COMPOSITIONFrom paragraph to essay * The Topic Sentence An effective paragraph contains a good topic sentence. A successful topic_has the following features. It introduces the topic. or What the paragraph will be about. It also contains an idea or opinion about the topic. This idea is called ‘a controlling idea about the topic. The topic the controlling idea Certain types of insects can benefit a garden The topic sentence must not be a simple fact or detail. Instead, it must contain a specific idea. The idea or opinion must not be general, or the topic Will be unclear, the sun is in the sky. The sun raises in the east. There are approximately 4.000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. (‘fact. not topic sentence) Write a paragraph about the significance of oral communication. Oral communication is very significant in our lives.* How to write a paragraph * What is a paragraph? * A paragraph is a group of sentences about a single topic. * A paragraph is like an American school busWhat makes a paragraph? A paragraph has three basic parts 1. ic sentence. This is the of the paragraph. It is usually thelfirst Sentence of the paragraph, and it is the FOCAEAMEEEER of the paragraph. 2. The supporting sentences. These are sentences that iiygipt or explain the topic sentence. They are more detailed ideas that follow the topic sentence. 3. The concluding sentence. This may be found as thé last sentence ofa paragraph, It can finish a paragraph by Se ng 1 idea or just gi €omment about the topic. XXXXX XX ANKXX ANN AX XXANK AXKK XX DOO XX IONNOOL RN XK QO AKKAK XK XXXXXXKKX XX. XXX XXX XXXXAX XXX XK X XXXXXXNAX XX AANK MAX AXAXK AXKAOOK, XXXX ANXKNKAN ANAK KX KAN AC AA AKAAK XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXX. XXXX XX 2OOOOX DOOR 260 9K KK, RIGO X IO DOBRO FOX OOOO OC XX OK X ROEOOONO XX XXXXX AXXKK XXXXX. KARX AK A XXX X XXXXX XXX XXX XXX. XX XAXXXXX XXXXXXAXX XX XK XXXXAXK XK AKKN X XXX KNXXX XXX XXX XX KK XK KX ORK NK, 2* Smoking is bad. (idea too general for a topic sentence) + Smoking advertisements are a _ harmful influence on children (specific idea). + The topic sentence usually appears as the first of a paragraph. * The topic Sentence implies the purpose Of the paragraph: to explain, narrate, compare, describe, tell cause or effect, demonstrate or argue; or tell steps in a process. “+ My sister personality is completely different from mine. (shows comparison) “ Smoking results in thousands of smoking-related deaths each year. (tells cause and effect)O The three key elements of a paragraph: a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. 1. Topic Sentence: The topic sentence introduces the main idea or point of the paragraph. It acts as a preview or summary of what the paragraph will discuss, providing the reader with a clear understanding of the paragraph's focus. The topic sentence is usually placed at the beginning of the paragraph. 2. Supporting Sentences: After the topic sentence, you should provide supporting sentences that expand upon or provide evidence for the main idea. These sentences offer explanations, examples, facts, or arguments to support and develop the topic sentence. Each supporting sentence should be logically connected to the main idea and flow smoothly from one sentence to the next. 3. Concluding Sentence: The concluding sentence wraps up the paragraph and reinforces the main idea. It may summarize the key points discussed or provide a final thought or insight related to the paragraph's topic. The concluding sentence should effectively close the paragraph and transition smoothly to the next paragraph, if applicable.In addition to these key elements, it's essential to ensure coherence and unity within the paragraph. This can be achieved by using transitional words and phrases to create smooth connections between sentences and ideas. Additionally, maintaining a logical flow of thoughts and presenting information in a structured and organized manner will enhance the overall clarity and effectiveness of your paragraph.* The Paragraph and the Short Essay °A short essay is longer than a paragraph, but like a paragraph, it has three basic parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. 1. Introduction: the introductory paragraph is the first paragraph of a short essay. It contains hook, background information and thesis (topic sentence) 2. Body paragraph: A short essay has at least one or two body paragraphs. These develop the idea presented in the introduction. 3. Conclusion: The concluding paragraph is the final paragraph and summaries the idea(s) presented in the essay.In the process of communication, the notion of noise is one of the dangerous barriers that_can lead to the breakdown of successful communication. Noise is anything that can interrupt the communication process. Typically, noise has three types: physical, personal, and semantic noise. Firstly, physical noise is anything external. For example, a dog barking outside can interrupt the speaker’s speech/ the speech of the speaker, or a bug flying around your head also can distract the communication process. Secondly, personal noise is another distractor that can interrupt the communication process. To illustrate, this personal noise can be related to prejudice, closed-mindedness, and self-centered noise. Lastly, the third type of noise is semantic noise. The latter occurs when the speaker uses a different language, like using technical jargon and emotionally charged words. This can make the message unclear to the listener. To sum up, since the notion of noise _constitutes_a barrier _to the efficiency of Oral Communication. communicators should pay attention to it to ensure effective communication.‘Communication is an unavoidable aspect in people’s lives. All people need to communicate verbally or nonverbally to achieve their needs. However, communication can be interrupted by multiple issues, like noise. In the process of communication, the notion of noise is one of the dangerous barriers to successful communication, especially in the forms of physical noise and semantic noise. Noise is anything that can interrupt the communication process, as it in be physical, personal and semantic. Firstly, physical noise is anything external. It is extemal in the sense it stems out from outside and influences the speech of the speaker. For example, a dog barking outside can interrupt the speaker's speech’ the speech of the speaker, or a bug flying around your head also can distract the communication process. Secondly, personal noise is another distractor that can interrupt the communication process. To illustrate, this personal noise can be related to prejudice, closed-mindedness, and self-centered noise. Lastly, the third type of noise is semantic noise. The latter occurs when the speaker uses a different language, like using technical jargon and emotionally charged words. This can make the message unclear to the listener. To sum up, since the notion of noise constitutes a barrier to the efficiency of oral communication, communicators should pay attention to it to ensure effective communication. Taking everything into consideration, as a barrier to effective communication, noise is considered one of the most serious problems that lead communicators to fail in achieving the purpose of communication. Therefore, communicators have to be aware of the most critical issues, like noise, that can cause the breakdown of communication.PARAGRAPH My uncle Patricio is one of the most interesting people in my family. He is old and has a wrinkled brown face. On his arm, there is a tattoo. Patricio has an intriguing history. He and my mother were born in a small village in the mountains. When he was seventeen, he left home to explore the world. Now he fixes air conditioners in Los Angeles, and during the winter months, he sometimes comes to visit us and play the accordion. I love spending time with my uncle Patricio because he has an interesting look and a mysterious past. Someday, I hope that he will tell me more about his life.SHORT ESSAY My family is full of happy, crazy, and talented people. My aunt Margarita has a yard full of orphaned pets. My brother José is an expert tailor, and my mother loves to experiment in the kitchen. However, I think the most interesting is my mysterious uncle Patricio. Patricio is an elderly man now, with white hair sticking up all over his head. Beneath his messy hair, he has a wrinkled brown face and powerful dark eyes that show many emotions. Patricio is tall and skinny, and he wears baggy pants and a plaid shin. He has a tattoo of a heart on his arm. The heart has the word Rosa written across it in red and black letters, but he has never told me who she is. Patricio has an intriguing history. He and my mother were born in a small village in the mountains. When he was seventeen, he left home to explore the world. On one trip, he went to Siberia to look for gold. On another trip, he went to Alaska to work on a fishing boat. Now he fixes air conditioners in Los Angeles, and during the winter months, he sometimes comes to visit us and play the accordion. I love spending time with my uncle Patricio. He has an interesting and a sad mysterious past. He is also a talented musician. Someday, I hope that he will tell me about Rosa and how he got the tattoo with her name.Run-on Sentences A run-On sentence is NOt A correct sentence. In a run-on sentence, important punctuation is missing between the clauses. The sentence “runs On” too long and confuses the reader. * You can correct run-on sentences with a period, a comma and conjunction, or a semicolon. My dog runs fast he likes to chase animals in the park, (connect) My dog runs fast. He likes to chase animals in the park. My dog runs fast, and he likes to chase animals in the park. My dog is difficult to take care of still | love him very much. (correct) My dog is difficult to take care of; still, | love him very much, My dog means a lot to me; he is my best friend.Dependent Clauses A dependent clause is a clause that is not a complete sentence by itself. It has a subject and a verb, but it does not have a complete idea. A dependent clause often starts with a subordinating conjunction like because, before, since, when, after, or while. A dependent clause must always be attached to a main (or independent) clause to make one complete sentence. The dependent clause can come before or after the main clause without changing the meaning, but the punctuation is different. When | talk to my friend, she likes to tell me about her adventures. My friend likes to tell me about her adventures when | talk to her.Prepositional Phrases in Descriptive Writing 'A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition + a noun phrase or pronoun: prepositional phrase _ [prepositional phrase | ‘The boat slowly sank with the water level until it rested on the bay floor. Prepositional phrases are important in descriptive writing, They show. the position, location, or direction of objects in space and time. We can also use prepositional phrases to show manner or attitude: + Prepositional phrases that show position and location: ‘The boat slowly sank with the water level until it rested on the bay floor. * Prepositional phrases that show direction: We tock the boat out to his underwater oyster park. The idea was to float the boat over the fence walls. * Prepositional phrases that show time: at sic in the morning in that sweet moment on Sunday * Prepositional phrases that show manner or attitude: | stood up in defiance. He pulled back in horror._ Adding Details to Sentences Details tell what something looks like, or how it sounds, feels, tastes, or smells. We can use nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs to add details. The more specific the details are the more effective and interesting the writing will be. Clear, specific details allow the reader to create a_ picture in his or her mind of what is being described, Compare the general sentences below with ones that have specific details. | _ General Sentences Sentences with Specific Details _ The crabs were good. The crabs were tender and sweet with a ! salty taste _ He bought some fruit. He bought some sweet, Juicy strawberries. She walked to the door. She tiptoed to the door. _ She walked to the door. She walked quickly and silently to the door.Using Adjectives in Descriptive Writing Adjectives are words that describe nouns—people, places, and things. Adjectives appear in different positions in the sentence. * Adjectives usually come after an article and before a noun. We sat in the roaring sun. * Adjectives can also occur after some stative verbs such as appear, be, become, feel, look, seem, Use and to separate two adjectives that follow a verb. Separate more than two adjectives with commas and the word and.OFormation Of Adjectives + Adjectives may be formed from verbs. Many of these adjectives are formed by adding -ing to verbs. * entertain entertaining ) excite exciting * (an entertaining film (an exciting novel) * past participles of verbs can function as adjectives. * break broken excite excited * (a broken arm) (an exciting child) * Nouns may also function as when they are used to describe or modify other nouns. * They are called noun modifiers. * Astore that sells shoes _ a shoe storeODescribing Feelings * Some adjectives ending in -ed and -ing can be to talk feelings and emotions, for example, interesting. interested, boring, bored, confusing, confused. * © The adjectives ending in -ed (past participles) describe how people feel about something. + The interested students listened to the story. (the students felt interest.) + The adjectives. ending in -ing describe the noun causes the emotion or feeling. * The students heard an interesting Story. (The story caused an interest)DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYDESCRIPTIVE ESSAY *Descriptive writing uses words to build images for the reader. These images may come from sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or even feelings. Good descriptive writing makes the reader feel as if he or she is present in the scene.Descriptive Organization + Ina descriptive essay, a writer uses details to tell how a subject Sounds. smells, tastes, or feels. The essay should make the reader feel like responding to What he or she is reading. Introduction * The hook introduces the object or event of description. + The middle sentences provide the background. * The thesis statement tells why the object or event Of description is important to the writer. Body Paragraphs + Most of the description is in the body paragraphs. + Adjectives and adverbs make the experience more vivid. * The scene is often described with prepositions and prepositional phrases specify location or position in space. + Comparisons, such as similes, can make the writing more descriptive, familiar, and expressive, * The conclusion + The conclusion gives the writer’s final opinion about the description.Descriptive Organization In a descriptive essay, a writer uses cictails to tell how « subject looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels, The essay should make the reader feel like résponding to what he or she is reading. Introduction * The hook introduces the object or event of description, * The middle sentences provide the background. © The thesis statement tells why the object or event of description is important to the writer. Body Paragraphs + Most of the description is in the body paragraphs. * Adjectives and adverbs make the experience more vivid. described * Comparisons, Such as similes, can make the writing more descriptive, : familiar, and expressive. Conclusion a * The conclusion gives the writer's final opinion about the description.Exercise 1 Thinking about the topicOrder of Adjectives : * Adjectives appear in a particular order, according to their function, as shown below: * Quality /opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin- Material _Kind/ purpose interesting huge old round blue = Mexican._~— wooden picnic boring small new square White European __ iron wedding We put out huge plates of Mexican food out on the wooden picnic table. My mother had a beautiful. small. antique. Tahitian pearl necklace that she wore for special occasions Rosa and Pablo bought gold wedding rings osascomp golden house Beautiful * Bleu interesting huge old round blue house * Wooden + Awooden bleu beautiful houseOrder of Adjectives Adjectives appear in a particular order, according to their function, as shown below: Quality / Purpose/ Opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Kind interesting huge old round blue Mexican wooden picnic boring small new square white European iron wedding We put out huge plates of Mexican food out on the wooden picnic table. My mother had a beautiful, small, antique, Tahitian pearl necklace that she wore for special occasions. Rosa and Pablo bought gold wedding rings.SHORT ESSAY My family is full of happy, crazy, and talented people. My aunt Margarita has a yard full of orphaned pets. My brother José is an expert tailor, and my mother loves to experiment in the kitchen. However, I think the most interesting is my mysterious uncle Patricio. my uncle has great physical and personality. Firstly, Patricio is an elderly man now, with white hair sticking up all over his head. Beneath his messy hair, he has a wrinkled brown face and powerful dark eyes that show many emotions. Patricio is tall and skinny, and he wears baggy pants and a plaid shin. He has a tattoo of a heart on his arm. The heart has the word Rosa written across it in red and black letters, but he has never told me who she is. Patricio has an intriguing history. He and my mother were born in a small village in the mountains. When he was seventeen, he left home to explore the world. On one trip, he went to Siberia to look for gold. On another trip, he went to Alaska to work on a fishing boat. Now he fixes air conditioners in Los Angeles, and during the winter months, he sometimes comes to visit us and play the accordion. I love spending time with my uncle Patricio. He has an interesting and a sad mysterious past. He is also a talented musician. Someday, I hope that he will tell me about Rosa and how he got the tattoo with her name.Most people have places that hold unforgettable memories and meanings for them, For me, the special place that | can never forget is my grandmother's house, which is located far from the noise of the cities. Because it holds deep memories and comfort, this essay will provide a deep description of its physical shape and the emotional connection that I have with it. As for the physical shape of my grandmother's house, it is very outstanding. It is a cottage with high stecl walls that stand as powerful as gardians protecting it from the enemies. Also, it is located in a very open space, surrounded by different kinds of trees, like the pomegranate and the fig trees. These trees provide us with fresh oxygen that clean our lungs from toxies. In font of the house, there is a nice big yard, which my grandmother used to cleanse every early morning. The house has two amazing balconies that look like a wiching paradise. There, there are different types of wood tables and chairs that are created by my grandfather, Moreover, the wooden windows are like open eyes that offer a welcoming warm to the guests and the newcomers. The house has many rooms that seem to be like 2 maze, which always perplexes me. They are furniture/omamted with beautiful cozy couches that everyone wishes to have a lasting rest on them. In the dining room, there is a well-designed fireplace which is filled with warm and tranquility. Thus, my grandmother's house is considered the ‘most amazing cottage in the universe because of its well-construction. Regarding the emotional connection that I have with house, I have a strong and deep memories with the house that I cannot forget. Every time I get into I house I can feel a sense of belonging, warm and love. thus, my grandmother's house reminds of every single event and memory I have there, in the sense it makes me very happy when I visit it. To conclude, my grandmother's house is not just a structure, but it is more than that because it is a symbol of comfort and love. Its holds a great memories that unite our family and make them live in a lasting harmony. I think that there is no house that resembles my grandmother's house; I cannot forget or live without it