1) You are completing a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer aiding

program on later performance in ESL practice teaching. You also believe that type of
class in which aiding was done (elementary school, adult school, university class)
might have some relationship to success in student teaching if it was or wasn't in the
same type of school. Identify this variable type.
a) Control variable;
b) Dependent variable;
c) Intervening variable;
d) Moderator variable

2) You have worked out a whole series of role-play activities for your adult-school
ESL class because you believe that practice in role-play promotes overall language
proficiency. Your study shows that you are correct. What was the independent
variable?
a) adult-school ESL class;
b) language proficiency;
c) your belief,
d) role-play activities

3) You have worked out a whole series of role-play activities for your adult-school
ESE class because you believe that practice in role-play promotes overall language
proficiency. Your study shows that you are correct. What was the dependent
variable?
a) adult-school ESL class
b) Language proficiency
c) your belief
d) role-play activities

4) The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is:

a) Open, axial, and selective coding
b) Holistic description and search for cultural themes;
c) Cross-case analysis
d) Identifying essences of a phenomenon

5) If a test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low
scores, then the distribution of scores would be
a) Positively skewed
b) Negatively skewed
c) Not skewed at all
d) Normal

6) People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the
sampling method called
a) Simple random sampling;
b) Cluster sampling;
c) Systematic sampling
d) Convenience sampling
7) What is the Dependent Variable in this research question? "Is there a relationship
between students' family background and their performance at school?"
a) Family background
b) Performance at school
c) Relationship;
d) Family background and performance

8) Which of the following is a good research question?

a) Is the "back to the basics" movement good for public schools?;
b) Are teachers underpaid?
c) Does the cognitive approach to reading lead to higher achievement?
d) How many students enroll in Writing 4 course?

9) What is the Independent Variable in this research question? "Are students aged 55
and older more likely to drop out of college than students of ages between 30 and 40?
a) Age
b) Drop- out rate;
c) Students;
d) College

10 Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

a) Purposive;
b) Quota;
c) Convenience
d) Cluster

11) Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of
people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger
population?
a) Convenience sampling;
b) Quota sampling;
c) Purposive sampling;
d) Random sampling

12) Focusing on describing or explaining data versus going beyond immediate data
and making inferences is the difference between
a) Central tendency and common tendency;
b) Mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive properties
c) Descriptive and inferential ;
d) Positive skew and negative skew

13) We review the relevant literature to know:

a) What is already known about the topic ;
b) What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic;
c) Who are the key contributors to the topic
d) All of the above
14) A deductive theory is one that:
a) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
b) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis;
c) Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge;
d) Uses qualitative methods whenever possible

15) The type of qualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is
called
a) Phenomenology;
b) Grounded theory
c) Ethnography;
d) Case study

16) When planning to do social research, it is better to:

a) Approach the topic with an open mind
b) Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
c) Be familiar with the literature on the topic
d) Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking

17) Which comes first, theory or research?

a) Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
b) Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
c) It depends on your point of view
d) The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other

18) Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

a) The studies are difficult to replicate
b) There is a lack of transparency
c) The approach is too rigid and inflexible
d) The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic

19) Which of the following is not a contrast between quantitative and qualitative
research?
a) Distance vs. proximity of researcher to participants
b) Generalization vs. contextual understanding ;
c) Hard, reliable data vs. rich, deep data
d) Interpretivist vs. feminist

20) Why has qualitative research been seen to have an affinity with feminism?
a) It allows women's voices to be heard, rather than objectifying and exploiting them;
b) It has always been carried out by female sociologists;
c) It allows the researcher to control variables and suppress women's voices
d) It claims to be value free and non - political

21) IQ score is a(n) ________ variable.

a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio

22) Why do qualitative researchers like to give detailed descriptions of social settings
a)To provide a contextual understanding of social behavior;
b) Because once they have left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened;
c) So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability ;
d) Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description

23) Left-handed is a(n)_____ variable

a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio

24) The dependent variable is

a) the major variable which is selected, manipulated, and measured by the researchers
b) the variable which you observe and measure to determine the effect of the
independent variable
c) a special type of independent variable which you may select for study in order to
investigate whether it modifies the relationship between the dependent and the major
independent variables;
d) a variable which is held constant in order to neutralize the potential effect it might have on
behavior

25) The_____ is the most frequently obtained score in the data.

a) mean
b) mode
c) median
d) range

26) If categories can be related as proportions (e.g. income, years at school), we have
a(n) scale.
a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) internal
d) ratio

27) Why is the statement "What are the effects of extracurricular activities on
cognitive development of school age children" not a good statement of a quantitative
research question?
a) Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and cognitive
development;
b) Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular activities to
conduct the study;
c) Because the sturdy would be too difficult to do given all the different extracurricular
activities,
d)Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the
variables being investigated
28) The Introduction section of the research plan
a) Gives an overview of prior relevant studies;
b) Contains a statement of the purpose of the study;
c) Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it
includes the research hypothesis
d) All of the above

29) A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a) categorical variable
b) dependent variable
c) independent variable
d) intervening variable

30) In research, something that does not "vary" is called a

a) variable;
b) method;
c) constant;
d) control group

31) Sources of researchable problems can include:

a) Researchers' own experiences as educators;
b) Practical issues that require solutions;
c) Theory and past research/
d) All of the above

32) Respondent validation is the process by which:

a) The validity of an interview schedule can be measured
b) Researchers ask their participants to comment on an account of the findings;
c) The problem of low response rates to a survey can be overcome;
d) Participants collaborate with the researcher to design the research

33) The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage
because:
a) The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social world;
b) It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data ;
c) The researcher can adapt their theories and methods as the project unfolds
d) All of the above

34) __________ is type of non-probability sampling

a) Simple
b) Systematic
c) Purposive
d) Stratified

35) Which of the following is not a type of research question?

a) Predicting an outcome
b) Evaluating a phenomenon
c) Developing good practice,
d) A hypothesis

36) What does 'sampling cases' mean?

a) Sampling using a sampling frame
b) Identifying people who are suitable for research ;
c) Literally, the researcher's brief- case ;
d) Sampling people, newspapers, television programs etc.

37) Which of the following is not a component of Guba & Lincoln's criterion,
"trustworthiness"'?
a) Transferability
b) Measurability
c) Dependability
d) Credibility

38) "Married ingle, divorced, and widowed" are values of a(n)_____

a) nominal variable
b) ordinal variable
c) interval variable
d) ratio variable

39) Which of the following should be used to display central tendency?

a) Variance;
b) Standard deviation
c) Median
d) Range

40) Which topics below do not lend themselves well to ethnographic research?
a) Topics that can be best understood in a natural setting
b) Topics that involve studying individual or group activities overtime
c) Topics, that require quantification;
d) Topics that involve studying the behaviors of groups

41) What is the Independent Variable in this research question? "Will students' scores
on a grammar test differ between grammar translation and communicative language
teaching?"
a) Grammar score;
b) Grammar translation method;
c) Communicative language teaching
d) Teaching methods

42) What is the Dependent Variable in this statement?" The main purpose of this
study is to compare the effectiveness of two teaching methods, Audio-lingual and
Task-based teaching, in increasing listening comprehension."
a) Audio-lingual method
b) Listening comprehension;
c) Task-based teaching method;
d) Teaching methods
43) A(n)______ is a variable that mediates the effect of one variable on another.
a) intervening variable
b) moderator variable;
c) control variable;
d) independent variable

44) Which of the following is not used to test whether the difference in the means of
the two groups is statistically significant?
a) A paired-samples t-test;
b) An independent-samples t-test;
c) ANOVA (analysis of variance):
d) A Chi square test

45) In the following data the mode is _______20 22 23 23 25 25 25 25 27 29 30;

a) 22;
b) 23;
c) 25;
d) 29

46) Because of the number of things that can go wrong in research there is a need for:
a) Flexibility and perseverance ;
b) Sympathetic supervisors;
c) An emergency source of finance ;
d) Wisdom to know the right time to quit

47) Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?
a) Self-completion questionnaires :
b) Surveys :
c) Ethnography ;
d) Structured observation

48) What is meant by the term "grounded theory"

a) Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments ;
b) As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground ;
c) Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
d) Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data

49) A sensitizing concept is one that:

a) Provides general guidance for more flexible research;
b) Imposes a predetermined theoretical model on the social world;
c) Helps the researcher to investigate sensitive issues
d) Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable

50) To apply the technique of __________ sampling, you first divide the population list
into sublists according to some relevant trait and then sample from the sublists.
a) simple;
b) systematie;
c) stratified;
d) cluster

51) You are completing a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer aiding
program on later performance in ESL practice teaching. What is the dependent
variable?
a) participation in a volunteer aiding program
b) performance in EL practice teaching;
c) completion of a study;
d) ESL

52) You are completing a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer aiding
program on later performance in ESL practice teaching. What is the independent
variable?
a) participation in a volunteer aiding program
b) performance in EL practice teaching;
c) completion of a study;
d) ESL

53) In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher
ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants
a) Snowball;
b) Convenience;
c) Purposive;
d) Quota

54) _______ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain
rules
a) Sample;
b) Population;
c) Statistic;
d) Element

55) What is(are) the problem(s) with this set of response categories to the question
"What is your current age?" 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40
a)The categories are not mutually exclusive; (không loại trừ lẫn nhau)
b) The categories are not exhaustive; (không toàn diện)
c) Both a and b are problems;
d) There is no problem with the above set of response categories

56) Which of the following are principles of questionnaire construction?

a) Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs;
b) Use multiple items measure abstract constructs;
c) Avoid double-barreled questions;
d) All of the above
e) Only b and c
57) Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers,
counselors, and other professionals to answer questions they havgand to specifically
help them solve local problems
a) action research;
b) basic research
c) predictive research;
d) orientational research

58) Which scientific method often focuses on testing hypotheses developed from
theories
a) Inductive method
b) Deductive method
c) Hypothesis method
d) Pattern method

59) Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and
theories?
a) Inductive method
b) Deductive method;
c) Hypothesis method;
d) Pattern method

60) Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?
a) quantitative research
b) qualitative research;
c) mixed research;
d) none of the above

61) Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable

a) age;
b) annual income;
c) grade point average;
d) religion

62) Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a) age, temperature, income, height;
b) grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance;
c) gender, religion, ethnic group:
d) both a and b

63) Which correlation is the strongest?

a) +.10;
b) -95;
c) +.90;
d) -1.00

64) A qualitative research question:

a) Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored;
b) Is generally an open-ended question
c) both a and b are correct;
d) None of the above

65) The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research
plan?
a) Introduction
b) Method;
c) Data analysis;
d) Discussion

66) A challenge of qualitative data analysis is that it often includes data that are
unwieldy and complex; it is a major challenge to make sense of the large pool of data.
a) True;
b) False

67) ________ are the basic building blocks of qualitative data

a) Categories;
b) Units;
c) Individuals;
d) None of the above

68) The process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or
category names is known as
a) Concurring
b) Coding.
c) Coloring;
d) Segmenting

69) Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?

a) The coin is not fair;
b) There is a correlation in the population;
c) There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population;
d) The defendant is guilty

70) A ______ is a subset of a ________

a) sample, population;
b) Population, sample;
c) Statistic, parameter;
d) Parameter, statistic

71) Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing.
a) State the null and alternative hypotheses;
b) Set the significance level before the research study
c) Eliminate all outliers;
d) Obtain the probability value using a computer program such as SPSS;
e) Compare the probability value to the significance level and make the statistical decision
72) A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically
significant is called the
a) One-way analysis of variance;
b) t-test for independent samples;
c) Chi-square test for contingency tables,
d) t-test for correlation coefficients

73) The median is

a) The middle point;
b) The highest number;
c) The average;
d) Affected by extreme scores

74) What is the mean of this set of numbers: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?

a) 7.5;
b) 400,005.2
c) 7;
d) 4

75) Which of the following is not a data-collection method

a) Research questions ;
b) Unstructured interviewing ;
c) Postal survey questionnaires ;
d) Participant observation

76) Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?

a) Because far too much data is collected than is required,
b) Because we need to make sense of the data
c)Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires ;
d) Because the sample size has been exceeded

77) The core ingredients of a dissertation are:

a) Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.;
b) Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography. ;
c) Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References.
d) Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion;
Conclusion.

78) What is the median of this set of numbers: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?

a) 7.5;
b) 6.
c) 7
d) 4

79) As a general rule, the _______ is the best measure of central tendency because it
is more precise
a) Mean;
b) Median;
c) Mode;
d) Range

80) The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode;
d) Range

81) A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a

a) line graph
b) Bar graph;
c) Scatterplot;
d) Vertical graph

82) The standard deviation is:

a) The square root of the variance;
b) A measure of variability;
c) An approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean,
d) All of the above

83) Approximately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the
mean in a normal distribution?
a) 34%;
b) 95%;
c) 99%;
d) 68%

84) Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

a) generalization to the population
b) random sampling
c) unique case orientation
d) standardized tests and measures

85) Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?

a) Data are often words and pictures;
b) Uses the inductive scientific method
c) Ends with a statistical report;
d) Involves direct and personal contact with participants

86) Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative résearch?

a) Design flexibility;
b) Inductive analysis;
c) Context sensitivity
d) All of the above

87) Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of qualitative research?

a) Design flexibility;
b) Dynamic systems;
c) Naturalistic inquiry
d) Deductive design

88) Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

a) Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate;
b) Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic
group at random.
c) Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number
table to pick cases from the table.;
d) Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.

89) __________is a type of probability sampling.

a) Haphazard
b) Quota
c) Snowball
d) Cluster

90) The word "random" is normally used with

a) simple sampling;
b) purposive sampling;
c) stratified sampling;
d) cluster sampling

91) Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

a) Snowball sampling;
b) Convenience sampling;
c) Quota sampling;
d) Purposive sampling
e) They are all forms of nonrandom sampling

92) Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size
a) Cluster Sampling;
b) Simple random sampling;
c) Systematic sampling;
d) Proportional stratified sampling

93) The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as

a) Sampling;
b) Census
c) Survey research;
d) None of the above

94) Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling

a) Cluster sampling;
b) Convenience sampling;
c) Quota sampling;
d) Purposive sampling;
e) They are all type of nonrandom sampling

95) When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed
relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that
the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).
a. True
b. False

96) The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical
conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as ________
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Inferential statistics
c) Sample statistics
d) Population statistics

97) As a general rule, researchers tend to use _______ percent confidence intervals.
a) 99%
b) 95%
c) 50%;
d) none of the above

98) ________ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between
two quantitative variables.
a) Bar graphs;
b) Pie graphs;
c) Line graphs
d) Scatterplots

99) The goal of ____ is to focus on summarizing and explaining a specific set of data
a) Inferential statistics
b) Descriptive statistics
c) None of the above
d) All of the above

100) The ____ is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are
severely skewed.
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range

101) If a distribution is skewed to the left, then it is

a) Negatively skewed
b) Positively skewed
c) Symmetrically skewed
d) Symmetrical
102) Non-overlapping categories or intervals are known as
a) Inclusive
b) Exhaustive
c) Mutually exclusive
d) Mutually exclusive and exhaustive

103) In a grouped frequency of distribution, the intervals should be what?

a) Mutually exclusive
b) Exhaustive
c) Both A and B
d) Neither A nor B

104) The ____ is the value you calculate when you want the arithmetic average.
a) Mean;
b) Median;
c) Mode;
d) All of the above

105) Why are variance and standard deviation the most popular measures of
variability
a) They are the most stable and are foundations for more advanced statistical
analysis
b) They are the most simple to calculate with large data sets
c) They provide nominally scaled data
d) None of the above

106) What is the median of the following set of scores? 18, 6, 12, 10, 14?
a) 10;
b) 14;
c)18
d) 12

107) Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number
between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for
which form of sampling?
a) Simple Random Sampling
b) Stratified Random Sampling
c) Systematic Sampling
d) Cluster sampling

108) Which of the following statements is/are true according to the logic of hypothesis
testing?
a) When the null hypothesis is true, it should be rejected;
b) When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected;
c) When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected;
d) When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected
e) Both b and c are true
109) The "equals" sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting
hypothesis testing
a) Null
b) Alternative
c) can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis

110) The statement of purpose in a research study should:

a) Identify the design of the study
b) Identify the intent or objective of the study;
c) Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d) Describe the study

111) What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

a) resistance to manipulation
b) manipulation of the independent variable
c) the use of open-ended questions
d) focuses only on local problems

112) When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between

two variables, it is very important to avoid ___
a) checking the strength of relationship
b) jumping to the conclusion of causality
c) checking the direction of the relationship
d) expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient

113) Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following
characteristics except
a) it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b) it relies on the collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures
c) it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d) it uses the inductive scientific method

114) The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research
methods
a) Experimental
b) Causal-comparative
c) Correlational
d) Ethnography

115) A positive correlation is present when

a) two variables move in opposite directions
b) two variables move in the same direction
c) one variable goes up and one goes down
d) several variables never change

116) Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a) the collection of non-numerical data;
b) an attempt to confirm the researcher's hypotheses
c) research that is exploratory
d) research that attempts to generate a new theory

117) Research hypotheses are

a) Formulated prior to a review of the literature;
b) Statements of predicted relationships between variables;
c) Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d) b and c

118) The Method section of the research plan typically specifies

a) The research participants;
b) The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest
c) The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
d) The planned research procedures;
e) a, c and d

119) A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research
questions is that.
a) Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research question
b) Studies typically generate more research questions than they answer

120) Which of these is not a method of data collection.

a) Questionnaires
b) Interviews
c) Experiments
d) Observations

121) All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a) it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data;
b) it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect;
c) it uses the deductive scientific method
d) it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

122) A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher to do which of the following?
a) To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest:
b) To identify potential methodological problems in the research area;
c) To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
d) All of the above

123) Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?

a) Official documents;
b) Personal documents;
c) Archived research data;
d) All of the above

124) Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at
an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
a) Primary data
b) Secondary data;
c) Experimental data;
d) Field notes

125) What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?
a) The process you used will capture the true parameter of 95% of the time in the long run;
b) You can be "95% confident" that your interval will include the population parameter;
c) You can be "5% confident" that your interval will not include the population parameter,
d) All of the above statements are true.

126) The "equals" sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting
hypothesis testing?
a) Null;
b) Alternative
c) It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis

127) A classification system generally used in social sciences that breaks something
down into different types or levels is called a________
a) Diagram;
b) Flow chart
c) Hierarchical category system;
d) Category

128) The process of quantifying data is referred to as _______

a) Typology;
b) Diagramming
c) Enumeration;
d) Coding

129) An advantage of using computer programs for qualitative data is that they
______
a) Can reduce time required to analyze data (i.e., after the data are transcribed);
b) Help in storing and organizing data;
c) Make many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraints;
d) All of the above

130) When a segment of textual data has overlapping codes this is called a(n)_______
a) Inductive code;
b) Co-occurring codes;
c) Priori code;
d) Facesheet code

131) This is the process of transforming qualitative research data from written
interviews or field notes into typed text.
a) Segmenting;
b) Coding
c) Transcription;
d) Memoing

132) What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your
data
during data analysis called?
a) Coding;
b) Segmenting;
c) Memoing;
d) Reflecting

133) Codes that apply to a complete document or case are called _______
a) Cover codes;
b) False sheet codes,
c) Factual codes
d) Facesheet codes

134) Which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the
development of a research idea?
a) Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question,
hypothesis;
b) Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesis;
c) Research topic, research problem, research purpose, hypothesis, research question,
d) Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose

135) Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a

research study?
a) Gender
b) Ethnicity
c) Intelligence and other traits
d) None of the above can be manipulated in a research study

136) An ordinal scale is used to rank people, objects, or characteristic

a) True;
b) False

137) An ordinal scale is:

a) The simplest form of measurement;
b) A rank-order scale of measurement;
c) A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers;
d) A scale with an absolute zero point;
e) A categorical scale

138) Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?

a) Nominal;
b) Ordinal;
c) Interval;
d) Ratio
139) Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he
or she is engaging in hypothesis testing?
a) the alternative hypothesis;
b) The null hypothesis;
c) Both the alternative and null hypothesis;
d) Neither the alternative or null hypothesis

140) When p>O5 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed
relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that
the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).
a) True
b) False