BAILY

Veterinary Report by Embark

embarkvet.com

Test Date: October 1st, 2021

Customer-supplied information
Owner Name: Christian Rasmussen Breed type: mixed
Dog Name: Baily Breed: n/a
Sex: Male (fixed) Breed registration: n/a
Date of birth: 03/27/07 Microchip: n/a

Genetic summary
Genetic breed identification: Predicted adult weight: 10 lbs
Bichon Frise Calculated from 17 size genes.

Breed mix:
Genetic age: 88 human years
Bichon Frise: 100.0%
Human equivalent age based on size, date of
birth provided, and other factors
 Clinical Tools
These clinical genetic tools can inform clinical decisions and diagnoses. These tools do not
predict increased risk for disease.

Alanine Aminotransferase Activity (GPT)

Baily's baseline ALT level may be Low Normal

Why is this important to your vet?

Baily has two copies of a variant in the GPT gene and is likely to have a lower than average
baseline ALT activity. ALT is a commonly used measure of liver health on routine veterinary blood
chemistry panels. As such, your veterinarian may want to watch for changes in Baily's ALT activity
above their current, healthy, ALT activity. As an increase above Baily’s baseline ALT activity could
be evidence of liver damage, even if it is within normal limits by standard ALT reference ranges.

What is Alanine Aminotransferase Activity?

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a clinical tool that can be used by veterinarians to better monitor
liver health. This result is not associated with liver disease. ALT is one of several values
veterinarians measure on routine blood work to evaluate the liver. It is a naturally occurring
enzyme located in liver cells that helps break down protein. When the liver is damaged or
inflamed, ALT is released into the bloodstream.

How vets diagnose this condition

Genetic testing is the only way to provide your veterinarian with this clinical tool.

How this condition is treated

Veterinarians may recommend blood work to establish a baseline ALT value for healthy dogs with
one or two copies of this variant.
 Health Report
How to interpret Baily’s genetic health results:
If Baily inherited any of the variants that we tested, they will be listed at the top of the Health
Report section, along with a description of how to interpret this result. We also include all of the
variants that we tested Baily for that we did not detect the risk variant for.

A genetic test is not a diagnosis

This genetic test does not diagnose a disease. Please talk to your vet about your dog’s genetic
results, or if you think that your pet may have a health condition or disease.

Baily is at increased risk for one genetic health condition.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease, CDDY/IVDD, Type I

IVDD

Breed-Relevant Genetic Conditions 0 variants not detected

Additional Genetic Conditions 207 variants not detected

 Health Report

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease, CDDY/IVDD, Type I IVDD (FGF4 retrogene -
CFA12)

Baily inherited one copy of the variant we

Baily is at increased risk for Type I IVDD
tested

How to interpret this result

Baily has one copy of an FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12. In some breeds such as Beagles,
Cocker Spaniels, and Dachshunds (among others) this variant is found in nearly all dogs. While
those breeds are known to have an elevated risk of IVDD, many dogs in those breeds never
develop IVDD. For mixed breed dogs and purebreds of other breeds where this variant is not as
common, risk for Type I IVDD is greater for individuals with this variant than for similar dogs.

What is Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease, CDDY/IVDD, Type I IVDD?

Type I Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a back/spine issue that refers to a health condition
affecting the discs that act as cushions between vertebrae. With Type I IVDD, affected dogs can
have a disc event where it ruptures or herniates towards the spinal cord. This pressure on the
spinal cord causes neurologic signs which can range from a wobbly gait to impairment of
movement. Chondrodystrophy (CDDY) refers to the relative proportion between a dog’s legs and
body, wherein the legs are shorter and the body longer. There are multiple different variants that
can cause a markedly chondrodystrophic appearance as observed in Dachshunds and Corgis.
However, this particular variant is the only one known to also increase the risk for IVDD.

When signs & symptoms develop in affected dogs

Signs of CDDY are recognized in puppies as it affects body shape. IVDD is usually first recognized
in adult dogs, with breed specific differences in age of onset.

Signs & symptoms

Research indicates that dogs with one or two copies of this variant have a similar risk of
developing IVDD. However, there are some breeds (e.g. Beagles and Cocker Spaniels, among
others) where this variant has been passed down to nearly all dogs of the breed and most do not
show overt clinical signs of the disorder. This suggests that there are other genetic and
environmental factors (such as weight, mobility, and family history) that contribute to an individual
dog’s risk of developing clinical IVDD. Signs of IVDD include neck or back pain, a change in your
dog's walking pattern (including dragging of the hind limbs), and paralysis. These signs can be
mild to severe, and if your dog starts exhibiting these signs, you should schedule an appointment
with your veterinarian for a diagnosis.

How vets diagnose this condition

For CDDY, dogs with one copy of this variant may have mild proportional differences in their leg
length. Dogs with two copies of this variant will often have visually longer bodies and shorter legs.
For IVDD, a neurological exam will be performed on any dog showing suspicious signs. Based on
the result of this exam, radiographs to detect the presence of calcified discs or advanced imaging
(MRI/CT) to detect a disc rupture may be recommended.

How this condition is treated

IVDD is treated differently based on the severity of the disease. Mild cases often respond to
medical management which includes cage rest and pain management, while severe cases are
often treated with surgical intervention. Both conservative and surgical treatment should be
followed up with rehabilitation and physical therapy.

Actions to take if your dog is affected

Follow veterinary advice for diet, weight management, and daily exercise. Overweight dogs and
those with insufficient exercise are thought to be at higher risk of developing clinical disease.
Ramps up to furniture, avoiding flights of stairs, and using a harness on walks will also help
minimize some of the risk of an IVDD event by reducing stress on the back.
In breeds where this variant is extremely common, this genetic health result should not be a
deciding factor when evaluating a dog for breeding or adoption purposes.
 Additional Conditions Tested

Baily did not have the variants that we tested for, in the following conditions that the
potential effect on dogs with Baily’s breed may not yet be known.

MDR1 Drug Sensitivity (ABCB1)

P2Y12 Receptor Platelet Disorder (P2Y12)

Factor IX Deficiency, Hemophilia B (F9 Exon 7, Terrier Variant)

Factor IX Deficiency, Hemophilia B (F9 Exon 7, Rhodesian Ridgeback Variant)

Factor VII Deficiency (F7 Exon 5)

Factor VIII Deficiency, Hemophilia A (F8 Exon 10, Boxer Variant)

Factor VIII Deficiency, Hemophilia A (F8 Exon 11, German Shepherd Variant 1)

Factor VIII Deficiency, Hemophilia A (F8 Exon 1, German Shepherd Variant 2)

Thrombopathia (RASGRP1 Exon 5, Basset Hound Variant)

Thrombopathia (RASGRP1 Exon 8, Landseer Variant)

Thrombopathia (RASGRP1 Exon 5, American Eskimo Dog Variant)

Von Willebrand Disease Type III, Type III vWD (VWF Exon 4, Terrier Variant)

Von Willebrand Disease Type III, Type III vWD (VWF Exon 7, Shetland Sheepdog Variant)

Von Willebrand Disease Type I, Type I vWD (VWF)

Von Willebrand Disease Type II, Type II vWD (VWF, Pointer Variant)

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I, CLADI (ITGB2, Setter Variant)

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type III, CLADIII (FERMT3, German Shepherd Variant)

Congenital Macrothrombocytopenia (TUBB1 Exon 1, Cairn and Norfolk Terrier Variant)

Canine Elliptocytosis (SPTB Exon 30)

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia Type I (ITGA2B Exon 13, Great Pyrenees Variant)

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia Type I (ITGA2B Exon 12, Otterhound Variant)

May-Hegglin Anomaly (MYH9)

Prekallikrein Deficiency (KLKB1 Exon 8)

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKLR Exon 5, Basenji Variant)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKLR Exon 7, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKLR Exon 7, Pug Variant)

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKLR Exon 7, Beagle Variant)

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKLR Exon 10, Terrier Variant)

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome, TNS (VPS13B)

Ligneous Membranitis, LM (PLG)

Platelet Factor X Receptor Deficiency, Scott Syndrome (TMEM16F)

Methemoglobinemia (CYB5R3)

Congenital Hypothyroidism (TPO, Tenterfield Terrier Variant)

Congenital Hypothyroidism (TPO, Rat, Toy, Hairless Terrier Variant)

Complement 3 Deficiency, C3 Deficiency (C3)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, SCID (PRKDC, Terrier Variant)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, SCID (RAG1, Wetterhoun Variant)

X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, X-SCID (IL2RG Exon 1, Basset Hound Variant)

X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, X-SCID (IL2RG, Corgi Variant)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, rcd1 (PDE6B Exon 21, Irish Setter Variant)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, rcd3 (PDE6A)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, CNGA (CNGA1 Exon 9)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, prcd (PRCD Exon 1)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, PRA1 (CNGB1)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (SAG)

Golden Retriever Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1, GR-PRA1 (SLC4A3)

Golden Retriever Progressive Retinal Atrophy 2, GR-PRA2 (TTC8)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, crd1 (PDE6B, American Staffordshire Terrier Variant)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, crd4/cord1 (RPGRIP1)

X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1, XL-PRA1 (RPGR)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, PRA3 (FAM161A)

Collie Eye Anomaly, Choroidal Hypoplasia, CEA (NHEJ1)

Day blindness, Cone Degeneration, Achromatopsia (CNGB3 Exon 6, German Shorthaired

Pointer Variant)

Achromatopsia (CNGA3 Exon 7, German Shepherd Variant)

Achromatopsia (CNGA3 Exon 7, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Autosomal Dominant Progressive Retinal Atrophy (RHO)

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy, cmr1 (BEST1 Exon 2)

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy, cmr2 (BEST1 Exon 5, Coton de Tulear Variant)

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy, cmr3 (BEST1 Exon 10 Deletion, Finnish and Swedish Lapphund,
Lapponian Herder Variant)

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (ADAMTS10 Exon 9, Norwegian Elkhound Variant)

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (ADAMTS10 Exon 17, Beagle Variant)

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (ADAMTS17 Exon 11, Basset Fauve de Bretagne Variant)

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Primary Lens Luxation (ADAMTS17 Exon 2, Chinese Shar-Pei
Variant)

Goniodysgenesis and Glaucoma, Pectinate Ligament Dysplasia, PLD (OLFM3)

Hereditary Cataracts, Early-Onset Cataracts, Juvenile Cataracts (HSF4 Exon 9, Australian

Shepherd Variant)

Primary Lens Luxation (ADAMTS17)

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (RPE65, Briard Variant)

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (LRIT3, Beagle Variant)

Macular Corneal Dystrophy, MCD (CHST6)

2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Urolithiasis, 2,8-DHA Urolithiasis (APRT)

Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1, Newfoundland Variant)

Cystinuria Type II-A (SLC3A1, Australian Cattle Dog Variant)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Cystinuria Type II-B (SLC7A9, Miniature Pinscher Variant)

Hyperuricosuria and Hyperuricemia or Urolithiasis, HUU (SLC2A9)

Polycystic Kidney Disease, PKD (PKD1)

Primary Hyperoxaluria (AGXT)

Protein Losing Nephropathy, PLN (NPHS1)

X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy, XLHN (COL4A5 Exon 35, Samoyed Variant 2)

Autosomal Recessive Hereditary Nephropathy, Familial Nephropathy, ARHN (COL4A4 Exon 3,

Cocker Spaniel Variant)

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, PCD (CCDC39 Exon 3, Old English Sheepdog Variant)

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, PCD (NME5, Alaskan Malamute Variant)

Congenital Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca and Ichthyosiform Dermatosis, Dry Eye Curly Coat
Syndrome, CKCSID (FAM83H Exon 5)

X-linked Ectodermal Dysplasia, Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, XHED (EDA Intron 8)

Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Nodular Dermatofibrosis, RCND (FLCN Exon 7)

Canine Fucosidosis (FUCA1)

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II, Pompe's Disease, GSD II (GAA, Finnish and Swedish
Lapphund, Lapponian Herder Variant)

Glycogen Storage Disease Type IA, Von Gierke Disease, GSD IA (G6PC, Maltese Variant)

Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIIA, GSD IIIA (AGL, Curly Coated Retriever Variant)

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA, Sanfilippo Syndrome Type A, MPS IIIA (SGSH Exon 6,
Dachshund Variant)

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA, Sanfilippo Syndrome Type A, MPS IIIA (SGSH Exon 6, New
Zealand Huntaway Variant)

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII, Sly Syndrome, MPS VII (GUSB Exon 5, Terrier Brasileiro
Variant)

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII, Sly Syndrome, MPS VII (GUSB Exon 3, German Shepherd
Variant)

Glycogen storage disease Type VII, Phosphofructokinase Deficiency, PFK Deficiency (PFKM,
Whippet and English Springer Spaniel Variant)

Glycogen storage disease Type VII, Phosphofructokinase Deficiency, PFK Deficiency (PFKM,
Wachtelhund Variant)

Lagotto Storage Disease (ATG4D)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 1, NCL 1 (PPT1 Exon 8, Dachshund Variant 1)
 Additional Conditions Tested

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 2, NCL 2 (TPP1 Exon 4, Dachshund Variant 2)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Cerebellar Ataxia, NCL4A (ARSG Exon 2, American

Staffordshire Terrier Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5, NCL 5 (CLN5 Exon 4 SNP, Border Collie Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 6, NCL 6 (CLN6 Exon 7, Australian Shepherd Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8, NCL 8 (CLN8 Exon 2, English Setter Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 7, NCL 7 (MFSD8, Chihuahua and Chinese Crested Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8, NCL 8 (CLN8, Australian Shepherd Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 10, NCL 10 (CTSD Exon 5, American Bulldog Variant)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5, NCL 5 (CLN5 Exon 4 Deletion, Golden Retriever Variant)

Adult-Onset Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, NCL A, NCL 12 (ATP13A2, Tibetan Terrier Variant)

Late-Onset Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, NCL 12 (ATP13A2, Australian Cattle Dog Variant)

GM1 Gangliosidosis (GLB1 Exon 15, Shiba Inu Variant)

GM1 Gangliosidosis (GLB1 Exon 15, Alaskan Husky Variant)

GM1 Gangliosidosis (GLB1 Exon 2, Portuguese Water Dog Variant)

GM2 Gangliosidosis (HEXB, Poodle Variant)

GM2 Gangliosidosis (HEXA, Japanese Chin Variant)

Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease (GALC Exon 5, Terrier Variant)

Autosomal Recessive Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Familial Enamel Hypoplasia (ENAM Deletion,

Italian Greyhound Variant)

Autosomal Recessive Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Familial Enamel Hypoplasia (ENAM SNP,

Parson Russell Terrier Variant)

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome, PMDS (AMHR2)

Deafness and Vestibular Syndrome of Dobermans, DVDob, DINGS (MYO7A)

Shar-Pei Autoinflammatory Disease, SPAID, Shar-Pei Fever (MTBP)

Neonatal Interstitial Lung Disease (LAMP3)

Alaskan Husky Encephalopathy, Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (SLC19A3)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Alexander Disease (GFAP)

Cerebellar Abiotrophy, Neonatal Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration, NCCD (SPTBN2, Beagle

Variant)

Cerebellar Ataxia, Progressive Early-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia (SEL1L, Finnish Hound Variant)

Cerebellar Hypoplasia (VLDLR, Eurasier Variant)

Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Late-Onset Ataxia, LoSCA (CAPN1)

Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia and/or Seizures (KCNJ10)

Hereditary Ataxia, Cerebellar Degeneration (RAB24, Old English Sheepdog and Gordon Setter
Variant)

Benign Familial Juvenile Epilepsy, Remitting Focal Epilepsy (LGI2)

Degenerative Myelopathy, DM (SOD1A)

Fetal-Onset Neonatal Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (MFN2, Giant Schnauzer Variant)

Hypomyelination and Tremors (FNIP2, Weimaraner Variant)

Shaking Puppy Syndrome, X-linked Generalized Tremor Syndrome (PLP, English Springer
Spaniel Variant)

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy, NAD (TECPR2, Spanish Water Dog Variant)

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy, NAD (VPS11, Rottweiler Variant)

L-2-Hydroxyglutaricaciduria, L2HGA (L2HGDH, Staffordshire Bull Terrier Variant)

Neonatal Encephalopathy with Seizures, NEWS (ATF2)

Polyneuropathy, AMPN (NDRG1 SNP, Alaskan Malamute Variant)

Narcolepsy (HCRTR2 Intron 4, Doberman Pinscher Variant)

Narcolepsy (HCRTR2 Intron 6, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Narcolepsy (HCRTR2 Exon 1, Dachshund Variant)

Progressive Neuronal Abiotrophy, Canine Multiple System Degeneration, CMSD (SERAC1 Exon
15, Kerry Blue Terrier Variant)

Progressive Neuronal Abiotrophy, Canine Multiple System Degeneration, CMSD (SERAC1 Exon
4, Chinese Crested Variant)

Juvenile Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy, Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities

and Neuronal Vacuolation, POANV (RAB3GAP1, Rottweiler Variant)

Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy, Acral Mutilation Syndrome, AMS (GDNF-AS,

Spaniel and Pointer Variant)
 Additional Conditions Tested

Sensory Neuropathy (FAM134B, Border Collie Variant)

Juvenile-Onset Polyneuropathy, Leonberger Polyneuropathy 1, LPN1 (LPN1, ARHGEF10)

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (DIRAS1)

Juvenile-Onset Polyneuropathy, Leonberger Polyneuropathy 2, LPN2 (GJA9)

Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia 1, SDCA1, SeSAME/EAST Syndrome (KCNJ10)

Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia 2, SDCA2 (ATP1B2)

Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM1 (PDK4, Doberman Pinscher Variant 1)

Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM2 (TTN, Doberman Pinscher Variant 2)

Long QT Syndrome (KCNQ1)

Cardiomyopathy and Juvenile Mortality (YARS2)

Muscular Dystrophy (DMD, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Variant 1)

Muscular Dystrophy (DMD, Golden Retriever Variant)

Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (SGCD, Boston Terrier Variant)

Ulrich-like Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (COL6A3, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Centronuclear Myopathy (PTPLA)

Exercise-Induced Collapse (DNM1)

Inherited Myopathy of Great Danes (BIN1)

Myostatin Deficiency, Bully Whippet Syndrome (MSTN)

Myotonia Congenita (CLCN1 Exon 7, Miniature Schnauzer Variant)

Myotonia Congenita (CLCN1 Exon 23, Australian Cattle Dog Variant)

Myotubular Myopathy 1, X-linked Myotubular Myopathy, XL-MTM (MTM1, Labrador Retriever

Variant)

Inflammatory Myopathy (SLC25A12)

Hypocatalasia, Acatalasemia (CAT)

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PDP1, Spaniel Variant)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Malignant Hyperthermia (RYR1)

Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome, Selective Cobalamin Malabsorption (CUBN Exon 53, Border

Collie Variant)

Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome, Selective Cobalamin Malabsorption (CUBN Exon 8, Beagle

Variant)

Inherited Selected Cobalamin Malabsorption with Proteinuria (CUBN, Komondor Variant)

Lundehund Syndrome (LEPREL1)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, CMS (CHAT, Old Danish Pointing Dog Variant)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, CMS (COLQ, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, CMS (CHRNE, Jack Russell Terrier Variant)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, CMS (COLQ, Golden Retriever Variant)

Myasthenia Gravis Like Syndrome (CHRNE, Heideterrier Variant)

Episodic Falling Syndrome (BCAN)

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia, PxD (PGIN)

Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (SBF2/MTRM13)

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (COL7A1, Golden Retriever Variant)

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (COL7A1, Central Asian Shepherd Dog Variant)

Ectodermal Dysplasia, Skin Fragility Syndrome (PKP1, Chesapeake Bay Retriever Variant)

Ichthyosis, Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (KRT10, Terrier Variant)

Ichthyosis, ICH1 (PNPLA1, Golden Retriever Variant)

Ichthyosis (SLC27A4, Great Dane Variant)

Ichthyosis (NIPAL4, American Bulldog Variant)

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (FAM83G, Terrier and Kromfohrlander Variant)

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (DSG1, Rottweiler Variant)

Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis, HNPK (SUV39H2)

Musladin-Lueke Syndrome, MLS (ADAMTSL2)

 Additional Conditions Tested

Oculocutaneous Albinism, OCA (SLC45A2, Pekingese Variant)

Bald Thigh Syndrome (IGFBP5)

Lethal Acrodermatitis, LAD (MKLN1)

Ehlers Danlos (ADAMTS2, Doberman Pinscher Variant)

Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate (ADAMTS20, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Variant)

Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets (VDR)

Oculoskeletal Dysplasia 2, Dwarfism-Retinal Dysplasia 2, drd2, OSD2 (COL9A2, Samoyed

Variant)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Brittle Bone Disease (COL1A2, Beagle Variant)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Brittle Bone Disease (SERPINH1, Dachshund Variant)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Brittle Bone Disease (COL1A1, Golden Retriever Variant)

Osteochondrodysplasia, Skeletal Dwarfism (SLC13A1, Poodle Variant)

Skeletal Dysplasia 2, SD2 (COL11A2, Labrador Retriever Variant)

Craniomandibular Osteopathy, CMO (SLC37A2)

Raine Syndrome, Canine Dental Hypomineralization Syndrome (FAM20C)

Chondrodystrophy (ITGA10, Norwegian Elkhound and Karelian Bear Dog Variant)

 Genetic Diversity and Inbreeding

Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI)

Genetic Result: 18%

Our genetic COI measures the proportion of your dog’s genome (her genes) where the genes on
the mother’s side are identical by descent to those on the father’s side. The higher your dog’s
coefficient of inbreeding (the percentage), the more inbred your dog is.

Your Dog’s COI

This graph represents where your dog’s inbreeding levels fall on a scale compared to both dogs
with a similar breed makeup to her (the yellow dotted line) and all purebred dogs (the grey line).
 Genetic Diversity and Inbreeding

More on the Science

Embark scientists, along with our research partners at Cornell University, have shown the impact
of inbreeding on longevity and fertility and developed a state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed method
for accurately measuring COI and predicting average COI in litters.

Citations
Sams & Boyko 2019 "Fine-Scale Resolution of Runs of Homozygosity Reveal Patterns of Inbreeding
and Substantial Overlap with Recessive Disease Genotypes in Domestic Dogs"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429214)

Chu et al 2019 "Inbreeding depression causes reduced fecundity in Golden Retrievers"

(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00335-019-09805-4)

Yordy et al 2019 "Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs"

(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Body-size%2C-inbreeding%2C-and-lifespan-in-
domestic-Yordy-Kraus/61d0fa7a71afb26f547f0fb7ff71e23a14d19d2c)
 About Embark
Embark Veterinary is a canine genetics company offering research-grade genetic tests to pet
owners and breeders. Every Embark test examines over 200,000 genetic markers, and provides
results for over 200 genetic health conditions, breed identification, clinical tools, and more.

Embark is a research partner of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine and
collaborates with scientists and registries to accelerate genetic research in canine health. We
make it easy for customers and vets to understand, share and make use of their dog’s unique
genetic profile to improve canine health and happiness.

Learn more at embarkvet.com

Veterinarians and hospitals can send inquiries to veterinarians@embarkvet.com.