises awareness of political rights
and leadership roles.
o Eg: Women voter turnout surpassed male turnout in 2024 Lok Sabha
elections, MoSPI data.
4. Improved health and fertility outcomes: Educated women make informed choices
about healthcare and family planning.
o Eg: Sample Registration System 2023 shows decline in Total Fertility Rate
(TFR) to 2.0 due to rising female education.
5. Legal awareness and rights assertion: Education familiarises women with
constitutional rights and legal remedies.
o Eg: Awareness campaigns post-Section 498A (IPC) amendment 2018
gained traction in educated women groups.

Challenges to sustaining gender parity across different stages of education

1. High dropout rates among adolescent girls: Early marriage and family
responsibilities increase dropout risk.
o Eg: U-DISE+ 2023 reports dropout rate at upper secondary level for girls
at 17.3%.
2. Socio-cultural barriers in rural areas: Gender norms restrict girls’ mobility and
educational aspirations.
o Eg: ASER 2023 highlights rural girls aged 14-18 face mobility issues for
attending schools.
3. Inadequate infrastructure and safety concerns: Lack of safe transport and
sanitation facilities discourage attendance.
o Eg: Ministry of Education report 2024 flagged 25% secondary schools lack
separate toilets for girls.
4. Digital divide limiting access to online education: Girls have lower access to digital
learning tools.
o Eg: NSO 2024 found only 33% of rural women had internet access
compared to 57% men.
5. Limited focus on higher education enrolment: Gender gap widens in STEM and
professional courses.
o Eg: AISHE 2021-22 shows women constitute only 43% of total enrolment
in engineering courses.

Reforms to achieve sustained gender parity in education

1. Implementation of targeted scholarship schemes: Financial incentives for girls'

education at all levels.
2. Strengthening school infrastructure: Ensure safe environments with girl-friendly
facilities.

35
 3. Community awareness and engagement programs: Challenge societal norms
through sensitisation campaigns.
o Eg: UNICEF’s GAGE program successfully piloted in Rajasthan to
promote girls’ secondary education.
4. Bridging the digital divide: Enhance digital access and literacy among girls.
o Eg: PM e-Vidya initiative expanded in 2024 to include free tablet
distribution for girls in remote areas.
5. Encouraging female role models in education: Promote success stories of women
achievers in education.
o Eg: Ministry of Women and Child Development’s 'Icons for Change'
campaign 2024 showcases women leaders.

Conclusion

Sustained gender parity in education requires a multi-pronged approach that not only expands
access but also addresses deep-rooted societal barriers. Empowering every girl through
education today will ensure an equitable and progressive India tomorrow.

Q. Assess how comprehensive sex education can promote gender sensitivity in

early childhood. Examine its role in dismantling patriarchal social norms.
Propose community-level interventions to reinforce positive gender attitudes. (15
M)

Introduction

Early exposure to comprehensive sex education shapes children’s understanding of respect,

consent, and equality, laying a foundation for a gender-just society. Empowering young
minds ensures that regressive stereotypes are challenged before they become entrenched.

Body

Promotion of gender sensitivity in early childhood

1. Understanding body autonomy: Teaching children about body rights fosters early
respect for personal boundaries.
o Eg: UNESCO 2023 guidelines recommend introducing concepts of consent
from preschool level.
2. Breaking gender stereotypes: Early education challenges norms like assigning toys
or colours by gender.
o Eg: Finland's ECEC curriculum integrates non-gendered play materials to
encourage equality.
3. Fostering empathy towards all genders: Activities that promote sharing experiences
build mutual understanding.

36
 o Eg: Karpom Karpipom NGO workshops in Tamil Nadu use storytelling for
empathy-building.
4. Introducing inclusive language: Using non-gendered language normalises gender
diversity from a young age.
o Eg: Delhi Government guidelines 2024 advocate gender-neutral pronouns in
classrooms.
5. Building respect through shared activities: Collaborative tasks promote teamwork
irrespective of gender roles.
o Eg: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan promotes mixed-gender participation in
school activities.

Role in dismantling patriarchal social norms

1. Challenging male dominance narratives: Lessons highlight the value of equality in

relationships and decision-making.
o Eg: UNFPA India programs address early biases favouring male privilege.
2. Addressing normalisation of gender-based violence: Teaching respect and consent
early helps reduce future violence.
o Eg: Pocso e-Box by NCPCR sensitises children to report abuse.
3. Empowering girls with knowledge: Information on rights and health fosters self-
confidence and agency.
o Eg: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaigns include sessions on bodily
autonomy.
4. Questioning division of labour stereotypes: School lessons emphasise shared
responsibilities at home and work.
o Eg: UNICEF India 2024 promotes shared household roles in its child rights
modules.
5. Creating future advocates for equality: Early education inspires children to
question societal injustice.
o Eg: Bal Panchayats in Rajasthan empower children to address gender bias
locally.

Community-level interventions to reinforce positive gender attitudes

1. Parental awareness programmes: Educating parents to model gender-equitable

behaviours at home.
o Eg: Poshan Abhiyan 2023 integrates parental counselling on gender norms.
2. Local mentorship initiatives: Role models from the community influence young
minds positively.
o Eg: UN Women’s HeForShe local chapters engage men as gender
champions.
3. School-community partnerships: Joint activities promote shared responsibility in
gender sensitisation.

37
 o Eg: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan 2023 mandates community engagement in
gender inclusion drives.
4. Media literacy campaigns: Training communities to counter gender bias in media
influences perceptions.
o Eg: NCERT media literacy handbook 2024 guides schools on gender-
sensitive media use.
5. Religious and cultural dialogues: Involving faith leaders fosters acceptance of
gender equality principles.
o Eg: UNICEF’s Faith for Life programme partners with spiritual leaders to
address gender justice.

Conclusion

Early, inclusive, and community-supported sex education can seed lasting gender sensitivity,
dismantle entrenched patriarchy, and nurture a generation that upholds equality as a core
societal value.

Q. Open spaces are not a luxury but a necessity in modern cities. Enumerate the
reasons behind shrinking urban open spaces. Examine its impact on urban social
life. (10 M)

Introduction
In rapidly urbanising India, open spaces ensure not just recreation but also urban resilience
and community well-being. Yet, they are vanishing amidst relentless construction and
inadequate urban planning.

Body

Reasons behind shrinking urban open spaces

1. Rapid urban expansion and population pressure: Explosive urban growth is

consuming vacant lands for housing and infrastructure.
 Eg: As per MoHUA 2023 report, India’s urban population is projected to
reach 600 million by 2036, escalating land demands.
2. Commercialisation of land use: Urban land is increasingly prioritised for revenue-
generating projects over community spaces.
 Eg: In Chennai, playgrounds like Kannappar Thidal have been converted
for housing projects.
3. Weak urban planning enforcement: Lack of adherence to urban development norms
reduces reserved green spaces.
 Eg: Master Plans of cities like Delhi 2041 aim for 20% green cover but
implementation remains poor (DDA Report, 2024).
4. Encroachments and informal settlements: Illegal occupations steadily erode open
spaces, especially in congested cities.

38
  Eg: Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) flagged over 800
encroachments on parks in 2023 (MoHUA data, 2023).
5. Neglect of peri-urban commons: Traditional village commons in urban fringes are
disappearing without legal protection.
 Eg: Loss of Gram Sabha lands around Gurugram due to real estate
development .

Impact on urban social life

1. Reduced community interaction: Shrinking spaces limit social gatherings,

weakening community bonds.
 Eg: Smart Cities Mission, 2024 highlights community parks as critical for
social cohesion (MoHUA Report).
2. Exclusion of marginalised groups: Lack of public spaces restricts access for lower-
income groups and women.
 Eg: In Chennai, families without private transport struggle to access distant
playgrounds.
3. Rise in lifestyle diseases: Limited recreational spaces contribute to sedentary urban
lifestyles.
 Eg: ICMR 2023 study links reduced physical activity in cities to rising
obesity rates and hypertension.
4. Loss of talent nurturing spaces: Playgrounds are vital for early sports development
and employment opportunities.
 Eg: Chennai cricketer M.D. Thirushkamini trained at a local GCC
playground, highlighting its role in talent grooming.
5. Reduced disaster resilience: Open spaces are crucial evacuation zones during urban
emergencies.
 Eg: Urban planners warn lack of open spaces increases risks during
earthquakes and fires in congested Chennai.

Conclusion
Preserving open spaces is fundamental for healthy, resilient, and inclusive cities. Proactive
urban policies and community stewardship can ensure that open grounds remain the heart of
sustainable urban living.

Q. Why is elderly mental health a growing concern in India? Analyse its link
with urbanisation and isolation. Suggest culturally sensitive solutions to address
this silent epidemic. (15 M)

Introduction
The post-COVID phase has amplified silent mental health crises among India’s elderly,
exacerbated by urban alienation, shrinking families and weakened community support
systems.

39
Body

Elderly mental health as a growing concern

1. Neglected in policy and health systems: Geriatric mental health is still not a core
part of national health programmes.
 Eg: As per National Mental Health Survey (2016), 15% of elderly suffer
from one or more mental disorders, yet only 1 out of 10 receives treatment
(NIMHANS).
2. Rise in depression and anxiety: Increase in life expectancy has led to prolonged
exposure to chronic illness, dependency, and grief.
 Eg: Lancet 2020 study reported 1 in 5 elderly Indians experiencing
symptoms of clinical depression.
3. Stigma and underreporting: Age-related emotional distress is often misattributed to
“normal ageing” and ignored.
 Eg: HelpAge India’s 2023 survey showed over 60% elderly felt mental
health symptoms were “not serious enough” to seek help.
4. Burden of polypharmacy and cognitive decline: Overuse of medications causes
mental fog, leading to deteriorating psychological health.
 Eg: AIIMS Geriatric Department (2024) reported polypharmacy in 75% of
patients above 70, leading to memory issues and confusion.
5. Limited access to mental health professionals: Geriatric psychiatry is highly
specialised, but only a few exist in India.
 Eg: As per NCERT 2024, India has less than 0.3 geriatric psychiatrists per
lakh population.

Link with urbanisation and isolation

1. Disintegration of joint families: Nuclearization due to urban migration has cut off
traditional emotional support.
 Eg: Census 2011 data shows 42% elderly now live-in nuclear households,
up from 30% in 1991.
2. Elderly abandoned or left alone: Cities lack the kinship networks elderly once relied
upon.
 Eg: HelpAge India helpline data (2024) revealed a 30% increase in
abandonment cases, especially near hospitals and stations.
3. Rise in loneliness due to tech divide: Lack of digital literacy among the elderly
creates a communication vacuum.
 Eg: PEW Research 2023 found only 12% of Indians above 65 use the
internet regularly.
4. Urban housing unsuitable for ageing: Apartments lack age-friendly infrastructure
leading to isolation indoors.

40
  Eg: NIUA (2023) report on Delhi found 80% elderly flats had no railings,
ramps, or lifts.
5. Loss of purpose post-retirement: Urban settings offer fewer structured avenues for
elderly engagement.
 Eg: Mumbai Gerontology Survey 2022 showed 72% retired elderly males
reported reduced life satisfaction and motivation.

Culturally sensitive solutions

1. Integrate community health workers: Train ASHAs and ANMs in basic geriatric
mental care.
 Eg: Tamil Nadu pilot (2024) under Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam included
mental health screening in doorstep delivery.
2. Promote intergenerational bonding through education: Include elderly care values
in school curriculum.
 Eg: NEP 2020 encourages value-based education, states like Kerala
introduced intergenerational clubs in schools (2023).
3. Create senior-friendly digital platforms: Launch user-friendly tele-mental health
apps in local languages.
 Eg: Tele-MANAS platform (2022) to be upgraded for elderly-specific
modules as per MoHFW roadmap (2025).
4. Encourage age-inclusive urban planning: Mandate age-friendly spaces in city
master plans.
 Eg: Jaipur became India's first WHO Age-Friendly City (2022), with parks,
ramps, benches, and social spaces.
5. Regulate and expand community day-care centres: Use Anganwadi and
community halls for elderly gatherings.
 Eg: Chennai Corporation’s Smart Elders Clubs (2023) conduct weekly social
and wellness activities for senior citizens.

Conclusion
India’s ageing population demands more than just medical care—it requires empathetic social
integration. Addressing elderly mental health is not a healthcare obligation alone, but a
societal responsibility rooted in dignity and respect.

Q. Thermal extremes are no longer exceptional but are part of the new climatic
normal. Evaluate the current capacity of Indian cities to respond to prolonged
heat events. Examine the significance of heat-health action plans. Propose
geospatial and infrastructural improvements for heat resilience. (15 M)

Introduction
With 2024 recorded as the warmest year globally and Indian cities witnessing heatwaves as
early as March 2025, thermal extremes have transitioned from anomaly to a recurrent hazard,
challenging urban planning, health systems, and equity.
41
Body

Capacity of Indian cities to respond to prolonged heat events

1. Fragmented urban governance: Overlapping jurisdictions between municipal

bodies, disaster authorities, and health departments weaken coordinated responses.
o Eg: NDMA (2023) acknowledged limited city-level integration of heatwave
response protocols beyond Ahmedabad.
2. Insufficient early warning systems: City-level meteorological alert systems often
fail to integrate real-time humidity and night-time temperatures.
o Eg: Delhi’s 2022 heat alert failed to predict thermal discomfort zones in
informal settlements (IMD-Delhi Urban Observatory)
3. Under-prepared public health infrastructure: Urban PHCs lack capacity to
manage heatstroke cases and dehydration emergencies.
o Eg: Jaipur Medical College (2023) saw a 28% rise in heat-related
emergency cases with no dedicated ward (MoHFW)
4. Vulnerable informal workforce: Nearly 80% of urban workers lack heat-safe
working conditions or staggered work hours.
o Eg: A 2023 study by IIPH-Hyderabad showed productivity losses of 6% in
construction sites during summer (IIPH)
5. Urban heat island effect unaddressed: Dense construction and poor ventilation in
slums amplify local temperatures.
o Eg: Kolkata slums recorded 3°C higher night-time temperatures than the
city average during April 2023 (TERI)

Significance of heat-health action plans (HAPs)

1. Structured local response planning: HAPs enable local governments to adopt multi-
agency coordination and decentralised mitigation.
o Eg: Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan (2013), India’s first, reduced heatwave
mortality by 61% by 2017 (NRDC Report)
2. Public health preparedness: HAPs facilitate staff training, hospital readiness, and
pre-positioning of emergency supplies.
o Eg: Pune HAP (2021) implemented heat response drills in all urban PHCs
before peak summer (PCCHH)
3. Community awareness and outreach: HAPs promote early warnings, hydration tips,
and behavioural changes in high-risk areas.
o Eg: Nagpur’s 2022 plan used local radio and WhatsApp groups for ward-
level heat advisories (NDMA)
4. Policy continuity and scalability: State-level HAPs embed resilience into urban
climate strategies under NPCCHH and Smart Cities.
o Eg: Odisha’s HAP (2023) integrated into Smart City Mission’s disaster
resilience module (MoHFW)

42
 5. Evidence-based adaptation: Data-driven HAPs support heat-morbidity mapping and
future planning.
o Eg: Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (2024) launched a geospatial
dashboard on ward-wise heat vulnerabilities (IISc & UNICEF)

Geospatial and infrastructural improvements for heat resilience

1. City-scale thermal mapping: High-resolution GIS mapping to identify and prioritise

urban hotspots for intervention.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s 2022 GIS initiative mapped ‘red zones’ based on albedo
and land surface temperature (IISc-BMRCL Study)
2. Climate-sensitive urban design: Cool roof programmes, reflective paints, passive
ventilation and rooftop gardens.
o Eg: Telangana Cool Roof Policy (2023–30) mandated white roofs in all new
government buildings (Telangana Municipal Administration)
3. Nature-based solutions: Urban forestry, shaded streets, and green buffers to
moderate surface temperature.
o Eg: Indore’s 2023 “City Forest Plan” added green corridors in urban heat
clusters (MoEFCC Urban Forestry Report)
4. Climate-resilient housing: Retrofit low-income housing with heat-resistant materials
and better airflow.
o Eg: Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (2024) piloted “cool kits” for
5000 slum homes in high heat-index zones.
5. Smart infrastructure for water and shelter: Public cooling shelters, ORS stations,
and access to shaded rest zones in markets and transit areas.
o Eg: Jaipur’s 2023 summer shelters served over 1.2 lakh informal workers,
including construction labourers

Conclusion
Indian cities must evolve from reactive to preventive heat governance. Future-ready urban
resilience requires integrating real-time climate intelligence, decentralised heat planning, and
inclusive infrastructural redesign—anchored in local vulnerabilities and backed by political
will.

Q. Why is youth resistance to correction increasing in modern societies? What

consequences does this pose for social cohesion? (10 M)

Introduction
Youth resistance to correction is not mere defiance but a reflection of evolving identities
shaped by hyperconnectivity, peer validation, and perceived adult irrelevance. This shift
challenges traditional socialisation processes.

Body

43
Reasons for increasing youth resistance to correction

1. Perceived invalidation of autonomy: Adolescents today interpret correction as

denial of their individual agency.
o Eg:– A 2024 NIMHANS study found that over 68% urban adolescents felt
that parental advice disregarded their ability to make decisions.
2. Influence of peer and social media validation: Platforms reward behaviours aligned
with peer trends rather than adult expectations.
o Eg:– The 2025 Lokniti-CSDS Youth Survey showed that 72% youth trust
online peer advice more than family guidance.
3. Outdated parental communication styles: Lack of developmental psychology
awareness leads to authoritarian tone.
o Eg:– A 2023 NCERT review flagged that over 80% school counsellors cite
poor parent-child dialogue as a barrier to adolescent reform.
4. Lack of safe spaces for emotional expression: Youth often find correction
judgmental rather than supportive.
o Eg:– A 2024 Childline India report found a 30% increase in helpline calls
over issues of parental pressure and lack of empathy.
5. Societal glorification of hyper-individualism: Cultural shifts valorise independence
even at the cost of social responsibility.
o Eg:– KPMG Youth Trends Report 2024 noted rising preference for “self-
made identity” over inherited norms, especially in metro regions.

Consequences for social cohesion

1. Breakdown of intergenerational trust: Mutual misunderstanding breeds emotional

distance and hostility.
o Eg:– A TISS 2024 study noted that intergenerational bonding time
dropped by 45% in nuclear families post-COVID.
2. Weakening of community mentorship structures: Youth turn away from societal
guidance, affecting collective harmony.
o Eg:– UNESCO India (2023) observed a decline in participation in
community youth groups by 37% due to perceived moral policing.
3. Normalisation of deviance and emotional volatility: Lack of correction acceptance
leads to unchecked behavioural extremes.
o Eg:– NCRB 2024 data showed a 19% rise in youth-involved violent cases,
often linked to poor parental engagement.
4. Polarisation and reduced civic sensitivity: Resistance to correction feeds into
radical identities detached from community good.
o Eg:– Azim Premji University report (2024) found declining volunteering
rates among youth due to “apolitical or disengaged” self-concept.
5. Strain on educational and counselling systems: Schools face difficulty enforcing
codes of conduct without family support.

44
 o Eg:– 2025 CBSE Guidelines stress the need for parent-school counselling
collaborations due to rising discipline issues.

Conclusion
Youth resistance signals a deeper shift in values and authority structures. Rebuilding
dialogue-based guidance ecosystems rooted in empathy, relevance, and respect is vital to
restore cohesion in a fast-fragmenting social landscape.

Q. Climate change is fuelling a silent surge in gender-based violence. Analyse the

pathways through which this link operates. Examine its regional variations.
Propose long-term solutions for climate-resilient gender safety. (15 M)

Introduction
The UN Spotlight Initiative shows a near 5% rise in intimate partner violence for every
1°C rise in temperature, revealing how climate risks now directly threaten gender security,
especially among the most vulnerable.

Body

Pathways linking climate change and gender-based violence

1. Displacement and mobility stress: Climate-induced disasters force women into

unsafe, unprotected shelters.
o Eg:– UN Women (2025) found increased sexual exploitation and trafficking
risks in cyclone shelters in Mozambique post-Idai.
2. Food and water insecurity: Scarcity increases household stress, fuelling domestic
violence and control over women’s access.
o Eg:– IPCC Special Report (2023) flagged higher IPV cases in East Africa’s
drought zones due to food insecurity.
3. Loss of livelihood and economic dependency: Women’s economic marginalisation
heightens vulnerability to coercion and abuse.
o Eg:– In South Asia, crop failure due to floods increased forced dependence
on abusive partners (UNDP, 2024).
4. Breakdown of law enforcement and social safety nets: Emergencies divert
resources, leaving gaps in reporting and protection.
o Eg:– After Cyclone Amphan (2020) in India, GBV helpline calls spiked by
over 60% but received delayed response (NCRB Data).
5. Psychosocial stress and patriarchal backlash: Climate-induced instability increases
aggressive male behaviour and control.
o Eg:– A Lancet Commission Report (2024) linked heatwaves to a 28%
increase in femicide across Latin America.

Regional variations in climate-linked gender violence

45
 1. Sub-Saharan Africa: Triple threat of heat, food crisis, and displacement drives
disproportionate IPV rise.
o Eg:– Under 4°C warming, IPV projected to triple in the region by 2060 (UN
Spotlight Report, 2025).
2. South Asia: Flood-prone regions show sharp surges in child marriage and trafficking
during disasters.
o Eg:– In Bangladesh, child marriages rose by 13% post-cyclone Bulbul
(UNICEF, 2020).
3. Small Island Nations: Compound effects of climate migration and service
inaccessibility escalate GBV risk.
o Eg:– In Vanuatu, mobile health teams were deployed to embed GBV
response into cyclone relief (UN Women, 2023).
4. Latin America: Land disputes and extractive projects increase threats to women
defenders and local activists.
o Eg:– In Guatemala, women opposing illegal logging were evicted and
attacked (UN Women, 2025).
5. Indigenous and marginalised groups: Discrimination compounds exposure to
climate and gender violence.
o Eg:– In Northern Canada, Indigenous women in climate-threatened
communities face higher IPV and fewer shelters (Amnesty International,
2024).

Long-term solutions for climate-resilient gender safety

1. Mainstreaming GBV in climate planning: Embed gender safety into national

adaptation frameworks.
o Eg:– Liberia’s National Adaptation Plan integrates GBV services in
disaster zones (UNDP, 2023).
2. Targeted climate financing for gender equality: Increase climate funds focused on
women’s safety and livelihoods.
o Eg:– Current spending is only 0.04% of climate-related funds (UN Spotlight
Report, 2025).
3. Community-based surveillance and safe zones: Establish decentralised protection
networks during climate crises.
o Eg:– Haiti’s women-led disaster cells helped reduce GBV post-earthquake
by 30% (UNFPA Case Study).
4. Digital tools and mobile legal aid: Deploy technology to ensure accessibility to
reporting and justice mechanisms.
o Eg:– In Philippines, climate-hit areas use GBV alert apps linked to local
police stations (ADB Report, 2024).
5. Empowering women in climate governance: Promote women’s leadership in
climate committees and local planning.

46
 o Eg:– Mozambique’s Green Livelihood Program trains female midwives for
solar jobs while integrating gender safety modules (Spotlight Initiative,
2024).

Conclusion
Without embedding gender equity into climate resilience frameworks, climate adaptation
will remain exclusionary. A rights-based, localised and funded approach is critical to
break this hidden nexus between warming and violence.

Q. Urbanisation in India has accelerated the fragmentation of traditional social

institutions. Analyse the social consequences of weakening kinship and
neighbourhood networks. Suggest strategies to build new urban solidarities. (15
M)

Introduction

India’s rapid urban expansion, as seen in the 2022 World Bank report noting 35% urban
population, is fundamentally transforming the nature of kinship, community bonding, and
social solidarity.

Body

Urbanisation in India has accelerated the fragmentation of traditional social institutions

1. Shift from community-centric living to nuclear individualism: Urban life

prioritises economic pursuits over extended familial bonding.
o Eg: Census 2011 recorded a significant rise in nuclear families to over 70%
of total households.
2. Weakening caste and kinship bonds: Migration reduces caste-based solidarities
traditionally strong in rural settings.
o Eg: National Sample Survey (NSS) 2019 shows declining caste-endogamy
patterns in urban marriages.
3. Rise of anonymous and transactional urban living: Trust and identity based on
shared histories get replaced with anonymous exchanges.
o Eg: Sociological studies by M. N. Srinivas highlighted erosion of
"community sentiments" in cities like Bengaluru.
4. Erosion of traditional dispute resolution mechanisms: Informal panchayats and kin
councils lose authority in urban societies.
o Eg: Urban local bodies (ULBs) now dominate dispute settlement, as seen in
Smart Cities Mission governance models.
5. Dilution of inter-generational support systems: Elderly care, once a family
responsibility, is increasingly outsourced.
o Eg: Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) 2021 found over 15%
elderly living alone in cities.

47
Social consequences of weakening kinship and neighbourhood networks

1. Increase in urban loneliness and mental health issues: Social isolation fuels
anxiety and depression.
o Eg: WHO India Report 2023 ranked urban youth among the highest globally
in reported loneliness.
2. Erosion of informal safety nets: In absence of strong neighbourhood ties, crisis
support becomes institutional rather than social.
o Eg: COVID-19 migrant crisis 2020 showed urban migrants’ lack of support
networks, worsening their vulnerability.
3. Rise of gated communities and urban segregation: Affluent groups seek
exclusivity, reinforcing class divisions.
o Eg: Gurugram's gated housing societies have been studied as hubs of social
isolation by Centre for Policy Research.
4. Weakening of civic participation and community activism: Lesser emotional
attachment to locality reduces collective action.
o Eg: Low participation in municipal elections 2023 in cities like Mumbai and
Delhi, where turnout was under 50%.
5. Greater susceptibility to identity-based politics: Lack of organic community bonds
makes urban society vulnerable to sectarian mobilisation.
o Eg: Recent urban communal clashes in cities like Himmatnagar, Gujarat
(2022) reflect easy polarisation of fragmented urban masses.

Strategies to build new urban solidarities

1. Promote inclusive neighbourhood planning: Urban design must foster common

spaces for interaction across class, caste, and religion.
o Eg: Indore Smart City model uses mixed-income housing to reduce urban
segregation .
2. Strengthen Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs): Empower RWAs to act as
community-building rather than just maintenance bodies.
o Eg: Delhi Bhagidari Scheme restructured RWAs to include slum
representatives for greater inclusivity.
3. Integrate civic education into urban schooling: Early sensitisation towards urban
coexistence can nurture collective consciousness.
o Eg: Kerala Civic Literacy Campaign 2022 included modules on urban
harmony and pluralism.
4. Institutionalise community-led governance platforms: Encourage city-level
participatory forums beyond just grievance redressal.
o Eg: Pune’s participatory budgeting initiative allows citizens to directly
shape local development plans.
5. Leverage digital platforms for social mobilisation: Use apps and social networks to
build hyper-local solidarity networks.

48
 o Eg: Bangalore’s IChangeMyCity app connects citizens for neighbourhood
problem-solving and civic engagement.

Conclusion

As India urbanises rapidly, rebuilding urban solidarities is critical for creating vibrant,
inclusive, and resilient cities. Future urban governance must blend participatory planning,
community empowerment, and social innovation to sustain India's democratic fabric.

Q. What are the structural factors responsible for the persistence of bonded
labour in India? Examine how informal labour markets facilitate this. Suggest
institutional reforms for its eradication. (15 M)

Introduction
Despite being legally abolished in 1976, bonded labour continues to persist in India due to
entrenched socio-economic hierarchies, caste-based exclusion, and systemic failures in labour
governance.

Body

Structural factors responsible for persistence of bonded labour

1. Caste-based social stratification: Marginalised castes are historically associated with

low-paying, exploitative labour.
o Eg: Mukesh Adivasi’s case (2023) in Karnataka revealed caste-linked
targeting of tribal workers for bonded labour .
2. Poverty and debt dependency: Workers take loans or wage advances for
emergencies and get trapped in exploitative arrangements.
o Eg: K. Thenmozhi’s family accepted a ₹2,000 advance from a brick kiln
owner, leading to multi-year bondage
3. Lack of access to formal credit: Informal moneylenders dominate rural credit,
linking work with repayment.
o Eg: NSSO data (2019) showed that over 68% of rural workers rely on
informal credit, increasing debt bondage vulnerability.
4. Illiteracy and lack of legal awareness: Workers are unaware of their rights under the
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
o Eg: A 2022 report by NHRC found that over 70% of bonded labourers
interviewed had no knowledge of their rights.
5. Weak rural employment opportunities: Seasonal migration to urban areas makes
workers desperate and prone to exploitation.
o Eg: ILO India Employment Report (2024) noted that over 39 crore
workers are in the unorganised sector with insecure employment.

Role of informal labour markets in facilitating bonded labour

49
 1. Absence of formal contracts: Informal employers do not register workers or provide
terms of employment.
o Eg: In sugarcane farms in Karnataka (2023), workers were trafficked
without ID verification or contracts, as per Rejimon Kuttappan’s field
investigations.
2. Unregulated labour intermediaries: Contractors and agents exploit loopholes to trap
workers using wage advances.
o Eg: ILO (2023) flagged labour supply chains in textiles and construction
sectors where middlemen control worker mobility.
3. No grievance redressal mechanisms: Informal workers lack access to trade unions
or complaint systems.
o Eg: Labour Ministry (2021) admitted that unorganised workers had no
platform for grievance under new codes.
4. Lack of monitoring by labour inspectors: Informal worksites often escape
inspection due to logistical or political constraints.
o Eg: CAG Report (2022) noted shortfall of 36% in sanctioned labour
inspectors across states.
5. Normalization of exploitative practices: Low wages, excessive hours and physical
coercion go unchecked in informal setups.
o Eg: Brick kilns and beedi factories in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha continue
exploitative practices despite formal abolition.

Institutional reforms for eradication of bonded labour

1. Strengthening identification mechanisms: Use of block-level surveillance cells to

proactively detect bonded labour.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s interdepartmental vigilance model (2022) helped rescue
over 3,000 bonded workers.
2. Linking rehabilitation with MGNREGA and skill training: Integration into rural
employment schemes and upskilling.
o Eg: Bandaru Dattatreya’s 15-year plan (2016) envisioned linking rescued
workers with livelihood schemes.
3. Digitisation of worker registries: Registering informal workers on e-Shram portal
for tracking and support.
o Eg: As per Labour Ministry (2024), over 28 crore informal workers have
been registered under e-Shram.
4. Social audit and third-party monitoring: Independent audits of rehabilitation and
compensation schemes.
o Eg: Justice Verma Committee (2013) recommended third-party evaluation
to ensure accountability in rights enforcement.
5. Caste- and gender-sensitive outreach: Tailored awareness campaigns in vulnerable
SC/ST and minority areas.
o Eg: NHRC outreach pilot (2023) in Chhattisgarh tribal blocks improved
reporting of labour exploitation by over 40%.

50
Conclusion
Eradicating bonded labour demands a bottom-up institutional approach, combining legal
enforcement with empowerment and social inclusion. Until India's economic growth
ensures dignity and protection for its most marginalised, the shadows of bondage will persist
beneath the statistics.

Effects of globalization on Indian society.

Q. How is digital child abuse changing society’s understanding of victimhood in
today’s digital world? Examine its effect on moral values and the idea of
childhood. Suggest ways to make social responses more effective in dealing with
such harm. (15 M)

Introduction

The rise of digital child abuse, including AI-generated content, grooming, and deepfake
manipulation, is reshaping how society perceives harm, identity, and justice in the virtual
space.

Body

Changing understanding of victimhood in the digital world

1. Victimhood beyond physical presence: Harm is now inflicted through digitally

simulated abuse, even without physical contact.
o Eg: Internet Watch Foundation (2024) flagged over 6 lakh AI-generated
CSAM images, many involving no real children.
2. Invisibility and lack of legal recognition: Digital abuse victims may not be protected
under conventional laws or socially acknowledged.
o Eg: Section 67B of the IT Act lacks clarity on synthetic imagery, leading to
gaps in justice.
3. Prolonged trauma and re-victimisation: Abuse content online can be endlessly
circulated, causing continuous psychological harm.
o Eg: NCPCR (2023) recorded multiple cases of persistent trauma due to
recirculated abuse content online.
4. Expansion of vulnerable categories: All children online without adequate safety
measures now fall into a high-risk group.
o Eg: NCRB (2022) reported a 50% rise in cybercrimes against children
compared to the previous year.
5. Challenge to conventional notions of consent: Deepfake and AI misuse undermines
legal and moral notions of voluntary participation.
o Eg: Delhi and Bengaluru police (2024) uncovered child deepfake porn cases
where the victim never appeared in person.

Impact on moral values and the idea of childhood

51
 1. Desensitisation to virtual harm: Repeated exposure to abusive content in memes,
games, and videos reduces empathy.
o Eg: EU Kids Online (2023) found Indian teens frequently forwarding such
content with little moral discomfort.
2. Moral relativism due to anonymity: Online anonymity detaches users from the
consequences of their actions.
o Eg: Interpol (2023) traced abuse content spreading via anonymous cloud
servers and encrypted platforms.
3. Commodification of child imagery: Children are turned into objects for digital
consumption and profit.
o Eg: CBI (2024) identified cryptocurrency-based CSAM rings operating via
Telegram and WhatsApp.
4. Moral distancing from consequences: Society often fails to connect digital actions
with real-life trauma.
o Eg: NCPCR’s 2024 survey showed over 40% of students and parents
unaware that sharing CSAM is a punishable offence.
5. Erosion of cultural taboos: Public humour around explicit child content has diluted
traditional notions of innocence.
o Eg: Instagram and Telegram groups (2023) surfaced promoting sexualised
child content disguised as jokes.

Strategies to make social responses more effective

1. Legislative expansion of CSAM definition: Update outdated legal language and

broaden digital harm coverage.
o Eg: NHRC Advisory (Oct 2023) recommended replacing “child
pornography” with CSAM in the POCSO Act.
2. Digital literacy and parental sensitisation: Equip families and schools to detect and
respond to online abuse.
o Eg: Kerala’s Cyber Safety School Project (2023) educated over 1.5 lakh
students and parents in digital ethics.
3. Mandatory platform accountability: Enforce compliance by AI tools, cloud hosts,
and VPN providers under law.
o Eg: The Digital India Act 2023 proposes regulation of digital intermediaries
dealing with CSAM.
4. Integrated psychosocial rehabilitation systems: Offer trauma-informed recovery
support at the community level.
o Eg: NIMHANS Model (2024) rolled out child trauma care services across six
districts in Karnataka.
5. Community-based vigilance and reporting networks: Empower local actors for
real-time detection and intervention.
o Eg: Cyber Peace Foundation (2023) launched community reporting
helplines across eight states.

52
Conclusion

To protect the future of childhood, society must update its moral lens and institutional
mechanisms to match the pace of digital realities. The battle for child safety must now be
fought both in courtrooms and in code.

Q. Evaluate the impact of the ‘dopamine economy’ on social behaviour. Assess

how it influences personal well-being in contemporary society. (10 M)

Introduction

The rise of the dopamine economy, driven by digital platforms exploiting human
neurochemistry, is transforming social behaviour and personal well-being by fostering
addictive patterns of instant rewards.

Body

Impact of dopamine economy on social behaviour

1. Promotion of instant gratification culture: Society increasingly prioritises

immediate rewards over long-term goals.
 Eg: Instagram Reels and YouTube Shorts, as per Harvard Business
Review 2023, have shortened attention spans and lowered tolerance for
delayed rewards.
2. Weakening of real-life social bonds: Online interactions are replacing face-to-face
relationships, reducing emotional depth.
 Eg: Pew Research Center 2024 observed a 27% decline in physical social
gatherings among Gen Z due to digital engagement.
3. Escalation of social comparison and envy: Curated lives on social media fuel
constant comparison, impacting social cohesion.
 Eg: UN World Happiness Report 2024 highlighted social media as a major
driver of declining self-worth.
4. Rise of performative behaviour: Social validation through likes and shares
encourages superficiality over authenticity.
 Eg: Meta internal documents 2023, revealed by Frances Haugen, showed
algorithms amplifying performative content.
5. Polarisation of social discourse: Dopamine-fuelled content amplifies emotional
reactions, increasing societal divisions.
 Eg: Election Commission of India 2024 raised concerns over algorithm-
driven political polarisation during elections.

Influence on personal well-being in contemporary society

53
 1. Mental health deterioration: Excessive dopamine hits result in anxiety, depression,
and emotional fatigue.
 Eg: Lancet Study 2024 reported a 40% increase in urban youth experiencing
dopamine-related anxiety disorders.
2. Digital addiction and compulsive behaviour: Neurochemical feedback loops create
behavioural addictions.
 Eg: World Economic Forum 2024 identified social media addiction as a
"critical risk to mental health".
3. Cognitive fatigue and sleep deprivation: Continuous digital engagement disrupts
circadian rhythms.
 Eg: AIIMS Delhi Study 2024 found 32% of youth reported sleep loss due to
screen addiction.
4. Decline in emotional resilience: Overstimulation reduces capacity to handle real-
world emotional stress.
 Eg: WHO 2024 report on Youth Mental Health linked overstimulation to
declining emotional coping skills.
5. Erosion of mindfulness and presence: Constant digital dopamine spikes reduce
attention to present moments.
 Eg: Mindful Nation UK Report 2023 recommended mindfulness to
counteract digital distractions.

Conclusion

A society over-stimulated by the dopamine economy risks losing depth in both relationships
and self-awareness. Building digital literacy and encouraging mindful engagement are
essential to restore balance between technology and well-being.

Q. The rise of disinformation and influencer culture signals the collapse of

authentic community bonds. Analyse. How can society rebuild ethical digital
spaces? (10 M)

Introduction
The digital public sphere has enabled mass communication but at the cost of weakening trust,
distorting facts, and replacing genuine community ties with commodified engagement.

Body

Collapse of authentic community bonds due to disinformation and influencer culture

1. Erosion of shared social reality: Disinformation fragments collective understanding,

replacing facts with viral falsehoods.
o Eg: Alt News (2024) debunked coordinated fake news on religious
conversions, which had triggered communal unrest in Khandwa, MP.

54
 2. Echo chambers and tribalism: Algorithm-driven feeds reinforce beliefs, limiting
dialogue and nurturing ideological extremism.
o Eg: Meta Oversight Board Report found Facebook’s feed designs deepened
polarisation during the 2023 Karnataka and US elections.
3. Rise of performative digital identity: Influencers present stylised personas that
promote vanity metrics over genuine social connection.
o Eg: The Ranveer Allahbadia controversy exposed how curated branding
masked unethical mental health advice, eroding follower trust.
4. Platform capitalism undermining ethics: Engagement-driven algorithms favour
viral and controversial content, not community-building.
o Eg: Mozilla Foundation study revealed YouTube’s AI boosted provocative
thumbnails, marginalising educational creators.
5. Displacement of physical community by virtual tribalism: Online affiliations
substitute for grounded community networks, weakening solidarity.
o Eg: Azim Premji University study linked rising urban youth isolation to
excessive digital consumption and decline in civic group activity.

Measures to rebuild ethical digital spaces

1. Digital media literacy and curriculum reform: Building critical thinking and source
verification from early education stages.
o Eg: Karnataka’s ‘Cyber Safe Schools Programme’ (2023) trained 1.5 lakh
students in identifying fake news and online safety.
2. Regulating influencer accountability: Establishing ethical standards and legal
disclosure requirements for digital creators.
o Eg: Consumer Affairs Guidelines (2023) mandate disclosure of paid
promotions; violators penalised under CPA Act, 2019.
3. Community-owned and transparent platforms: Promoting decentralised networks
designed around democratic engagement.
o Eg: Platforms like Mastodon and Koo offer non-algorithmic spaces
encouraging diversity of thought and user control.
4. Strengthening fact-checking institutions: Supporting non-partisan initiatives to
uphold truth in the information ecosystem.
o Eg: Google News Initiative (2023) funded Indian startups like Factly and
Newschecker to expand real-time verification tools.
5. Legal protection for digital whistleblowers: Safeguarding those who challenge
online misinformation or systemic manipulation.
o Eg: Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee (2018) suggested robust data
protection law and anonymity safeguards, still awaiting full enactment.

Conclusion
A humane digital ecosystem demands not just stronger laws but deeper values—rooted in
truth, trust and thoughtful communication. Only then can online spaces serve democratic and
social cohesion.

55
Q. India’s youth embody a paradox of global exposure and local detachment.
Examine the causes of this dissonance. What can be done to align their global
aspirations with cultural anchoring and civic commitment? (15 M)

Introduction

India’s youth, while thriving in global platforms, often lack deep engagement with their
socio-cultural roots and civic duties. This growing dissonance poses challenges to inclusive
nation-building.

Body

India’s youth embody a paradox of global exposure and local detachment

1. Global connectivity vs national introspection: Youth access global trends via social
media but show declining interest in India’s civilizational discourse.
o Eg: 2023 Pew Survey found over 60% of Indian youth consume
international pop culture daily, but only 12% follow Indian classical arts.
2. Economic migration mindset: Aspirations are increasingly geared toward foreign
jobs, often sidelining national service.
o Eg: QS World Employability Rankings 2024 show 70% of top-tier Indian
graduates prefer MNC roles abroad.
3. Western education influence: Western curricula often ignore Indian knowledge
systems and civic ethos.
o Eg: A 2022 AICTE study flagged lack of integration of Indian philosophy,
polity, and ethics in technical institutions.
4. Social detachment from civic issues: Rise in digital activism, but physical
participation in social causes remains low.
o Eg: CSDS-Lokniti Youth Survey 2023 reported only 19% youth participate
in offline civic movements, despite high online engagement.
5. Consumerism over citizenship: Neoliberal ideals promote individual success over
collective responsibility.
o Eg: UNDP 2023 Human Development Report warned that “aspiration-led
youth cultures” in Asia often undermine local cohesion.

Causes of this dissonance

1. Pedagogical alienation: Education does not connect students to grassroots realities or

Indian civilisational thought.
o Eg: NEP 2020 acknowledges lack of value-based education and calls for
experiential learning tied to local contexts.
2. Weak civic education ecosystem: Civics is undervalued in school curricula, reducing
early exposure to constitutional roles.

56
 o Eg: NCERT textbook review (2023) showed civic education often lacks
emphasis beyond formal institutions.
3. Urban-rural disjunction: Urban youth grow up in globalized ecosystems, with
limited community-level socialisation.
o Eg: Brookings India 2023 notes higher civic awareness among rural youth
engaged in panchayat activities vs urban counterparts.
4. Media influence and mimicry: Youth mirror western narratives via reels,
influencers, and pop culture without contextual adaptation.
o Eg: IAMAI-Kantar 2024 report notes Indian youth spend over 3.5 hours
daily on Western digital content.
5. Lack of structured mentorship: Absence of youth-led civic platforms reduces
guidance on rooted leadership.
o Eg: YUVA Scheme (2021) by Ministry of Culture is a rare initiative
promoting civic-minded authorship among youth.

Measures to align their global aspirations with cultural anchoring and civic
commitment

1. Civic-society partnership in youth development: Institutions must link students to

local governance, social work, and cultural immersion.
o Eg: Unnat Bharat Abhiyan connects over 2700 higher ed institutions with
rural India for participatory problem-solving.
2. Reform curriculum for rooted cosmopolitanism: Integrate Indian knowledge
systems, ethics, and history into STEM and commerce streams.
o Eg: IIT Gandhinagar’s HSS module teaches Indic epistemologies alongside
tech education.
3. National service exposure schemes: Make short-term public service or village
immersion programs part of graduation.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s ‘Ilaya Thalaimurai’ initiative (2023) mandates village
internships for undergraduates.
4. Youth-led governance incubators: Launch platforms within universities to simulate
civic engagement and policymaking.
o Eg: Rajasthan Youth Parliament (2024) allows students to present real
policy proposals to MLAs.
5. Promote cultural diplomacy and local-global synthesis: Encourage youth
exchanges grounded in India’s heritage values.
o Eg: SPIC MACAY and ICCR collaborate to take Indian classical arts to
foreign campuses, creating cultural bridges.

Conclusion

India’s demographic dividend will deliver only when its youth become globally engaged yet
locally grounded changemakers. The future lies in building a generation of leaders with
global vision and civilisational depth.

57
Q. Empowering youth through emerging technologies is crucial for fostering
inclusive societal development. Comment. (10 M)

Introduction

Emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and Cybersecurity are redefining societal participation
and employment paradigms. Equipping youth with these skills can catalyse inclusive growth
and prevent new forms of digital marginalisation.

Body

Role of emerging technologies in empowering youth

1. Bridging opportunity gaps: Emerging technologies create new jobs beyond

traditional sectors.
o Eg: NASSCOM (2024) reports that 65% of new job roles in India by 2030
will require digital-first skills.
2. Enhancing socio-economic mobility: Digital literacy empowers marginalised youth
to access better livelihoods.
o Eg: PMKVY 4.0 (2023) includes modules on AI and robotics, targeting rural
and semi-urban youth (Source: Ministry of Skill Development).
3. Boosting entrepreneurial ecosystems: Tech skills foster innovation and startups in
non-metro regions.
o Eg: Startup20 Recommendations (2023 G20 India) emphasised youth tech-
entrepreneurship for balanced growth.
4. Strengthening civic participation: Digital proficiency enables informed engagement
in democratic processes.
o Eg: Election Commission’s e-EPIC initiative (2021) enhanced voter
registration among digitally literate youth.
5. Addressing regional imbalances: Establishing digital hubs decentralises
opportunities to backward regions.
o Eg: Tech-Mark's MSME digitalisation project (2025) in Rayalaseema aims
to upskill 25,000 students.

Challenges in fostering inclusive development through technology

1. Digital divide persists: Unequal access to devices and internet excludes rural and
poor youth.
o Eg: Oxfam India Digital Divide Report (2024) shows only 31% of rural
women access the internet compared to 60% urban men.
2. Skill mismatch and irrelevance: Emerging sectors demand continuous learning
beyond basic literacy.
o Eg: India Skills Report 2024 found only 45% youth employable in new-age
tech sectors.

58
 3. Urban-centric tech development: Innovation hubs still concentrate around metro
cities.
o Eg: Global Startup Ecosystem Report (2024) ranked Bengaluru, Delhi,
Mumbai as top digital hubs, sidelining rural India.
4. Affordability barrier for tech skilling: High cost of certifications limits access for
low-income youth.
o Eg: Coursera 2024 Report noted 60% rural learners dropped tech courses
due to financial constraints.
5. Lack of context-specific skilling: Generic curricula miss regional and sectoral needs.
o Eg: World Bank’s Skilling India Report (2024) criticised one-size-fits-all
models in government skill programs.

Conclusion

To realise the demographic dividend fully, India must align emerging technologies with
grassroots realities, ensuring that no youth is left behind in the digital revolution.

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Q. Regional identity movements in India increasingly draw legitimacy from

perceived cultural and linguistic subordination. Examine this trend in
contemporary India. Analyse its historical roots. Discuss the implications for
Indian nationhood. (15 M)

Introduction
India’s regions are increasingly vocal against perceived cultural domination and policy
centralisation, signalling a deeper churn over identity, autonomy, and federal balance in a
diverse society.

Body

Contemporary trend of identity movements driven by subordination

1. Imposition of Hindi in education: Southern and Northeastern states view the

language policy as an attempt at cultural assimilation through soft coercion.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s strong protest against NEP 2020’s three-language
formula marked a revival of anti-Hindi mobilisation.
2. Fiscal marginalisation of performing states: High-performing southern states feel
penalised for population control and better governance through central fund
allocation.
o Eg: Kerala and Tamil Nadu raised concerns over 15th Finance
Commission's use of 2011 Census.
3. Delimitation-induced political disempowerment: The upcoming exercise is
perceived as reducing South’s parliamentary weight in favour of the Hindi belt.

59
 o Eg: Regional parties protest outside Parliament flagged fears of weakening
regional representation.
4. Cultural centralisation through symbolic assertion: Moves like renaming cities,
standardising textbooks, and common syllabi undermine local histories.
o Eg: Karnataka and Kerala objected to NCERT’s textbook rationalisation
for omitting local reformers.

Historical roots of regional identity movements

1. States Reorganisation Act, 1956: Though linguistic states were created, centralised
control remained dominant over policy and planning.
o Eg: SRC Report (1955) acknowledged the emotional pull of language but
warned against excessive centralisation.
2. Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965: Tamil Nadu’s resistance institutionalised regional
identity politics rooted in language-based assertion.
o Eg: State parties rise post-1965 protests transformed Dravidian identity into
a powerful political framework.
3. Neglect under centralised planning post-independence: Regional priorities were
sidelined in favour of a top-down national development model.
o Eg: Studies by Pondicherry University (2018) show how southern and NE
states felt alienated by Five-Year Plans
4. Ethno-cultural alienation in Northeast and tribal belts: Lack of cultural
recognition triggered autonomy and secessionist movements.
o Eg: Bodoland and Gorkhaland demands sought to protect distinct ethnic-
linguistic identities – MHA Report, 2020

Implications for Indian nationhood

1. Weakening of cooperative federalism: Inter-governmental trust erodes as states

bypass central forums and assert independent platforms.
o Eg: Southern Chief Ministers' call for a Federal Front post-2024 reflects
loss of confidence in Centre.
2. Rise of sub nationalism: Regional identities are increasingly defined in opposition to
perceived cultural homogenisation.
o Eg: Telangana movement’s ‘self-respect’ campaign against Andhra
dominance solidified statehood demands.
3. Erosion of shared national consciousness: Excessive cultural centralisation weakens
the emotional connect with the idea of India.
o Eg: Trending hashtags like #StopHindiImposition signify growing
alienation in social discourse.
4. Political polarisation across regions: Electoral appeals are increasingly localised,
undermining pan-Indian narratives and unity.
o Eg: Use of Kannada pride in Karnataka polls (2023) versus Hindi identity
in UP reflects diverging political cultures – CSDS-Lokniti Survey, 2023

60
Way forward

1. Constitutional recognition of cultural federalism: Formal safeguards for linguistic

and regional identity can preserve pluralism within unity.
o Eg: Sarkaria Commission (1988) recommended respecting states’ cultural
autonomy under Articles 29 and 30
2. Performance-based fiscal devolution: Finance Commissions should incentivise
governance outcomes rather than population metrics alone.
o Eg: Kerala’s proposal for per capita tax-based distribution was submitted
for consideration in Finance Commission 2025
3. Empowered Inter-State Council: Institutionalise regular Centre-State dialogue for
conflict resolution and cooperative decision-making.
o Eg: Punchhi Commission (2010) recommended constitutional status for the
Inter-State Council
4. Pluralistic education policies: Curriculum must reflect regional histories, languages,
and identities to foster inclusiveness.
o Eg: Kerala’s multilingual textbook policy and decentralised school
governance promote local cultural integration.

Conclusion
India’s strength lies in unity with diversity, not despite it. Empowering regions culturally
and politically will deepen the idea of India as a truly inclusive, pluralistic nation.

Q. Environmentalism in India reflects the evolving social consciousness of the

nation. Examine this statement. Assess how environmental movements have
shaped societal values in India. (10 M)

Introduction
The journey of environmentalism in India mirrors the changing social priorities from
survival-centric concerns to sustainable coexistence with nature. The increasing fusion of
ecology with equity showcases a maturing societal consciousness.

Body

Reflection of evolving social consciousness in India

1. From elite discourse to grassroots mobilisation: Environmental concerns have

moved from intellectual elites to mass participation movements.
o Eg: Chipko Movement (1973) mobilised rural women in Uttarakhand,
blending forest conservation with livelihood protection.
2. Integration of gender justice: Environmentalism has increasingly recognised women
as primary stakeholders.
o Eg: Women-led initiatives like Apiko Movement in Karnataka (1983)
empowered rural women to conserve forests.

61
 3. Constitutional backing to environmental rights: Environmental protection is now
recognised as a part of fundamental duties.
o Eg: Article 51A(g) mandates citizens to protect the environment, and Article
21 ensures the right to life, which includes the right to a clean environment. (
4. Rise of judicial activism: Courts have evolved as active protectors of environmental
rights.
o Eg: MC Mehta v. Union of India (1986) led to the "polluter pays principle"
and environmental jurisprudence development.
5. Climate change consciousness among youth: Young Indians are now spearheading
climate justice demands.
o Eg: Fridays for Future India movement (2020) highlighted youth
participation in climate activism.

How environmental movements have shaped societal values in India

1. Promotion of environmental ethics: Movements have instilled values of ecological

responsibility.
o Eg: Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) popularised cleanliness and
environmental hygiene as civic duties.
2. Strengthening community-led conservation: Movements fostered community
ownership of natural resources.
o Eg: Joint Forest Management Programme (1988) institutionalised people’s
participation in forest governance.
3. Bridging social justice with ecology: Environmentalism linked marginalised voices
with ecological concerns.
o Eg: Narmada Bachao Andolan (1985) combined displacement issues with
ecological restoration demands.
4. Enhancing policy responsiveness: Public movements influenced institutional
reforms.
o Eg: Establishment of Ministry of Environment and Forest in 1985 post-
Chipko movement pressures.
5. Embedding sustainability in education and culture: Environmental values are now
part of societal learning.
o Eg: National Education Policy 2020 integrates environmental awareness
across educational curricula.

Conclusion
India’s environmentalism is no longer a fringe concern but a reflection of deep societal shifts
towards sustainability. Building on this momentum, embedding ecological ethics into policy
and daily life will define India’s future trajectory.

62
Salient features of world’s physical geography.
Q. Examine the causes of increasing monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats.
Discuss its implications for geomorphological processes in the region. (10 M)

Introduction
The Western Ghats, a critical climatic and ecological zone, have witnessed a long-term rise
in monsoon rainfall, confirmed by a 2025 study by the Central University of Kerala,
prompting major environmental concerns.

Body

Causes of increasing monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats

1. Indian Ocean warming and SST rise: Enhanced Sea Surface Temperatures
(SSTs) in the Arabian Sea intensify moisture transport and convective activity.
o Eg: IMD’s 2023 Monsoon Outlook showed a 0.6°C SST rise, linked to
stronger monsoon depressions near the coast.
2. Changing Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) patterns: Frequent positive IOD events
boost westerly winds and rainfall over the Ghats.
o Eg: NOAA 2021 study found positive IOD phases occurred 60% more in
the last two decades than the previous period.
3. Strengthening of monsoon troughs and low-pressure systems: More frequent
intense low-pressure areas enhance rainfall concentration.
o Eg: Cyclone Tauktae (2021) brought extreme rainfall to Kerala and
Karnataka, indicating intensified systems.
4. Deforestation and land-use change in plains: Reduced evapotranspiration from
deforested areas changes local moisture flux, increasing precipitation over Ghats.
o Eg: IISc 2022 research linked land-cover loss in Malnad region to altered
rainfall intensity.
5. Monsoon feedback loops due to climate change: Rising global temperatures create
feedback mechanisms enhancing rainfall concentration.
o Eg: IPCC AR6 Report (2021) flagged Southwest Monsoon intensification
due to anthropogenic warming.

Implications for geomorphological processes in the region

1. Increased landslide vulnerability: High rainfall saturates soil and weakens slopes in
rugged terrain.
o Eg: Wayanad landslides (2019) triggered by heavy monsoon claimed 76
lives—NDMA 2020 Report.
2. Accelerated soil erosion: Intense runoff dislodges topsoil and degrades agrarian hill
slopes.
o Eg: IISER Pune 2023 study found topsoil loss rates increased by 28% over
a decade in Kodagu.

63
 3. Riverbank undercutting and channel migration: Flash floods and strong currents
cause channel instability and meander shifts.
o Eg: Kumaradhara river (2022) showed significant bank collapse post
abnormal rainfall—CWC monitoring.
4. Increased sedimentation in reservoirs and wetlands: Sediment load from hill
erosion reduces storage capacity and disturbs aquatic ecology.
o Eg: Harangi Reservoir, Karnataka recorded 18% dead storage rise due to
sedimentation—State Water Dept. 2021.
5. Slope instability in human-modified terrains: Urban expansion and road
construction increase risk on geologically fragile slopes.
o Eg: Kerala Flood Inquiry Committee (2020) warned that linear
infrastructure in Western Ghats worsens terrain fragility.

Conclusion
With rainfall patterns shifting toward extreme and erratic, the Western Ghats require an
integrated eco-geomorphological approach balancing development with conservation—
else, the mountain’s stability may face irreversible consequences.

Q. How do oceanic and atmospheric factors collectively influence the Indian

summer monsoon? Why are sub-continental parameters becoming increasingly
decisive? (10 M)

Introduction
The Indian summer monsoon is shaped by intricate interactions between global ocean-
atmosphere systems and regional dynamics. While oceanic indicators have historically driven
forecasts, sub-continental variables are gaining prominence due to rising climate variability
and precision needs.

Body

Oceanic and atmospheric factors influencing monsoon

1. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Alters trade winds and Walker circulation,
weakening monsoon intensity.
 Eg:– In 2015, a strong El Niño led to a 14% monsoon shortfall, disrupting
kharif sowing across central and western India (IMD Annual Report, 2016).
2. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Influences cross-equatorial flow, with positive IOD
strengthening monsoon currents.
 Eg:– A positive IOD in 2019 offset weak El Niño conditions, resulting in
110% of LPA rainfall, aiding kharif output (MoES 2020 Review).
3. Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Drives intra-seasonal variability and rainfall
bursts during the monsoon season.
 Eg:– Weak MJO phases in June 2023 delayed rainfall in central India by
over 10 days, impacting early sowing (Skymet Analysis, 2023).

64
 4. Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillations: Modulate atmospheric convection crucial to
low-pressure system formation.
 Eg:– The BoBBLE experiment (2021) confirmed the role of Bay of Bengal
heat content in shaping monsoon lows (INCOIS-MoES findings).
5. Jet streams and upper-air circulations: Control monsoon onset and active-break
cycles through upper tropospheric flow.
 Eg:– Delayed retreat in 2022 was attributed to persistent subtropical jet
influence in northern India (IMD Extended Forecast Bulletin).

Increasing decisiveness of sub-continental parameters

1. Increased cyclogenesis in nearby seas: Alters moisture dynamics and monsoon

onset over Indian landmass.
 Eg:– Cyclone Biparjoy (June 2023) delayed monsoon advancement in
Gujarat and Rajasthan by 8–10 days (IMD Cyclone Report, 2023).
2. Eurasian snow cover trends: Lower snow leads to higher land heating and stronger
monsoon via pressure gradients.
 Eg:– January–March 2025 Eurasian snow cover was ‘below normal’,
increasing probability of above-normal rains (as per IMD Monsoon
Outlook 2025).
3. Land surface heating and soil moisture: Control land-sea temperature contrast
essential for monsoon dynamics.
 Eg:– Rapid heating over NW India in April 2024 led to early formation of
low-pressure zones, advancing monsoon onset (NCAP Monsoon Brief).
4. Western disturbances and Himalayan orography: Influence moisture intrusion and
interact with monsoonal troughs.
 Eg:– Western disturbances in August 2023 triggered extreme rainfall in
Himachal Pradesh, leading to over 200 deaths (NDMA Report, 2023).
5. Urban heat islands and land-use changes: Intensify local convection and distort
monsoon microclimates.
 Eg:– Bengaluru's urban sprawl has caused increased convective rainfall
pockets, altering rainfall distribution (IIHS Urban Climate Study, 2022).

Conclusion
As the precision and granularity of monsoon forecasting improve, regional and sub-
continental factors will play a pivotal role. Strengthening real-time ocean-atmospheric
modelling and hyperlocal impact forecasting is key to future monsoon resilience.

Q. Explain the role of plate tectonics in shaping India’s physiographic divisions.

Discuss its implications for natural hazards and resource distribution. (10 M)

Introduction
India's landmass, born of the Indian Plate’s drift and collision, offers a living laboratory of
plate tectonics, shaping diverse physiographic regions and associated challenges.
65
Body

Role of plate tectonics in shaping India’s physiographic divisions

1. Formation of the Himalayas: The Indian Plate’s collision with the Eurasian Plate
caused crustal compression and mountain uplift.
o Eg: The Greater Himalayas continue to rise due to 5 cm/year convergence,
as reported by ISRO–IIT Roorkee (2023).
2. Development of Indo-Gangetic plains: A foreland basin formed due to Himalayan
loading and subsidence of the Indian Plate.
o Eg: The Indo-Gangetic plain formed through deposition by rivers like
Ganga and Brahmaputra, creating a vast alluvial zone.
3. Peninsular plateau stability and faulting: It is a stable craton, fragmented by
ancient faults from pre-Cambrian tectonics.
o Eg: The Narmada-Son lineament is a prominent tectonic zone with rift
valleys and escarpments.
4. Volcanic features of Deccan Plateau: The Réunion hotspot and tectonic rifting led to
extensive basaltic outpourings.
o Eg: The Deccan Traps, covering over 5 lakh sq. km, formed ~66 million
years ago during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Implications for natural hazards

66
 1. Seismicity in convergence zones: The active Himalayan frontal arc is a high-risk
seismic belt due to ongoing compression.
o Eg: The 2023 tremors in Nepal and North Bihar were triggered by
movement along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT).
2. Landslides in young mountains: Steep slopes and tectonic instability amplify
landslide risk in uplifted regions.
o Eg: Over 1500 landslides occurred in Himachal and Uttarakhand during
2023 monsoons, NDMA data confirms.
3. Volcanic hazard in island arcs: The subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath
the Sunda Plate leads to island volcanism.
o Eg: Barren Island, India's only active volcano in the Andaman Arc, erupted
multiple times between 2018–2022.
4. Tsunami risk from subduction zones: The Andaman–Nicobar region lies along a
tectonically active subduction zone.
o Eg: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami originated from a 9.1 magnitude
quake off Sumatra, devastating coastal India.

Implications for resource distribution

1. Hydrocarbon reserves in rift basins: Rifted and sedimentary basins linked to

tectonic processes hold petroleum reserves.
o Eg: The Krishna-Godavari Basin accounts for 40% of India’s gas output,
as per DGH 2024.
2. Minerals in shield areas: Tectonically stable Archean rocks host metallic mineral
resources.
o Eg: The Singhbhum Craton (Jharkhand) contains rich iron, uranium, and
copper deposits.
3. Fertile volcanic soils: Deccan volcanism created deep black cotton soils conducive to
agriculture.
o Eg: Maharashtra’s Vidarbha region is known for regur soil, benefiting
crops like cotton and soybean.
4. Groundwater in fractured basalt: Weathering of tectonic basalt rocks enables
aquifer formation in hard rock terrains.
o Eg: Madhya Pradesh and Telangana utilize Deccan aquifers for drinking
water and irrigation in dry regions.

Conclusion
India’s tectonic legacy offers both risks and resources. Harnessing its geological strengths
while mitigating hazard exposure through zonal planning and early warning systems is key
to resilient development.

67
Q. Describe the processes leading to the development of river meanders. Explain
how meanders evolve into oxbow lakes. (10 M)

Introduction

Rivers flowing over gentle gradients naturally develop sinuous curves called meanders,
representing a dynamic balance between erosional and depositional forces acting over time.

Body

Processes leading to development of river meanders

1. Helicoidal flow: The corkscrew-like movement of water leads to erosion on outer

banks and deposition on inner banks.
 Eg: Mississippi River meanders exhibit clear helicoidal flow patterns as
studied by US Geological Survey, 2023.
2. Differential velocity distribution: Water moves faster on the outer bend causing
erosion and slower on the inner bend leading to deposition.
 Eg: Ganga River near Farakka, West Bengal shows active point bar
deposition due to velocity variations (Central Water Commission Report,
2024).
3. Formation of river cliffs and point bars: Outer concave banks form cliffs due to
erosion, while inner convex banks accumulate sediments forming point bars.
 Eg: Yamuna River near Delhi displays prominent river cliffs and point bars
identified in NIH Roorkee studies, 2023.
4. Lateral erosion dominance: In the mature stage, lateral erosion becomes prominent
compared to vertical erosion, expanding meander bends.
 Eg: Amazon Basin, as per NASA Earth Observatory 2024, shows extensive
lateral erosion shaping wide meanders.

68
 5. Natural gradient adjustment: Rivers adjust their slope by increasing length through
meandering to maintain equilibrium.
 Eg: Brahmaputra River exhibits continuous meander migration noted in
Assam Disaster Management Authority Report, 2024.

Evolution of meanders into oxbow lakes

1. Neck narrowing due to continued erosion: Progressive erosion at the outer banks
reduces the width of the meander neck.
 Eg: Missouri River studies (US Army Corps of Engineers, 2024)
demonstrate neck cutoff processes in active meandering zones.
2. Formation of a cutoff: During flood events, the river cuts through the narrow neck,
creating a new straight channel.
 Eg: Kosi River cutoff event near Supaul, Bihar in 2023 led to abrupt course
change forming new floodplain patterns.
3. Isolation of the abandoned meander loop: Deposition at the ends of the old
meander seals it off from the main channel, forming an oxbow lake.
 Eg: Chilika basin tributaries have shown recent oxbow formations as
documented by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) 2024.
4. Gradual siltation and lake succession: Over time, oxbow lakes accumulate
sediments and may eventually dry up or transform into wetlands.
 Eg: Ganga floodplain wetlands between Patna and Munger evolved from
oxbow lakes, confirmed by Wetlands International India, 2024.

Conclusion

The dynamic interplay of erosion and deposition not only sculpts beautiful meanders but also
fosters ecological hotspots like oxbow lakes, vital for biodiversity conservation and flood
management strategies.

Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including

South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for
the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including India).
Q. What role do agro-climatic zones play in determining regional cropping
patterns? Analyse how crop calendar modifications can affect inter-seasonal crop
cycles. (10 M)

Introduction

India’s agro-climatic zones act as the natural blueprint for cropping choices and timelines.
Altering crop calendars in disregard of these zones disrupts the delicate rhythm of
agricultural seasons.

69
Body

Role of Agro-climatic zones in determining regional cropping patterns

1. Rainfall dependency and crop suitability: Crops align with zone-specific rainfall
patterns and monsoon timing.
o Eg: Eastern Plateau Zone supports paddy and millets due to heavy rainfall
and humid conditions (ICAR Agro-climatic Atlas 2023)
2. Temperature thresholds for crop physiology: Temperature controls germination,
flowering, and yield quality.
o Eg: Wheat in North-Western Plains needs winter temperatures below 20°C
for optimal grain filling (IMD Crop Weather Reports 2024)
3. Soil characteristics and fertility: Soil type determines drainage, nutrient profile, and
crop rooting.
o Eg: Black soils of Deccan Plateau favour cotton due to high moisture
retention capacity (NBSS&LUP 2023)
4. Length of growing period (LGP): Longer LGP allows multi-cropping and diverse
rotations.
o Eg: West Bengal (LGP > 210 days) enables rice–potato–jute rotations
(Planning Commission Zonation Report 2022)
70
 5. Irrigation access and water availability: Agro-climatic zones with assured irrigation
allow flexible crop choices.
o Eg: Indo-Gangetic Plains support rice–wheat cycles due to extensive canal
and tube-well irrigation (Ministry of Jal Shakti 2023)

Impact of crop calendar modifications on inter-seasonal crop cycles

1. Reduced fallow and recovery time: Shortened windows between harvest and next
sowing affect soil preparation.
o Eg: Early paddy harvest in October compresses the wheat sowing schedule
in northern states
2. Overlapping of sowing and harvesting operations: Simultaneous operations strain
labour and machine use.
o Eg: In Bihar, paddy harvesting and rabi sowing clashed in 2023–24,
leading to acute labour shortage (Agriculture Census Cell Patna)
3. Imbalanced nutrient uptake and soil fatigue: Repeated calendar changes impair
nutrient replenishment cycles.
o Eg: PR126 rice sowed early for multiple years caused soil fatigue in north
Indian fields (PAU Agronomy Report 2024)
4. Stubble management challenges: Less time between crops limits eco-friendly
residue handling.
o Eg: Stubble burning increased in 2023 due to tight turnaround between
paddy harvest and wheat sowing (EPCA Report to Supreme Court 2023)
5. Crop yield and market mismatch: Early harvests may clash with procurement and
storage readiness.
o Eg: PR126 rice glut in 2024 led to price crash as millers were unprepared
for early arrivals (FICCI Agri Outlook 2024)

Conclusion

Agro-climatic wisdom must anchor India’s crop calendar reforms. Blending zone-specific
planning, farmer guidance, and weather-based advisories is key to resilient and
synchronized seasonal agriculture.

Q. Illegal riverbed mining disrupts the geomorphic equilibrium of riverine

systems. Explain how this affects river morphology. Assess its impact on
groundwater recharge and natural springs. (10 M)

Introduction

River morphology is a sensitive product of fluvial equilibrium. Unscientific mining

deeply disturbs this balance, triggering cascading hydrological and ecological consequences.

Body

71
Effects of illegal mining on river morphology

1. Channel deepening and incision: Excessive extraction creates unnaturally deep

riverbeds, accelerating vertical erosion.
o Eg: Ferozpur Nallah in Baramulla now has craters up to 15 m deep due to
illegal mechanised mining.
2. Bank destabilisation and lateral erosion: Removal of bedload weakens riverbanks,
causing collapse and channel widening.
o Eg: In Romushi Nallah (Pulwama), NGT (2025) noted mining had altered
natural river flow, increasing erosion and instability.
3. Loss of sediment balance: Over-mining disrupts the sediment budget, leading to
scouring and bed degradation.
o Eg: University of Kashmir (2022) study showed sediment imbalance in
Jhelum’s tributaries due to upstream mining.
4. Creation of sinkholes and bed depressions: Aggressive extraction causes sudden
ground collapses and depressions.
o Eg: The Extractive Industries and Society Journal (2022) documented
formation of sinkholes in upstream Jhelum region.
5. Disruption of fluvial dynamics: Altered flow velocities and sediment transport affect
meander patterns and natural channel formation.
o Eg: Doodh Ganga (Budgam) experienced morphological shifts, fragmenting
its stream path post-2021 illegal mining.

Impact on groundwater recharge and natural springs

1. Reduced river-seepage connectivity: Deepened beds disconnect rivers from adjacent

aquifers and springs.
o Eg: Arbal Nag Spring (Budgam) dried up as mining in Doodh Ganga
severed natural seepage links (Jal Shakti Dept., 2024).
2. Lowering of water table: Over-extraction results in vertical dewatering, reducing
aquifer recharge potential.
o Eg: In Tangmarg, well depths increased from 6 m to 20 m in a decade due
to sustained mining.
3. Spring flow disruption: Mining disturbs the hydrogeological pressure systems that
feed springs.
o Eg: Jamia Nag Spring (Tangmarg) dried up by 2023; once supported 1000+
residents, now abandoned.
4. Increased turbidity and aquifer pollution: High silt loads and dewatering allow
pollutants to percolate into groundwater.
o Eg: Untreated Doodh Ganga water reaching Dawlatpora WTP caused
serious public health risks.
5. Altered groundwater recharge zones: Disruption of natural infiltration paths
hinders aquifer replenishment cycles.

72
 o Eg: Sukh Nag stream, a critical recharge source, experienced complete
hydrological disconnect due to illegal mining beyond permitted depth (NGT
Case, Oct 2024).

Conclusion

Unchecked riverbed mining is not just a geomorphic threat but a hydrological hazard. Urgent
policy overhaul and strict enforcement are vital to reclaim equilibrium and protect
Kashmir’s vanishing waterscapes.

Q. Explain the geographical factors driving the localisation of data centres.

Examine the energy security concerns arising from this localisation. Analyse the
role of renewable energy integration in making data centres sustainable. (15 M)

Introduction
Data centres are emerging as critical infrastructures of the digital economy, consuming over
415 TWh globally in 2024 (IEA, 2025). Their spatial concentration is deeply influenced by
geography, with evolving concerns of energy security and sustainability.

Body

Geographical factors driving the localisation of data centres

1. Proximity to renewable energy hubs: Data centres prefer locations near renewable
sources to reduce energy costs and emissions.
 Eg: Google’s data centre in Denmark is located close to wind farms for
direct clean energy access (Google Sustainability Report, 2024).
2. Cool climatic conditions: Cooler climates help reduce cooling energy needs of data
centres.
 Eg: Facebook’s data centre in Luleå, Sweden uses natural cold air for
efficient cooling (Meta Sustainability, 2024).
3. Availability of reliable power supply: Continuous power availability is vital for
uninterrupted operations.
 Eg: US state of Virginia’s "Data Centre Alley" benefits from a robust grid
infrastructure (Virginia Economic Development Report, 2024).
4. Favourable policy environment and tax incentives: Governments provide
incentives to attract data centre investments.
 Eg: Singapore’s Green Data Centre Roadmap, 2024 incentivises energy-
efficient data centres (IMDA, Singapore, 2024).
5. Access to undersea cable landing points: Proximity ensures high-speed data transfer
globally.
 Eg: Mumbai’s data centres benefit from multiple undersea cable connections
enhancing digital connectivity (MEA, 2024).

73
Energy security concerns arising from this localisation

1. Overdependence on fossil fuels: Many data centres rely on fossil fuel grids, risking
carbon lock-in.
 Eg: In 2024, coal contributed 30% to global data centre energy supply (IEA,
2025).
2. Critical mineral dependency: Concentration increases reliance on limited suppliers
of rare minerals.
 Eg: China controls 95% of gallium refining, essential for data centre
semiconductors (IEA Critical Minerals Review, 2024).
3. Grid vulnerability and load stress: High localised demand strains regional power
grids.
 Eg: Ireland’s grid faced operational stress in 2023 due to rapid growth of
data centres (Irish Grid Operator, EirGrid Report, 2023).
4. Exposure to geopolitical risks: Localised centres are vulnerable to cross-border
energy disputes.
 Eg: European data centres faced energy uncertainty during the Russia-
Ukraine conflict, 2022 (IEA Energy Security Report, 2023).
5. Climate risk amplification: Localisation in hazard-prone areas heightens operational
risks.
 Eg: Texas data centres faced outages during the 2021 winter storm
impacting energy supply (US DOE, 2022).

Role of renewable energy integration in making data centres sustainable

1. Diversifying energy portfolio: Renewables reduce dependence on volatile fossil fuel

markets.
 Eg: Amazon Web Services (AWS) targets 100% renewable energy by 2025
for its data centres (AWS Sustainability Report, 2024).
2. Enhancing grid resilience: Integration of renewables supports decentralised energy
systems.
 Eg: Google’s Carbon-Intelligent Computing, matches data centre operations
with renewable availability (Google White Paper, 2024).
3. Adoption of energy storage solutions: Batteries balance intermittency of
renewables.
 Eg: Microsoft’s lithium-ion battery system in California supports
renewable-powered data centre (Microsoft Sustainability Report, 2024).
4. Utilisation of waste heat recovery: Reduces environmental impact and supports
circular economy.
 Eg: DigiPlex data centre in Oslo supplies waste heat to nearby residential
heating systems (DigiPlex ESG Report, 2024).
5. SMRs as complementary clean energy: Small Modular Reactors offer stable, low-
carbon power for data centres.

74
  Eg: More than 20 GW of SMRs planned globally by technology companies
to power data centres post 2030 (IEA, 2025).
Conclusion
As data centres increasingly anchor the digital economy, their sustainable future lies in strategic
localisation, diversified clean energy adoption, and resilience planning. Integrating renewables and
circular practices will be pivotal in ensuring energy-secure and climate-resilient digital infrastructure
globally

Q. “Shrinking landholdings and rising food demand are shaping a new

agricultural landscape in India”. Analyse the causes of land shrinkage and its
implications for food security. Suggest structural reforms to enhance land
productivity. (15 M)

Introduction

India’s demographic surge and fragmented inheritance patterns are driving landholdings to
shrink, even as the nation races to meet a doubling food demand by 2047, as per ICAR-
NIAP, 2025.

Body

Causes of land shrinkage

1. Demographic pressure and inheritance laws: Increasing population and equal

division under personal laws accelerate land fragmentation.
 Eg: ICAR Policy Paper 2025 projects average landholding to fall to 0.6 ha
by 2047 from the current 1 ha.
2. Urbanisation and land diversion: Agricultural lands are rapidly converted for urban
infrastructure and industrial expansion.
 Eg: NITI Aayog report 2023 highlighted urban sprawl reducing peri-urban
farmland in cities like Hyderabad and Bengaluru.
3. Inadequate land consolidation policies: Absence of effective land pooling and
consolidation limits prevention of fragmentation.
 Eg: States like Punjab and Haryana lag behind in adoption of cooperative
farming models, as noted by MoAFW 2024.
4. Climate vulnerability and distress sales: Farmers under climate stress often sell off
small parcels, further reducing average holding size.
 Eg: CAG Report 2023 pointed out high land sales in drought-prone
Marathwada due to rising agrarian distress.
5. Socio-cultural factors: Attachment to land ownership hinders voluntary
consolidation or leasing.
 Eg: NIAP 2025 study observed reluctance in eastern India to participate in
land pooling schemes.

Implications for food security

75
 1. Reduced economies of scale: Smaller holdings limit mechanisation and input
optimisation, affecting productivity.
 Eg: FAO 2024 reported that mechanisation efficiency drops sharply below 1
ha holding size.
2. Decline in farm incomes: Fragmentation leads to higher per-unit costs and lower
profitability.
 Eg: NABARD All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey 2023 indicated
marginal farmers earn 40% less than small farmers.
3. Pressure on marginal lands: Cultivation shifts to ecologically fragile areas, risking
long-term fertility.
 Eg: State of India’s Environment Report 2024 highlighted expansion into
semi-arid zones of Rajasthan.
4. Increased food inflation: Supply shortfalls from inefficient production raise market
prices.
 Eg: RBI Annual Report 2024 flagged cereal inflation averaging 7% in 2023-
24.
5. Nutritional insecurity risks: Limited diversification hampers production of nutrient-
rich crops like pulses and vegetables.
 Eg: ICAR-NIAP 2025 projected pulse demand to double by 2047, stressing
the need for diversified cultivation.

Structural reforms to enhance land productivity

1. Promotion of land consolidation and cooperative farming: Aggregating small

farms to improve scale efficiencies.
 Eg: Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act 2016 recommended flexible
leasing frameworks to enable consolidation.
2. Digitisation of land records: Ensures clarity of ownership and encourages
investment.
 Eg: Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP)
aims for 100% coverage by 2026.
3. Incentivising high-value crops and diversification: Support shift from cereals to
pulses, oilseeds, and horticulture.
 Eg: ICAR Policy Paper 2025 advocates reallocating resources to meet rising
demand for fruits and vegetables.
4. Climate-resilient agriculture practices: Adoption of drought-resistant seeds and
water-efficient irrigation.
 Eg: Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) targets enhanced
water use efficiency by 2026-27.
5. Institutional credit and market access reforms: Improve financial viability of small
farms.

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  Eg: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund 2020 supports creation of farm-gate
storage and processing infrastructure.

Conclusion

Balancing shrinking landholdings with rising food demand demands bold land reforms,
technology adoption, and cooperative approaches to secure India’s agricultural future and
nutritional well-being.

Q. Analyse how AI data centres can act as anchors for decentralised renewable
clusters. Examine the socio-economic opportunities this presents for semi-urban
India. Suggest policy innovations to maximise benefits. (15 M)

Introduction

The expansion of AI data centres, with their high energy needs, offers a unique opportunity to
drive decentralised renewable energy clusters, particularly catalysing growth beyond India’s
metro regions.

Body

AI data centres as anchors for decentralised renewable clusters

1. High energy demand stimulates captive renewable generation: AI hubs require

consistent and scalable clean power.
o Eg: Amazon Web Services (2024) committed to solar farm co-locations
with their AI data centres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
2. Optimal land utilisation for renewables integration: Large data centre campuses
can host solar panels and wind microgrids.
o Eg: Yotta Data Services developed a solar-powered hyperscale data park
in Greater Noida
3. Promotion of hybrid energy models: Data centres can integrate solar, wind,
biomass, and emerging modular nuclear units.
o Eg: IMF Clean AI Report suggested small modular reactors for stabilising
energy for AI clusters globally.

Socio-economic opportunities for semi-urban India

1. Employment generation across green and tech sectors: Renewable installations

and data centre operations create new jobs.
o Eg: CII Green Jobs Report (2024) projected 1 lakh jobs in renewable-tech
integrated campuses by 2027.
2. Infrastructure upgrading and urbanisation: Power lines, roads, and
communication networks expand around AI hubs.

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 o Eg: Visakhapatnam-Kakinada Tech Corridor Plan (2024) linked AI data
parks with rural infrastructure improvement (Andhra Pradesh Industrial
Infrastructure Corporation).
3. Boost to local entrepreneurship ecosystems: Local businesses thrive with ancillary
services like maintenance, food, housing.
o Eg: Kochi Infopark Renewable Drive (2024) led to 48% increase in
startups providing auxiliary services.
4. Energy security for rural communities: Surplus renewable energy from clusters can
be fed into local grids.
o Eg: Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park (2024) provisions energy
access for nearby rural communities (MNRE Report).
5. Skill development and technical capacity building: Renewable and AI-related
skilling programmes enhance youth employability.
o Eg: Skill India Digital Platform 2.0 (2024) launched modules on
renewables-AI convergence for Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.

Policy innovations to maximise benefits

1. Mandating co-location of renewables for new data centres: Strengthen EIA norms
to ensure renewable-linked energy sourcing.
o Eg: Draft Data Centre Policy, Ministry of Electronics and IT (2024)
proposes mandatory green energy usage benchmarks.
2. Green financing incentives for decentralised clusters: Provide subsidies, green
bonds, and tax incentives for renewable integration.
o Eg: SBI Green Bonds Framework (2024) supports projects like renewable-
data centre hybrids.
3. Integrated spatial planning linking data centres and RE parks: Strategic zoning
in semi-urban belts.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu Green Energy Corridor Phase-II (2025 target) aligns
industrial hubs with renewable clusters (TANGEDCO).
4. Public-private partnerships for community benefit sharing: Mandate local
renewable job quotas and CSR allocations.
o Eg: Karnataka Renewable Parks Model (2023) enforced community CSR
fund utilisation for nearby villages.
5. Promotion of microgrid models with community participation: Develop AI-
supported microgrid management platforms.
o Eg: Rockefeller Foundation Microgrid Pilot (2024) integrated AI for rural
energy optimisation in Odisha and Jharkhand.

Conclusion

Integrating AI data hubs with decentralised renewables offers a triple dividend — cleaner
growth, rural development, and technological leadership. Timely policy action can transform
this into India's competitive advantage for sustainable digitalisation.

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Q. Why is wind energy considered more geographically selective than solar
energy? Explain how wind regimes and terrain influence regional disparities in
its expansion. (10 M)

Introduction
Wind energy is governed by atmospheric pressure gradients and terrain-induced acceleration,
making it viable only in select pockets—unlike solar, which benefits from relatively uniform
irradiance.

Body

Wind energy is more geographically selective than solar energy

1. Wind speed thresholds for generation: Turbines require wind speeds of 3.5 m/s or
more, limiting deployment to high-wind regions.
o Eg: Gujarat and Tamil Nadu dominate India’s wind capacity due to steady
wind zones above 5 m/s (MNRE, 2024).
2. Irregular diurnal and seasonal variation: Unlike solar radiation’s daily regularity,
wind is erratic and varies hourly or seasonally.
o Eg: Rajasthan's wind output drops sharply post-monsoon, while solar output
remains steady across seasons.
3. Dependency on localized atmospheric pressure systems: Wind flows are shaped by
regional highs and lows, not just solar heating.
o Eg: Inner Mongolia’s development owes to persistent pressure differentials
from the Siberian High (GWEC, 2025).
4. Limited turbine height advantages: Wind speed increases with altitude, requiring
tall, costly towers that aren’t viable in all regions.
o Eg: Hilly areas like Meghalaya lack suitable terrain for large-tower
installations due to forest density and slope.
5. Higher land-use restrictions: Wind farms need large open tracts with minimal
turbulence; forested, urban, or complex terrains are unsuitable.
o Eg: Unlike solar rooftops, wind farms cannot be installed in dense areas like
Mumbai or Bengaluru.

How wind regimes and terrain influence regional disparities in expansion

1. Monsoonal and coastal wind corridors: Coastal areas and valleys exposed to steady
wind systems offer consistent generation.
o Eg: Palghat Gap in Tamil Nadu acts as a wind tunnel, boosting capacity in
Tirunelveli and Coimbatore.
2. Topographic amplification and drag: Ridges enhance wind flow via funneling,
while rough terrains cause turbulence losses.
o Eg: Satara plateau benefits from ridge-enhanced flow, while Eastern Ghats
suffer due to forest cover drag.

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 3. Altitude and air density dynamics: High altitudes reduce air density, weakening
kinetic energy despite higher wind speeds.
o Eg: Ladakh has strong surface winds but poor generation potential due to low
air density.
4. Landform stability and accessibility: Flat, accessible land reduces project costs and
speeds up installation timelines.
o Eg: Kutch region offers solid substrata and sparse population, aiding quick
turbine deployment.
5. Transmission and evacuation constraints: Remote wind-prone regions face delays
due to lack of grid linkages.
o Eg: Offshore wind in Gulf of Mannar remains stalled due to poor coastal
transmission lines (NITI Aayog, 2023).

Conclusion
As climate targets tighten, tailoring wind energy expansion to geographical realities is
critical. A GIS-based zoning approach can bridge disparities and unlock untapped high-
potential zones.

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes,

Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features
and their location-changes in critical geographical features
(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and
the effects of such changes.

Q. Analyse the connection between soil moisture contrasts and atmospheric

circulations. Discuss how this relationship increases rainfall intensity. Evaluate
the implications for water resource management in India. (15 M)

Introduction
The interlinkage of soil moisture and atmospheric circulation is reshaping storm forecasting,
providing critical insights for India’s disaster preparedness. New research (2025) highlights
that soil moisture contrasts can influence storm dynamics up to five days in advance.

Body

Connection between soil moisture contrasts and atmospheric circulations

1. Temperature gradient amplification: Moisture differences create sharp temperature

contrasts over land surfaces.
o Eg: Nature Geoscience study (2025) found temperature gradients over moist
and dry regions increase wind turbulence.
2. Enhanced wind circulations: Soil moisture variations induce localised wind patterns
aiding storm development.

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 o Eg: UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology study (2025) confirmed stronger
wind circulations in moisture contrast zones like India and West Africa.
3. Increased atmospheric instability: Moisture disparities promote rising warm air
columns, triggering convection.
o Eg: March 2024 Bengal thunderstorm showed rapid convective build-up
linked to soil moisture anomalies. ( IMD post-event analysis, 2024)
4. Moisture recycling: Evapotranspiration from wet soils feeds atmospheric moisture,
intensifying storm potential.
o Eg: NASA satellite data (2024) confirmed evapotranspiration surge pre-MCS
events in Northern India. (NASA, 2024 satellite monitoring)
5. Creation of mesoscale convergence zones: Moisture contrasts generate air
convergence zones catalysing storm genesis.
o Eg: South America storm studies (2025) highlighted convergence zones over
contrasting soil moistures leading to intense storms.

How this relationship increases rainfall intensity

1. Expansion of storm systems: Moisture contrast widens convective systems,

enlarging storm coverage.
o Eg: High-resolution models (2025) indicated 10–30% expansion in storm
areas due to soil moisture contrast.
2. Enhanced moisture availability: Wet soils contribute directly to atmospheric
moisture, fuelling rainfall.
o Eg: March 2024 West Bengal storm saw increased rainfall due to moisture
from saturated soils.
3. Greater latent heat release: Increased evapotranspiration accelerates latent heat flux,
energising storms.
o Eg: NASA climatology report (2024) linked latent heat peaks to intense
thunderstorms. (NASA Earth Observatory, 2024)
4. Strengthening convective updrafts: Warm, moist air intensifies updrafts, leading to
heavier precipitation.
o Eg: IMD weather models (2025) forecasted strong updrafts over Indo-
Gangetic Plains due to soil moisture disparities. (IMD Forecast Bulletin,
2025)
5. Increased storm longevity: Contrasts sustain favourable conditions, prolonging
storm activity.
o Eg: Southwest Monsoon studies (2024) showed longer storm durations in
regions with soil moisture variability. (IMD Monsoon Report, 2024)

Implications for water resource management in India

1. Improved flood forecasting: Soil moisture monitoring enhances early flood

warning capabilities.

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 o Eg: Central Water Commission (2024) integrated soil moisture data in flood
alert systems. (CWC Annual Report, 2024)
2. Better drought prediction: Identifying dry zones aids in proactive water resource
planning.
o Eg: Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (2021) utilised
soil moisture mapping for drought-prone areas. (ISRO, 2021 Atlas)
3. Efficient irrigation scheduling: Soil moisture insights support precision agriculture
and water-saving practices.
o Eg: Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) promotes soil
moisture-based irrigation advisories. (Ministry of Agriculture)
4. Watershed management planning: Recognising moisture trends helps in designing
sustainable watershed projects.
o Eg: Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) uses soil
moisture data for micro-watershed strategies.
5. Groundwater recharge optimisation: Moisture mapping identifies recharge zones
for aquifer sustainability.
o Eg: Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2024) focuses on soil moisture tracking for targeted
groundwater recharge. (Ministry of Jal Shakti)

Conclusion
Integrating soil moisture analytics with conventional meteorology can transform India’s
climate resilience. Leveraging this synergy is vital for future-proofing our water resource
management and disaster mitigation frameworks.

Q. Assess the contribution of floodplains to groundwater recharge and water

security in the Indo-Gangetic basin. Examine the impact of anthropogenic
pressures on these functions. Propose measures to restore hydrological
sustainability. (15 M)

Introduction

The vast Indo-Gangetic floodplains act as natural aquifers, playing a pivotal role in
sustaining groundwater levels and water security for millions, but rapid human interventions
are threatening this vital ecosystem.

Body

Contribution of floodplains to groundwater recharge and water security

1. Natural infiltration zones: Permeable alluvial soils facilitate deep percolation,

replenishing groundwater tables naturally.
 Eg:– Central Ground Water Board (2023) identified floodplains in Bihar
and UP as primary recharge zones for shallow aquifers (CGWB Report 2023).

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 2. Buffer against seasonal water stress: Floodplain aquifers store monsoonal excess
for lean seasons, ensuring year-round water availability.
 Eg:– World Bank study (2024) noted that Indo-Gangetic aquifers provide
80% drinking water in rural areas of UP and Bihar.
3. Support for agricultural irrigation: Floodplains sustain groundwater-dependent
agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic belt.
 Eg:– FAO report (2024) reported over 60% irrigation reliance on floodplain
aquifers in Punjab-Haryana belt.
4. Dilution of contaminants: Floodplain recharge helps dilute pollutants, enhancing
groundwater quality.
 Eg:– NITI Aayog report (2023) highlighted floodplain recharge as a natural
filter improving water quality in arsenic-affected zones of Bengal.
5. Climate resilience: Acts as a hydrological buffer against extreme weather events,
reducing water scarcity risks.
 Eg:– IPCC AR6 (2023) emphasised floodplains’ role in climate adaptation
strategies for South Asia.

Impact of anthropogenic pressures on these functions

1. Encroachment and construction: Unplanned urbanisation reduces infiltration

capacity and disrupts recharge.
 Eg:– SC order (April 2025) noted over 151 illegal structures in Patna's
Sambalpur Diara area
2. Sand mining and soil degradation: Excessive extraction alters soil porosity,
reducing recharge potential.
 Eg:– NGT directive (2024) flagged rampant sand mining in Uttar Pradesh
floodplains.
3. Pollution load from urban waste: Dumping of untreated sewage pollutes recharge
zones, contaminating groundwater.
 Eg:– CPCB report (2023) cited Kanpur floodplains as critically polluted
due to tannery waste.
4. Agricultural overexploitation: Unsustainable extraction lowers water tables, causing
aquifer stress.
 Eg:– Groundwater Yearbook (2024) reported overexploitation in Haryana
floodplain zones, exceeding safe yield limits.
5. Faulty floodplain demarcation: Arbitrary zoning excludes critical recharge areas
from protection.
 Eg:– Ganga Authority Order 2016 implementation gaps noted in West
Bengal, compromising floodplain management.

Measures to restore hydrological sustainability

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 1. Scientific floodplain mapping: Comprehensive GIS-based mapping to delineate
recharge zones accurately.
 Eg:– NIH Roorkee (2023) conducted floodplain mapping pilot in Ganga-
Yamuna Doab.
2. Strict regulation of encroachments: Enforce legal mechanisms like the
Environment Protection Act, 1986 for floodplain conservation.
 Eg:– Supreme Court (2025) sought time-bound removal plans from states on
Ganga encroachments.
3. Recharge enhancement techniques: Promote check dams, recharge wells, and
floodwater harvesting structures.
 Eg:– Atal Bhujal Yojana targets recharge projects in floodplain villages of
Eastern UP.
4. Pollution control measures: Strengthen STPs and control agricultural runoff into
floodplain zones.
 Eg:– Namami Gange Programme expanded sewage treatment in Bihar’s
Ganga towns.
5. Community-led conservation models: Empower local communities for participatory
groundwater management.
 Eg:– Arvari River Parliament model, Rajasthan, demonstrates successful
community-led aquifer management.

Conclusion

Restoring the Indo-Gangetic floodplains is central to ensuring water security and climate
resilience for millions. Proactive governance, scientific planning, and community stewardship
must converge to secure these hydrological lifelines for future generations.

Q. Climate change is fuelling a silent surge in gender-based violence. Analyse the

pathways through which this link operates. Examine its regional variations.
Propose long-term solutions for climate-resilient gender safety. (15 M)

Introduction
The UN Spotlight Initiative shows a near 5% rise in intimate partner violence for every
1°C rise in temperature, revealing how climate risks now directly threaten gender security,
especially among the most vulnerable.

Body

Pathways linking climate change and gender-based violence

6. Displacement and mobility stress: Climate-induced disasters force women into

unsafe, unprotected shelters.
o Eg:– UN Women (2025) found increased sexual exploitation and trafficking
risks in cyclone shelters in Mozambique post-Idai.

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 7. Food and water insecurity: Scarcity increases household stress, fuelling domestic
violence and control over women’s access.
o Eg:– IPCC Special Report (2023) flagged higher IPV cases in East Africa’s
drought zones due to food insecurity.
8. Loss of livelihood and economic dependency: Women’s economic marginalisation
heightens vulnerability to coercion and abuse.
o Eg:– In South Asia, crop failure due to floods increased forced dependence
on abusive partners (UNDP, 2024).
9. Breakdown of law enforcement and social safety nets: Emergencies divert
resources, leaving gaps in reporting and protection.
o Eg:– After Cyclone Amphan (2020) in India, GBV helpline calls spiked by
over 60% but received delayed response (NCRB Data).
10. Psychosocial stress and patriarchal backlash: Climate-induced instability increases
aggressive male behaviour and control.
o Eg:– A Lancet Commission Report (2024) linked heatwaves to a 28%
increase in femicide across Latin America.

Regional variations in climate-linked gender violence

6. Sub-Saharan Africa: Triple threat of heat, food crisis, and displacement drives
disproportionate IPV rise.
o Eg:– Under 4°C warming, IPV projected to triple in the region by 2060 (UN
Spotlight Report, 2025).
7. South Asia: Flood-prone regions show sharp surges in child marriage and trafficking
during disasters.
o Eg:– In Bangladesh, child marriages rose by 13% post-cyclone Bulbul
(UNICEF, 2020).
8. Small Island Nations: Compound effects of climate migration and service
inaccessibility escalate GBV risk.
o Eg:– In Vanuatu, mobile health teams were deployed to embed GBV
response into cyclone relief (UN Women, 2023).
9. Latin America: Land disputes and extractive projects increase threats to women
defenders and local activists.
o Eg:– In Guatemala, women opposing illegal logging were evicted and
attacked (UN Women, 2025).
10. Indigenous and marginalised groups: Discrimination compounds exposure to
climate and gender violence.
o Eg:– In Northern Canada, Indigenous women in climate-threatened
communities face higher IPV and fewer shelters (Amnesty International,
2024).

Long-term solutions for climate-resilient gender safety

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 6. Mainstreaming GBV in climate planning: Embed gender safety into national
adaptation frameworks.
o Eg:– Liberia’s National Adaptation Plan integrates GBV services in
disaster zones (UNDP, 2023).
7. Targeted climate financing for gender equality: Increase climate funds focused on
women’s safety and livelihoods.
o Eg:– Current spending is only 0.04% of climate-related funds (UN Spotlight
Report, 2025).
8. Community-based surveillance and safe zones: Establish decentralised protection
networks during climate crises.
o Eg:– Haiti’s women-led disaster cells helped reduce GBV post-earthquake
by 30% (UNFPA Case Study).
9. Digital tools and mobile legal aid: Deploy technology to ensure accessibility to
reporting and justice mechanisms.
o Eg:– In Philippines, climate-hit areas use GBV alert apps linked to local
police stations (ADB Report, 2024).
10. Empowering women in climate governance: Promote women’s leadership in
climate committees and local planning.
o Eg:– Mozambique’s Green Livelihood Program trains female midwives for
solar jobs while integrating gender safety modules (Spotlight Initiative,
2024).

Conclusion
Without embedding gender equity into climate resilience frameworks, climate adaptation
will remain exclusionary. A rights-based, localised and funded approach is critical to
break this hidden nexus between warming and violence.

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