1. What is the Internet?

 A. A type of computer
 B. A global network of interconnected computers
 C. A programming language
 D. An antivirus software
2. What does the "nuts and bolts" view of the Internet refer to?
 A. Hardware and protocols used
 B. Network services
 C. Web applications
 D. Cloud storage
3. What are end systems also called?
 A. Routers
 B. Switches
 C. Firewalls
 D. Hosts
4. What connects end systems to the rest of the network?
 A. Access networks
 B. Core networks
 C. Protocols
 D. Firewalls
5. The central part of the network that connects different networks is called:
 A. Edge
 B. Network core
 C. End system
 D. Internet service
6. In circuit switching, a dedicated path is:
 A. Shared
 B. Reserved
 C. Changed constantly
 D. Unused
7. What type of switching does the Internet primarily use?
 A. Circuit
 B. Packet
 C. Manual
 D. Message
8. Which is a physical transmission medium?
 A. HTTP
 B. SMTP
 C. Fiber optic cable
 D. TCP
9. Which of the following is a cause of delay in a network?
 A. Access networks
 B. Firewalls
 C. Queuing
 D. Data centers
10. What is throughput?
 A. Number of connections
 B. Rate of successful data delivery
 C. Delay time
 D. Number of users
11. How many layers are in the OSI model?
 A. 5
 B. 6
 C. 7
 D. 4
12. The Internet uses which model?
 A. TCP/IP
 B. OSI
 C. IPX/SPX
 D. LAN
13. Which layer provides process-to-process communication?
 A. Network
 B. Data Link
 C. Transport
 D. Physical
14. Which layer is responsible for end-to-end communication?
 A. Data Link
 B. Transport
 C. Network
 D. Application
15. In the OSI model, the Application layer is:
 A. Layer 2
 B. Layer 4
 C. Layer 6
 D. Layer 7
16. Which is an example of a network application?
 A. TCP
 B. Web browser
 C. OSI
 D. DNS resolver
17. Which architecture has a central server?
 A. P2P
 B. Client-Server
 C. Hybrid
 D. Distributed
18. HTTP is a:
 A. Transport layer protocol
 B. File system
 C. Application layer protocol
 D. Encryption tool
19. HTTPS adds what to HTTP?
 A. More speed
 B. Compression
 C. Security (encryption)
 D. Port number
20. What is FTP used for?
 A. Browsing
 B. Email
 C. File transfer
 D. Chatting
21. SMTP is used for:
 A. File transfer
 B. Sending email
 C. Receiving email
 D. Web browsing
22. Which protocol is used for retrieving email?
 A. SMTP
 B. HTTP
 C. IMAP
 D. FTP
23. DNS is used for:
 A. Email transfer
 B. Domain name resolution
 C. File downloading
 D. Data encryption
24. DHCP provides:
 A. IP addresses to devices
 B. DNS names
 C. Web pages
 D. Email services
25. What is the main function of the transport layer?
 A. Routing
 B. Reliable data transfer
 C. Encryption
 D. Web hosting
26. Which transport protocol is connectionless?
 A. TCP
 B. UDP
 C. SCTP
 D. IP
27. TCP is:
 A. Unreliable
 B. Connection-oriented
 C. Faster than UDP
 D. Application layer protocol
28. What is multiplexing in transport layer?
 A. Handling data from multiple applications
 B. Dividing files
 C. Encrypting data
 D. Assigning IPs
29. UDP is used when:
 A. We need reliable data
 B. Speed is more important than reliability
 C. Encryption is required
 D. TCP fails
30. UDP segments are called:
 A. Frames
 B. Datagrams
 C. Streams
 D. Packets
31. What helps detect errors in UDP?
 A. Parity
 B. Checksum
 C. HTTP
 D. TCP
32. Stop-and-Wait protocol sends:
 A. One packet at a time
 B. Multiple packets at once
 C. No packets
 D. Encrypted packets
33. In Go-Back-N, how many packets can be sent without waiting for ACK?
 A. One
 B. A window full
 C. None
 D. All at once
34. Selective Repeat allows:
 A. One ACK for all packets
 B. Acknowledgment for specific packets
 C. No acknowledgment
 D. Encrypted ACKs
35. TCP uses:
 A. Reliable data transfer
 B. Packet switching
 C. Checksum only
 D. ARP
36. RTT stands for:
 A. Real-Time Transfer
 B. Round Trip Time
 C. Reliable TCP Transfer
 D. Rate Transfer Time
37. Congestion control aims to:
 A. Prevent network overload
 B. Increase speed
 C. Block IPs
 D. Encrypt data
38. One method of congestion control in TCP is:
 A. DNS filtering
 B. Slow start
 C. FTP
 D. UDP control
39. Flow control prevents:
 A. File loss
 B. Sender overwhelming receiver
 C. Protocol mismatch
 D. Packet switching
40. SCTP stands for:
 A. Secure Control Transfer Protocol
 B. Stream Control Transmission Protocol
 C. Simple Connection TCP Protocol
 D. None of these
41. A socket is:
 A. An application
 B. A data packet
 C. An endpoint of communication
 D. A virus
42. Socket programming helps in:
 A. Web design
 B. Circuit design
 C. Network communication
 D. Hardware repair
43. Which function is used to create a socket in Python?
 A. connect()
 B. socket()
 C. listen()
 D. bind()
44. Which protocol is better for real-time gaming?
 A. TCP
 B. UDP
 C. HTTP
 D. SMTP
45. TCP sockets provide:
 A. Encryption
 B. Compression
 C. Reliable, ordered delivery
 D. Broadcast
46. Which switching is used in telephony?
 A. Circuit switching
 B. Packet switching
 C. Message switching
 D. Cell switching
47. HTTP uses which port?
 A. 80
 B. 25
 C. 21
 D. 110
48. Which protocol uses port 443?
 A. FTP
 B. HTTPS
 C. SMTP
 D. IMAP
49. POP3 is used for:
 A. Sending email
 B. Receiving email
 C. Video streaming
 D. File transfer
50. Which protocol is responsible for resolving domain names to IPs?
 A. FTP
 B. SMTP
 C. DNS
 D. HTTP