INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ANALYSIS

GENERAL

Safety analysis is a necessity in today's litigious society. Companies that do not analyze may not
prevent accidents which are preventable and may find their ability to defend themselves in a post
accident lawsuit compromised. The standard to which the courts hold management is prudence,
foresee ability, and reasonableness. Prudence requires that (1) production systems, products, and
facilities be analyzed for safety, and (2) proper preventive measures follow the analysis. A
prudent manager analyzes. Attempt must be made to foresee the foreseeable. This attempt must
be reasonable. The key is reason. Analysis is simply the application of reason. There are two
types of reason inductive and deductive. If a company can demonstrate that they made a
reasonable attempt to foresee the foreseeable by applying system safety analysis inductive and
deductive techniques and responding to the analyses with proper preventive actions, the
company has a strong legal position. They can show they were reasonable and prudent in trying
to foresee and avoid accidents, provided that they have carefully documented their efforts.

The philosophy developed by system safety engineers is that accident prevention can and must
begin as soon as the idea for a new system or operation is conceived. Methods of analyses have
been developed to this end which can be undertaken early. The analyses can indicate tentatively
any hazards that might be present in any proposed operation, the types and degrees of accidents
that might result from hazards, and the measures which can be taken to avoid or minimize
accidents or their consequences. As more and more details become available after the initial
analysis on the characteristics of the proposed system or operation, they can be expanded further
and further to determine more intimately where there might be potential causes of accidents,
their effects and safeguards needed. Almost 90 techniques have been developed, used, or
proposed. This chapter includes a few important ones to indicate some of the methodologies now
in wide use. This may make occupational safety engineers aware of some types of detailed
analyses they might want to undertake.

Some of these techniques start at the component level and reason upward to find what
"undesirable end events" might occur from that components fault or failure. These "bottom-up"
techniques are based on inductive reasoning. Some techniques start with the undesired event
which is to be avoided and reason down to identify which components of the system could
contribute to the undesired event through their fault or failure. In systems where there is a critical
potential for catastrophe, the prudent manager must make every effort to foresee and avoid the
catastrophe. Everything is not foreseeable, but the manager must make a thorough effort to
foresee when there is a potential for a catastrophe. This means the manager will use both
inductive and deductive system safety analysis, if feasible. Preferably, the inductive analysis will
be conducted blind to the deductive analysis, and vice versa. The results of the two analysis will
then be compared. Hopefully, the undesirable end events identified in the inductive analysis will
match those the deductive analysis started with; the component faults and failures identified in
the deductive analysis will match those components the inductive analysis started with. Where
the inductive and deductive techniques do not match, the deficient analysis is corrected. This
double-blind cross-check is a strong indicator of a reasonable effort to foresee the foreseeable,
and when accompanied by prudent corrective actions, places management in a very defensible
position.

PRELIMINARY HAZARDS ANALYSIS

The first method generally used in the systematic process of determining hazard causes, effects,
and deterrents is the preliminary hazards analysis. As its name implies. this is an initial study
from which analysis efforts can be expanded further. It is fairly broad in scope, investigates what
hazards might be present, whether they can be eliminated entirely, or if not, the best way to
control them. If the hazard cannot be eliminated, the analyst determines whether there are
standards or methods by which the hazard could, should, or must be controlled. A review is
made of the functions to be performed and whether the environments in which they must be
performed will have any adverse effects on personnel, equipment, facilities, or operations.
According to Greek mythology, Daedalus wanted to escape from Crete where he and his son
Icarus were being held captive by the king because of his skill as an artificer. Daedalus made
wings of feathers, flax, and beeswax with which he and lcarus could fly to Greece. Before they
flew off, Daedalus told Icarus:

My boy, take care

To wing your course

Along the middle air: If low, the surges

If high, the sun The melting wax consumes.

Daedalus's instruction to his son can be taken to be an elementary preliminary hazard

analysis. However, Daedalus, not being an experienced safety engineer, did not go far

modern Safety Analysis

Safety engineers are smarter than designers. We safety engineers can figure out potential ways
of getting killed which Daedalus didn't even consider, and we can even indicate safety measures
by which he could have prevented lcarus's accident (he flew too close to the sun, the wax melted
off his wings and he fell to his death). Modern designers, on the other hand are not nearly as
smart as Dardalus, they have never been able to figure out how to make flyable wings out of
feathers, flax, and beeswax.] Each product or operation have a limited number of hazards, which
can be determined as soon as a few facts are known. For example, the proposed product is to use
electrical power. The hazards, which can potentially be present when electrical power is in me,
could include any or all of the following electrical shock, burns from hot equipment, fire due to
arcing, sparking, or very hot surfaces; inadvertent starts of equipment, failure of equipment to
operate at a critical time so that an accident will occur, radiation effects, and electrical explosions.
Numerous conditions can lead to each of these, but these are the basic hazards. If the electrical
product uses small batteries such as for transistorized equipment, most of the hazards mentioned
will not present. The analysis can therefore be limited to those which could possibly exist, no
matter how improbable Progress of the design can be monitored thereafter to determine whether
the hazard can be eliminated; and if it cannot be, how best it could be controlled, and if it is
controlled, whether or not the control appears to be adequate and how the adequacy of the
control can be verified. At this point, very rough estimates might be made of the probability of
an accident due to that hazard, and of the severity of its probable effects.

A practice has been initiated in which the preliminary hazards analysis list, which is prepared in
tabular form, is broken down into individual items. Each item is recorded (Fig. 15-2) and then
tracked through development or modification of a system, product, or operation to ensure that
adequate consideration is given to its hazard elimination control. (To assist in the tracking,
visualizations, such as in the fault-tree method described later, can be used.) When all necessary
actions are completed to eliminate or acceptably control the hazard, the item is signed off, since
no further action is required. (An item should never be signed off with a comment that an action
will be taken, is scheduled to take place, or a similar entry Signoff is considered accomplished
only after the proposed action has been completed and shown to be adequate.) As design or
planning progresses, studies are made of the hardware and facilities through reviews of
assemblies of their major components, their proposed interrelationships and interfaces with each
other and with personnel, environments that could affect them, and the effects they could
generate on personnel, other components and assemblies, and the environment.

Some information does not lend itself well to an analysis presented solely in a tabular form. A
narrative format can then be added to include addition data. For example an analysis presented in
columnar form might indicate that a hazard was a accidental fire. To have a fire requires a fuel,
oxidizer, ignitable mixture, and source of ignition. Detailed information on each item could then
be listed separately, with details on the many facts, oxidizers, and sources of modern Safety
Analysis.
A practice has been initiated in which the preliminary hazards analysis list, which is prepared in
tabular form, is broken down into individual items. Each item is recorded and then tracked
through development or modification of a system, product, or operation to ensure that adequate
consideration is given to its hazard elimination control. (To assist in the tracking, visualizations,
such as in the fault-tree method described later, can be used.) When all necessary actions are
completed to eliminate or acceptably control the hazard, the item is signed off, since no further
action is required. (An item should never be signed off with a comment that an action will be
taken, is scheduled to take place, or a similar entry Signoff is considered accomplished only after
the proposed action has been completed and shown to be adequate.) As design or planning
progresses, studies are made of the hardware and facilities through reviews of assemblies of their
major components, their proposed interrelationships and interfaces with each other and with
personnel, environments that could affect them, and the effects they could generate on personnel,
other components and assemblies, and the environment.

FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS

One of the methods used to accomplish safety analyses has been derived from reliability
engineering Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). FMEA is an inductive technique. It is
used to determine how long a piece of complex equipment will operate satisfactorily and what
the effects of any failure of individual components might be. The method is intended for analyses
of proposed equipment and systems. An occasion might arise in which it would he highly
desirable for an occupational safety engineer to determine whether or not the manufacturer of
industrial equipment and system be to purchased and installed had had analysis made, and to
understand how failure might occur, modes and frequencies of failures, and the necessity for
proper and timely maintenance and replacements

In this method of analysis, the constituent major assemblies of the product to be analyzed are
listed .Each assembly broken down into subassemblies and their components. Each component is
studied to determine how it could malfunction and cause downstream effects. Effect might result
on other components, and then higher-level subassemblies, assemblies, and the entire product or
system Failure rates for each item are determined and listed. The calculations are used to
determine how long a piece of hardware is expected to operate between failures, and the overall
probability that it will operate for a specific length of time. It is the best and principal means of
determining where components and designs must be improved to increase the operational life of
a product. It is best used to analyze how often and when parts must be replaced if a failure,
possibly affecting safety, must be avoided
Until the use of Boolean mathematics, described in the next paragraph, FMEA calculations were
often erroneous, Also, because many component failures would have to effect on safety, that
aspect of an FMEA does not involve accident possibilities. Also failure modes and effects
analysis is limited to determination of all causes and effects, hazardous or not. Further, the
FMEA does very little to analyze problem which could arise from operator errors (unless the
system analysis includes the human as a component), or hazardous characteristics of equipment
created by had design of adverse environments (unless the scope of the analysis includes these
elements). The FMEA is excellent for determining optimum points for improving and controlling
product quality. Another method, fault-tree analysis has been found more effective for safety
purposes

FAULT-TREE ANALYSIS (FTA)

In 1959 the Air Force became concerned with the potentially catastrophic events that could occur
with the Minuteman missile then being developed by Boeing. The Air Force contracted with Bell
Laboratories to develop a method of analysis by which probabilities of occurrence of events
with which they were concerned could be computed. The Air Force wanted to know the
possibilities and probabilities that a missile could be launched or a warhead activated
inadvertently, and the chance of either of these being done intentionally by an unauthorized
person in an act al sabotage. Two years later Bell Laboratories completed the project. The new
method, fault-tree analysis involved Boolean logic in ways similar to those being used
increasingly in Analysis electronics industries. It is a deductive technique Safety engineers of
the Boeing Company adopted the proposed method and became its foremost proponents. They
added to the symbols that Hell Laboratories had proposed They organized the method so it could
be computerized to permit calculating the probabilities of the problem with which the analyst
was concerned Although still used to determine probabilities of shapes in complex systems or
operations, fault tree analysis is being used far more frequently in logically analyze the
possibilities of potential accidents due to hazards, and the quantitative safety level,

At first the fact that Boolean logic (and arithmetic), with which few engineers were familiar at
the time was its basis gave many people the impression the method could be used only by
mathematicians (Some of the first Boeing employees involved in making those early safety
analyses were mathematicians) It turned out that Boolean logic was fairly simple to understand.
One of the fundamental principles is that any statement, condition, act, situation, or process
could be described as being in cither one of two states Something could be true or false, on or off,
up or down-but not both, it would go or not go; or it could be fully open or not fully open (closed
or partially open). There were no middle intermediate positions.

FAULT-TREE SYMBOLS

Primary Event Symbols

Basic Event, such as a component failure Circle.

-Conditioning Event, a condition which must be satisfied before the event above the gate can
occur- Ellipse

- Undeveloped Event, an event not fully developed because of a lack of infor mation or
significance - Diamond

Normal Event, expected to occur during system operation-House-shape

Intermediate and Top Event Symbol

-Output Event, those that should be developed or analyzed further to determine how they can
occur (the top output event is called the end event; others are called intermediate events) –
Rectangle for gate): Any event leading into it from underneath will cause the event leading out of
it at the top to occur.

Limitations of Fault-Tree Analyses One of the very few limitations of fault-tree analysis is that
the tree indicates only the events included which will contribute to the occurrence of the top
event.

SAFETY ANALYSIS METHODS MANDATED FOR PROCESS SAFETY

MANAGEMENT

Safety analysis techniques are now mandated by regulations for some industries. This program
requirement is examined below, and the techniques it suggests that are not already covered in
this chapter are described and explained.

In the mid-1990s, Industries with processes that involved "highly hazardous chemicals" (HHC)
were placed under requirements by OSHA (29 CFR 1910.119) to conduct process hazard
analysis and have a process safety management program. The program is triggered by above-
threshold quantities of any of 136 different, listed chemicals. The purpose of this standard is to
prevent or minimize the consequences of a catastrophic release of toxic, reactive, flammable, or
explosive highly hazardous chemicals from their use, storage, manufacturing, handling or on-site
movement by industry.
The importance of this standard is that it requires safety analysis and names certain analytic
techniques to use or their equivalent. The employer shall one or more of the following
methodologies that are appropriate to determine and evaluate the hazards of the process being
analyzed... What-if, Checklist, What-if/Checklist. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP),
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis, or an appropriate equivalent
methodology" [29 CFR 1925.04(012))

What-if. In "What-if?" analysis, an analysis team reviews the covered process from beginning to
end. At each step in the process they think of questions that begin with "What-if... They address
procedural, hardware and software errors and produce a tabular listing of these questions and
their answers. This constitutes a set of potential accident scenarios, their consequences, and
remedial recommendations Report form can be narrative, but use of a matrix table often provides
clarity

Checklist. The "Checklist" method applies a list of specific items, usually from industry
standards, consensus codes, industry guidelines, etc. The list is prepared by an experienced
safety engineer, familiar with the covered process and the Limitations of Fault-Tree Analyses

Process Safety Management program

Process Safety Information

Requires compilation of written process safety information, including hazard information on

HHCS and information on technology and equipment at the covered process

Employee Involvement

Requires a written plan of action for involving employees in the conduct and development of
process hazard analyses and process safety management and for providing employees access to
the information required by the standard.

Process Hazard Analysis

Specifies that process hazard analysis be conducted and updated and revalidated at least every
five years. Must be retained for the life of the process

Operating procedure
 Requires these be in writing and include clear instructions for safely conducting activities of the
covered process Steps for each operating phase, operating limits, safety and health considerations
and safety systems and their functions must be readily accessible to involved workers. They must
reflect current operating practice, and must implement safe work practices for special
circumstances such as lockout/tag out and confined-space entry.

Training

Operators of the covered process must be trained in the overview of the process and in the
operating procedures. Training must emphasize specific safety and health hazards, emergency
operations, and safe work practices. Refresher training is required at least every three years.

Contractors

Contract employers are required to train their employees to safely perform their jobs at the
process site. Must document that employees received and understood training and sure that
contract employees know about the potential process hazards and the worksite employer's
emergency action plan. Most assure that contract employees follow safety rules of the facility
Must advise the worksite employer of hazards that contract work itself poses or hazards
identified by contract employees.

Prestart up Safety Review

A safety review is required for new facilities and significantly modified work sites to confirm
that the construction and equipment of a process are to design specs. Must assure that adequate
safety, operating, maintenance, and emergency procedures are in place and that process operator
training has been completed For new facilities process hazard analysis must be performed and its
outstanding section items resolved and safety implemented before startup. Modified facilities
must meet management of change requirements

Mechanical integrity

Written procedures must be established and maintained for the ongoing integrity of process
equipment, particularly those components which are part of a covered process.

Hot Work

Hot work permits must be issued for hot work operations conducted in or near a covered process

Management of Change

Written procedures must be established and implemented to manage changes to facilities that
affect a covered process Employees must be informed of changes

Incident Investigation
Require s employers to investigate as soon as possible, but no later than 48 hours after incidents
which did result or could reasonably have resulted in catastrophic releases of covered chemicals.
An investigation team which includes at least one person knowledgeable in the process
involved and others with knowledge and experience in incident investigation and analysis must
develop a written report on the incident. Reports must be retained for five years

Emergency Planning and Response Compliance Audits

An emergency action plan must be developed and implemented. It must include procedures for
handling small releases

Employers must certify that they have evaluated compliance with process safety

Requirements at fast every three years. Prompt response to audit findings and documentation
that deficiencies are corrected are required. The two most recent audit reports must be retained.

Trade Secret

Requires that certain information be available to employees Employers may enter into
confidentiality agreement with employees to prevent disclosure of trade secrets questionnaire be
applied to the covered process or system. Those parts of the design which are not adequate
should be revealed when the checklist is applied. Then corrective measures are identified. What-
it/Checklist. The What-if/Checklist Analysis uses the list of What-d questions and supplements
it with a checklist. Therefore, it is a combination of the two methods, as the name suggests.

Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), HAZOP addresses each element in a process. The
elements must first be identified. The expected way each element operates is determined.
Deviations from the intended or expected operations and parameters are identified using guide
words. The consequences from the deviating element are estimated Causes of the deviations,
currently planned (or used) hazard controls, and inadequate controls are identified. The study is
conducted by a team made up of five or six persons usually including a team leader familiar with
HAZOP safety and health expert, a manager/supervisor, a technical person, a senior process
operator, a maintenance person, a chemist, etc. The quality of the results will depend upon the
quality of the team selected. The team will start by collecting process information from piping
and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID), written operating instructions, material safety data sheets
plant models, Safety Analysis Reports (SARs), etc. They then review each element step by step
through each line or process. At each element they apply key words a guide words to tease out
the potential deviations from normal expectations of a design parameter.

The hazard and operability consequences, if any, for each deviation are determined and
documented. The actions or changes in plant methods which will prevent the deviation or reduce
the consequences are identified. If the cost of the changes can justified. the team then must agree
on the change and who will be responsible for the action. The team then must follow up to make
sure that the action has been taken If the cost is not considered to be justifiable, the team must
agree to accept the risk One of more reports of the evaluation are made, usually including tabular
representation of the results Team decision making is at the heart of this methodology This
technique as well as the others in this chapter are supported by software. The reader is advised to
"surf the net" for the latest. Arthur D. Little Company is one source.

HAZOP GUIDE WORDS

No/Not Complete negation of design intention Quantitative increase or decrease

No part of the design intention happens e.g “No flow”, No pressure” etc

More, less Quantitative increase or decrease

Refers to quantities properties and duration of design parameters, such as flow rate,
temperature ,etc

As well as Something else occurs in addition to design intention

Design intention are achieved, plus additional things occur.

Part of Only part of design is achieved

Partial addition or removal of material occurs. Activities are incomplete.

Reverse The opposite of the design intion

Reverse flow of material, electrical current.voltage polarity, Backward installation (e.g

check valve), opposite chemical reaction (eg.decomposition).

Other than Complete substitution

Original design intention is not accomplished, a different activity occurs-eg.leak.Rupture

Job Safety Analysis (JSA). The purpose of this technique is to uncover and correct hazards
which or intrinsic to or inherent in the workplace. It should be done with a team that includes the
worker, supervisor, safety engineer, and management. Its success depends upon the rigor this
team exercises during five steps: (1) Select a job, (2) Break the job down into steps (3) Identify
the hazards and determine the necessary controls of the hazards, (4) Apply the controls to the
hazards, and (5)Evaluate the controls

Eliminating, controlling, and minimizing hazards are becoming more and more necessary for
work plants to comply with the standards of regulatory agencies Formerly, chemical plants were
built in which hazardous environments existed and where operators were safeguarded,
theoretically, by use of protective equipment, such as gas masks, whose need was established
after operations had begun. Some govern ment agencies, such as OSHA, have adopted policies
of "deterrence" and will not countenance the existence of hazardous conditions. Intrinsically safe
environments are being required in which operators can work without the need for protective
equipment, which is often inadequate, and which workers find burdensome and inconvenient and
will not wear. To ensure that regulatory agencies do not require extensive and expensive retrofits
of corrective equipment, it is highly advisable that analyses be made early to recognize potential
problems and their solutions. The billions required to revise and correct designs and procedures
at Three Mile Island and other nuclear power plants are a example of need for proper and
adequate analysis and planning for safety purposes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(591 System Safety Society, System Safery Analysis Handbook, July 1993.

(60) Electric Power Research Institute and Science Applications International Corporation

CAFTA for Windows Fault Tree Analysis System Mul, July 1995

161) WH Stuto, IL A. Caines, and D. L Price, Syrrem Safery Analy of an Underwater

Marine Tool, VPISPO/NAVSWC 75-1.91 pp, 1978

1621 D Conger and K. Eles, MORT Uer's Manual, 19, Conger & Ehea, Inc. 9870

Highway 2. Ste 300, Woodstock, GA 30188

1631-20 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly

Hazardous Chemicals Federal Register, vol. 57, nis McTeh 24, 1991 1641 C Bull F Mitchell, and
I Skelton, "Developments in the Use of the Hazard and Operability Study Technique,"
Professional Safety Avg 1991, pp. 33-401 [45] Artur D.

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY (PERNONAL SAFETY TIPS)

The Nigeria Police once wrote:

"You have the primary responsibility to prevent crime against yourself, loved ones and your
properties. Thinking that crime can only happen to someone else and doing nothing to prepare
yourself, or take precautionary preventive measures, makes you a perfect target for criminals.
The ultimate goal of crime prevention is to reduce the risk of being a victim. In order to
accomplish this effectively, it is important to remove opportunities for a criminal to take
advantage of you or your property.
You are attempting to prevent either victimization or criminalization by presenting an
unattractive target to the criminal. This effort. removing opportunities is often referred to as
target-hardening. Target -hardening can be as complex as installing a high tech alarm system, or
taking a self defense course, to something as simple as locking your door. Making yourself less
of a target, is simpler than you might think it further gave the following information on safety at
home, ATM Security tips

Make Sure They See You: When someone does create a . conflict that threatens your safety, it
means he either did not see your car or was counting on you to avoid the conflict. Be certain that
the other person sees your car and shows clearly by his actions that he will "stay put. Always tap
your hom or flick your lights if in doubt. Do it early so you could stop if necessary.

Never insist on taking the right-of-way, even when you are sure it is yours. The right-of-way
should never be taken - it must be given. This is a rule of common courtesy, which also requires
that you yield the right-of-way to others when it cases a traffic situation to do so. Courtesy in
yielding the right-of-way is an important factor in modern driving Courtesy smooths the roadway,
and it saves lives .Never drive without a Valid Driver's License in your immediate possession.

AFINAL RULE

No driver will give perfect attention to his driving, but habits based on observance of correct
seeing in every day driving will prevent you from becoming involved in many critical situations.

AFINAL REMINDER

Keep Your Eyes Moving Build a strong habit of forcing your eyes to move at least every two
seconds in driving. Check the rear view mirror each five seconds if any traffic is ahead or behind.
Check the rear also before changing lanes and before any slowdown that could surprise a driver
behind. The eye moving habit is restful for your eyes, keeps your mind straying too far from
your driving and literally forces you to adjust speed to traffic. weather and visibility conditions.

SAFETY AT HOME

✓Make sure there are good locks on exterior doors and windows.

✓ Lock up when you go out, are asleep, or alone, even if it is only for a few minutes. It takes a
thief ten seconds or less to enter an open room and steal property.

✓Get to know your neighbors and their daily routines,

✔Keep a list of emergency numbers especially of the Police Station close to you.
✓Make sure your home is fenced and if you can afford it.

✓Trim flowers that hide doorways or windows.

✓Set timers on lights and radios to make your home appear

lived-in, when you are away.

✓ Have a neighbor regularly check on your home when you are away, and report any suspicious
activities. Remember that one good turn deserves another

✔Mark your valuables with a number or identification unique to you, with an engraving pen and
keep a list of them in a safe place .

Replace solid walls in front yard with open fencing to eliminate hiding places and make climbing
more difficult

- Install a wide-angle peephole in your front door. so you am look out to an on-coming visitor
without being seen yourself

Do not give out information about your neighbors.

Don’t make it easy on burglars

✔Keep valuables away from windows

Replace solid walls in front yard with open fencing to eliminate hidded places and make
climbing more

- Install a wide-angle peephole in your front door. so you am look out to an on-coming visitor
without being seen yourself

Do not give out information about your neighbors.

Dot make it easy on burglars

✔Keep valuables away from windows

ATM SECURITY TIPS

✓Be alert and conscious of your surroundings when using ATM.

Don't use an ATM machine located in a dark or obscure location.

✔Never give your card or Personal Identification Number (PIN) to anyone, for any reason
Be very conscious of persons hanging around the ATM machine Do not write your PIN on the
card or anything that is kept with the card

Do not insert your card until asked to do so by the display screen

Never use an ATM with a blank screen, and if the ATM is obscured from view or properly lit,
leave immediately and

find another ATM

✓ Stand close to the ATM and use your body and hand as shield to make sure nobody sees you
keying in your PIN Never accept help from strangers when using an ATM. You should be wary
of strangers asking for help. The elderly, or physically challenged persons should take along with
them trusted persons, to assist them..

✓ Criminals work in teams, for example, one to distract you while the other steals your card or
money. If your card is retained or swallowed by the ATM, it is advisable to contact your bank
immediately Sign up for SMS alert, so that you are alerted whenever any withdrawal is made in
your account

VEHICLE SECURITY TIPS

Most car crime is preventable. Police are making a concerted effort to tackle car crime, and
target offenders: but motorists need to help themselves avoid becoming victims, by removing the
opportunity for crime in the first place

Don't leave anything on display: it is a prime invitation to passersby. Even an old coat or plastic
bag can tempt a thief. If items have to be left in the car put them out of sight at the start of
journey.

Get a music system that is removable, or has a front that can be taken off, and remove ipads
ands and mp3 players.

Driving documents and personal correspondence could help a thief to sell your vehicle or
provide a cover story, if stopped by the police. Do not keep these in your vehicle Some car
thieves break into houses to steal car keys.

Always keep the keys in a safe place. Do not leave them in the hallway or kitchen, as these are
the obvious places.

A-Z PERSONAL SAFETY TIPS

Personal Safety is the act of ensuring that one is free from harm or danger, and or the ability to
take steps towards preventing such ham
In other words, it is a list of actions that are designed to keep situations from occurring or
escalating, and to make sure that physical, emotional and verbal abuse is avoided, stopped at the
first moment, if it at all begins to happen. It borders on ideas such as when to stop a conversation,
when to leave the room, and or call for help.

The following tips can help secure you in your daily living, while hopefully inspiring more
awareness, when you are out and about

• Always be alert and aware of your surroundings, and of the people around you

• Make casual eye contact with people when walking

• Do not be easily distracted or take your eyes off someone you feel looks, suspicious in a
possibly dangerous situations.

VEHICLE SECURITY TIPS

Most car crime is preventable. Police are making a concerted effort to tackle car crime, and
target offenders: but motorists need to help themselves avoid becoming victims, by removing the
opportunity for crime in the first place

Don't leave anything on display: it is a prime invitation to passersby Even an old coat or plastic
bag can tempt a thier. If items have to be left in the car put them out of

Night at the start of your journey Get a music system that is removable, or has a front that can be
taken off, and remove ipods and mp3 players

Driving documents and personal correspondence could help a thief to sell your vehicle or
provide a cover story if stopped by the police. Do not keep these in your vehicle Some car
thieves break into houses to steal car keys Always keep the keys in a safe place. Do not leave
them in the hallway or kitchen, as these are the obvious places

A-Z PERSONAL SAFETY TIPS

Personal Safety is the act of ensuring that one is free from harm or danger, and or the ability to
take steps towards preventing such ham

In other words, it is a list of actions that are designed to keep situations from occurring or
escalating, and to make sure that physical, emotional and verbal abuse is avoided, stopped at the
first moment, if it at all begins to happen. It borders on ideas such as when to stop a conversation,
when to leave the room, and or call for help.

The following tips can help secure you in your daily living, while hopefully inspiring more
awareness, when you are out and about Always be alert and aware of your surroundings, and of
the people around you

• Make casual eye contact with people when walking

Do not be easily distracted or take your eyes off someone you feel looks, suspicious in a
possibly dangerous situations.

PERSONAL SAFETY TIPS

Never use an ATM with a blank screen, and if the ATM is obscured from view or properly lit,
leave immediately and find another ATM

✓ Stand close to the ATM and use your body and hand as shield to make sure nobody sees you
keying in your PIN Never accept help from strangers when using an ATM. You should be wary
of strangers asking for help. The elderly, or physically challenged persons should take along with
them trusted persons, to assist them..

✓ Criminals work in teams, for example, one to distract you while the other steals your card or
money. If your card is retained or swallowed by the ATM, it is advisable to contact your bank
immediately Sign up for SMS alert, so that you are alerted whenever any withdrawal is made in
your account

•Always carry ID Card and only the much cash need

•Whenever possible buddy up to walk out for dark parking

• Informants trusted family or friends if you are traveling your itinery dates and location if
necessary

• Stay away from the bush or trees when walking of running Always be prepared to run away
from an attacker and scream of confront where possible.

•. Turn and go in the opposite direction of the car if a stranger approaches you, offering a ride. If
possible rite down the license plate number and description of the vehicle.

•.. Do not respond to passing comments or conversation from strangers on the street or elsewhere.

•.Walk confidently at a steady pace, and have your keys ready in your hand
•.Avoid being on a cell phone with an ipod in your other ear unaware of your surroundings. This
makes you an easy target.

•Avoid dangerous places at night time. Visit them during the time hours.

•Stop and look around if you feel unsafe, entering an area Trust your instincts

•Avoid isolated bus stops otherwise, continually look all around. Be Alart

•. Avoid suspicious passenger cars/buses, one chance or all male etc.

•. Don't stay in the same spot at bus stops for long. It makes you an easy target.

If you are carrying money, don't open your purse or wallet while boarding a vehicle Have your
fare ready.

•Keep flashy jewelry or other valuables of easy prey out of sight

•If you must be in an isolated vehicle, sit close to the driver

•. Check your purse or wallet, if someone is jostling. crowding or pushing you

• Never leave your purse, backpack or briefcase in plain view Lock it up when you leave your
desk or office

•Keep the office door locked if you work alone or before and after normal business hours

•Try to find another worker or a security guard to walk out with you, if you work late

. • Do not get in the elevator with another person if you do not feel comfortable with that person,
take the next one. If you have to get in, stand next to the control panel, so that if you are attacked
you can press the alarm and the control buttons as hard as possible

•Be alert for pick pockets on crowded elevators, and other busy places

• Be aware of escape routes for emergencies and post phone numbers of police, security agencies
and fire departments in your Cell phones, so that you do not have to fumble pushing many
numbers.

Young women should avoid provocative clothing, and carelessly immoral gesture.

TRAVELLING, SAFETY TIPS

✓ Notify your Resident Security Officer (RSC) or Personal Security Officer (PSO) your
departure and return dates but don't otherwise publicize your travel or vacation plans.

✓Check plane, tram and bas times before you travel,

✔Sit near other people, aisles or doors Learn the location of emergency alarms and exits

✓Stay awake and alert when using public transportation

✓Conceal your passport, money, or credit cards when traveling

✔Keep other valuables out of sight, and luggage where possible close at hand if carrying a
handbag, keep it an front of you, closed with the fastening towards your body. Keep wallet in
your front pant's pocket and not back

✓Let go if your bag is snatched. Do not run after, especially in unfamiliar surroundings

✓ Do some research on the area you are visiting, especially at first time. Talk to your security
officer or host regarding travel advisories and warnings.

✓When traveling, dress casually dress down where appropriate. Be aware of local customs.

✓ Do not wear excess jewelry Reduce wallet and purse contents, particularly cards denoting
affiliations, memberships and accounts, etc

✔At airports proceed through security checks, and go to the boarding area, as quick as possible.
These areas are usually the most secure in the airport. Be very careful anytime you make a
telephone conversation.

LETTER AND PARCEL BOMBS SAFETY TIPS

Letter and parcel bombs generally are "victim activated" incaring that a victim or intended target
must activate the device by opening it. They do not normally contain timing devices.

Bombs can range from the size of a cigarette packet to a large parcel Letter and package bombs
have been disguised as letters, books, candy and figurines. Delivery methods have included mail
systems, personal delivery, or placement at the recipient's site. A letter on parcel bomb might
have some of the following indication.

✓ Suspicious origin especially if the postmark of name of sender is unusual, unknown, or no

further address is given.

✓Excessive inadequate postage:

✓Off-balance or lopsided letter or package.

✔Unusual weight for the size of the letter or package. Letters also may be unusually thick

Suffness or spring of contents when checking do not bend excessively.

Protruding wires or components, unusual grease or oil stains on the envelope

.✓Strange smell, particularly almond or other suspicious odours

✓handwriting of sender is not familiar, or indicates foreign style not normally received by
recipient Common words or names are misspelled

✓Rub-on or black lettering

✓ Restrictive markings such as confidential "personal”. or an horrific title appended to the name
of the addressee

✓Wrapping that could be a provision for an arming safety wire.

✔Rattling inside the envelope or package, possibly loose components of a device.

✓Visual distractions for example currency or pornography etc

WARNING

If you identify a letter or package as suspicious, don't let anyone near it. Notify your local Bomb
Disposal Unit or the nearest Police Station immediately. Leave the letter or package in open area
such as a court yard, where it is easily accessible to Bomb Squad Personnel. Never submerge it
in water or burn

CAR JACKING SAFETY TIPS

✔When in your car, always keep the doors locked. Anytime you drive through areas containing
stoplights, stop-signs or anything that significantly reduces vehicular speed, keep your windows
up, especially in narrow ways and isolated places

✓Leave ample maneuvering space between your vehicle and the one in front of you.. If you are
approached by suspicious persons while you are stopped do not roll down windscreen, drive
away quickly

If you are being followed or harassed by another driver, try to find the nearest police station,
hotel or other public facility. Once you find a place of safety, don't worry about using a legal
parking space, park as close as you can, and get inside fast, especially if the threat is on your life.

✓ If another driver tries to force you to pull over, or to cut you off, keep driving and try to get
away. Try to note the license plate number of the car, and a description of the driver. If this effort
places you in danger, don't do it. The information is not as important as your safety
If you are being trailed, never lead the person back to your home or stop and get out. Drive to the
nearest police station or public facility

✓ If you are traveling alone and a car "bumps" into you, don't stop to exchange accident
information. Go to the nearest service station, or other public place to call the police if necessary.

✔When you park, look for a spot that offers good lighting and is close to a location where there
are a lot of people Lock valuables in the trunk and lock all doors

✓Be wary of unsolicited assistance.

✓Be extra careful while shopping and loading your car trunk.

SURVEILLANCE

The purpose of surveillance is to identify a potential target, based on the security precautions that
an individual takes, and the most suitable time, location, and method of attack. Surveillance may
last for days or weeks. Naturally the surveillance of a person who has set routines, and who takes
few precautions will take less time

Detecting surveillance requires a fairly constant state of alerts and therefore, must become a
habit. A good sense of what normal, and what is unusual in your surroundings could be more
important, than any other type of security precautions you may take. Above all, do not hesitate to
report any unusual event. There are three forms of surveillance foot, vehicular, and stationary

People who have well-established routines, permit surveillance to use methods that are much
more difficult to detect: If for example, you leave the office at the same time each day, and travel
by the most direct route to your home, or if you live in a remote area with few or no alternative
routes to your home surveillants have no need to follow you all the way to your residence
Therefore, it is advisable to:

✓Vary your routes and times of travel ✓Be familiar with your route and have alternate routes

✓ Check regularly for surveillance. Stationary surveillance is most commonly used by terrorists'
organizations. Most attacks take place near the victims residence, because that part of the route is
least easily varied. People are generally most vulnerable in the mornings when departing for
work. because these times are more predictable than evening arrivals

Many surveillance teams use vans with windscreen in the sides or back, that permit observation
from the interior of the van. Often, the van will have the name of a business or Utility Company
to provide some pretext for being in the area. Where it is not possible to watch the residence
unobserved, surveillants must come up with a plausible reason for being in the area. Women and
children are often used to give an appearance of innocence. Try to check the street in front of
your home from a window before you go out each day. If you suspect surveillance, report to the
Police giving details of the vehicle including color and make.

✓ Be alert to people disguised as public utility crews, road workers, vendors, etc. who might
enter or station themselves near your home or office.

✓Always check your vehicle inside before entering

PERSONAL SAFETY TIPS

. If you notice anything unusual, do not enter the vehicle.

✓ Household staff and family members should be reminded to look for suspicious activities
around your residence

✓ Tell your household staff and family members to note descriptions and license numbers of
suspicious vehicles Advise them to be alert for details.

MENTAL DISORDERS AND SAFETY

When dealing with people who show signs of mental disorders, ensuring personal safety should
be paramount. Sometimes one may have to be willing to do certain things that seem
uncomfortable, break some taboos, be firm, get out of dangerous situations, call for help or do
whatever is necessary at that particular moment, to remove oneself from potential violence.
abuse, and or threats.

A certain man narrated how he disguised as a madman in order to escape danger along a lonely
rural road. A lady equally told the story of how she regained her freedom by begging a rapist
gang in tears, not to rape her and be infected with HIV which she suffered from.

Conversation can occasionally lead to danger. It is easy to spend a great deal of time and energy
in conversations that leave you feeling hurt and accomplish little or nothing. Some conversations
may be urgent in nature or cannot be put off to another time. Note that in such circumstances,
less is more, and your words will have more impact if you don't repeat the same things over and
again. But just say what you have to say once. And then stop talking. Remember, a word is a
enough for the wise.

TIPS ON WHEN TO STOP A CONVERSATION TO AVOID GETTING HURT

✔When your personal boundary is violated.

✔When you are verbally insulted, mocked or invalidated

✓When someone engages in thought-policing or tells you how you must think or feel.

✓When you are engaged in a circular conversation.

✓When your words start falling on deaf ears

✓When the conversation is one way

✓When you are angry and at a risk of taking the emotional elevator down to a less mature level.

✓When you are tired and not able to engage in further constructive communication.

✓When your attention is needed for a more responsible engagement.

WHEN TO LEAVE A PLACE TO AVOID BEING HURT

✔When you feel unsafe or isolated.

✔When you fear violence or abuse.

✓When a person refuses to end the conversation or leave you alone

✓When you are alone with an abusive or potentially dangerous person.

Do not hesitate to call for help or the Police when you are faced with situations such as:

✓Someone threatens harm to him or herself.

✓Someone threatens to hurt you.

✓Someone threatens to hurt the children

✓Someone performs any act of violence towards other people or property.

By applying these basic safety tips, and your own common sense, you can help protect yourself
as much as possible. Above all, implicit trust in the Almighty Creator and godliness is good step
towards a safe and Secure life.

The object of Defensive

 TRAFFIC SAFETY( SAFETY DRIVING TECHNIQUE)

DEFENSSIVE DRIVING CODE

The object of Defensive Driving is to drive without having a preventive accident.

Defensive Driving requires the knowledge and strict adherence to all traffic rules and
regulation applicable to the area in which vehicle is being operated.

Defensive Driving requires a constant alertness for the illegal acts and driving errors of other
drivers and the willingness to make timely adjustments in one`s own driving. So that these
illegal acts and errors will not involve one in an accident.
Defensive Driving requires knowledge of an d intelligent adjustments in one`s own driving to
the special hazards presented by abnormal, unusual or changing conditions in the mechanical
functioning of one`s vehicle, type of road surface, weather; degree of light, kind of traffic and
one`s physical condition and state of mind.

Defensive Driving requires a thorough knowledge of the rules of right – of way and the
willingness to yield the right-of-way to the other whenever necessary an accident.

In Defensive Driving requires an attitude of confidence that one can drive without ever having
a preventable accident. Drivers are required by law to comply with road/traffic rules set forth
in the Highway code.

THE DRIVER`S SIGNALS

An important rule of the road is that every driver must give signals to tell other drivers on the
road, what he intends to do in guiding the vehicle he is driving. They must be given by hand
or by mechanical/electrical devices which are maintained in good operating conditions. These
signals are intended to alert other drivers or pedestrians in advance before you change speed,
direction or stop in any direction. Give the signal for 100meters continuously before reaching
the turning point. You are not the required to continue the signal actually making the turn. Be
sure your electrical signal does not continue to flash after you have completed your turn.

When you plan a series of driving changes- such as stop for a stop sign, followed by a right
turn you should always signal first for the action you intend to take. In the situation
mentioned, you would signal first for a stop and come to complete stop; in this position you
would then give the signal for your right turn. Common sense should guide you in giving and
reading driver`s signals.
At night when the arm to use electrical lamp signals. In bright sunlight it is often difficult to
see the trafficator signals and it is better to use the hand and arm signal as well.
Give your own signals clearly and do what you have indicated by means of the signals. Read
other driver`s signal with the same care you give when making your own. Be alert to other
drivers who may neglect to use signals.

STARTING, STANDING PARKING RULES

In starting from a proper parking place at the curb, walk around your vehicle and look for
children, tool, materials, etc before you start up. Look for cars approaching from the rear before
pulling away from the curb – slowly. Remember, you do not have the right-of –way.

In starting from a shop or a drive way be sure to watch for approaching persons and vehicles.
Move continuosly to join the traffic at a suitable speed.

BACKING
If your starting position requires backing, inspect to see what is behind your vehicle before you
begin to move it. Then keep the situation well in view through your mirrors and windows. Look
in the direction your vehicle is moving or using rear view camera on your dashboard which
displays images from the vehicles on the center console screen, helping driver to park and
maneuver more easily.

STOPPING AND PARKING

Always give a clear signal for slowing or stopping, Park your vehicle properly. Never leave your
vehicle until you have stop the engine, set the hand brake and remove the keys. Do not park in
restricted or prohibited areas. These areas are designated by signs or by curbs that are painted
yellow. When you have to stop on a high way, be sure to park with all four wheels off the
pavement, if possible. Turn on your dome light and parking light at night. Do not stop, park or
leave your vehicle in any of the following places.
1. Within an intersection
2. By fire hydrants
3. In front of a driveway
4. On a crosswalk or sidewalk.
5. Beside or opposite any street excavation or obstruction when such stopping would further
obstruct traffic.
6. On the roadway side of any car parked at the curb or edge of the road.
7. Beside curb space marked as bus stop; either by sign or curb painting.
8. Beside curbs painted yellow, except to discharge passengers or cargo.
9. On hill, get curve on the highway. If you must park on a hill, get off the road, set the
parking brake and transmission in ‘park”, low or reverse gear, as appropriate.
Block the the gear wheels of the heavily loaded trucks to prevents motion of the vehicle,
if brake should fail.

10. On the vehicle on the wrong slide of a street or road, headed in the wrong direction

OTHER BASIC RULED OF THE BASIC OF THE DRIVE TO THE RIGHT

Always drive on the right hand side of the roadway except when passing cars going in the
same direction. When turning left, when the right half of the roadway is closed or obstructed
or on a one-way road.

SLOW VEHICLES
Any vehicle moving slower than normal flow of traffic should be driven as close to the right
edge of the roadway as is safe.
DON`T WEAVE
Stay in one lane but if you have to change lanes look to be sure you can do so safely, then
give the proper signal before changing.
FOLLOWING
Keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead; for each 15 kph allow one car length. At speed
over 50kph , increase your safe position to two car lengths for 15kph.

RIGHT OF WAY
The car approaching on your left has the right-way. He will probably insist on it so be
prepared to stop. The man on your right does not have the right-of –way, but he may take it
so again,be prepared to stop. Having the right-of-way will not save your life.

HOW TO MAKE TURNS

RULES FOR RIGHT AND LEFT TURNS

Keep your vehicle in the proper line of traffic for all types of turns. Keep to the far right side
of the road for turns to the right.
Keep to the left side of your traffic lane as close to the center line as possible for a turn to the
left.Signal for 100 meters before turning. You may need to signal for a longer distance if you
must change lanes to make the turns properly.
Do not move to the right or the left on a roadway, unless you know such a movement can be
made safely , and not until after you the proper signal. For safety`s sake, avoid turning
“wide” from one street to another. You may enter any lane that is safely available after first
making sure that there are no conditions of danger present.
SPEED
Although the Nigerian Highway Code clearly defines speed limits, you should be guided by
what is known as the “Basic Speed Rule”
It states, No person shall drive a vehicle upon a high way at speed greater than is reasonable
or prudent having due regards for the traffic theon, and the surface and width of the highway,
and in no event at which endangers the safety of persons or property”
This precept does not set an exact limit in miles or kilometers per hour at which you may
drive. It considers all conditions that may affect your safety. These include the number and
speed of other cars on the road; the present of pedestrians, the surface of other road whether
smooth or rough, wet or dry, wide or narrow, how far ahead you can see in existing light
conditions; and such other things as rain , fog, wind, dust and sand. For example, if you fail
to notice that the car ahead of you has stopped and you strike it in the rear, you are, you are
in violation of the Basic speed Rule”

WHEN YOU SHOULD SLOW DOWN

Regardless of speed limit signs you should always look for either cars or animals on the road
and slow down if necessary under these conditions;
1. When you come to or across an intersection or railroad crossing.
2. When you come to or go around a curve.
3. When you come to the top or crest of a hill, keep well to the right
4. When driving upon any narrow or winding roadway.
5. When you approach any special conditions such as these:
 a. Pedestrian,
b. A bicycle rider
c. Slow-moving vehicle
d. School zones and playgrounds
e. School guide safely patrol
f. Bad roads
g. Animals
h. When entering a town or village
i. When approaching the scene of an accident
You should slow down when there are children walking or playing in or near the street.
Children often do not watch for cars so you must watch for them. You should always slow
down after dark or at times when you cannot see clearly, as in dust, fog or rain. Even
40kilommeters an hour on the open road may be too fast if it violates the precept of the
basic speed rules.

PASSING AND CLEARANCE

When you overtake another vehicle and wish to pass it, pass to the left. There are also certain
conditions under which you may pass to the, when such passing can be done safely. They
are:
1. When the driver of the vehicle is making or about to make a left turn. In this case you may
pass to the right with caution, because the driver ahead may turn right.
2. Upon a road where the pavement is wide enough and clearly marked for two or more lanes
of traffic in your direction of travel. You may pass on either the left or the right in this case
but only if it is done safely.

Before moving to the left or right on a highway, give a signal tell the vehicle ahead of you
and the one behind, that you are changing position, don`t make the change until you have
looked in the rear view mirror and to the side you wish to move toward to be the lane is
clear.

PASSING ON THE LEFT- AND RESTRICTION

1 .On the highway where there is a broken center line,
Passing is permitted. On the positions of the highway where there is a solid center line, or two lines
with a solid line closest to your side of the road, passing is prohibited.
The solid line indicates some obstruction to vision(hill curve, intersection or railroad crossing) that
makes passing at this point hazardous.
2. Make sure there is time to pass before changing lanes to make the pass. Make sure there is time to
pass before changing lanes to make the pass. Make sure you have time to get back on the right hand
side of the road to avoid getting dangerously close to any car coming from the opposite direction.
Allow 100 meters to make you pass.
3. In passing at a safe distance to the left , do not return to the right hand lane until you are sure that
you are safely out of the way of the vehicle behind you in the right lane. A safe rule is to wait until you
can see the car you have passed your rear view mirror, but do not turn sharply in front of it do not “cut
– in”
4.You must not pass or attempt to pass on hills, curve, hump of bridge or within 100meters of an
intersection. Do not pass at any time when the road ahead is not clearly visible(87)
5.Except in a location where another vehicle may pass you on the right, when another vehicle comes
up behind you and sounds its horn, you must move over to your right and let it pass. You must never
speed up when another vehicle tries to pass you.
6. If you meet or overtake any animal or livestock, you must reduce your speed or stop as may be
necessary or may be requested by any person in charge o the animal or livestock.

DRIVING AT NIGHT
Driving speed should be reduced for night driving; particularly so at dawn and dawn dusk. Too many
drivers try to drive just as fast at night as they do during the day. We are not as alert, nor do we see as
well when we are tired after a day`s work. Wide awake driving is necessary at all times and especially
at night , since we can see objects only a limited distance ahead. Driving at night with a sand pitted
windshield is a safety hazard.
Don`t overdrive your headlights. You should hold to a speed that allows you to come to a complete
stop when necessary in the distance you can clearly see ahead. After-dark driving requires different
skills and extra care for safe travel. These are the things you should do:

1. When you meet a car at night, you should lower headlight beams(dim your lights)when within 500
meters of the approaching vehicle. Even if the other driver does not lower his beams., will be safer
to keep your beams lowered and drive with due care.
2. Lower your headlight beams when following another vehicle within 200 meters
3. Lower your headlight beams when you are driving on well lighted streets.
4. Use your lower headlight beams when driving in fog or haze , and reduce your speed. Driving with
your headlight beams on in a fog is like shining your light on a mirror light is reflected back to
your own eyes and blinds you.
5. Avoid looking directly into the light
6. Keep your headlights properly adjusted so that the lower beams are not aimed upward into an
approaching driver`s eyes.
7. Ensure that your tail lights, stop lights and turn signals are working
8. Keep your headlights and windshield clean
9. Slow down when facing the glare from approaching headlights
10. Be sure that you can stop, when it is necessary, within the distance you can see clearly ahead and
watch carefully for pedestrians and animals along the road side.

CAUTION-CAR COONTROL
Keep your car under control and your brakes in good condition so that you can slow down or stop
short of any possible danger or emergency. To do this, always allow yourself a SAFE DISTANCE
between your car and another vehicle or person, so that you can make smooth stop, jerky stop often
cause dangerous skidding.

At high speeds, even on dry roads a car may go a long way before it will slide much further. That is
why you must be very careful on slippery roads.
To avoid skidding on wet or slippery surfaces, drive at a slow speed. Allow more distance between
your car and others. Apply your brakes or gas pedal slowly and easily so that you can start or stop
smoothly. Try to keep your wheels out of ruts. No matter what causes a skid, the method of control is
always the same. If your vehicle goes into a skid.
1. Turn your front wheels in the direction the rear end is skidding. That tends to straighten you out.
Turning your wheels in the wrong direction will throw you into a dangerous spin.
2. Don`t over steer. That could throw the rear end into a reverse skid in the other direction and you`ll
be worse off than you were before.
3. Keep your foot on the accelerator to keep your rear wheels rolling, if there`s nothing in front of
you, feed gas gently to maintain traction.
4. Keep your foot off the brake. Jamming of the brake will make the skid worse. When you have the
car under control, pump the brakes gently to stop.
If you turn off the pavement onto the sand to avoid an oncoming vehicle, do not attempt to return to
the pavement too quickly. By over correcting you’re steering the front wheels tend to move sideways
until they “dig-in” the sand. This increases the chances of your vehicle overturning. Reduce your
speed gradually and hold the steering firmly with both hands.

Turn slowly and carefully __ it`s better to get stuck than to overturn your vehicle. Do not return to the
roadway until you are sure traffic is clear and you can do so safely. A complete stop is recommended.

SIGNS AND SIGNALS

For your guidance, a display of the traffic signs approved for use in Nigeria is included.
REMEMBER __ the stop means S-T-O-P, a complete stop. The yield sign means that you must yield
right-of-way to vehicles on the street that your are about to cross or enter.
Nigerian traffic expect a straight ahead signal by hand when a driver is proceeding straight through at
an intersection under his control. This signal ll assist the policeman in directing a smoother flow of
safer traffic.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT OF YOUR VEHICLE

The Traffic Department and Division have many requests for the standards for efficiency of brakes,
light and horns. We are not aware of any local laws giving a clean cut definition of all these standard
in some other areas.
BRAKES
Every passenger motor vehicle must have a service brake, which is usually a foot brake, capable of
stopping it in 25 meters from a speed of 35 kilos per hour. An emergency brake (parking brake) is
also required.
This is usually a hand brake, but in some newer vehicle models sometime it is applied by foot
pressure separately from the service brake. For some late model cars, vigorous of the foot brake and
the hand brake is necessary to prevent the car from rolling back. The emergency brake must be able
to hold the vehicle on any grade upon which it is driven.

HEADLIGHTS
Your car must have at least two, headlights, one on each side of the front of the vehicle. The
headlights must be strong enough to light the road so that you can see a person a person or vehicle
100 meters ahead on you, low beam, and 350 meters ahead on the high beam. They must not blind an
oncoming driver.
TAIL LIGHTS
Every vehicle must be EQUIPPED with at least one tail- light showing a red light for easy visibility a
distance of 500meter to the rear. It is normally required that headlights(not parking light) and tail-
lights be lighted when a vehicle is driven between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before
sunrise, and at other times when needed.
STOPLIGHT
Every vehicle must be equipped with at least one rear stop light, which may be part of the tail-light or
a separate system. The stop light should display a red light when the service brake pedal is applied.
The red light must be strong enough to be seen 300meters to the car day or night.
TIRES
No tire should be used which has worn to the point that fabric is exposed or has sidewall cuts or
breaks which have damaged the fabric. All regular tires must have a tread configuration on the part
making contact with the road surface. Specific exception to this rule may be in cases of heavy trucks
and trailers
Some people think the chief function of tires is to provide a soft ride. They do far more than that, they
are an integral part of the braking system and the transmission of power from the motor to the road.
Under-inflation not only affects the safe performance of these systems, but can weaken the tires
rapidly to the point when they fail and often result in dangerous blow outs .If you should have a
blowout, positive smooth braking effort at intervals much more efficient and safer than quick, hard
brake applications, Hold as straight a line as possible with your vehicle by means of a tight, firm grip
on the steering wheel; otherwise, the car will turn toward the side the blown out tire is on.

OTHER EQUIPMENT
A horn which can be heard 200 meters away should be on every vehicle.
Muffler systems should be gas-tight and should not release exhaust gases to the side of the vehicle
between 2 feet and 11 feet above the ground.
Never close a fuel tank spout with such materials as a plug of wood, rags or other combustible items.
An inside rear view mirror should be attached so that you can see the road to the rear car for at least
200 meters. Left and right hand out side rear view mirrors will improve your visibility.

AUTOMOTIVE SEAT BELTS

It is the responsibility of the organization to which the vehicle is assigned to see that appropriate seat
belt installations are made if the vehicle is not already so equipped. It is the responsibility of each
driver to use the seat belt. It is an additional responsibility of the driver to insist that his passengers
also use seat belt as provided.
Owners of privates vehicles are urged to install and use seat belts. we all know that seat belts do not
prevent accidents. We do not prevent accidents. we do know that the use of seat belt does minimize
the opportunity for, and severity of,injuriesthat might arise out of an accident.

WHEN ON THE SCENCE OF AN ACCIDENT

1. When approaching the scene of an incident, slow down. Do not park your in a manner that will
congest traffic.
2. Use available means to alert other traffic.
3. Assist the injured.
4. Dial emergency and briefly describe the accident, give the exact location and stay on the phone to
answer necessary questions.
5.
WHEN YOU ARE INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT
1. Assist injured persons.
2. Use available means to alert other traffic.
3. Do not accept responsibility or liability for the accident to anyone.
4. Do not make payment of money to anyone claiming that you are responsible or liable
5. Do not move the vehicle until permission is received from competent authority. (FRSC law
permits vehicle to transport injured person to a medical facility of an ambulance is not readily
available). The vehicle must then be return to the accident venue immediately.

SAFER DRIVING SKILLS

It takes three kinds of skills to drive successfully:
1. Mechanical operation of the vehicle.
2. Correct application of traffic laws.
3. How to see and what to look for.

Most of this guide deals with the first and second of these skills. The third skill, art of seeing and
knowing what to look for, is as important as the first two but is usually overlooked or at least not
given sufficient attention.
By understanding and practicing from the start the seeing methods used by the experts, most
drivers can form seeing habits which are the safest approach to proper driving. These methods
emphasize allowance timing and spacing.
The secret is selective seeing. In a moving automobile, the driver has no time to see every detail
along the road. This selective seeing is based on the following five seeing steps:
1. Aim High in Steering: Correct steering is simple ignore the fact that you sit left of the
center in the car. Depend chiefly on your lower fringe vision for occasional glance well
ahead at the center of your traffic lane. Seeing is usually of two kinds, sharp center
eyesight which is a narrow three degree cone of vision and fringe vision which is the
upper, lower and side parts your part of eye sight, your car then travels on center in its
lane, and to the sides for traffic conditions.
2. Get the Big Picture: keep your central vision scanning a wide, deep roadway scene-
foreground, background, side ground- for a block ahead in town; up to half a kilo away
from towns.
3. Keep your eyes moving: Building a strong habit of forcing your eyes to move at least
every two seconds in the driving. Check the rear view mirror each five second if any
traffic is ahead or behind. Check the rear also before changing lanes and before slow
down that could surprise a driver behind. The eye moving habit is restful for your eyes,
keeps your mind straying too far from you driving and literally forces you to adjust speed
to traffic. Weather and visibility conditions.
4. Make Sure They See You: When some one does create a conflict that threatens your
safety, it means he either did not see your car or was counting on you to avoid the
conflict. Be certain that the other person sees your car and shows clearly by his action
that he will “stay put”.
Always tap your horn or flick your lights if in doubt. Do it early so you could stop if
necessary.
5. Leave yourself an out: Recognize a basic rule of self preservation; protect yourself from
being trapped by error of other people. Adjust your pace in traffic to keep a space cushion
 around your car. Whenever possible poise your foot lightly above the brake when in
doubt. Allow extra space when the road slippery, when large vehicles block your view or
when other cars drive too close behind you. With the habit of leaving yourself an out,you
avoid impulsive moves and almost never need a hurried move. It`s the smart and easy
way to drive.
A FINAL RULE
Never insist on taking the right-of-way even when you are sure it is yours. The right of-of-
way should never be taken it must be given. This is a rule of common courtesy. which also
requires that you yield the right-of-way to others when it eases a traffic situation to do so.
Courtesy in yielding the right –of-way is an important factor in modern driving. Courtesy the
roadway, and it saves lives.
 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SAFETY PRACTICE INDUSTRIES
Safety is 25% Common sense, 80% Compliance, and the rest is goodliness – Safety spud.

Industrial safety can be defined as the ability to manage the risks inherent to operations, or related
to the environment. Industrial safety is not a dislike of risk, rather it is a commitment to
clearly identify them in relation to production operations, assess them in terms of quality, and
quantity and manage them. It is the policies and protections put in place, to ensure plant and
factory worker protection from hazards that could cause injury.

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TIPS

Total, a globally reputable company in her golden rules of occupational safety:(Thoroughness and
vigilance) Summarized it in these words:
“Everyone must understand the basic rules of prevention and comply with them.”
These golden rules reinforce and complete our procedures for identifying dangers and controlling
risks. The essential rules were established using records of accidents, observed in our different
business. They must be followed to the letter.
Everyone should intervene as soon as a deviation is observed, and stop work if risk is not
controlled. The twelve themes covered by these are:

High Risk Situations

Do not start-up or shut-down equipment or installations without using the appropriate written
operating procedure. Report any situation where the risk level is temporally increased.
Identify and analyze induced risks implement compensatory measures.

Traffic: Machine/Vehicle/Cyclist/ Pedestrians

Do not exceed the speed limits. Traffic rules apply inside and outside sites.

Body Mechanics and Tools

Do not carry out work if you do not have the right tools the job and the environment: Adopting an
inappropriate posture when handling objects or using tools can cause physical harm.

Protective Equipment
Do not access installations and perform work without wearing, general or task-specific personal
Protective Equipment (PPE). Collective protection is preferred. Individual protection
completes preventive measures already taken.

Work on Powered Systems

Do not perform work without checking that the power and product source supply has been
rendered inoperative. Some works require the energy to be safely discharged or the
equipment to be purged and vented. In Such cases, a lock-out system is set up to Isolate the
energy or product according to a specific method.

Confined Spaces
Do not enter a confined space until isolation has been verified and the atmosphere checked. Do
not enter a confined space(container, tanks, well, etc) without supervision, and only after the
atmosphere and isolation have been checked.

Excavation Work
Do not perform excavation Work without valid work permit comprising a map of all underground
hazards.
Manual or mechanical excavation work including dredging rivers and sea beds, can only start
after a risk analysis has been done performed, to identify all hazards in the zone, and related
precautions have to be taken.

Working at Height
Do not work at heights without a safety harness when there is no collective protective equipment.
Work at height is performed on fixed or mobile platforms with a guardrail, designed for the
task at hand. Work on rooftops(buildings, reservoirs) is performed only after the roof solidity
has been checked and appropriate has been set. Ladders are a means access only, their use
must remain exceptional.

Change Management
Do not make any technical or organization changes without prior authorization.
Any change in technique or organization must be the subject of a risk analysis.

Simultaneous Operations or Co-activities

Do not perform simultaneous or co-activities without a prior visit.
All work or operations inside a unit in operation can risk levels.
Interferences due to simultaneous operations or joint-activities must be identified and controlled.
PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORK PLACE
Good electrical safety habits can help protect you and your co-workers from injury. And you can
play a role in recognizing and preventing workplace hazards. Keep in mind the following:
1. Electrocution is one of the top fire causes of workplace deaths.
2. Workers younger than 25 have the highest rate of death from electrical shock.
3.Many workplace electrocutions involve touching a power line with long or tall equipment.

STAYING ALERT
Many electrical injuries could be prevented if people where alert to hazards. Stay aware by
keeping focused on your job and do not let emotions like anger and frustration get in the way.
CHECK CORDS AND CONNECTION
Before you start work, check electric cords for wears. If you are outside or in a wet location, be
sure tools and extension cords are suitable for outdoor use and circuits are equipped with
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI). The ground f-fault circuit interrupters (GCFI) is a
fast- acting circuit- breaker designed to shut-off electric power in the event of a ground-fault,
within as little as 1/40 of a second. It works by comparing the amount of current going to, and
returning from equipment along the circuit conductors. It is also called Residual Current
Device (RCD) and shuts off an unintended path, possibly through water or through a person.
It is used to reduce the risk of electrical shocks. Also keep cords free of oil, heat and corrosion
chemicals. Never yank. Kink or bend cords, and store them loosely coiled in a dry place.

POWER TOOLS
Never carry a tool by its cord. Be sure a tool is switched “off” before plugging or unplugging.
This protects you and the next person who uses it. Watch out for energized areas when
reaching into equipment. Shields, barriers, insulation and GFCI protects you, so do not modify
them just to get a job done faster. Learn and follow your company lockout/tagout procedures.
If in doubt ask a qualified electrical worker for help.
Dirt and dampness increase the risk of shock. Keep your tools, work areas and storage space clear
and dry. When cleaning electrical equipment, be sure it is unplugged and follow the
manufacturer`s cleaning instructions.

USE SAFETY GEAR

Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) is your first line defense against shock and electrical burns.
Keep boots, gloves and other gear in good condition, even a pinhole let electricity through.
Wear non- conductive protection on your head, face, hand, and feet. Use insulated tools or
handling equipment, such as no-conductive ropes and protective shields.

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL FIRE

Most electrical fires can be traced to overheated circuits or overloaded equipment. When abused,
insulation may melt or burn, exposing live wires. Electrical fires can also occur when
equipment is driven beyond capacity; when accumulated oil and dirt overheat a motor or
when sparks ignite scraps, dirt, dust or flammable liquids. Observe the following rules;
- Use and maintain wiring, tools and equipment correctly. Keep everything oil and dust-free.
-Uncoil an extension cord fully before use. Find the amperage marked on it. Is it adequate ?
-Don not use equipment that gives off mild shock, unusual heat or odd smells. If in doubt, have it
checked and repaired or replaced.
-Sweep up scraps and sawdust, and store flammable liquids in approved containers.
-Do not use electrical equipment when flammable gases, vapours, liquids, dust or fibers are
present.
A FIRE SAFETY CHECKLIST
Visualize your plan of response in a fire, so you can move quickly if one occurs. Take into
account;
- The nearest multi-purpose fire extinguisher and how to use it.
- The nearest emergency exit or fire escape.
- Your company procedures for notifying fire fighters and other emergency personal.
- Try to extinguish a fire yourself, only if you are trained and it is small or non-threatening. When
in doubt, get out and take others with you.

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
An industrial accident is sudden and unanticipated event that can result in injuries, fatalities
property damage and lost production time. Mishaps in the in the work place are fairly
frequent, despite federal laws to protect workers safety. Ignoring safety procedures and using
poor judgment are among factors that put workers at greater risk, resulting in serious job-
related injury or illness. Industrial accident, work accident, work place accident, occupational
accident or accident at work is a “discrete occurrence in the course of work is a “leading to
physical or mental occupational injury.
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO). More than 337 million diseases in
more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting together with
occupational disease in more than 2.3 million death annually. The phase “in the course of
work” can include work-related accidents happening off the company`s premises, and can
include accidents caused by third parties according to Eurostats. The definition of work
accidents include occurring ‘while engaged in an economic activity, or at work, or carrying on
the business of the employer”. According to ILO, the phrase “Physical or mental harm” means
any injury, disease or death.

Occupational accidents differ from occupational disease, as accidents are unexpected and
unplanned occurrences e.g(mine collapse,etc).while occupational disease, contracted as a
result of an exposure over a period of time, to risk factors arising from work activity”
e.g(miners lung)
Incidents that fall within the definition of occupational accidents include cases of acute
poisoning, attacks by humans and animals, insect,slips and falls, on payments or staircases,
traffic collisions, and accidents on board means of transportation in the course of work,
accidents in airports stations and so on.
There is no consequences as to whether commuting accidents, that is, ”accidents on the way to
work and while returning home after work” should be considered to be work accident. The
Europeans statistics on accidents at work(ESAW) methodology exclude them, The
international Labour Organization (ILO) includes them in its conventions concerning health
and Safety at work, although it list them as a separate category of accidents and some
countries for example Greece do not distinguish them from other work accidents.

A fatal accident at work is defined as an accident which leads to death of a victim. The time
within which the death may occur, varies among countries. In Netherland, an accident is
registered as fatal if the victim dies during same day that the accident happened. In Germany,
if death came within 30 days, while Belgium, France and Greece set no time limit. Where the
accident involve multiple fatalities, they are often referred to as industrial, they are often
referred to as industrial disasters.

COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENT

About 80 out of every 100 accidents are the fault of the person involved in the incident.
Unsafe acts cause four times time as many accidents and injuries conditions.
 Accidents occur for many reasons. In most industries, people tend to look for things to
blame” when an accident happened”; because it is easier than looking for” root causes”such as
the underlisted:
Taking short-cuts: Everyday we, make decisions we hope wil make the job faster and more
efficient. But do time-severs ever your own safety or that of other crew members? Short –cuts
that reduce your safety on the job are not short-cuts, but an increased chance for injury.

Over-confidence: Confidence is a good thing; over-confident is too much of a good thing. “it
will never happen to me” is an attitude that can lead to improper procedures, tool or methods
in your work. Any of these can lead to an injury.
Incomplete Instructions: To do the job safely and right the first time, you need complete
information. Don`t be shy about asking for explanations about work procedures and safety
precautions.
Poor House Keeping: When clients, managers or safety professionals walk through your
work site, house keeping s an accurate indication of every ones attitude quality, production
and safety. Poor house keeping creates hazards of all types. A well- maintained area sets a
standard for others to follow. Good house keeping involves both pride and safety.

Ignoring Safety Procedures: Purposely failing to observe safety procedures can endanger
you and your coworkers. You are being paid to follow the company safety policies: not to
make your own rules. Being casual about safety can lead to a casualty.
Mental Distractions: Having a bad day at home and worrying about it at work is hazardous
combination. Dropping your “mental” guard can pull your focus away from work procedures.
You can also be distracted when answering phones not relating to your work., or when a
friend comes by to talk while you are busy with work. Do not become a statistic because you
took your eyes or focus off the machines “just a minute”.
Failure to plan: There is a lot of talk today about job hazard Analysis. JHA`S are an
effective way to figure out the smartest ways to work safely and effectively .Being hasty in
starting a task. Or in not thinking through the process can put you in a harm`s way. Instead
plan your work, and work your plan.
Remember. Mark Twain said
“It is better to careful many times than to die once”

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SAFETY PRACTICE

INDUSTRIES
Safety is 25% Common sense, 80% Compliance, and the rest is goodliness – Safety spud.

Industrial safety can be defined as the ability to manage the risks inherent to operations, or related
to the environment. Industrial safety is not a dislike of risk, rather it is a commitment to
clearly identify them in relation to production operations, assess them in terms of quality, and
quantity and manage them. It is the policies and protections put in place, to ensure plant and
factory worker protection from hazards that could cause injury.

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TIPS

Total, a globally reputable company in her golden rules of occupational safety:(Thoroughness and
vigilance) Summarized it in these words:
“Everyone must understand the basic rules of prevention and comply with them.”
These golden rules reinforce and complete our procedures for identifying dangers and controlling
risks. The essential rules were established using records of accidents, observed in our different
business. They must be followed to the letter.
Everyone should intervene as soon as a deviation is observed, and stop work if risk is not
controlled. The twelve themes covered by these are:

High Risk Situations

Do not start-up or shut-down equipment or installations without using the appropriate written
operating procedure. Report any situation where the risk level is temporally increased.
Identify and analyze induced risks implement compensatory measures.

Traffic: Machine/Vehicle/Cyclist/ Pedestrians

Do not exceed the speed limits. Traffic rules apply inside and outside sites.

Body Mechanics and Tools

Do not carry out work if you do not have the right tools the job and the environment: Adopting an
inappropriate posture when handling objects or using tools can cause physical harm.

Protective Equipment
Do not access installations and perform work without wearing, general or task-specific personal
Protective Equipment (PPE). Collective protection is preferred. Individual protection
completes preventive measures already taken.

Work on Powered Systems

Do not perform work without checking that the power and product source supply has been
rendered inoperative. Some works require the energy to be safely discharged or the equipment
to be purged and vented. In Such cases, a lock-out system is set up to Isolate the energy or
product according to a specific method.

Confined Spaces
Do not enter a confined space until isolation has been verified and the atmosphere checked. Do
not enter a confined space (container, tanks, well, etc) without supervision, and only after the
atmosphere and isolation have been checked.

Excavation Work
Do not perform excavation Work without valid work permit comprising a map of all underground
hazards.
Manual or mechanical excavation work including dredging rivers and sea beds, can only start
after a risk analysis has been done performed, to identify all hazards in the zone, and related
precautions have to be taken.

Working at Height
Do not work at heights without a safety harness when there is no collective protective equipment.
Work at height is performed on fixed or mobile platforms with a guardrail, designed for the
 task at hand. Work on rooftops (buildings, reservoirs) is performed only after the roof solidity
has been checked and appropriate has been set. Ladders are a means access only, their use
must remain exceptional.

Change Management
Do not make any technical or organization changes without prior authorization.
Any change in technique or organization must be the subject of a risk analysis.

Simultaneous Operations or Co-activities

Do not perform simultaneous or co-activities without a prior visit.
All work or operations inside a unit in operation can risk levels.
Interferences due to simultaneous operations or joint-activities must be identified and controlled.

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORK PLACE

Good electrical safety habits can help protect you and your co-workers from injury. And you can
play a role in recognizing and preventing workplace hazards. Keep in mind the following:
1. Electrocution is one of the top fire causes of workplace deaths.
2. Workers younger than 25 have the highest rate of death from electrical shock.
3.Many workplace electrocutions involve touching a power line with long or tall equipment.

STAYING ALERT
Many electrical injuries could be prevented if people where alert to hazards. Stay aware by
keeping focused on your job and do not let emotions like anger and frustration get in the way.
CHECK CORDS AND CONNECTION
Before you start work, check electric cords for wears. If you are outside or in a wet location, be
sure tools and extension cords are suitable for outdoor use and circuits are equipped with
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI). The ground f-fault circuit interrupters (GCFI) is a
fast- acting circuit- breaker designed to shut-off electric power in the event of a ground-fault,
within as little as 1/40 of a second. It works by comparing the amount of current going to, and
returning from equipment along the circuit conductors. It is also called Residual Current
Device (RCD) and shuts off an unintended path, possibly through water or through a person.
It is used to reduce the risk of electrical shocks. Also keep cords free of oil, heat and corrosion
chemicals. Never yank. Kink or bend cords, and store them loosely coiled in a dry place.

POWER TOOLS
Never carry a tool by its cord. Be sure a tool is switched “off” before plugging or unplugging.
This protects you and the next person who uses it. Watch out for energized areas when
reaching into equipment. Shields, barriers, insulation and GFCI protect you, so do not modify
them just to get a job done faster. Learn and follow your company lockout/tag out procedures.
If in doubt ask a qualified electrical worker for help.
Dirt and dampness increase the risk of shock. Keep your tools, work areas and storage space clear
and dry. When cleaning electrical equipment, be sure it is unplugged and follow the
manufacturer`s cleaning instructions.

USE SAFETY GEAR

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is your first line defense against shock and electrical burns.
Keep boots, gloves and other gear in good condition, even a pinhole let electricity through.
Wear non- conductive protection on your head, face, hand, and feet. Use insulated tools or
handling equipment, such as no-conductive ropes and protective shields.

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL FIRE

Most electrical fires can be traced to overheated circuits or overloaded equipment. When abused,
insulation may melt or burn, exposing live wires. Electrical fires can also occur when
equipment is driven beyond capacity; when accumulated oil and dirt overheat a motor or
when sparks ignite scraps, dirt, dust or flammable liquids. Observe the following rules;
- Use and maintain wiring, tools and equipment correctly. Keep everything oil and dust-free.
-Uncoil an extension cord fully before use. Find the amperage marked on it. Is it adequate?
-Don not use equipment that gives off mild shock, unusual heat or odd smells. If in doubt, have it
checked and repaired or replaced.
-Sweep up scraps and sawdust, and store flammable liquids in approved containers.
-Do not use electrical equipment when flammable gases, vapours, liquids, dust or fibers are
present.
A FIRE SAFETY CHECKLIST
Visualize your plan of response in a fire, so you can move quickly if one occurs. Take into
account;
- The nearest multi-purpose fire extinguisher and how to use it.
- The nearest emergency exit or fire escape.
- Your company procedures for notifying fire fighters and other emergency personal.
- Try to extinguish a fire yourself, only if you are trained and it is small or non-threatening. When
in doubt, get out and take others with you.

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
An industrial accident is sudden and unanticipated event that can result in injuries, fatalities
property damage and lost production time. Mishaps in the in the work place are fairly
frequent, despite federal laws to protect workers safety. Ignoring safety procedures and using
poor judgment are among factors that put workers at greater risk, resulting in serious job-
related injury or illness. Industrial accident, work accident, work place accident, occupational
accident or accident at work is a “discrete occurrence in the course of work is a “leading to
physical or mental occupational injury.
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO). More than 337 million diseases in
more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting together with
occupational disease in more than 2.3 million death annually. The phase “in the course of
work” can include work-related accidents happening off the company`s premises, and can
include accidents caused by third parties according to Euro stats. The definition of work
accidents include occurring ‘while engaged in an economic activity, or at work, or carrying on
the business of the employer”. According to ILO, the phrase “Physical or mental harm” means
any injury, disease or death.

Occupational accidents differ from occupational disease, as accidents are unexpected and
unplanned occurrences e.g(mine collapse,etc).while occupational disease, contracted as a
result of an exposure over a period of time, to risk factors arising from work activity”
e.g(miners lung)
Incidents that fall within the definition of occupational accidents include cases of acute
poisoning, attacks by humans and animals, insect, slips and falls, on pavements or staircases,
traffic collisions, and accidents on board means of transportation in the course of work,
accidents in airports stations and so on.
There is no consequences as to whether commuting accidents, that is, “accidents on the way to
work and while returning home after work” should be considered to be work accident. The
Europeans statistics on accidents at work(ESAW) methodology exclude them, The
international Labour Organization (ILO) includes them in its conventions concerning health
and Safety at work, although it list them as a separate category of accidents and some
countries for example Greece do not distinguish them from other work accidents.

A fatal accident at work is defined as an accident which leads to death of a victim. The time
within which the death may occur, varies among countries. In Netherland, an accident is
registered as fatal if the victim dies during same day that the accident happened. In Germany,
if death came within 30 days, while Belgium, France and Greece set no time limit. Where the
accidents involve multiple fatalities, they are often referred to as industrial, they are often
referred to as industrial disasters.

COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENT

About 80 out of every 100 accidents are the fault of the person involved in the incident.
Unsafe acts cause four times time as many accidents and injuries conditions.
Accidents occur for many reasons. In most industries, people tend to look for things to
blame” when an accident happened”; because it is easier than looking for” root causes” such
as the under listed:
Taking short-cuts: Every day we, make decisions we hope will make the job faster and more
efficient. But do time-severs ever your own safety or that of other crew members? Short –cuts
that reduce your safety on the job are not short-cuts, but an increased chance for injury.

Over-confidence: Confidence is a good thing; over-confident is too much of a good thing. “it
will never happen to me” is an attitude that can lead to improper procedures, tool or methods
in your work. Any of these can lead to an injury.
Incomplete Instructions: To do the job safely and right the first time, you need complete
information. Don`t be shy about asking for explanations about work procedures and safety
precautions.
Poor House Keeping: When clients, managers or safety professionals walk through your
work site, housekeeping an accurate indication of every ones attitude quality, production and
safety. Poor housekeeping creates hazards of all types. A well- maintained area sets a standard
for others to follow. Good housekeeping involves both pride and safety.

Ignoring Safety Procedures: Purposely failing to observe safety procedures can endanger
you and your coworkers. You are being paid to follow the company safety policies: not to
make your own rules. Being casual about safety can lead to a casualty.
Mental Distractions: Having a bad day at home and worrying about it at work is hazardous
combination. Dropping your “mental” guard can pull your focus away from work procedures.
 You can also be distracted when answering phones not relating to your work., or when a
friend comes by to talk while you are busy with work. Do not become a statistic because you
took your eyes or focus off the machines “just a minute”.
Failure to plan: There is a lot of talk today about job hazard Analysis. JHA`S are an
effective way to figure out the smartest ways to work safely and effectively .Being hasty in
starting a task. Or in not thinking through the process can put you in a harm`s way. Instead
plan your work, and work your plan.
Remember. Mark Twain said
“It is better to be careful many times than to die once”

Disaster
Management
INTRODUCTION

Disaster, means an event, which brings sudden great fortune bringing disruption to
normal life and causing colossal loss of life and property and disruption of humans activities.
Disasters are situations of great calamity like earthquake, floods etc.

Disaster can also be defined as catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any
area arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in
substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage
to degradation of environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping
capacity of the community of the affected areas.

Natural disasters are global phenomena, which may occur anywhere at any time. These
adversely affect the lives of the people and cause considerable damage to property, environment
and infrastructure worldwide. Although the basic cause of most of the natural disasters is also
dependent on man made changes caused in the environment. However, hazards and disasters are
untimely related and are synonymous to each other. Virtually hazard is a threat whereas disaster
is an event.

 India is one of the most disaster-prone countries of the word. The following data
clearly show that india is a disaster-prone country:
 65 per cent of the land area is vulnerable to earthquakes
 12 per cent of the land area is vulnerable to cyclones
 70 per cent of the land under cultivation is prone to drought.

Crisis is an event of acute danger, which can cause sudden disruption of work.
The event may be caused due to natural cause, human error, equipment failure or
sabotage by anti-social elements. The basic idea in crises(emergency situation) is
to avoid wastage of crucial time. Terrorist threats and attacks, bomb explosion,
strike, accidents, fire accidents, etc. are the examples of situations.

Disaster management Is a comprehensive term which includes all aspects of

preventive and protective measure, preparedness and relief operations for
reducing the impart of disaster humans.

Disaster management is a continuous and integrated process of

planning, organizing, coordination and implementing measure, which
are necessary or expedient for:
(i) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster
(ii) Mitigation or reduction of risk of and disaster or its severity
or consequences.
(iii) Capacity building
(iv) Preparedness to deal with any disaster
(v) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or
disaster
(vi) Assessing the severity or magnitude of the effect of any
disaster
(vii) Evacuation, rescue and relief
(viii) Rehabilitation and reconstruction

Poverty and lagging development amplify the adverse

effects or natural disasters. Therefore developing countries
(particularly their most densely populated religions) are
more vulnerable to natural disasters because of their limited
capacity to prevent and absorb these effects. Poor
communities get forced to live in crowded, makeshift
houses and in areas vulnerable to bad weather or seismic
activity having low quality of infrastructure.

Mitigation efforts lessen the impact disasters have on

people and property. Mitigation measure include keeping
homes away from flood plains, designing structures to
withstand earthquakes. The vulnerability to natural hazards
can be reduce by altering, averting avoiding and adapting to
the hazard.
Beside the natural disasters, there are many man-made or
technological oriented physical events, which result in a
significant disruption in the normal working. The event
which causes the sudden disruption of work, is known as
crisis. The crisis management plan shall be able to respond
quickly and effectively to such unexpected events and
situation. The management includes the preventive
 measures need to be adopted to avoid any crisis and the
ways and means to tackle a crisis, if it occurs in spite of
preventive measures. Thus, crisis management helps in
avoiding or minimizing wastage of crucial time and cost.

OBJECTIVES
The following are the major objectives of disaster/crisis
management
1. To improve state of preparedness to meet any
contingency,
2. To reduce response time in organizing the assistance,
3. To identify major resources, manpower and the
equipment needed to make the disaster management
plan operational.
4. Making optimum use of the combined resources,
5. To identify mitigating measures and take timely action,
6. To avoid panic situations and rumors at the time of
contingency.
The objective of preparing disaster management plan is
to enable various departments/agencies to plan for,
quickly respond to and recover from unexpected events
and situations. This plan shall provide necessary
guidelines for assistance to various sections for
ensuring of people, protection of property and
restoration of normal life including water and power
supply, communication, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS
The classification of disaster can be based on the origination agent, or the impact,
or whether the disaster is preceded by a warning phase or not. The disasters may
be broadly grouped into major or minor types depending upon their potential to
cause damage to human life and property. The disasters are generally
classification as major or minor.

NATURAL DISASTER
These can be further sub-classified as under as under:
1. Meteorological Disasters. These include:
(i)Cyclones ,(ii)Hurricanes,(iii)Floods,(iv)Droughts,(v)Hailstorm, cloudburst

2.Topographical Disasters. These include:

(i)Landslides,(ii)Avalanches(i.e, fall of mass of snow, rock and ice down a
mountain)

3.Tectonic Disasters. These include:

 (i)Earthquakes, (ii) Volcanoes

4.Infestic Disasters. These include:

(i)Epidemics,(ii)Pest attack, Locust invasion of crops
5.Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear Disasters

6.Accident related disasters. These include:

(i)Fires,(ii) Mine Flooding.(iii)Major building collapse(iv)Air, rail, road
(v)stampede

The accidents may be either natural or man-made (intentionally like bomb blast) or due to
mistake or carelessness, etc
Different natural calamities can be distinguished from each other in terms of their nature
and extent of their impact.
(a) Calamities like earthquakes hailstorms, avalanches and landslides occurs quite
suddenly but they are restricted in their impact in terms of time and space.
(b) Floods and Cyclones occur with some element of warning yet their occurrence is
confined in duration.
(c) Drought spans over a much longer time-frame and its adverse impact on the
economic activities and life of an area is of a more lasting nature.
Natural disasters may be broadly grouped into major and minor types depending upon their
potential to cause damage. For example:
(i)Major disasters. Earthquake, flood, drought, cyclone.
(2) Minor disasters. Landslide, avalanche, tornadoes, hailstorm, heat wave, cold wave.

MAN-MADE DISASTERS
Man-made disasters are the results of follies and unwise acts of human beings. Following
man-made factors increase vulnerability:
1. Density of population
2. Population living below poverty line(PBL)
3. Low percentage of literacy
4. Pattern of occupation and situation in employment.
About 70% people of our country reside in villages and the mode of their employment
revolve around agriculture. The agriculture sector is always vulnerable to drought,
floods and man-made problems. such as spills from oil and gas industrial activities By
and large farmers lack knowledge to face disasters. Natural disasters with man-made
factors of vulnerability make the overall situation highly volatile.
As compared to the developed countries, the third world countries suffer more relative loss to
lives, livestock, and property. The third world countries have weak socio-economic
infra-structure and do not have adequate prevention, preparedness and mitigation
against disasters.
Other man-made disasters are:
(i)Communal riots,(ii)Ethnic conflict,(iii)Refuge
situation,(iv)Terrorism,(v)stampede,(vi)Food poisoning,(vii)Alcohol/Liquor tragedies.

NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGENT

As discussed above disasters can strike our area at any time with or without any fore
warning. Therefore disaster management policy is proactive and is comprehensive and
includes the measures of preparedness, mitigation and prevention . In view of the
changing dimension and probabilities of the natural disasters a new approach of
strategic management is being followed in the national policy.