INDEX

S.No Contents PageNo.

1
1 Department Vision, Mission, Pos and PSOs

2 Objectives and Course Outcomes of the lab 4

3 Requirements 4

4 List of Experiments 5

5 Module Wise Outcome 6

6 Cos Mapping with Pos and PSOs 7

7 Introduction to Lab 8

8 Additional experiments-beyond syllabus 43

9 Scheme of Evaluation 55

10 References 55
 Institute Vision:
To be a leading Technical Institute to prepare high quality Engineers to cater the needs
of
the stakeholders in the field of Engineering and Technology with global competence
fundamental comprehensive analytical skills, critical reasoning, research aptitude,
entrepreneur skills, ethical values and social concern.
Institute Mission:
Imparting Quality Technical Education to young Engineers by providing the state-of-the-
art laboratories, quality instructions by qualified and experienced faculty and research
facilities to meet the requirements of stakeholders in real time usage and in training
them to excel in competitive examinations for higher education and employment to
interface globally emerging techno-informative challenges in the growth corridor of
techno-excellence.

Department Vision:
To be the center of excellence in technical education with a commitment to the Nation.

Department Mission:

Imparting quality Technical Education to young Information Technology Engineer by

providing them

M1: Impart quality technical Education with State of-the-art laboratories, Analytical and
Technical Skills with standards by qualified and experienced faculty.

M2: Prepare for competitive examinations for higher studies / Employment.

M3: Develop professional attitude, Critical Reasoning and technical consultancy by providing
training in cutting edge technologies.

M4: Endorse and Nurture knowledge, Life-long learning, Entrepreneurial practices, ethical
values and social concern.

1
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):
PEO 1: To prepare the students for successful careers in Computer Science and Engineering and fulfill
the need by providing training to excel in competitive examinations for higher education and
employment.
PEO 2: To provide students a broad-based curriculum with a firm foundation in Computer Science and
Engineering, Applied Mathematics & Sciences. To impart high quality technical skills for
designing, modeling, analyzing and critical problem solving with global competence.
PEO 3: To inculcate professional, social, ethical, effective communication skills and entrepreneurial
practice among their holistic growth.
PEO 4: To provide Computer Science and Engineering students with an academic environment and
members associated with student related to professional bodies for multi-disciplinary
approach and for lifelong learning.
PEO 5: To develop research aptitude among the students in order to carry out research in cutting edge
technologies, solve real world problems and provide technical consultancy services.

Program Outcomes:

Program
Statement
Outcomes
An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering and
PO1
knowledge of Fundamental Principles.

PO2 An ability to Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems.

An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs in

Computer Science and Engineering within realistic constraints such as economic,
PO3
environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability and
sustainability, Design and Modeling.
An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret
PO4
data, Experimentation & Interpret/Engineering Analysis.
An ability to use the techniques, skills and modern Computer Science and
PO5
Engineering tools necessary for system design with embedded engineering

2
 practice.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
PO6 health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering
PO7
solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context.
PO8 An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.

PO9 An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.

PO10 An ability to communicate effectively.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and

PO11 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.

Program Specific Outcomes:

Program Specific
Statement
Outcomes

To prepare the students ready for industry usage by providing required

PSO1
training in cutting edge technologies.
An Ability to use the core concepts of computing and optimization techniques
PSO2
to develop more efficient and effective computing mechanisms.
Prepare the graduates to demonstrate a sense of societal and ethical
PSO3 responsibility In their professional endeavors and will remain informed and
involved as full participants in the profession and our society.

3
Course Objectives:
 Explain the objectives of Information Security

 Explain the importance and application of each of confidentiality, integrity, authentication and
availability
 Understand various Cryptographic Algorithms
 Understand the basic categories of threats to computers aqnd networks
 Describe public-key cryptosystem
 Describe the enhancements made to IPV4 by Ipsec

Course Outcomes:

 Student will be Able to understand basic cryptographic algorithms, message and web
authentication and security issues
 Ability to identify information system requirements for both of them such as client and server.
 Ability to understand the current legal issue towards information security.

Requirements:

 Computer systems with C compiler installed

 Computer systems with jdk installed

List of Experiments:
4
1. Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value ‘Hello world’. The program
should XOR each character in this string with 0 and displays the result.

2. Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value ‘Hello world’. The program

should AND or and XOR each character in this string with 127 and display the result.

3. Write a Java program to perform encryption and decryption using the following algorithms

a. Ceaser cipher b. Substitution cipher c. Hill Cipher

4. Write a C/JAVA program to implement the DES algorithm logic.

5. Write a C/JAVA program to implement the Blowfish algorithm logic.

6. Write a C/JAVA program to implement the Rijndael algorithm logic.

7. Write the RC4 logic in Java Using Java cryptography; encrypt the text “Hello world” using

Blowfish. Create your own key using Java key tool.

8. Write a Java program to implement RSA algorithm.

9. Implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange mechanism using HTML and JavaScript.

10. Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm in JAVA.

11. Calculate the message digest of a text using the MD5 algorithm in JAVA.

5
Module wise Outcomes:

Experiment Outcomes PEO’s PO’s

No

1 Students can able to analyze the vulnerabilities in any 1,2,4 a,b,d,j

computing system and hence be able to design a security
solution.Students can able to understand and implement the
concept of bitwise operators.
2 Students can able to implement the xor operation with 1,2,4 a,b,d,j
strings. Identify the security issues in the network and
resolve it.

3 Students can able to implement encryption by using ceaser 1,2,3 a,b,e,h,j

cipher.Students can able to define key size.

4 Students can able to implement encryption by using 1,2,3 a,b,d,e,

h,j
substitution cipher.Students can able to define key matrix.

5 Students can able to implement encryption by using Hill 1,2,3 a,b,d,e,

f,g,j
cipher.Students can able to define key matrix.
Students can able to perform matrix multiplication and
perform mod

6 Students can able to implement data encryption standard. 1,2,4,5 a,b,c,d,f

,I,k,l
Students can able to implement key generation and to
perform round operations.

7 Students can able to implement blow fish algorithm. 1,2,4,5 a,b,c,d,f

,I,k,l
8 Students can able to implement Rijndeal algorithm. 1,2,4,5 a,b,d,f,I
,k,l,m
9 Students can able to implement blow fish algorithm with 1,2,4,5 a,b,d,f,I
,k,l,m
their own key .
10 Students can able to implement RSA algorithm. 1,4,5 a,b,d,e,
f,I,k,l,m
Students can able to generate keys.

11 Students can able to implement diffie helmen key exchange. 1,2,4,5 a,b,d,e,
f,k,l,m
Students can able to generate keys.

6
 12 Students can able to implement SHA-1 algorithm. 1,2,4,5 a,b,c,e,
g,k.l,m
13 Students can able to implement SHA-1 algorithm to calculate 1,4,5 a,b,c,e,
g,k,m
message digest.

COs Mapping with POs and PSOs:

Program Outcomes (POs) PSOs

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 3 3 2 2 3

CO2 3 3 2 3 2 3

CO3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3

CO4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3

CO5 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3

CO6 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 3

2.7 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.0

7
Introduction to Lab:

Computer data often travels from one computer to another, leaving the safety of its protected physical
surroundings. Once the data is out of hand, people with bad intention could modify or forge your data,
either for amusement or for their own benefit.

Cryptography can reformat and transform our data, making it safer on its trip between computers. The
technology is based on the essentials of secret codes, augmented by modern mathematics that protects
our data in powerful ways.

• Computer Security - generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to

thwart hackers

• Network Security - measures to protect data during their transmission

• Internet Security - measures to protect data during their transmission over a collection of
interconnected networks

Lab Programs with Viva Questions:

Program 1: XORastringwithaZero

AIM: Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value \HelloWorld’.

TheprogramshouldXOReachcharacterin thisstringwith0 anddisplaytheresult.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdlib.h>main()
{
charstr[]="HelloWorld";char
str1[11];
inti,len;len=strlen(str);f
or(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
str1[i]=str[i]^0;pri
ntf("%c",str1[i]);

8
 }
printf("\n");
}

Output:

Hello World

HelloWorld

9
Program 2. XORastringwitha127

AIM: Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value \HelloWorld’.
The program should AND or and XOR each character in this string
with127anddisplaytheresult.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>voi
dmain()
{
charstr[]="HelloWorld";char

str1[11],str3[11];charstr2

[11];

inti,len;str2[i]=str[i]

;len= strlen(str);

for(i=0;i<len;i++)

{str1[i]=str[i]&127;printf("

%c",str1[i]);

printf("\n");for(i=0;i<le n;i+

+)

{ str3[i]=str2[i]^127;

printf("%c",str3[i]);}printf("
\n");
}
Output:
HelloWorld
HelloWorld

10
Program 3. Encryption&DecryptionusingCipherAlgorithms

AIM:WriteaJavaprogramtoperformencryptionanddecryptionusingthefollowingalgori
t hms:
a. CeaserCipher
b. SubstitutionCipher
c. HillCipher

PROGRAM:

Algorithm:

1. Caesarcipherisanexampleofasubstitutioncipherinwhichplaintextlettersintheoriginalmessa
ge arereplaced(substitutedfor)byciphertextletters
2. Theeasiestwaytounderstandthis istoconsiderthattherearetwoalphabets:
3. Thecipher alphabetisashiftedversionoftheplainalphabet.Inthiscase,
eachletterinthecipheralphabethas tobeshiftedby3places totheright

4. Theshift--(i.e.,thenumber 3)
isthesecretkeywhichmustbesharedbyAliceandBobiftheywanttosendsecretmessages usingthis
cipher

5. ToencryptthemessageMEETMEAT
THEDOCKwewouldreplacealltheMsinthemessagewiththecorrespondingletterfromthe
cipheralphabet
6. SoMisreplacedbyP.And
wewouldreplacealltheEsbyHandsoon.Thus,theencryptionofourmessagewouldbePHHWPHDWWL
H GRFN

11
a) CeaserCipher
importjava.io.BufferedReader;impor
tjava.io.IOException;
importjava.io.InputStreamReader;i
mportjava.util.Scanner;
publicclassCeaserCipher

staticScannersc=newScanner(System.in);
staticBufferedReaderbr= new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException{

//TODOcodeapplicationlogichere

System.out.print("EnteranyString:");St
ringstr=br.readLine();
System.out.print("\nEntertheKey:");in
tkey=sc.nextInt();

Stringencrypted=encrypt(str, key);System.out.println("\
nEncryptedStringis:"+encrypted);

Stringdecrypted=decrypt(encrypted,key);Sys tem.out.println("\
nDecryptedStringis:"
+decrypted);System.out.println("\n");
}

publicstaticStringencrypt(Stringstr,intkey)
{
Stringencrypted="";
for(inti=0;i<str.length();i++){intc=str
.charAt(i);
if (Character.isUpperCase(c)) {

12
 c=c+(key%26);
if(c>'Z')

c=c-26;
}
elseif(Character.isLowerCase(c)){
c=c+(key%26);
if(c>'z')

c=c-26;
}
encrypted+=(char)c;
}
returnencrypted;
}

publicstaticStringdecrypt(Stringstr,intkey)
{Stringdecrypted="";for(inti=0;i
<str.length();i++){intc=str.charAt(i);
if (Character.isUpperCase(c)) {
c=c-(key%26);
if(c<'A')

c=c+26;
}

13
 elseif(Character.isLowerCase(c)){
c=c-(key%26);

decrypted+=(char)c;
}
returndecrypted;
}
}

Output:

EnteranyString:HelloWorldEnter
theKey:5
EncryptedStringis:MjqqtBtwqiDecr
yptedStringis:HelloWorld

b) Substitution Cipher
PROGRAM:

importjava.io.*;i
mportjava.util.*;

public class SubstitutionCipher {

staticScannersc=newScanner(System.in);
staticBufferedReaderbr= new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException{

//TODO
codeapplicationlogichereStringa="abcdefgh
ijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";Stringb="zyxwvutsrqp
onmlkjihgfedcba";

14
 System.out.print("Enteranystring:");St
ringstr=br.readLine();
Stringdecrypt="";charc
;
for(inti=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
c=str.charAt(i);in
tj=a.indexOf(c);
decrypt=decrypt+b.charAt(j);
}
System.out.println("Theencrypteddatais:"+decrypt);
}
}
Output:

Enteranystring:aceho
Theencrypted datais:zxvsl

c) HillCipherAlgorithm:

1. InaHillcipherencryption,theplaintextmessageisbrokenupintoblocksoflengthaccord
ingtothe matrixchosen
2. Eachblockof plaintextlettersisthenconvertedintoavectorof
numbersandisdottedwiththematrix
3. Theresultsarethenconvertedbacktolettersandtheciphertextmessageisproduced
4. Fordecryptionoftheciphertextmessage, theinverseofthe encryption
matrixmustbefoundOncefound,thedecryptionmatrixisthendottedwitheach -

15
 blockofciphertext,producingtheplaintextmessage.

PROGRAM:

import
java.io.*;importjava.util
.*;importjava.io.*;publi
cclassHillCipher{ staticfloat[]
[]decrypt =new
float[3][1];staticfloat[][]a=newfloat[3][3
];staticfloat[][] b= new float[3][3];
staticfloat[][]mes= new float[3]
[1];staticfloat[][]res=newfloat[3] [1];

staticBufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));
staticScanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsIOException{

//TODOcodeapplicationlo
gicheregetkeymes();
for(inti=0;i<3;i++)for(intj=0;j<1;j++)for(intk=0;k<
3;k++){res[i][j]=res[i][j]+a[i][k]*mes[k][j];}Sys
tem.out.print("\nEncrypted string is
:");for(inti=0;i<3;i++){ System.out.print((char)(res[i]

[0]%26+97));res[i][0]=res[i
][0];

}
inverse();

16
 for(inti=0;i<3;i++)for(int
j=0;j<1;j++)for(intk=0;k<
3;k++){

decrypt[i][j]= decrypt[i][j]+b[i][k]*res[k]
[j];}System.out.print("\nDe cryptedstringis:");

for(inti=0;i<3;i++){System.out.print((char)(decrypt[i][
0]%26+97));

System.out.print("\n");
}
public static voidgetkeymes()
throwsIOException{System.out.println("Enter3x3matrixforkey(Itshouldbeinve
rsible):");for(inti=0;i<3;i++)
for(intj=0;j<3;j++)a[i][j]=s
c.nextFloat();
System.out.print("\nEntera3letterstring:");Str
ingmsg=br.readLine();
for(inti=0;i<3;i++)
mes[i][0]=msg.charAt(i)-97;
}
publicstaticvoidinverse(){floatp,q
;
float[][] c = a;for(inti=0;i<3;i+
+)f

17
 or(intj=0;j<3;j++){
//a[i][j]=sc.nextFloat();
if(i==j)b[i][j]=1;
elseb[i][j]=0;
}
for(intk=0;k<3;k++){for(inti
=0;i<3;i++){
p=c[i][k];
q=c[k][k];fo
r(intj=0;j<3;j++){if(i!=k){

c[i][j]=c[i][j]*q-p*c[k][j];
b[i][j]=b[i][j]*q-p*b[k][j];
}}}}
for(inti=0;i<3;i++)for(intj=0
;j<3;j++){b[i][j]=b[i][j]/c [i]
[i];}

System.out.println("");System.out.println("\nInverse
Matrixis:");for(inti=0;i<3;i++){
for(intj=0;j<3;j++)System.out.pri nt(b[i][j]
+"");
System.out.print("\n"); }
}}

Output:

Entera3letterstring:haiEncry
ptedstringis:fdxInverseMa
trixis:
0.0833333360.41666666-0.33333334

18
 -0.41666666-0.0833333360.6666667

0.5833333-0.083333336-0.33333334

Decryptedstringis:hai

Program 4:JavaprogramforDESalgorithmlogic

AIM:WriteaJavaprogramtoimplementtheDESalgorithmlogic.

Algorithm:

1. Firstly,weneedtoprocessthekey

2. Geta64- bitkeyfromtheuser.
(Every8thbitisconsideredaparitybit.Forakeytohavecorrectparity,eac
hbyteshouldcontainanoddnumberof"1"bits.)

3. Calculatethekeyschedule

4. Performthefollowingpermutationonthe64-bitkey

5. Splitthepermutedkeyintotwohalves.Thefirst28bitsarecalledC[0]andthelast28bitsarecall
edD[0]

6. Calculatethe16subkeys.Startwithi=1.Performoneortwocircularleftshiftson both C[i-1]

and D[i-1] to get C[i] and D[i], respectively. The number of shifts
periterationaregivenbelow:

Iteration#12345678910111213141516

LeftShifts1122222212222221

7. PermutetheconcatenationC[i]D[i]asindicatedbelow.ThiswillyieldK[i],whichis48bitslo
ng.PermutedChoice2(PC-2)

8. Loopbackto1.2.3.1untilK[16]hasbeencalculated.Processa64-bitdatablock

19
9. Get a 64-bit data block. If the block is shorter than 64 bits, it should be
paddedasappropriatefortheapplication

10. Performthefollowingpermutationonthedatablock.InitialPermutation(IP)

20
21
PROGRAM:

importjava.util.*;
importjava.io.BufferedReader;importj
ava.io.InputStreamReader;importj
ava.security.spec.KeySpec;

importjavax.crypto.Cipher;importjav
ax.crypto.SecretKey;
import
javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;importjava
x.crypto.spec.DESedeKeySpec;importsun.
misc.BASE64Decoder;
importsun.misc.BASE64Encoder;public
classDES{
privatestaticfinalStringUNICODE_FORMAT="UTF8";
publicstaticfinalStringDESEDE_ENCRYPTION_SCHEME="DESede";privateKe
ySpecmyKeySpec;privateSecretKeyFactorymySecretKeyFactory;
privateCiphercipher;byte[
]keyAsBytes;
privateStringmyEncryptionKey;privateStrin
gmyEncryptionScheme;SecretKeykey;
staticBufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));pub
licDES()throwsException{
//TODOcodeapplication logicheremyEncryptionKey
="ThisIsSecretEncryptionKey";myEncryptionScheme=DESEDE_ENCRYPTION_S
CHEME;keyAsBytes=

myEncryptionKey.getBytes(UNICODE_FORMAT);myKeySpec

22
=newDESedeKeySpec(keyAsBytes);
mySecretKeyFactory=SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(myEncryptionScheme);ciph
er=Cipher.getInstance(myEncryptionScheme);

key=mySecretKeyFactory.generateSecret(myKeySpec);

}
publicStringencrypt(StringunencryptedString)
{StringencryptedString=null;
try{ cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,key
);
byte[]plainText=unencryptedString.getBytes(UNICODE_FORMAT);byt
e[]encryptedText=cipher.doFinal(plainText);

BASE64Encoderbase64encoder=newBASE64Encoder();encryptedString=b
ase64encoder.encode(encryptedText);}
catch(Exceptione){e.printStackTr
ace();}returnencryptedString;
}
publicStringdecrypt(StringencryptedString)
{ String decryptedText=null;
try{ cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE,key
);
BASE64Decoder base64decoder = new
BASE64Decoder();byte[]encryptedText=
base64decoder.decodeBuffer(encryptedString);byte[]plainText=cipher.doFi
nal(encryptedText);decryptedText=bytes2String(plainText);}

catch(Exceptione){e.printSt

23
 ackTrace();}returndecry
ptedText;}
privatestaticStringbytes2String(byte[]bytes)
{StringBufferstringBuffer=newStringBuffer();fo

r(inti=0;i<bytes.length;i++)

{stringBuffer.append((char)bytes[i]);}returnstri
ngBuffer.toString();}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])throwsException
{System.out.print("Enterthestring:");DE
SmyEncryptor=newDES();

StringstringToEncrypt=br.readLine();
Stringencrypted=myEncryptor.encrypt(stringToEncrypt);Stringdecrypted=myEncrypto
r.decrypt(encrypted);System.out.println("\nStringToEncrypt:"
+stringToEncrypt);System.out.println("\nEncryptedValue:"+encrypted);System.o
ut.println("\nDecryptedValue:"+decrypted);System.out.println("");
}
}
OUTPUT:

Enterthestring:Welcome

StringToEncrypt:Welcome
EncryptedValue:BPQMwc0wKvg=
DecryptedValue:Welcome

24
Program 5:ProgramtoimplementBlowFishalgorithmlogic

AIM:WriteaC/JAVAprogramtoimplementtheBlowFishalgorithm logic.
PROGRAM:

importjava.io.*;
importjava.io.FileInputStream;impo
rtjava.io.FileOutputStream;impo
rtjava.security.Key;
importjavax.crypto.Cipher;
importjavax.crypto.CipherOutputStream;imp
ortjavax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
importsun.misc.BASE64Encoder;public
classBlowFish{
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args)throws Exception {
//TODOcode application
logichereKeyGeneratorkeyGenerator=KeyGenerator.getInsta
nce("Blowfish");keyGenerator.init(128);KeysecretKey=keyGe
nerator.generateKey();

Cipher cipherOut =
Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CFB/NoPadding");
cipherOut.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
BASE64Encoderencoder=newBASE64Encoder();

byteiv[]=
cipherOut.getIV();if(iv!=null){

System.out.println("Initialization Vector of the Cipher: " + encoder.encode(iv)); }

FileInputStream fin=new
FileInputStream("inputFile.txt");FileOutputStreamfout=newFileOutputStre

25
 am("outputFile.txt");CipherOutputStreamcout=newCipherOutputStream(f
out,cipherOut);intinput=0;
while((input=fin.read())!=-1){
fin.close();cout.close(); }}

OUTPUT:

InitializationVectoroftheCipher:dI1MXzW97
oQ=ContentsofinputFile.txt:HelloWorld

ContentsofoutputFile.txt:ùJÖ˜NåI“

26
Program 6:ProgramtoimplementRijndaelalgorithmlogic

AIM:WriteaC/JAVAprogramtoimplementtheRijndaelalgorithmlogic.
PROGRAM:

importjava.security.*;importj
avax.crypto.*;importjavax.
crypto.spec.*;importjava.i
o.*;
publicclassAES{
publicstaticString asHex (byte buf[])
{StringBufferstrbuf=newStringBuffer(buf.length*2);in
ti;
for(i=0;i<buf.length;i++){if (((int)
buf[i] &0xff)<
0x10)strbuf.append("0");
strbuf.append(Long.toString((int)buf[i]&0xff,16));}returnstrbuf.to
String();}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsException
{Stringmessage="AESstillrocks!!";
//GettheKeyGenerator

KeyGenerator kgen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES");

kgen.init(128);//192and256bitsmaynotbeavailable

// Generate the secret key

specs.SecretKeyskey=kgen.generateKe
y();byte[]raw=skey.getEncoded();

SecretKeySpecskeySpec=newSecretKeySpec(raw,"AES");
//Instantiatethecipher

27
 Ciphercipher=Cipher.getInstance("AES");cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_M
ODE,skeySpec);

byte[]encrypted=cipher.doFinal((args.length==0?message:
args[0]).getBytes());System.out.println("encryptedstring:"+asHex(e
ncrypted));cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE,skeySpec);byte[]o
riginal=cipher.doFinal(encrypted);StringoriginalString=newStrin
g(original);
System.out.println("Originalstring:"+originalString+""+asHex(original));
}

OUTPUT:
Inputyourmessage:HelloACE
Encrypted text: 3ooo&&(*&*4r4
Decryptedtext:HelloACE

Program 7:Encrypta stringusing BlowFish algorithm

AIM:UsingJavaCryptography,encryptthe
text“Helloworld”usingBlowFish.CreateyourownkeyusingJavakeytool.

PROGRAM:

import
javax.crypto.Cipher;importjavax.cry
pto.KeyGenerator;importjavax.cryp
to.SecretKey;importjavax.swing.JO
ptionPane;publicclassBlowFishCiph
er{

28
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args)throws Exception {
//createa key generator based
upontheBlowfishcipherKeyGeneratorkeygenerator=KeyGenerator.getInstance("
Blowfish");

//createakey

//create a cipher based upon Blowfish

Ciphercipher=Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish");

//initialiseciphertowithsecretkeyciphe
r.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,secretkey);

//getthetexttoencrypt
StringinputText=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Inputyourmessage:
");//encryptmessage
byte[]encrypted=cipher.doFinal(inputText.getBytes());
// re-initialise the cipher to be in decrypt
modecipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE,secretkey
);

//decryptmessage
byte[]decrypted=cipher.doFinal(encrypted);
//anddisplaytheresults
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(JOptionPane.getRootFrame
(),
"\nEncryptedtext:"+newString(encrypted)+"\n"+"\
nDecryptedtext:"+newString(decrypted));

System.exit(0);
}}

29
OUTPUT:

Inputyourmessage:HelloworldEncryp
tedtext:3ooo&&(*&*4r4Decrypte
dtext:Helloworld

Program 8:RSAAlgorithm

AIM:ToencrypttheplaintextmessageusingRSAalgorithm.Thenperformthereverseoperation
togetoriginalplaintext.

Algorithm:

1. Generatetwolargerandomprimes,PandQ,ofapproximatelyequalsize
2. ComputeN=PxQ
3. ComputeZ=(P-1)x(Q-1)
4. ChooseanintegerE,1<E<Z,suchthatGCD(E,Z)=1
5. ComputethesecretexponentD,1<D<Z,suchthatExD≡1(modZ)
6. Thepublickeyis(N,E)andtheprivatekeyis(N,D)

AnexampleofRSAencryption:

1.SelectprimesP=11,Q=3
2. N=PxQ=11x3=33

Z=(P-1)x(Q-1)=10x2=20
3. LetschooseE=3
CheckGCD(E,P-
1) =GCD(3,10)=1(i.e.3and10havenocommonfactorsexcept1),andcheckGCD(E,
Q-1)=GCD(3,2)=1,thereforeGCD(E,Z)=GCD(3,20)=1
4. Compute Dsuchthat Ex
D≡1(modZ)ComputeD=E^-
1modZ=3^-1mod20
FindavalueforDsuchthatZdivides((ExD)-
30
 1) FindDsuchthat20divides3D-
1Simpletesting(D=1,2,...)givesD=7
Check:(ExD)-1=3.7-1=20,whichisdivisiblebyZ
5. Publickey=(N,E)=(33,3)andPrivatekey=(N,D)=(33,7)

Nowsaywewanttoencryptthemessagem=7,Cipherc
ode=M^EmodN
=7^3mod33
=343mod33
=13
Hencetheciphertextc=13

TocheckdecryptionwecomputeMessage’=C^DmodN
=13^7mod33
=7

PROGRAM:

importjava.io.BufferedReader;importj
ava.io.InputStreamReader;importj
ava.math.*;
importjava.util.Random;imp
ortjava.util.Scanner;public
classRSA{
static Scanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);publicstaticvoidmain(Strin
g[]args){
// TODO code application logic
hereSystem.out.print("EnteraPrimenum
ber:");

BigInteger p = sc.nextBigInteger(); // Here's one

primenumber.. System.out.print("Enter another prime

31
 number:");BigIntegerq=sc.nextBigInteger();//..andanothe
r.
BigIntegern=p.multiply(q);
BigIntegern2=p.subtract(BigInteger.ONE).multiply(q.subtract(BigInteger.ONE));B

igIntegere=generateE(n2);

BigIntegerd=e.modInverse(n2);//Here'sthemultiplicativeinverse

System.out.println("Encryptionkeysare:"+e+","+n);System.out.println("Decryptionk
eysare:"+d+","+n);
}
publicstaticBigIntegergenerateE(BigIntegerfiofn){inty,int
GCD;

BigIntegere;
BigIntegergcd;
Randomx=newRandom();
do{ y=x.nextInt(fiofn.intValue()-
1);Stringz=Integer.toString(y);
e=newBigInteger(z);gc
d=fiofn.gcd(e);
intGCD=gcd.intValue();
}
while(y<=2||intGCD!=1);ret
urne;
}
}

32
OUTPUT:

EnteraPrimenumber:5
Enteranotherprimenumber:11En
cryptionkeysare:33,55
Decryptionkeysare:17, 55

Program 9:Diffie-Hellman

AIM:ImplementtheDiffie-HellmanKeyExchangemechanism usingHTMLandJavaScript.

Consider the end user as one of the parties (Alice) and the

JavaScriptapplicationasotherparty(bob).

Algorithm:

1. Diffie-
Hellmankeyexchange(DH)isacryptographicprotocolthatallowstwopartiesthath
avenopriorknowledgeofeachother to jointly establish asharedsecretkey
2. Thealgorithmgeneratesapublickeyandaprivatekeyfortheclient
3. CreateaKeyPairGeneratorObjectthatgeneratesprivate/publickeysfortheDH
algorithm,usingthegetInstance(Stringalgortihm)APImethod

4. InitializetheKeyGeneratorsoastogeneratekeyswitha1024-
bitlength,usingtheinitialize(intkeysize)APImethod
5. CreateaKeyPairObject,withthegenKeyPair()APImethod,thatgeneratesthekey
pair.
6. CreatethePrivateKeyandPublicKeyObjects ofthekey pair,with the
getPrivate()andgetPublic()APImethodsoftheKeyPair
7. Return for both keys the names of their primary encoded formats,
33
 usingforboththeirgetformat()ΑPImethods

PROGRAM:
importjava.math.BigInteger;imp
ortjava.security.KeyFactory;imp
ortjava.security.KeyPair;
importjava.security.KeyPairGenerator;impo
rt java.security.SecureRandom;
importjavax.crypto.spec.DHParameterSpec;i
mportjavax.crypto.spec.DHPublicKeySpec;p
ublic

classDiffeHellman{publicfinalstaticintpValue=47
;
publicfinalstaticintgValue=71;public
finalstaticintXaValue=9;publicfinals
taticintXbValue=14;
publicstatic void main(String[] args)
throwsException{//TODOcodeapplicationlogichere
BigIntegerp=newBigInteger(Integer.toString(pValue));BigI
ntegerg=newBigInteger(Integer.toString(gValue));BigInteg
erXa =newBigInteger(Integer.toString(XaValue));
BigIntegerXb=new BigInteger(Integer.toString(XbValue));
createKey();intbitLength=512;//512bits
SecureRandomrnd=newSecureRandom();
p=BigInteger.probablePrime(bitLength,rnd);g
=BigInteger.probablePrime(bitLength,rnd);

createSpecificKey(p,g);

34
 }
publicstaticvoidcreateKey()throwsException{ KeyPairGeneratorkpg=KeyPairGenerator.getInsta
nce("DiffieHellman"
);kpg.initialize(512);
KeyPairkp=kpg.generateKeyPair();
KeyFactorykfactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("DiffieHellman");DHPublicKeySpeckspe
c=(DHPublicKeySpec)kfactory.getKeySpec(kp.getPublic(),DHPublicKeySpec.class);
System.out.println("Publickeyis:"+kspec);
}
publicstaticvoidcreateSpecificKey(BigInteger p, BigInteger g)
throwsException{KeyPairGeneratorkpg
=KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DiffieHellman");DHParameterSpecparam=newDH
ParameterSpec(p,g);kpg.initialize(param);
KeyPairkp=kpg.generateKeyPair();
KeyFactorykfactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("DiffieHellman");DHPublicKeySpecksp
ec=(DHPublicKeySpec)kfactory.getKeySpec(kp.getPublic(),DHPublicKeySpec.class);
System.out.println("\nPublickeyis:"+kspec);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Public key is:
javax.crypto.spec.DHPublicKeySpec@5afd29Publickeyis:jav
ax.crypto.spec.DHPublicKeySpec@9971ad

35
Program 10:SHA-1

AIM:CalculatethemessagedigestofatextusingtheSHA-1algorithminJAVA.
NISTalongwiththeNSA,designedtheSecureHashAlgorithm(SHA)forusewiththeDigi
talSignatureStandard.When a message of any
length<264bitsisinput,theSHAproducesa160-
bitoutputcalledamessagedigest.SHAproducesa160-
bithash.Themessageispaddedtomakeitamultipleof512bitslong.Itprocessesthemessage512
bits at a time and continues for asmany512-bitblocksasareinthemessage.

PROGRAM:
importjava.security.*;publ
icclassSHA1{ publicstaticvoidmain(
String[]a){try{
MessageDigestmd=MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");Syste
m.out.println("Message
digestobjectinfo:");System.out.println("Algorithm=
"+md.getAlgorithm());System.out.println("Provider="+md.get
Provider());System.out.println("ToString="+md.toString());

Stringinput="";md.update
(input.getBytes());byte[]output=m
d.digest();System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\""+input+"\")="+bytesToHex(output));

input
="abc";md.update(input.getBytes()
);output =md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\""+input+"\")="+bytesToHex(output));
36
 input="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";md.update( inpu
t.getBytes());
output=md.digest();S
ystem.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\""+input+"\")="+bytesToHex(output));System.out.println("");
}
catch(Exceptione){

System.out.println("Exception: " +e);

}
}

publicstaticStringbytesToHex(byte[]b){
charhexDigit[]={'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','A','B','C','D','E','F'};
StringBufferbuf = new
StringBuffer();for(intj=0;j<b.length;j++){buf.
append(hexDigit[(b[j]>>4)&0x0f]);buf.appe
nd(hexDigit[b[j]&0x0f]);}returnbuf.toString(
);}
}

OUTPUT:
Messagedigestobjectinfo:Al
gorithm=SHA1
Provider=SUNversion1.6
ToString = SHA1 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized> SHA1("")
=DA39A3EE5E6B4B0D3255BFEF95601890AFD80709SHA1("abc")=A9993E364
706816ABA3E25717850C26C9CD0D89D
SHA1("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")=32D10C7B8CF96570CA04CE37F2A19D84240D3A

37
 89

Program 11:MessageDigestAlgorithm5(MD5)

AIM:CalculatethemessagedigestofatextusingtheSHA-1algorithminJAVA

Algorithm:

1. Appendpaddedbits-
Themessageispaddedsothatitslengthiscongruentto448,modulo512.Meansextend
edtojust64bitsshyofbeingof512bitslong.–
Asingle“1”bitisappendedtothemessage,andthen“0”bitsareappendedsothatthelen
gthinbitsequals448modulo512
2. Appendlength-
A64bitrepresentationofbisappendedtotheresultofthepreviousstep.Theresultingm
essagehasalengththatisanexactmultipleof512bits
3. Initialize MD Buffer - A four-word buffer (A,B,C,D) is used to compute
themessagedigest.–
HereeachofA,B,C,D,isa32bitregister.Theseregistersareinitializedtothefollowin
gvaluesinhexadecimal:wordA: 01234567wordB:89abcdefwordC:
fedcba98wordD:76543210
4. Process message in 16-word blocks – Four auxiliary functions that take as
inputthree32-bitwordsandproduceasoutputone32-
bitword.F(X,Y,Z)=XYvnot(X)ZG(X,Y,Z) =XZvYnot(Z)H(X,Y,Z) =XxorYxorZI(X,Y,Z)
=Yxor(Xvnot(Z))Processmessagein16-wordblockscont–
ifthebitsofX,Y,andZareindependentandunbiased,theeachbitofF(X,Y,Z),G(X,Y,Z),H( X,Y,Z),an
dI(X,Y,Z)willbeindependentandunbiased

38
PROGRAM:
importjava.security.*;publ
icclassMD5{ publicstaticvoidmain(S
tring[]a){
//TODOcodeapplicationlogichere
try{ MessageDigestmd=MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");System.out.println(
"Me ssagedigestobjectinfo:");

System.out.println("Algorithm="+md.getAlgorithm());System.out.pri
ntln("Provider="+md.getProvider());System.out.println("ToString="+
md.toString());

Stringinput="";
md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[]output=md.digest();S
ystem.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\")="+bytesToHex(output));

input
="abc";md.update(input.getBytes()
);output
=md.digest();System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\")="+bytesToHex(output));

input="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";md.update( inpu
t.getBytes());
output=md.digest();S
ystem.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\")="

39
+bytesToHex(output));System.out.println("");
}
catch(Exceptione)
{System.out.println("Exception:"+e);}
}
publicstaticStringbytesToHex(byte[]b){
charhexDigit[]={'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','A','B','C','D','E','F'};
StringBufferbuf = new
StringBuffer();for(intj=0;j<b.length;j++){buf.
append(hexDigit[(b[j]>>4)&0x0f]);buf.appe
nd(hexDigit[b[j]&0x0f]);}
returnbuf.toString();}}

OUTPUT:
Messagedigestobjectinfo:Al
gorithm=MD5
Provider=SUNversion1.6
ToString=MD5MessageDigestfromSUN,<initialized>MD5("")=D41D8CD98F00B2

04E9800998ECF8427EMD5("abc")=
900150983CD24FB0D6963F7D28E17F72MD5("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")=

C3FCD3D76192E4007DFB496CCA67E13B

40
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is Cryptography?

Q2. What is the difference between IDS and IPS?

Q3. Explain CIA triad.

Q4. What is a Firewall and why is it used?

Q5. What is the difference between a private key and a public key?

Q6. What is the difference between HIDS and NIDS?

Q7. Explain SSL Encryption

Q8. What are the specific components of the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)?

Q9. What is ciphertext?

Q10. Explain RSA, MD-5, SHA-1,Diffie Hellman Key.

Q11.What is secret-key cryptography?

Q12. What is public-key cryptography?

Q13. What is a session key?

Q14. What is RSA?

Q15. How fast is RSA?

Q16. What would it take to break RSA?

Q17. Are strong primes necessary for RSA?

Q18. How large a module (key) should be used in RSA?

Q19. How large should the primes be?

Q20. How is RSA used for authentication in practice? What are RSA digital signatures?

Q21. What are the alternatives to RSA?

Q22. Is RSA currently in use today?

Q23. What are DSS and DSA?

Q24. What is difference between DSA and RSA?

Q25. What are special signature schemes?

Q26. What is a blind signature scheme?

41
Q27. What is a group signature?

Q28. What is blowfish?

Q29. What is FEAL (Fast data Encipherment Algorithm)?

Q30.What is Skipjack?

Q31. What is a stream cipher?

Q32. What is the advantage of public-key cryptography over secret-key cryptography?

Q33. What is Message Authentication Code (MAC)?

Q34. What is a block cipher?

Q35. What are different block cipher modes of operation?

Q36. What is one-way hash function?

Q37. What is collision when we talk about hash functions?

Q38. What are the applications of a hash function?

Q39. What is trapdoor function?

Q40. Cryptographically speaking, what is the main method of building a shared secret over a public
medium?

Q41. What’s the difference between Diffie-Hellman and RSA?

Q42. What kind of attack is a standard Diffie-Hellman exchange vulnerable to?

Q43. If you had to both encrypt and compress data during transmission, which would you do first,
and why?

Q44. What is SSL and why is it not enough when it comes to encryption?

Q45. What is salting, and why is it used?

Q46. What are salted hashes?

Q47. What is the Three-way handshake? How can it be used to create a DOS attack?

Q48. What’s more secure, SSL or HTTPS?

Q49. Can you describe rainbow tables?

Q50. What is polyalphabetic encryption?

42
 Additional Experiments-beyond syllabus:

Program 1: C program to implement Playfair Cipher.

PROGRAM: (Playfair Cipher)

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<ctype.h>

#define MX 5

void playfair(char ch1,char ch2, char key[MX][MX])

int i,j,w,x,y,z;

FILE *out;

if((out=fopen("cipher.txt","a+"))==NULL)

printf("File Currupted.");

for(i=0;i<MX;i++)

for(j=0;j<MX;j++)

if(ch1==key[i][j])

w=i;

x=j;

else if(ch2==key[i][j])

43
{

y=i;

z=j;

}}}

//printf("%d%d %d%d",w,x,y,z);

if(w==y)

{ x=(x+1)%5;z=(z+1)%

5;

printf("%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);

fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);

else if(x==z)

{ w=(w+1)%5;y=(y+1)%

5;

printf("%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);

fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);

else

printf("%c%c",key[w][z],key[y][x]);

fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][z],key[y][x]);

fclose(out);

void main()

int i,j,k=0,l,m=0,n;

44
char key[MX][MX],keyminus[25],keystr[10],str[25]={0};

char

alpa[26]={'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L'

,'M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z'}

clrscr(); printf("\

nEnter key:");

gets(keystr);

printf("\nEnter the plain text:");

gets(str);

n=strlen(keystr);

//convert the characters to uppertext

for (i=0; i<n; i++)

if(keystr[i]=='j')keystr[i]='i';

else if(keystr[i]=='J')keystr[i]='I';

keystr[i] = toupper(keystr[i]);

//convert all the characters of plaintext to uppertext

for (i=0; i<strlen(str); i++)

if(str[i]=='j')str[i]='i';

else if(str[i]=='J')str[i]='I';

str[i] = toupper(str[i]);

j=0;

for(i=0;i<26;i++)

45
{

for(k=0;k<n;k++)

if(keystr[k]==alpa[i])

break;

else if(alpa[i]=='J')

break;

if(k==n)

keyminus[j]=alpa[i];j++;

//construct key keymatrix

k=0;

for(i=0;i<MX;i++)

for(j=0;j<MX;j++)

if(k<n)

key[i][j]=keystr[k]; k+

+;}

else

key[i][j]=keyminus[m];m++;

46
printf("%c ",key[i][j]);

printf("\n");

printf("\n\nEntered text :%s\nCipher Text :",str);

for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)

if(str[i]=='J')str[i]='I';

if(str[i+1]=='\0')

playfair(str[i],'X',key);

else

if(str[i+1]=='J')str[i+1]='I';

if(str[i]==str[i+1])

playfair(str[i],'X',key);

else

playfair(str[i],str[i+1],key);i++;

}}

getch();

47
PROGRAM 2:C program to implement Vigenere Cipher

PROGRAM: (Vigenere Cipher)

#include <stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#include <string.h>

void encipher();

void decipher();

void main()

int choice;

clrscr();

while(1)

printf("\n1. Encrypt Text");

printf("\t2. Decrypt Text");

printf("\t3. Exit"); printf("\n\

nEnter Your Choice : ");

scanf("%d",&choice);

if(choice == 3)

exit(0);

else if(choice == 1)

encipher();

else if(choice == 2)

decipher();

else

printf("Please Enter Valid Option.");

48
 }

void encipher()

unsigned int i,j;

char input[50],key[10];

printf("\n\nEnter Plain Text: ");

scanf("%s",input); printf("\

nEnter Key Value: ");

scanf("%s",key);

printf("\nResultant Cipher Text: ");

for(i=0,j=0;i<strlen(input);i++,j++)

if(j>=strlen(key))

{ j=0;

printf("%c",65+(((toupper(input[i])-65)+(toupper(key[j])-

65))%26));

}}

void decipher()

unsigned int i,j;

char input[50],key[10];

int value;

printf("\n\nEnter Cipher Text: ");

scanf("%s",input);

printf("\n\nEnter the key value: ");

49
scanf("%s",key);

for(i=0,j=0;i<strlen(input);i++,j++)

if(j>=strlen(key))

{ j=0; }

value = (toupper(input[i])-64)-(toupper(key[j])-64);

if( value < 0)

{ value = value * -1;

printf("%c",65 + (value % 26));

}}

PROGRAM 3: C program to implement Rail fence – row & Column Transformation

PROGRAM: (Rail Fence)

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

void main()

int i,j,k,l;

char a[20],c[20],d[20];

clrscr();

printf("\n\t\t RAIL FENCE TECHNIQUE");

printf("\n\nEnter the input string : ");

gets(a);

l=strlen(a);

/*Ciphering*/

for(i=0,j=0;i<l;i++)
50
{

if(i%2==0)

c[j++]=a[i];

for(i=0;i<l;i++)

if(i%2==1)

c[j++]=a[i];

} c[j]='\

0';

printf("\nCipher text after applying rail fence :");

printf("\n%s",c);

/*Deciphering*/

if(l%2==0)

k=l/2;

else

k=(l/2)+1;

for(i=0,j=0;i<k;i++)

d[j]=c[i];

j=j+2;

for(i=k,j=1;i<l;i++)

d[j]=c[i];

j=j+2;

51
d[l]='\0';

printf("\nText after decryption : ");

printf("%s",d);

getch();

PROGRAM 4: C++ program to implement Vernam Cipher

PROGRAM :

#include<iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class vernam

public: string s,k;

char enc[1000],dec[1000];

vernam(string a, string b)

s = a;

k = b;

void encrypt()

int i,j=0; for(i=0;i<s.size();i+

+)

enc[i] = s[i]^k[j];

j++;

52
 if(j>=k.size())

j =0;

void decrypt()

int i,j=0; for(i=0;i<s.size();i+

+)

dec[i] = enc[i]^k[j];

j++;

if(j>=k.size())

j =0;

void printenc()

int i;

char c;

for(i=0;i<s.size();i++)

c = enc[i]%74 + 48;

cout<<c;

53
 }

cout<<endl;

void printdec()

int i; for(i=0;i<s.size();i+

+)
{

cout<<dec[i];

cout<<endl;

};

int main()

string s,k;

cout<<"Enter the Plain Text Message"<<endl;

getline(cin,s);

cout<<"Enter the Key"<<endl;

getline(cin,k);

vernam v(s,k);

v.encrypt();

cout<<"Encrypted Message : ";

v.printenc();

cout<<endl;

v.decrypt();

cout<<"Decrypted Message : ";

v.printdec();
54
 system ("pause");

return 0;

Scheme of Evaluation:

Internal Assessment

S. No. Assessment of work Evaluation in Marks

1 Lab observation-day to day work 10

5
2 Record
10
3 Internal laboratory Test

Total Marks 25

External Assessment

S. No. Assessment of work Evaluation in Marks

1 Write up 25
2 Experimentation 25
3 Viva 25

Total Marks 75

References:
1. Cryptography and Network Security: C K Shyamala, N Harini, Dr T R Padmanabhan, Wiley India, 1st
Edition.
2. Cryptography and Network Security: Forouzan Mukhopadhyay, Mc Graw Hill, 3rd Edition
3. Information Security, Principles, and Practice: Mark Stamp, Wiley India.
4. Principles of Computer Security: WM. Arthur Conklin, Greg White, TMH
5. Introduction to Network Security: Neal Krawetz, CENGAGE Learning
6. Network Security and Cryptography: Bernard Menezes, CENGAGE Learning

55
56