Why is Cable Testing Needed?

Cable testing is made to drop down testing times. This is done to check the:

• Cable conformity

• Cabling quality

• Cable functionality

Many times, a fault in a cable can be seen well before it becomes an actual problem. A
visual inspection of all the cables in your facility is a great way to find trouble before it
causes you a downtime. We look for corrosion on the copper, cracks in the insulation,
moisture on the cables and many other indicators of damage to the cables.

Cable faults cost money and create disruption, so there is an enormous demand for
cable test techniques to ensure cables and joints are in good condition, and to allow
cable faults to be located rapidly.

Cable testing to both predict and then deal with faults is a vital concern for all those
involved with the distribution of electricity. A wide range of test techniques and test
equipment are available to allow this concern to be effectively addressed, but cable
testing can, nevertheless, be a challenging task.

For this reason, a resource that’s as important as the test equipment itself is access to
expertise that will help with selecting the best equipment for the job, and using it in
such a way that it delivers the best results

What is Done During Cable Testing?

Given below are the tests and inspections that must be done before energizing low
voltage cable rated 600V or below.

• Compare cable data with drawings and specifications. Pay attention to the
number of sets, the cable size, routing, and insulation ratings. Note these items
on the test sheet.

• Check uncovered parts of cable for material damage. Look at the condition of
the cable jacket and insulation of exposed sections. Verify that the connection
points match what is shown on the project single-line diagram.

• Check bolted electrical connections for high resistance with the use of a
calibrated torque-wrench, low-resistance ohmmeter or thermographic survey.

o When using a calibrated torque wrench, reference ANSI/NETA Table

100.12 US Standard Fasteners, Bolt Torque Values for Electrical
Connections.
 o The values of similar bolted connections must be compared and check
which value shift by more than fifty percent of the smallest value in the
case where a low resistance ohmmeter is utilized.

• Look at the condition of the exposed cable jacket and insulation when
performing a visual inspection on low voltage wire and cable.

• Inspect compression-applied connections by verifying that the connector is

properly rated for the installed cable size and has the proper indentations.

• Perform an insulation-resistance test on each conductor with respect to ground

and adjacent conductors. Test period must be for 1 minute using a voltage
according to manufacturer’s published data.

• If no literature from the manufacturer is available, apply 500 volts dc for 300-volt
rated cable and 1000 volts dc for 600-volt rated cable. Insulation-resistance
values must be according to the manufacturer’s published data. If no data from
the manufacturer exists, the values should be no less than 100 megohms.
Perform continuity tests to ensure correct cable connection and phasing.

• Verify uniform resistance of parallel conductors using a low-resistance

ohmmeter. Measure the resistance of each cable individually and investigate
deviations in resistance between parallel conductors.

Given below are various kinds of tests that are conducted on cables:

The following tests are type test of electrical power cable.

1. Persulphate test (for copper)

2. Annealing test (for copper)

3. Tensile test (for Aluminium)

4. Wrapping test (for Aluminium)

5. Conductor resistance test (for all)

6. Test for thickness of insulation (for all)

7. Measurement of overall diameter (where specified) (for all)

Physical tests for Insulation and Sheath

1. Tensile strength and elongation at break

2. Ageing in air oven

3. Ageing in air bomb

4. Ageing in oxygen bomb

 5. Hot set

6. Oil resistance

7. Tear resistance

8. Insulation resistance

9. High voltage (water immersion) test

10. Flammability test (only for SE-3, SE-4)

11. Water abortion test (for insulation)

Acceptance test: The following shall constitute acceptance test:

1. Annealing test (for copper)

2. Tensile test (for Aluminium)

3. Wrapping test (for Aluminium)

4. Conductor resistance test

5. Test for thickness of insulation and sheath and overall diameter

6. Tensile strength and Elongation at break of insulation and heath

7. Hot set test for insulation and sheath

8. High voltage test

9. Insulation resistance test

Routine test: The following shall constitute the routine test.

1. Conductor resistance test

2. High voltage test

3. Insulation resistance test

How is Cable Testing Performed?

Given below are the tests done while cable testing is done:

Continuity Test

• The continuity test (also called low resistance measurement) is measuring the
low resistance of cables, from 1 mΩ to 250 Ω.

• The continuity test can be made in 2 or 4 wires according to the resistance to be

measured: 2 wires for resistances > 1 Ω, and 4 wires for resistances < 1 Ω.
 • The continuity test in 2 wires mode consists in injecting a programmable current
and measuring voltage and current at the terminals of the resistance to be
tested. Ohm’s law will give the exact value.

• In four wires mode or Kelvin method continuity test divide the switching matrix
into 2 internal buses

• directing the test current

• conveying the voltage of the terminals of the element under measurement.

Even-addressed points are allocated to the SENSE of the measurement, odd points to
injection of the current. This layout is doable all the way through the switching matrix
and can be joint with two wire continuity tests.

• To give you an example, the continuity test in 4 wires mode lets you carry out
measurements on wires of 50 cm length and 5/10 mm cross-section (between 7
and 13 mW) with good resolution.

Insulation Test:

• The insulation test also known as high resistance test is always made DC. The
insulation test is combined with a short-circuit test and high voltage test in DC.

• The insulation test combines several functions.

• The insulation test can perform:

o determining insulation resistances from fifty kilo ohm to two thousand

mega ohm at high voltage i.e. from 20V to 2000V.

o measurement of dielectric strength and detection of short circuits.

• The insulation test proceeds as follows:

o An initial test at low voltage (continuity measurement) to detect any short

circuit (1). If a short circuit is found, the insulation test stops (the
message SHORT CIRCUIT appears in the error list).

o If there is no short circuit, the high voltage is applied. During the

programmable rise time (2), if breakdown occurs, the voltage is displayed
and the test stops (the breakdown voltage is given in the error list).

o If no breakdown occurs and if the voltage does not reach the required
value (±10%), the message U<Uprog appears in the error list.

o Next, the voltage is applied for the duration of the programmed

application time (3). If breakdown occurs during this period, the moment
when the fault appears is displayed in the error list and the test stops.
 o Lastly, if all goes well, at the end of the application time (4), the insulation
test is made, and the insulation resistance measured. The tester will add
a measurement time as a function of the range requested. The
measurement time varies from 20ms to 240ms according to range.

• To end the sequence, the tester reduces the high voltage and then discharges the
unit tested to an earth resistance (total time 20ms).

• This procedure is identical at the end of every measurement of insulation.

• The dielectric strength test detects any sudden variation in the increase of the
test current outside the programmed limit.

• The short circuit test or high voltage test can be programmed out of the test.

Phasing Test:

• The correct phasing of all LV circuits shall be checked at all positions where the
LV cables are terminated into fuse bases and where any LV cable is run from
point to point.

• This test shall be performed with an instrument designed for the purpose. Mains
frequency voltage of 240 Volts is not acceptable for this test.

• The neutral conductor shall be connected to the earth stake for this test.

Earth Resistance Test:

• In any overhead or underground network, the earth resistance at any point along
the length of a LV feeder is to have a maximum resistance of 10 ohms prior to
connection to the existing network.

• In any overhead or underground network, the overall resistance to earth Shall be

less than 1 ohm prior to connection to the existing network.

High Voltage Test:

• The high voltage test (also called dielectric strength test or hipot test) can be
made in AC or DC. If the high voltage test is made in DC, it is then combined with
insulation; if the high voltage test is made in AC, it is then, this is then, more
stressful for the sample and made according to the sketch below.

• Measurement of high voltage test under alternating current is performed using

an alternating voltage (50Hz) adjustable to an effective 50V to 1,500V. As is the
case with direct current, the high voltage test detects any sudden rise of current
up to a programmed threshold.

• The short circuit test is maintained by default. The rise time is more than 500 ms
and the application time at least one period.
 • Warning: The high voltage test under alternating current is penalized by the
capacitive value of the tested equipment. It must be remembered that the
generator power is limited to 5 mA.

Benefits of Cable Testing

• Product warranties are limited

• Testing is less expensive than repair

• Periodic testing will futureproof the infrastructure