Islamiyat O'Level Notes

O'level Islamiat Notes Farkhanda Noor Muhammad/Sir Iftikhar, According to

Updated Islamiyat Syllabus (2058). Paper 1 and Paper 2 Tropical Islamiyat Notes
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Thursday 22 September 2016
Life and Importance of Prophet Muhammad
Section Three: Life and Importance of Prophet Muhammad

Birth and Upbringing:

 The prophet (PBUH) was born on 12th Rabi-ul-Awal, 570 A.D.
 His father had died six months before his birth.
 At his birth, he was given to his foster mother, Halima Saadia, who took
him to a village and he returned at the age of six.
 When he came back, his mother, Aamnah, took him to Yasrib to meet a
few relatives and visit the grave of the Prophet’s father.
 However, on their way back Hazrat Aamnah fell ill and died.
 The Prophet was escorted back by a slave girl Umm-e-Aymen.
 \Back in Makkah, the Prophet’s grandfather, Abdul Mutalib took his
custody; but he too passed away two years later.
 So, now, the prophet’s paternal uncle, Abu Talib, took his care and trained
him as a shepherd.
 Once, the Prophet was accompanying his uncle on a trade journey to
Syria, when on their way they met a Christian Monk, Bahira. Bahira
recognized in the prophet, signs of prophet hood and cautioned them to
not continue their journey ahead.
 When the prophet was 15 years old, war broke out between two tribes. '
  The Prophet accompanied his uncles in this war – known as the
sacrilegious war – but he had no major role in them apart from collecting
arrows thrown by the enemy and handing them over to his uncles.
 After this war, a committee was formed in Makkah to prevent further
bloodshed.
 This was called the Half-ul-Fazul, and the Prophet was not only present but
actively participated.
 He is reported to have said: “I was present at the house of Abdullah Bin
Judan at so excellent a pact that if toady in Islam I were summoned unto it
I would gladly respond”.

Marriage to Khadija:
 During his early years, the Prophet came to be known as Al-Sadiq and Al-
Amin.
 In such times, a widow trader, Hazrat Khadija, needed a trustworthy
person to carry her goods to Syria.
 She heard of the good character of the prophet and decided to hire him.
 She sent her slave girl Maisara along on the trade expedition, and when
they returned not just had the Prophet made huge profits, but Maisara
spoke a lot good about the Prophet. Hazrat Khadija was so impressed that
she sent a marriage proposal to the Prophet, which was accepted on his
behalf by Abu Talib, his uncle.,
 Although Hz. Khadija was 15 years older than the Prophet, they had a
successful marriage and had 6 children, 2 of whom died in infancy.

Fixing of Black Stone:

 Later, once, when the Ka’abah was being rebuilt, the issue of fixing the
black stone aroused. Everybody wanted to this prestigious task and none
was willing to compromise; so much so that bloodshed was feared.
 In such a hostile situation, an elderly man suggested that anybody who
entered the Ka’abah first would make the decision.
 Fortunately, it was the Holy Prophet who made a very wise decision.
 He laid the stone on a sheet and told the leaders of the tribes to hold the
sheet from each corner and lift it up.
 When the stone reached the desired level, the Prophet picked the stone
and placed it on its position. Thus everyone was happy.
 Gradually, when the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, he used to take
dates and water and meditate in the cave of Hira, pondering over the ill
practices of Arabs.
The Main Events of His Activities in Makkah and Experience with
Opponents:·
First Revelation:
 When the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, in 610 A.D, he would take
dates and water along and meditate in the cave of Hira.
 He used to ponder over the god of his fore fathers, especially Hazrat
Ibrahim and he detested the ill practices of the Arabs.
 One such day, towards the end of Ramzan an angel appeared before him
and asked him to read.
 The Prophet replied that he could not read since he had not received any
formal education. The angel then hugged him tightly and asked him again
to read.
 The Prophet again replied that he could not read.
 The angel again squeezed the Prophet tighly and repeated his demand for
the third time. The Prophet finally asked, what should I read?
 In response, the angel recited the first 4 verses of Surah Alaq:
 Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out
of a clot of congealed blood: 3. Proclaim! And your Lord is most
bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what he
did not know.
 After the Prophet had recited these verses, the angel disappeared.
 In confusion, the Prophet ran out of the cave.
 Outside, he saw the angel filling the horizon and then he heard a
voice: “O Muhammad! You are the messenger of Allah and I am
Jibrael”.
 The Prophet ran to his house and asked Hazrat Khadija to cover him up in
a blanket.
 He then narrated the entire incident to her.
 On hearing the entire account, Hazrat Khadija pacified him by
saying: “you have never done any wrong to anyone. You are kind
to the others and help the poor. Allah will not let you down”.
 Hazrat Khadija later took the Prophet to her cousin and Christian scholar,
Warqah-bin-Naufil.
 Warqah confirmed the prophet hood of the prophet and said that he had
been visited by the same angel who had visited other prophets.
 He also forewarned that the Prophet will be expelled from his own city by
his own people.
Opposition and Persecution by the Quraish:

During his early years, the Prophet had to face severe persecution and
opposition from the Quriash, some examples are mentioned below:
 When the prophet first called them to Islam at the mount of safa, he was
ridiculed and made fun of.
 Once, when the Prophet was praying a Quraish threw the intestines of a
camel on his back while he was prostrating.
 Umm-e-Jabeel, the wife of Abu Lahb, used to throw thorny bushes on the
path of Prophet.
 Abu Lahb told his sons to divorce their wives who were the Prophet’s
Daughters, just to add to his worries.
 During the tie when there was a gap between the revelations the makkans
used to mock the Prophet that his God had abandoned him.
 A lady used to throw rubbish on the Prophet.
 The makkans wrote poems to ridicule the Prophet and called him a
magician.
 They also offered him bribes like making him king or marrying him to the
prettiest girl so that he would stop preaching Islam.
 When both of the Prophet’s sons passed away in infancy, the Quraish
called him “abtar” – he who has no male descendants.
 In between such persecutions, Prophet’s wife Hazrat Khadija and his uncle
Hazrat Abu Talib passed away. This was a huge loss for the Prophet
because both of them had been a source of immense support for the
Prophet. It was because of this tragic loss that the Prophet called this year
the year of grief.
 Sometime later, the Prophet visited Taif to preach Islam. He was
accompanied by his adopted son Zaid Bin Haris. When the Prophet
called the people of Taif to Islam, he had to face a very negative response.
The young boys of Taif hurled stones at the Prophet and was forced to
retreat in a badly bleeding condition.
 The final blow was when the Makkans gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and
made a plan to assassinate the Holy Prophet, so much so that he and his
followers were forced to migrate to Madinah.
 Not only the Prophet himself, but his followers also had to face
maltreatment and the hands of Quraish. Cited below are some examples:
 Hazrat Bilal – an Abyssinian slave – was tortured by his master Ummaya
Bin Khalf. Ummaya would tie a rope around Hazrat Bilal’s neck and drag
him on the streets. He would also make Hazrat Bilal on burning coal and
place a stone on his chest so that he could not move. Yet, Hazrat Bilal
 never renounced his faith and remained steadfast. He was later freed by
Hazrat Abu Bakr.
 Hazrat Abu Bakr himself was tied with a rope along with Hazrat Talha.
 Hazrat Usman was tortured by his very own uncle.
 Hazrat Zinra was persecuted to an extent that she lost her eye sight.
 Hazrat Talha and Zubair were dragged in streets and suffocated.
 The parents were of Hazrat Ammar Bin Yasir were tortured to death.
Infact, his mother Hazrat Summayah was the first female martyr of Islam.
 Suhaib Rumi eventually lost control of what he said due to extensive
persecution.
 Khabab bin Arrat was made to lie on burning coal.
 Abu Fukaih, too, was made too loe on hot burning stones until his tongue
dropped out.
 Abu Zarr Ghaffari was attacked by a crowd of non believers and he fell
down senseless.
 For 3 whole years, all the people of Bani Hashim except Abu Jahl were
forced to leave in a secluded valley in the outskirts of Makkah. A total
boycott, social and economic was done with them so much so that they
ahd to survive on boiled leather for food.

Migration To Abyssinia:
 The hardships and suffering of the Muslims increased.
 The Prophet gave permission to a group of Muslims to migrate to
Abyssinia.
 Accordingly, in the fifth year of prophet hood, a group of eleven men and
four women secretly left for Abyssinia, these included Hazrat Usman and
his wife Ruqqaya, daughter of the Prophet.
 The followed another group of 70 men including Hazrat Jafar, son of Abu
Talib.
 Although the Quraish tried to follow the emigrants and bring them back,
they failed.
 In fact, Najashi the king of Abyssinia treated the Muslims very kindly.

Boycott:
 During the early years in Makkah, the believers had to face severe
persecutions at the hands of Quraish.
  The Quraish tried their best to harass the Muslims and make them
denounce their faith.
 Yet the Muslims remained steadfast, proving that they could even risk their
lives for Islam.
 It was because of this steadfastness that they were able to live through
the three years in the secluded valley –Shib Abi Talib.
 Situation got so worse that the people had to survive on leather and boiled
leaves.
 Echoes of crying children were heard from the valley.
 Eventually, after 3 years of immense hardships, the hearts or Quraish
melted and they lifted the ban.

Year of Grief:
 The 3 tough years had just ended when another blow came to the Prophet
in the form of his uncle, Abut Talib’s death.
 He was the same uncle who had bought up the Prophet and showered on
him his love and affection.
 His death worried the Prophet a lot as his influential status was a source of
protection for the Prophet.
 The very same year, the wife of Prophet also passed away.
 Hazrat Khadija had provided the Prophet with financial and moral support
and her death was a very saddening event for the Prophet.
 After these two great losses the Prophet called this year the year of grief
and did not feel secure in Makkah for now he had little protection left.
Visit to Taif:
 While the Prophet was just recovering from this loss, he decided to focus
on the expansion of Islam.
 Therefore, he travelled to the valley of Taif along with his adopted son,
Zaid Bin Haris, to preach Islam.
 His message was not at all welcomed there in fact young boys hurled
stones at him until he bled.
 Eventually, the Prophet took refuge in a nearby orchard and when an
angel asked about punishing the people, the Prophet refused recognizing
their influence and in fact prayed for them.
 After this event he realized that he needed another place to preach Islam
as it was certainly not acceptable to the people of Taif or Makkah.

Mairaj:
  In the 10th year of prophethood, the prophet was taken for Isra and
Mairaj.
 While the Holy Prophet was asleep in his house, Jibrael (A.S) came and
took him to Ka’abah, where the Prophet rode a mule like animal called
Burraq.
 It took him to Jerusalem where the Holy Prophet offered two Rakat.
 He again rode the Burraq and they reached the heavens.
 The prophet was taken to all seven heavens where he met various
prophets.
 Angel Jibrael then led them to the lote tree beyond which the angel
couldn’t go but the Prophet was permitted to go.
 Allah spoke to him directly over there and the last verses of Surah Baqarah
were revealed. 5 prayers a day were also made compulsory here.

Pledges of Aqabah:
 On his return from Taif, Prophet resumed his preaching, concentrating
more on outsiders who came to Makkah for pilgrimage.
 In the eleventh year of Prophet Hood, six pilgrims from the tribe of Khazraj
in Madinah came to Makkah.
 The Prophet called them to Islam and they embraced faith.
 Next year, 12 people from Yasrib met the Prophet at Aqabah, accepted
faith, agreed to abstain from idol worship, cruelty and falsehood, lead a
righteous life and believe in one God.
 This was called the First Pledge of Aqabah.
 These newly converts promised to spread Islam in Yasrib and the Prophet
sent 2 people with them to preach Islam to the residents of Yasrib.
 In the 13th year of prophet hood, a delegation consisting of 75 people
came from Yasrib to take the same pledge which was now called the 2nd
pledge of Aqabah.
 They also invited the Prophet to Yasrib and pledged full support for him
and his followers. This made the Prophet realize that the people of Yasrib
were keen to accept Islam and their hospitality could be beneficial to
Islam.
 The main events of his activities in Medina, his leadership of the
community there and his conflicts with the Makkans and others

Main events of Migration:

  The Prophet allowed his followers to migrate to Yasrib.
 When the Quraish got to know of it, they gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and
unanimously decided to assassinate the Prophet.
 Allah informed the prophet about this plot through a revelation and
permitted him to leave. Prophet asked Hazrat Ali to sleep in his bed to fool
the Quraish and also to return the valuable people had kept with the
Prophet.
 The Prophet then left for Madinah with Hazrat Abu Bakar.
 They were aware that they were being pursued by the Quraish; therefore
they decided to hide in a cave, named Saur, for some time.
 They stayed for 3 days. When the Quraish came looking for the Prophet,
they did not bother looking inside the cave as a pigeon had laid eggs at
the threshold of the cave, a spider had formed a web and branches of a
tree were covering the entrance – these were all miracles of Allah.
 During this stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was worried so the Prophet consoled him
by saying: “have no fear for Allah is with us”.
 During their stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was bit by a snake but he did not even
shout as the Prophet was sleeping in his lap and he did not want to disturb
him.
 This shows how much he cared for the Prophet. While their stay in the
cave, Hazrat Abu Bakr’s son, Abdullah used to bring them news about the
Quraish and his daughter, Asma, would bring them food supplies.
 After three days when the Prophet and Hazrat Abu Bakar were sure that
the Quraish were no longer following them, they continued their journey.
 They again stopped at Quba for 14 days where Hazrat Ali joined them and
the 1st mosque of Islam was built.
 When the people of madinah heard of their arrival, they were anxiously
waiting.
 Upon their arrival, they publicly welcomed them wholeheartedly and
young girls even sang songs for the Prophet.
 Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that
his camel was under divine instructions so he would stay where the camel
stopped.
 The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and
the Prophet decided to build a mosque on that place after paying the
orphans its price.
 Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.

Mosque of the Prophet:

  Upon his arrival, they publicly welcomed the Prophet wholeheartedly and
young girls even sang songs for him.
 Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that
his camel was under divine instructions so he would stay where the camel
stopped.
 The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and
the Prophet decided to build a mosque on that place after paying the
orphans its price.
 Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.
 This mosque was known as the Mosque of the Prophet – Masjid-e-Nabawi.
 The materials used for the construction included unbaked bricks which
were used to make the walls.
 The roof was made of mud and date palm leaves.
 Trunks of date palm were used as pillars.
 A large platform with a thatched roof was built in one of the corners. It was
known as Suffah. The Prophet himself took part in building the mosque
and was assisted by many of his companions.
 It served as a residential place for the Prophet and his family.
 It also became the political and military head quarter of the state and
served as an institute of learning.

Brotherhood:

 The makkans had left their families and belongings in Makka and now they
needed financial support.
 Therefore, each emigrant was paired with an Ansar –the people of Medina
– and they were declared as brothers.
 The Ansars shared all their wealth and property with the emigrants and
they were even allowed to inherit from them.
 In some cases, they even shared wives.
 The Ansar offered endless support to the emigrants and tried their best to
facilitate them.
 The emigrants, on the other hand, did not become a burden on the Ansar
and soon started living independently.
Covenant of Medina:
  In his attempt to achieve good relations with all the inhabitants of Medina,
the Prophet devised the Covenant of Medina.
 He drew a covenant with the people of the town, whether Muslims or non
Muslims (including Jews) which clearly defined the duties and privileges of
all the people. It said:
1. All people of Medina would defend the city collectively
2. There would be complete religious freedom for all
3. If a conflict arises within the Medinites, the Prophet will be consulted for
decision.

Battle of Badr:

 The trade caravans of the Quraish used to pass through Madinah,.

 The Prophet decided to threaten the caravans which would hurt the
Quraish economically. He started sending parties to watch the caravans.
 In 624 A.D, Abu Sufyan, the leader of Quraish was coming from Syria with
a huge trading caravan. He was afraid that the Muslims might intercept his
caravan and therefore he summoned troops from Makkah.
 Hence an army of 1000 men came to escort the caravan.
 Although the caravan safely reached Makkah, yet Abu Jahl insisted on
fighting the Muslims. So, Quraish, with an army of 1000 men marched
towards Medina.
 When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions and decided
to fight them outside Medina.
 The Muslims raised an army of 313 men.
 Both the armies met at Badr. The Quraish had arrived first so they
occupied all the important positions.
 The area that Muslims got was sandy land.
 That night, Allah sent down rain and not only were the Muslims able to
collect ample water but their land also got smooth.
 The Quraish heavily outnumbered the Muslims and so the Prophet spent
the entire night praying to Allah.
 Allah responded to his prayers by sending heavenly assistance.
 Regarding this, the Quran says: “remember ye implored the
assistance of thy Lord and he answered I will assist you with a
thousand angels, ranks on ranks”.
  Initially whne the battle started; there was a single combat in which Hazrat
Ali Hazrat Hamza and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah fought against Utba,
Sheeba and Waleed.
 After the Muslim success in the single combat, general fighting began.
 While the battle was going on, the Prophet prayed to Allah saying: “O
Allah! If this small band of men perishes today there will be no
one left to worship you and your faith will be destroyed forever”.
 This shows that the Prophet was constantly seeking Allah’s help and
Allah’s help did arrive for despite being less in number, Muslims were able
to defeat the Quraish.
 Even Abu Jahl, the leader of Quraish was killed by Abdullah Bin Masood.
 Overall, 70 pagans were killed and 70 were taken as captives, the Prophet
treated the prisoners of war humanely and many were freed.
 On the other hand, only 14 Muslims were martyred. A large amount of
booty was also captured which was distributed among the Muslims.

Battle of Uhad:
 After the defeat of Battle of Badr, the Quraish were waiting to take
revenge.
 They included those who had lost their family members at Badr and those
who had invested their profits in the war.
 They instigated the Quraish leader, Abu Sufyan, to wage war.
 Therefore, the Quraish prepared an army of 3000 men and marched
towards Medina in 625 A.D under the leadership of Abu Sufyan.
 When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions.
 Although he himself was in favor of fighting inside Medina, upon the
suggestion of most of the companions it was decided that they would
outside Medina.
 Initially, the Muslim army consisted of 1000 men but 300 hypocrites left
the army under the leadership of Abdullah Bin Ubayy saying that their
demand of fighting inside Medina was not fulfilled so they would not fight.
 Therefore, the remaining 700 people marched towards Uhad.
 In the battlefield, the Prophet appointed 50 archers under the command of
Abdullah Bin Jubair to guard a pass.
 The Prophet clearly instructed them to not leave the pass under any
circumstances.
  Initially, when the battle started, Muslims had an upper hand and they
were successful in defeating the Quraish such that the Quraish were
began to flee, leaving behind a lot of booty.
 When the archers saw this, they too left their posts and came to collect
the spoils of war, assuming that the war was over. However, when Khaild
Bin Waleed saw the pass unguarded,
 he along with his companions attacked from the rear.
 At this point, the victory of Muslims turned into a near defeat. As the
Quraish had attacked from the back, Muslims did not know what to do and
chaos & panic prevailed.
 In this confusion, the Prophet himself was attacked and badly wounded.
 He even lost two of his teeth, and became unconscious for some time.
 The nearest of the Prophet’s companions formed a defensive ring around
him, yet rumors spread that the Prophet had been martyred.
 However, the Prophet tried to control the situation and lessened the
panic.
 Over all, the Muslims suffered heavy losses and 70 of them were
martyred.
 These martyrs included Hazrat Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet, who had
been killed by a slave Wahshi, upon the instructions of Hinda, the wife of
Abu Sufyan.
 Hinda later chewed the dead body and mutilated it to avenge her father’s
death at the hands of Hazrat Hamza.

Battle of Trench:
 After the Battle of Uhad, the Muslims were able to regain their former
position.
 The Quraish could not reconcile themselves with the growing power of
Muslims and felt threatened.
 Meanwhile, the Jewish tribe of Banu Nazir who had settled at Khyber kept
on plotting against the muslims. Their chiefs went to Makkah and asked
for help against the Muslims, which the Quraish agreed to give.
 Then they went to Ghatafan tribe and gained their support too.
 Some other tribes also agreed to give full support against the Muslims, so
with an army of 10,000 men under the command of Abu Sufyan they
marched to Medina in 5 A.H. when the Prophet came to know of this, he
consulted his companions.
 Hazrat Salman Farsi, who was a Persian, suggested that a trench be built.
 This suggestion was unanimously accepted by all.
  As medina was safe from all other sides, a trench was built only in the
north. '
 The Prophet himself took part in digging the trench.
 It took 8 days to build a trench 15 feet deep and 3 km wide, 3000
companions took part in digging the Trench. '
 When the Quraish arrived, they were shocked and did not know what to do
as this trench was far beyond their imagination.
 Despite several attempts, the Quraish were unable to cross the trench and
so they camped behind it.
 Minor skirmishes took place for a couple of days in which Muslims had an
upper hand. Whenever, a person would attempt to cross the Trench,
Muslims would hurl stones and arrows.
 Muslims had to remain vigilant throughout and could not even assemble
for prayer. Meanwhile, Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe residing in medina
violated the covenant of Medina and decided to attack from inside
Medina.
 The Prophet sent a detachment to watch and this threat was successfully
eliminated.
 The siege of Quraish lasted for a month after which a terrible storm came
which blew away their camps and they were forced to flee.
 Thus Muslims gained victory.

Treaty Of Hudaybia:

 In 628 A.D, the Prophet dreamt that he was entering the holy Ka’abah.
 So, he planned to go to Makkah for the lesser pilgrimage. In the month of
Dhul-Qadah, the Prophet along with 1400 unarmed companions left for
Makkah.
 Although they had no intention of waging war and were unarmed yet their
huge number surprised the Quraish and so they weren’t allowed to enter
Makkah.
 Instead, to resist their entry they sent a force under Khalid Bin Waleed and
Ukrama Bin Jahl.
 The prophet did not want to fight so he diverted his route.
 The Muslims camped at a place called Hudaybia about 3 miles from
Makkah.
 From here, the Prophet sent a messenger to the Quraish to tell them that
they had not come to fight.
 But that messenger never returned.
  The prophet sent another messenger, who, too did not return and so
eventually the prophet sent Hazrat Usman due to his high reputation
among the Quraish.
 When the Quraish had detained Hazrat Usman for a while rumors spread
that he had been killed.
 Therefore the prophet called his companions to take a pledge to fight and
avenge the blood of Hazrat Usman.
 This was known as Bait-e-Rizwan.
 After this, Hazrat Usman returned, and negotiations started with the
Quraish, eventually a treaty known as the treaty of hudaybia was devised,.
Its terms were as follows:

1. The Muslims would not enter Makkah this year, but would return the
following year
2. Makkans taking refuge in Medina would be handed back but medinites
talking refuge in Makkah would not be returned
3. There will be no war for 10 years
4. Both makkans and Muslims would stay neutral if there was a war with
another group
5. Agreements could be made with other tribes.
 Apparently the terms did not favor the Muslims and many of the leading
companions like Hazrat Umar had objections, bur Allah himself
says: “verily have we granted thee a manifest victory”.

Conquest of Makkah:

 Two years after the treaty of Hudaybia, trouble arose. Banu Bakr, which
was an ally of the Quraish, attacked Banu Khuza, an ally of Muslims.
 Quraish provided Banu Bakr with weapons and some Quraish also took
part in fighting.
 As this was against the terms of treaty of hudaybia, so the leader of Banu
Khuza went to the Prophet to seek justice.
 On hearing this, the prophet laid down 3 alternatives before the Quraish:

1. Pay blood money to Banu Khuza

2. Break alliance with Banu Bakr
3. Dissolve treaty of Hudaybia
  The Quraish chose the 3rd option and thus the treaty was dissolved.
 However, later they realized that they had made the wrong decision so
their leader went to medina for negotiations.
 He guaranteed peace to the Prophet but the Prophet rejected his offer.
 In 630 A.D, the prophet with an army of 10,000 men marched towards
Makkah; he kept his plans a secret so that news wouldn’t reach Makkah.
 On reaching Makkah, he told his men to light their torches to show the
Quraish their strength.
 The Quraish were horrified to see such a large number of Muslims and Abu
Sufyan, immediately came to the Muslim camp and embraced Islam.
 The prophet divided his army into 4 squadrons and told them to conquer
different areas.
 He gave them special instructions to not shed innocent blood and not be
the first one to fight.
 He also said that anybody who took refuge in his own home or Abu
Sufyan’s home or Ka’abah was safe.
 Thus all the squadrons peacefully captured their areas although there was
some trouble in the south where Khalid Bin Waleed’s squadron was
attacked by the people of Banu Bakr. After this the Prophet entered the
Kabah and purified it by breaking the idols.
 Hazrat Bilal then said the Azaan and the prophet performed tawaaf.
 The prophet then gathered all the people on the mount of safa and
declared a general pardon for all except the 4 fiercest enemies of Islam,
seeing the magnanimity of the prophet many pagans accepted Islam.
 The prophet stayed in Makkah for 20 days and after making administrative
arrangements he went back to medina.

Revelation of Quran
 First Revelation
o At 40 Angel Jibrael appeared and told him to read as he was
meditating in the Cave of Hira
 o When he said he couldn’t, Jibrael squeezed him

o After the 3rd time, the Prophet (PBUH) agreed to read

o Then this was revealed: “Read! In the name of your Lord, who
created,
2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood: 3. Proclaim! And your Lord is
most bountiful, 4. He was taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what he did not
know.”
o Rushed outside where Jibrael introduced himself with his wings
spread in sky
o He ran to his wife Khadija

o Her cousin Warqa told him that the angel he saw brought
revelations to previous prophets
 Makki Surahs
o Surah’s revealed in Makkah

o 85 Surahs revealed between 610-622 AD

o Shorter in length with strong language

o Talks about Tawhid, ethics, past nations, preaching of Islam and

calmed Prophet (PBUH)
 Madni Surahs
o 29 Surahs revealed after migration to Madinah

o Longer in length

o Talks about Islamic laws, 5 pillars, and battles

 Conditions for revelations

o Could hear ringing sounds - hardest of all

o Perspired in the cold

o He became so heavy that the animal he was riding could feel his
weight
o Prophet (PBUH) said, “Never once did I receive a revelation without
thinking my soul had been torn away from me.”
o Zaid Bin Sabit said, “When the revelation came to him, he felt
intense heat.”
o A companion said that once he sat with his leg under Prophet
(PBUH)’s leg. A revelation came and he felt like his leg would crush
under its weight
 Preservation of Quran
o Literate companions wrote revelations
 o Written on pieces of leather, stone tablets, bones of camels and
palm tree leaves
o Came in portions according to the situation so not preserved
according to revelations
o Every Ramadan he would recite the Quran loudly and people would
compare their copies for accuracy
o Not compiled in a book form yet

Compilation of the Quran under Khalifas

 Under 1st Khalifa; Hazrat Abu Bakr
o There was no official copy of the Quran

o Many memorizers of the Quran died during the battle of Yamama

o Hazrat Umar realized soon, all Hafiz would die

o Thought it was necessary to make an official copy of the Quran so it

wouldn’t be distorted.
o Asked Hazrat Abu Bakr to compile the Quran

o Hazrat Abu Bakr hesitated at first but later agreed due to constant
persuading by Hazrat Umar.
o Zaid Bin Sabit was asked to compile the Quran

o He had the same reaction as Hazrat Abu Bakr

o He said: “Had I been asked to carry a mountain on my head, it

would have been a much easier task than to shoulder this
responsibility“
o A committee was set up, and the work began.

o Zaid collected all the verses of the Quran and followed the order
prescribed by the Prophet (PBUH)
o He verified everything from other memorizers of the Quran to
ensure it was flawless
o The compiled copy went from Hazrat Abu Bakr to Hazrat Umar to
Hazrat Hafsa
o Copy known as Mushaf-e-Hufsa

 Under 3rd Khalifa: Hazrat Usman

o A lot of land was conquered, and Islam expanded rapidly

o People started to recite the Quran in their own dialects, which

altered the true meaning
o Huzaifa bin Yaman reported it to the Hazrat Usman
 o He ordered Zaid Bin Sabit to make copies of the Quran in the
Quraish dialect
o Each copy was given to a province

o All the false copies were burnt

The Use of the Qur’an in Legal Thinking and its Relationship with the
Hadiths, Ijma and Qiyas
 Use of the Quran in Legal Thinking
o Quran: First source of Islamic law

o Independent and primary source

o Divine, eternal, and complete word of Allah

o Guidance for all Muslims

o Contains a code of conduct for leading lives

o Quran says, “and we have sent down to thee a book explaining all
things”
o Emphasizes Allah's sovereignty

o It deals with beliefs, morality, worship, civil transactions, and more

o Covers inheritance, theft, drinking, false accusations, etc.

o It says, “Woe to those that deal in fraud” and “We ordained therein
a life for life.”
o On war matters, it talks about the distribution of booty and the fair
treatment of prisoners
o It lays down rules for social life, commerce, economics, penal laws
and international relations
o Family law deals with marriage, divorce, and the treatment of
women, slaves and orphans. It says, “Come not nigh to the
Orphan’s property except to improve it.”
o The Quran forbids the unjust distribution of wealth

 Relationship of the Quran with Hadith

o Hadiths are words and actions of the Prophet (PBUH)

o They are 2nd primary source of Islamic Law

o They explain the Quran; Hazrat Ayesha said, “Life of Prophet (PBUH)
is an example of the Quran”
o It is used when the Quran is silent on a matter, e.g. inheritance
given to the grandmother is not mentioned in the Quran but comes
from Hadith.
 o In Quran, it is not told how to give Zakaat but the hadith say, “No
charity tax is due on property less than 5 Uqaiya, and no charity tax
is due on fewer than 5 camels, and no charity tax is due on fewer
than 5 wasq”
o Hadith also talks about how to pray and perform hajj and impurities
not explained in the Quran, “Pray as you see me praying.”
 Ijma
o Ijma is the consensus of opinion and is used when a matter arises
which is not in the Quran and Hadith
o A secondary source of Islamic Law

o He (pbuh) said, “My community will never agree upon an error.”

o IVF was allowed by Ijma

o Quran was compiled by ijma of companions

o Ijma is of 3 types

o Decisions made from ijma can’t contradict the Quran e.g. people
missed Friday prayer as they didn’t hear azaan so Umar through
Ijma introduced a 2nd azaan rather than allowing people to miss
prayers
 Qiyas
o It is last and secondary source of Islamic law

o It means deriving a law from another law when a matter can’t be

solved by any Quran Hadith or ijma
o Ayesha said wuzu is not permissible if flour dries on nails jurists
used this to prohibit nail polish
o It can only be done by leading jurists

o allowed Mu’az bin Jabaal to use his own opinion if a matter arises
that is not in the Quran and Sunnah
o The method of qiyas is:

 Asl: The teaching such as alcohol is khamar

 Far: The problem such as are drugs khamar
 Illa: linking the teachings that drugs are like alcohol
 Hukm: The judgment such as drugs are haram
o Qiyas also can’t cancel a teaching of the Quran