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Comparative Elite Sport Development systems structures
and public policy 1st Edition Barrie Houlihan Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Barrie Houlihan, Mick Green
ISBN(s): 9780750682817, 0080554423
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.09 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
Comparative Elite Sport
Development:
systems, structures and
public policy
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Comparative Elite Sport
Development: systems,
structures and public
policy
Barrie Houlihan
Professor of Sport Policy
Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Loughborough University
Mick Green
Lecturer in Sport Management and Policy
Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Loughborough University
Copyright © 2008
Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone (44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (44) (0) 1865 853333;
email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online
by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting
Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its
books on acid-free paper whenever possible
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8281-7
08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my dad (‘Tiny’ Green), sadly not here to see this book
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Contents
List of contributors xi
List of figures xii
List of tables xiii
2 China 26
Fan Hong
Introduction 27
The origin and development of the Chinese
elite sport system 27
The characteristics of the ‘whole country support
for the elite sport system’ (Juguo tizgi) 36
Elite athlete development 38
Elite sport system critique 44
The strategy of winning Olympic medals
in 2008 46
Conclusion 49
References 50
● ● ● ●
vii
Contents
3 Japan 53
Mayumi Ya-Ya Yamamoto
Introduction 54
Current structure of the elite sport system 54
The development of elite sport policy in Japan 58
Four dimensions of the elite sport infrastructure
in Japan 63
Talent identification system and the
development of potential athletes 72
Competition opportunities for young athletes 74
Distinctive features of the Japanese elite
sport system 76
Conclusion 78
Notes 79
References 79
4 Singapore 83
Lionel Teo
Introduction 84
Development of sports excellence in Singapore 86
National sport associations 91
Dimensions of elite sport policy development 92
Summary of key issues 104
Recent developments and future directions of
elite sport policy in Singapore 105
Conclusions 108
References 109
5 Germany 115
Karen Petry, Dirk Steinbach and Verena Burk
Introduction 116
Development and structure of the German
(top level) sports system 116
Dimensions of elite sport development in
Germany 127
Conclusions 142
Notes 143
References 144
6 France 147
Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and
Luc Nikonoff
Introduction 148
Characteristics of the French model of
elite sport 151
Tensions, conflicts, and the future 156
Conclusions 164
● ● ● ●
viii
Contents
Notes 164
References 165
7 Poland . 166
Jolanta Zyśko
Introduction 167
Elite sport in Poland 167
Changes in the system of elite sport
governance 178
Discussion of the elite sport system 184
Conclusions 190
Notes 191
References 192
8 Norway 194
Pål Augestad and Nils Asle Bergsgard
Introduction 195
The elite sport system in Norway 195
The infrastructure of elite sport 198
Focusing events 206
Government and elite sport 208
The Norwegian way 210
Concluding remarks 213
Notes 214
References 215
9 New Zealand 218
Shane Collins
Introduction 219
Current structure of the elite sport system 219
Increasing government intervention 221
The business of elite sport 225
Important dimensions of elite sport
development 232
Conclusion 239
References 240
10 United States 242
Emily Sparvero, Laurence Chalip and
B. Christine Green
Introduction 243
Federal involvement in elite sport 243
Athlete pathways 249
Success of American athletes 253
Research and development 259
Elite sport development amid the chaos 260
Observations and implications 268
References 270
● ● ● ●
ix
Contents
11 Conclusion 272
Mick Green and Barrie Houlihan
Introduction 273
Common pressures for convergence 273
Mechanisms for convergence and processes
of learning 278
An assessment of the three ‘explanations’ 288
References 291
Index 295
● ● ● ●
x
List of contributors
● ● ● ●
xi
List of figures
● ● ● ●
xii
List of tables
● ● ●
xiii
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C H A P T E R
• • • • 1
Comparative elite sport
development
Barrie Houlihan and Mick Green
Comparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policy
Introduction
In the 4 years prior to the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, the
UK government allocated around £70 million in direct financial
support to UK athletes. At the Games, the Great Britain and
Northern Ireland team obtained a total of 30 medals, 9 of which
were gold – an approximate cost of £2.3 million per medal. In
the run up to the Beijing Games in 2008, the government has
allocated a sum of £75 million in direct financial support. The
United Kingdom is far from being alone in providing substan-
tial support for its elite, and especially, Olympic athletes. The
poor performance by the Australian team at the 1976 Montreal
Olympics prompted a government enquiry which led to sus-
tained and substantial investment of public funds in elite train-
ing facilities such as the Australian Institute of Sport and in
direct support to athletes and domestic Olympic sports federa-
tions. At around the same time, the government of the German
Democratic Republic (GDR; former East Germany) was
reputed to be spending about 1 per cent of its gross domestic
product on elite sport. As Bergsgard et al. (2007, p. 170) note,
government resources ‘were very much concentrated in high
performance training centres in Berlin where there was a substan-
tial “over-employment” of support personnel’. A DSB official
reported, following reunification, that ‘when we took over, in
East Berlin in track and field, we took over 65 physiotherapists.
Each individual athlete had his own …’. Even in free market,
non-interventionist and decentralised political systems, such as
the United States, draconian government intervention in sport
was not unusual if it was deemed necessary to protect elite
sport success. For example, in 1978 the US Congress legislated
to resolve the long-standing dispute between the National
Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Amateur
Athletic Union (AAU) for control over elite track and field
athletes (cf. Hunt, 2007). The Amateur Sports Act marginalised
the AAU and gave the US Olympic Committee primary
responsibility for the preparation of teams to represent the
United States.
There are a variety of explanations why such a diverse range
of governments should be so concerned with elite sport success
which include international prestige and diplomatic recogni-
tion, ideological competition and a belief that international
sporting success generates domestic political benefits ranging
from the rather nebulous ‘feel good factor’ to more concrete eco-
nomic impacts associated with the hosting of elite competitions.
In recent years hosting major sports events has been, for a num-
ber of countries, an important element in various forms of
● ● ● ●
2
Comparative elite sport development
● ● ● ●
3
●
●
●
Table 1.1 Factors contributing to elite success
4
Factors Oakley and Green Digel UK Sport (SPLISS Green and Houlihan
Consortium)
Contextual An excellence culture Support, especially Financial support Support for ‘full-time’
financial, of the state athletes
Appropriate funding Economic success and Participation in sport
business sponsorship
A media supported Scientific research
positive sports culture
Processual Clear understanding of the Talent development through Talent identification and
role of different agencies the education system development system
Simplicity of administration Talent development through Athletic and post-career
the armed forces support
Effective system for monitoring Integrated approach to
athlete progress policy development
Talent identification and Coaching provision and
targeting of resources coach development
Comprehensive planning
system for each sport
Lifestyle support
Specific Well-structured competitive Sports science support International A hierarchy of competition
programmes services competition opportunities centred on
preparation for
international events
Well-developed specific Training facilities Elite facility development
facilities
The provision of coaching,
sports science and sports
medicine support services
Sources: Digel (2002a, b); Green and Houlihan (2005); Oakley and Green (2001); and UK Sport (2006).
Comparative elite sport development
● ● ● ●
5
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HALLATUNTURIN LAPSET
Kirj.
Laura Fitinghoff
Suomensi
Dagmar Klemetti
Porvoossa, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1911.
KATOVUOSI JA PETTULEIPÄ.
Ensimäinen luku.
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Mutta Helokki…"
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kovalla äänellä tullakseen kuulluksi. Hän kulki nimittäin etunenässä
ja veti kelkkaa nuora olkapään yli kiskottuna.
"Ei niillä ole nälkä, eikä niiden liioin tarvitse kuoliaaksi paleltua."
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