Phần I

1) Every time a car drives through a major intersection, it becomes a data point. Magnetic coils of
wire lie just beneath the pavement, registering each passing car. This starts a cascade of
information: Computers tally the number and speed of cars, shoot the data through
underground cables to a command center and finally translate it into the colors red, yellow and
green. On the seventh floor of Boston City Hall, the three colors splash like paint across a
wall-sized map.

In the text, what does “registering” most nearly mean?

A) preparing B) recording C) inscribing D) transmitting

2) Until the past few years, physicists agreed that the entire universe is generated from a few
mathematical truths and principles of symmetry, perhaps throwing in a handful of parameters
like the mass of an electron. It seemed that we were ____ a vision of our universe in which

SAT everything could be calculated, predicted, and understood. However, two theories, eternal
inflation and string theory, now suggest that the same fundamental principles from which the
laws of nature derive may lead to many different self-consistent universes, with many different
properties.

EXERCISES Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) experimenting B) approaching C) hypothesizing D) shutting down

3) Math poses difficulties. There's little room for eyewitness testimony, seasoned judgment, a
skeptical eye or transcendental rhetoric.

In the text, what does “seasoned” most nearly mean?

A) determined B) tasteful C) experienced D) objective

4) When Saburo joined the track and field team at Bukkyo High School, the sport was enjoying a
popularity it had not known before the war. At the time, few schools could afford baseball bats or
gymnastic equipment. And there was something in the simplicity of the sport - the straight path
to the goal, the dramatic finish line - that stirred the community to yells and often tears. On
Sundays entire families came outdoors to cheer, Thermoses of cold wheat tea slung across their * Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
chests. They sat on woven mats and munched on rice balls, roasted potatoes, hard-boiled eggs,
A) liberated B) uncompensated C) devoid D) whole
and pickled shoots of fuki gathered up in the hills.

* In the text, what does “coupled” most nearly mean?

In the text, what does “stirred” most nearly mean?

A) cooperated B) associated C) related D) combined

A) forced B) transformed C) inspired D) disturbed

* In the text, what does “account” most nearly mean?

5) The various conditions of men and the different uses they make of their powers and
A) contact B) consideration C) favor D) prominence
opportunities in life, are full of puzzling contrasts and contradictions. Here, as elsewhere, it is
easy to dogmatize, but it is not so easy to define, explain and demonstrate. The natural laws for
the government, well-being and progress of mankind, seem to be equal and are equal; but the 10) Perhaps the most classic definition of a species is a group of organisms that can breed with

subjects of these laws everywhere abound in inequalities, discords and contrasts. We cannot each other to produce fertile offspring. While simple, this concept has come under fire because

have fruit without flowers, but we often have flowers without fruit. The promise of youth often it didn't apply to many organisms, such as single-celled ones that reproduce asexually.

breaks down in manhood, and real excellence often comes from unexpected ____. Alternatives quickly arose. Some biologists championed an ecological definition that assigned
species according to the environmental niches they fill. Others asserted that a species was a set
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? of organisms with physical characteristics that were distinct from others. The discovery of DNA's
double helix ____ the creation of another definition, one in which scientists could look for
A) divisions B) relations C) origins D) particles
minute genetic differences and draw even finer lines denoting species.

* In the text, what does “championed” most nearly mean?

6) Around the middle of the 20th century, science ____ the fantasy that we could easily
colonize the other planets in our solar system. Science fiction writers absorbed the new reality:
A) advocated B) denied C) counseled D) disrupted
soon, moon and asteroid settings replaced Mars and Venus.
* Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) prompted B) rejected C) elaborated D) defended
A) distributed B) disposed of C) identified with D) renewed
* In the text, what does “finer” most nearly mean?

7) Conservationists have historically been at odds with the people who inhabit wildernesses. A) narrower B) keener C) milder D) daintier
During the last half of the 20th century, millions of indigenous people were ousted from their
homelands to establish nature sanctuaries ____ of humans. Most succumbed to malnutrition,
13) Citrus greening, the plague that could wipe out Florida's $9 billion orange industry, begins
disease and exploitation. Such outcomes- coupled with the realization that indigenous groups
with the touch of a jumpy brown bug on a sun-kissed leaf. From there, the bacterial disease
usually help to stabilize ecosystems by, for instance, keeping fire at bay-have convinced major
incubates in the tree's roots, then moves back up the trunk in full force, causing nutrient flows to
conservation groups to take local human concerns into account. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
seize up. Leaves turn yellow, and the oranges, deprived of sugars from the leaves, remain green,
now describes indigenous peoples as "natural allies," and the Nature Conservancy pledges to seek
sour, and hard. Many fall before harvest, brown necrotic flesh ____ failed stems.
their "free, informed and prior" consent to projects impacting their territories.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) nourishing B) implanting C) growing D) ringing Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) obfuscates B) cites C) regenerates D) rebuffs

14) Equipped with a large air hockey table, billiards, foosball, and table tennis, the recreation
room provides myriad ways for the children to ______ themselves.
20) The second-grader uses a copious supply of sculpting gel on his hair each and every morning
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? before school, leaving an ______ residue of green goop in the restroom sink.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) divulge B) retract C) divert D) disavow

A) effacing B) onerous C) ingratiating D) unctuous

15) Located on the lower level, the guest quarters were not only ______ but also ______;
they were spacious and roomy enough to feel comfortable while being small and intimate
enough to feel snug. 21) Often late to the workplace or downright absent, Hal found his job as widget-maker neither
diverting nor enlightening; in fact, he perceived it as an anathema, and he transparently ____
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? his job.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) capacious..lavish B) slipshod..ornate C) renovated..razed D) commodious..cozy

A) rekindled B) execrated C) defiled D) exasperated

16) Since the entire family has a(an) ______ for watching a broad spectrum of movies, a home
theater was ______ welcomed by all family members.
22) It takes an incisive sense of direction and a clarity of mind to navigate the tortuous, mazelike
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? corridors of the medieval palace, whose floor plan is nothing short of ______.

A) fallacy..hardly B) affinity..fervently C) conundrum..fervidly D) conundrum..fervidly

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) byzantine B) archaic C) enveloping D) gruesome

17) Despite ______ technological innovations, including cell phone cameras, pagers, hand-held
computers, and a multitude of other devices intended to streamline and ease our hectic lives, life
does not seem to be getting simpler. 23) So that you don’t get stuck in the mud and get your trousers wet, I suggest that you ______
the small boggy area and try to avoid the larger quagmire up ahead.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) myriad B) meager C) jocular D) jaded Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) circumscribe B) circumvent C) circulate D) encircle

18) Far from exciting and novel, ______ household tasks include taking out the garbage,
washing the dinner dishes, and folding the laundry.
24) To cultivate a diverse and edifying experience for her children during July and August, Mrs.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Aidan avoided conflicts that would preclude her from scheduling ______ summer activities
that included, among other enriching activities, golf, tennis, and a multisports camp.
A) energizing B) motivating C) quotidian D) enervating

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

19) Instead of elucidating the complex process of wiring an eleven-room home for ceiling A) homogeneous B) allotted C) divergent D) sundry
speakers and the Internet, Jack paints an incomprehensible picture of a “smart home” and
further ____ the intricacies of home-networking.
25) Overwhelming desk clutter and towering piles of paper make it difficult to find relatively A) coordinated B) adjusted C) healthy D) suited
______ items such as earring backs and electronic discs the size of dimes.
* In the text, what does “part” most nearly mean?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) aspect B) role C) section D) sliver

A) indeterminate B) inestimable C) infinitesimal D) indiscriminate

30) Now, instead of using software to manage photos, we can ____ features of the bytes that
26) The citrus greening disease has spread beyond Florida to nearly every orange-growing
make up the digital image. Facebook can, without privacy invasion, track where and when, for
region in the United States. Despite many generations of breeding by humanity, no citrus plant
example, vacationing is trending, since digital images reveal at least that much.
resists greening; it afflicts lemons, grapefruits, and other citrus species as well. Once a tree is
infected, it will die. Yet in a few select Floridian orchards, there are now trees that, thanks to
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
innovative technology, can fight the greening tide.
A) mine B) contain C) respond D) describe
In the text, what does “select” most nearly mean?

A) exclusive B) preferred C) particular D) conventional 31) Data can be cross-correlated, even in real time, with seemingly unrelated data such as local
weather, interest rates, crime figures, and so on. Such correlations associated with just one
photograph aren't revealing. But imagine looking at billions of photos over weeks, months, years,
27) Among humans, even thinking about yawning can trigger the reflex, leading some to suspect
then correlating them with dozens of directly related data sets (vacation bookings, air traffic),
that catching a yawn is linked to our ability to empathize with other humans. For instance,
tangential information (weather, interest rates, unemployment), or orthogonal information
contagious yawning activates the same parts of the brain that govern empathy and social
(social or political trends). With essentially free super-computing, we can usefully associate
know-how. And some studies have shown that humans with more fine-tuned social skills are
massive, formerly unrelated data sets and unveil all manner of economic, cultural, and social
more likely to catch a yawn.
realities.
In the text, what does “govern” most nearly mean?
In the text, what does “unveil” most nearly mean?
A) elect B) control C) charge D) require
A) reveal B) analyze C) alter D) uphold

28) It is not to be denied that we live in the midst of strong agitations, and are surrounded by very
32) Isaac Asimov ____ the idea of using massive data sets to predict human behavior, coining it
considerable dangers to our institutions and government. The imprisoned winds are let loose. The East,
"psychohistory" in his 1951 Foundation trilogy. The bigger the data set, Asimov said then, the
the North, and the stormy South combine to throw the whole sea into commotion, to toss its billows to the
more predictable the future. In the 21st century, his idea finally came to life with big-data
skies, and disclose its profoundest depths. I do not affect to regard myself, Mr. President, as holding, or as
analytics. Now one can finally see the forest, instead of just the capillaries in the tree leaves.
fit to hold, the helm in this combat with the political elements; but I have a duty to perform, and I mean to

perform it with fidelity, not without a sense of existing dangers, but not without hope. I have a part to act,
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
not for my own security or safety, for I am looking out for no fragment upon which to float away from the

wreck, if wreck there must be, but for the good of the whole, and the preservation of all. A) expected B) accumulated C) foresaw D) explained

* In the text, what does “fit” most nearly mean?

33) By tracking daily weight variations of beehives, a beekeeper can discern when the colony Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
needs a nutritional boost to carry it through lean times, whether to add extra combs for honey
A) enforce..useful B) end..divisive C) extend..satisfactory D) resolve..acceptable
storage and even detect incursions by marauding robber bees-all without disturbing the colony.

* In the text, what does “lean” most nearly mean?

38) Many private universities depend heavily on ____, the wealthy individuals who support them with

A) titled B) scarce C) compact D) sunken gifts and bequests.

* In the text, what does “incursions” most nearly mean? A) administrators B) beneficiaries C) accountants D) benefactors

A) intentions B) introductions C) intrusions D) initiatives

39) One of the characters in Milton Murayama’s novel is considered ____ because he
deliberately defies an oppressive hierarchical society.
35) A graph of the hive's weight-which can increase by as much as 35 pounds a day in some parts
of the United States during peak nectar flow - reveals the date on which the bees' foraging was A) rebellious B) impulsive C) industrious D) tyrannical

most productive and provides a direct record of successful pollination. "Around here, the bees
make their living in the month of May," says Esaias, noting that his bees often achieve daily spikes
40) Nightjars possess a camouflage perhaps unparalleled in the bird world: by day they roost
of pounds, the maximum in Maryland. "There's almost no nectar coming in for the rest of the
hidden in shady woods, so ____ with their surroundings that they are nearly impossible to
year."
____.

In the text, what does “make their living” most nearly mean?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) grow heavier B) accumulate funds C) behave aggressively D) are most

A) vexed..dislodge B) blended..discern C) integrated . . classifyD) harmonized..interrupt
productive

41) Many economists believe that since resources are scarce and since human desires cannot all
be____, a method of ____ is needed.
36) In late 2006, honey bees nationwide began disappearing in an ongoing syndrome dubbed
colony collapse disorder (CCD). Entire hives went empty as bees inexplicably abandoned their
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
young and their honey. Commercial beekeepers reported losses up to percent, and the
large-scale farmers who rely on honey bees to ensure ____ harvests of almonds, apples, and A) expressed..reparation B) verified..distribution C) usurped..expropriation D) indulged..apportionment

sunflowers became very, very nervous.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? 42) The range of colors that homeowners could use on the exterior of their houses was ____ by
the community’s stringent rules regarding upkeep of property.
A) plentiful B) costly C) heavy D) fragrant
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

37) Hoping to ____ the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be A) embellished B) circumscribed C) insinuated D) bolstered

____ to both labor and management.

43) Years of ____ lifting of heavy furniture had left him too ____ to be able to stand erect for 48) Critics dismissed the engineer’s seemingly creative design as being ____, that is,
long periods of time. underdeveloped and lacking in sophistication.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) onerous..hesitant B) strenuous..debilitated C) unstinting..eminent D) over..distracted A) defunct B) unorthodox C) simplistic D) erroneous

44) Canadian Lynn Johnston was named Cartoonist of the Year in 1985, the first woman to be so 49) The professor commented to other faculty members that Sheila seemed temperamentally
____. suited to the study of logic, given her ____ for ____ intricate arguments.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) esteemed B) inspired C) entrusted D) refined A) sympathy..influencing B) penchant..evadingC) disregard..unhinging D) bent . . analyzing

45) Because the photographer believed that wild animals should be ____ only in their various 50) While traveling near the Sun, the comet Hale-Bopp produced a ____ amount of dust, much
natural surroundings, she ____ often in her career. more than the comets Halley or Hyakutake.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) depicted..traveled B) displayed..spoke C) captured..roamed D) represented . . A) voracious B) redundant C) superficial D) prodigious

publicized
Phần II

46) Folk painter Grandma Moses has become such an enduring icon that many consider her 1) The writer came to be labeled ____ because she isolated herself in her apartment, shunning
____ of America. outside contact.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) an innovator B) an emblem C) a successor D) a lobbyist A) a loner B) a miser C) a connoisseur D) an ingenue

47) Whether substances are medicines or poisons often depends on dosage, for substances that 2) Some Tibetan nomads used yak butter as a ____, one that often took the place of money in
are ____ in small doses can be ____ in large. commercial transactions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) harmful..fatal B) mild..benign C) curative..toxic D) beneficial . . A) commodity B) register C) formula D) promotion

miraculous
3) Farmers have often said when I have been talking to them about controlled production: “Well, A) insightful..astute B) partisan..callous
what good would it do us when we have a higher price if we haven’t anything to sell?” Of course,
C) duplicitous . . candid D) cunning . . surreptitious
if a man can’t see the difference between controlled production and having nothing to sell, that
chap is about hopeless and there is no use wasting anymore words on him.

8) To be able to ____ more smoothly the individual facts of the case, the prosecutor spent a
What does “chap” most nearly mean?
great deal of time simply ____ them, instead of analyzing their importance to his argument.

A) crack B) case
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

C) man D) brain
A) synthesize ... regurgitating B) recite ... memorizing

C) denounce... falsifying D) acquire ... misinterpreting

4) Geysers vary widely: some may discharge ____, whereas others may have only a brief
explosive eruption and then remain ____ for hours or days.

9) The usually ____ CEO shocked his employees by severely overreacting to the jocular teasing
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
of one of his subordinates.

A) faintly . . imperceptible B) spontaneously..unpredictable

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

C) continuously..quiescent D) faintly . . imperceptible

A) demanding B) inarticulate C) aggressive D) composed

5) Although the administration repeatedly threatened to use its authority in order to ____ the
10) She let down the bars of the gate, followed a trail along the crumbling wall of the pasture, and
student protestors into submission, they refused to be intimidated.
walked on till she reached a knoll where a clump of larches shook out their fresh tassels to the

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? wind. There she lay down on the slope, tossed off her hat and hid her face in the grass. She was
____ and insensible to many things, and dimly knew it; but to all that was light and air, perfume
A) delude B) cajole C) bully D) nudge
and color, every drop of blood in her responded.

6) No longer narrowly preoccupied with their own national pasts, historians are increasingly
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
_____ in that they often take a transnational perspective.
A) blind B) weak C) modest D) careless
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) conciliatory B) mendacious C) cosmopolitan D) jocular 11) Charity ruled in lawyer Royall's house. She had never put it to herself in those terms; but she
knew her power. Confusedly, the young man in the library had made her feel for the first time
what might be the sweetness of dependence. She sat up and looked down on the house where
7) Only after the campaign volunteers became aware of their candidate’s questionable motives
she held sway.
could they recognize the ____ statements made in his seemingly ____ speeches.

In the text, what does “sway” most nearly mean?

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) motion B) influence C) relief D) interest

 family. As a visiting nurse, young Mary’s mother left her children alone a lot. They were given
12) Men of very ____ faculties have, nevertheless, made a very respectable way in the world and chores, and it was up to Mary, the oldest, to inspire play from the work to keep the others happy.
have sometimes presented even brilliant examples of success. On the other hand, what is called From this ____ childhood sprouted Mary’s ability to dramatize and entertain.
genius is often found by the wayside, a miserable wreck.
* In the text, what does “bleak” most nearly mean?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) austere B) bland C) weak D) lonely
A) accepted B) customary C) unremarkable D) habitual
* Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

13) These imply a constant effort on the part of nature to hold the balance between all her A) twisted B) wan C) evil D) virtuous

children and to bring success within the reach of the humblest as well as of the most exalted.

19) The hit TV show Entourage __(1)__ a young movie star navigating life in Hollywood. In the
In the text, what does “hold” most nearly mean?

show, the main character, Vince, faces __(2)__ from other actors to get the best roles. Yet, he
A) grasp B) maintain C) purchase D) dominate

remains calm.

14) This is the energy that defines the flair and appeal of Edna St. Vincent Millay. She was always
(1) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
playing with fire, and at the same time shedding her lovely light for the world to admire. She was
lucky to be born in a time when people were ready to accept change, as Millay was always A) demonstrates B) teaches C) portrays D) proves
experimenting, and the world loved her for it. She was small in stature and had fiery red hair and
(2) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
a beautifully clear voice. The public adored her charismatic, headstrong and passionate __(1)__,
and she fed their __(2)__ with carefully crafted poems, articulating the thrill of her courageous
A) contests B) competition C) trials D) disputing
and daring life.

* In the text, what does “flair” most nearly mean? 21) Kelvin is not __(1)__, he just listens to his gut rather than being sucked into the games of
Hollywood. In another episode, he turns down a movie deal that he did not really want in hopes
A) signal B) panache C) flame D) conflagration
of getting a long-shot deal. He does this because waiting for the long shot felt energizing and

(1) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? right and gave him a huge __(2)__ of excitement, whereas taking the sure-thing movie felt
wrong.
A) world B) chronicle C) environment D) nature
(1) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
(2) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) inefficient B) indifferent C) absent D) caring
A) respect B) desire C) charisma D) tenacity
(2) Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

17) Mary lived in Maine, by the sea, and her childhood was bleak. Her father left her mother when A) trickle B) tweak C) reaction D) surge
she was seven. They were incredibly poor, and her mother had to work hard to support the
23) People should learn to ____ their fears because they can never move to a truly safe place. 28) The tin supply chain is complex and ,often, ____. Companies usually report products that
they supply to the market; however, they may not describe which of their plants use which
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
starting materials or processes.

A) view B) state C) address D) represent

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) dark B) wide C) opaque D) dense

24) Marie Curie was born in Poland at a time when it was ____ Russian occupation.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
29) I have three chairs in my house; one for solitude; two for friendship; three for society. When

A) under B) beneath C) below D) doomed to visitors come in larger and unexpected numbers there was but the third chair for them all, but
they generally ____ the room by standing up.

25) Genetically modified crops are typically developed for resistance to herbicides, pesticides, Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

and disease, as well as to increase nutritional value. Some of these transgenic crops might even
A) wasted B) economized C) squandered D) purchased
yield human vaccines.

In the text, what does “yield” most nearly mean?

30) The bullet of your thoughts must have overcome its lateral and ricochet motion and fallen
A) produce B) surrender C) give way D) replace
into its last and steady course before it reaches the ear of the hearer, else it may plow out again
through the side of his head.

26) Such labor is cheap and desirable to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the In the text, what does “plow” most nearly mean?

parish.
A) push B) furrow C) cultivate D) walk

In the text, what does “maintained” most nearly mean?

A) provided for B) affirmed C) healed D) fixed 31) The Appalachian region’s ____ from major urban centers has led to some hypotheses that its
dialect has remained intact from the days of its earliest settlers.

27) Certainly, gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a representative to live in the Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his
A) solitude B) withdrawal C) isolation D) aloneness
constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their
business, unremitted attention.
32) Geoffrey’s historical treatment of the legend is often ____ as evidence that the queen of
In the text, what does “weight” most nearly mean?
Camelot existed, as the book chronicles the lives of a number of historical rulers.

A) significance B) heaviness C) measure D) burden

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) sited B) insighted C) cited D) incited

33) Imagine a world in which it’s ____ for a doctor to prepare for a difficult surgery by 38) In 1925, Hurston began her studies at Barnard College, where under the tutelage of Franz
“operating” on a full-sized, electronically responsive model of a patient. Boas, the “Father of Modern Anthropology”—she embraced the idea of cultural relativism, or
studying a culture in isolation rather than in comparison to others. Her work reflected this
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
____, as she sought to capture what she termed the “natural” art of African Americans through

A) casual B) common C) shared D) general speech, song, and folklore.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

34) Professionals interested in incorporating hippotherapy into their treatment sessions first
A) exposition B) disposition C) deposition D) composition
____ certification from the American Hippotherapy Association (AHA) or the Professional
Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATH).
39) Hurston’s revolutionary work resulted in scathing criticism, especially from some of the
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
intellectual leaders of the Harlem Renaissance. Two of the movement’s ____, authors Langston

A) obtain B) collect C) evoke D) elicit Hughes and Richard Wright, saw Hurston’s work as a harmful caricature of African American life.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

35) It produced a bizarre-looking shoot that resembled a pine tree with each branch bearing
A) rulers B) luminaries C) moguls D) tycoons
hundreds of bunches of tiny white flowers. To date, only about three dozen of these ____ trees
are known to exist in the wild.
40) Chemists Without Borders staff members create and give arsenic testing kits to Bangladeshi
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
locals and work with interpreters to ____ information and instructions.

A) durable B) plentiful C) intriguing D) beneficial

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) dissipate B) disseminate C) proliferate D) propagate

36) Those ____ are forever remembered in the last portion of his epitaph, which could easily
have read “academic visionary for all Americans.”
41) While other factors also ____ the determination of bond type, a difference in
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
electronegativity between the values of 0.5 and 1.6 usually 5 results in a polar covalent bond,

A) principles B) principals C) principalities D) princedoms while a difference of more than 2.0 usually results in an ionic bond.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

37) Scientists found an exciting discovery: a naturally occurring yeast on the bats’ fur inhibits the
A) corrupt B) impress C) convince D) influence
growth of the fungus. This ____ offers a glimmer of hope in the battle against white-nose
syndrome.
42) The chefs working at the highest levels—Executive and Certified Master Pastry chefs in North
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
America—have attained their titles through the completion of ____ training programs that

A) disclosure B) development C) ramification D) repercussion require the mastery of all the skills critical for creating a wide variety of fine desserts: sugar
pieces, glazes, candies, and doughs all have to be prepared perfectly to produce the finest quality 47) She made suggestions for and edits to his work, many of which were ____ into the final
tarts, cakes, mousses, crisps and confits. product.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) inclusive B) infinite C) encircling D) exhaustive A) inculcated B) incorporated C) ingrained D) indoctrinated

43) What is the difference between science and pseudoscience? According to Karl Popper, one of 48) Abreu believed that the opportunity to play music is a basic human right, and he wanted to
the most ____ philosophers of the twentieth century, it is a matter of falsifiability. ____ that all children had access to it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) potent B) pervasive C) saturating D) influential A) reinsure B) ensure C) assure D) reassure

44) A 150-plus wedding party, a business conference, and a family reunion have all ____ on the 49) El Sistema has ____ some of these young people into music careers. In 2002, Edicson Ruiz, a
hotel grounds on the same weekend. Ballrooms need tables and food; front desk and cleaning product of El Sistema, became Berlin Philharmonic’s youngest professional bass player at age 17.
staff need to be supervised and require shift assignments.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) propelled B) mobilized C) plunged D) pitched
A) plummeted B) submerged C) lowered D) descended

50) In January of 1919, the addition of warm molasses to existing cold molasses ____ a
45) Women continued to push for ____ job opportunities, entry into professional roles, and fermentation process. The resulting carbon dioxide created pressure that the weak steel could
greater access to higher education. not withstand.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) expanded B) inflated C) amplified D) prolonged A) embarked on B) initiated C) inaugurated D) instituted

Luyện thêm tại:

46) Truman presented himself as a “man of the people.” Truman marketed himself as
____—making himself available to discuss local political issues with the residents of the small https://www.toppr.com/ask/question-set/vocabulary-563590/hard/
towns he visited.
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question-set/vocabulary-563590/medium/
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question-set/vocabulary-563590/easy/
A) attainable B) plausible C) approachable D) palatable
1) The world is complex and interconnected, and the evolution of our communications system
from a broadcast model to a networked one has added a new dimension to the mix. The Internet
has made us all less dependent on professional journalists and editors for information about the
wider world, allowing us to seek out information directly via online search or to receive it from
friends through social media. But this enhanced convenience comes with a considerable risk:
that we will be exposed to what we want to know at the expense of what we need to know. While
we can find virtual communities that correspond to our every curiosity, there's little pushing us
beyond our comfort zones to or into the unknown, even if the unknown may have serious
implications for our lives.
What does “this enhanced convenience” refer to in the text?

2) Yogi Berra, the former Major League baseball catcher and coach, once remarked that you can't
hit and think at the same time. The idea is that once you have developed the ability to play an
arpeggio on the piano, put a golf ball or parallel park, attention to what you are doing leads to
inaccuracies, blunders and sometimes even utter paralysis. As the great choreographer George
Balanchine would say to his dancers, "Don't think, dear; just do." Perhaps you have experienced
this destructive force yourself.
What does “this destructive force” refer to in the text?

3) What drives traffic on most "news" websites is not journalism but a combination of snark and
celebrity clickbait. Much of it is churned out in soul-destroying content factories manned by
inexperienced-and therefore inexpensive-young people without the time or incentive to dig
deeply into anything. This deficit is particularly acute where it matters most: in the kind of
expensive, far-flung reporting that is either dangerous to the lives of those doing the work or
harmful to the bottom lines of the publications paying for it. The idea that readers will pay the
actual cost of meaningful journalism has never been sustainable in the United States and has
brought down nearly every entity that has tried to depend on it.

* What does "this deficit" refer to?

4) Although the line between species, sub-species and populations is a blurry one, researchers
are confident that the humpback dolphin is distinct enough to warrant the "species" title. The
mitochondrial DNA turned up genetic signatures distinct enough to signal a separate species,
and likewise, differences in the dolphins' skulls supported this divergence. Although the nuclear
DNA provided a slightly more confounding picture, it still clearly showed differences between
the four species. 8) I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an
American, and a member of the Senate of the United States. It is fortunate that there is a Senate
What does "this divergence" refer to?
of the United States; a body not yet moved from its propriety, not lost to a just sense of its own
dignity and its own high responsibilities, and a body to which the country looks, with confidence,

5) Soon after the Big Bang, there were tiny ripples: quantum fluctuations in the density of the for wise, moderate, patriotic, and healing counsels.

seething ball of hot plasma. Billions of years later, those seeds have grown into galaxy clusters -
What does "a body" refer to?
sprawling groups of hundreds or thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity. But there
seems to be a mismatch. Results released last year suggest that as much as 40% of galaxy-cluster
mass is missing when compared with the amount of clustering predicted by the ripples. The
9) It was one hundred and forty-four years ago that members of the Democratic Party first met
findings have led theorists to propose physics beyond the standard model of cosmology to make
in convention to select a Presidential candidate. A lot of years passed since 1832, and during that
up the difference.
time it would have been most unusual for any national political party to ask a Barbara Jordan to
* What do "those seeds" refer to? deliver a keynote address. But tonight, here I am. And I feel that notwithstanding the past that
my presence here is one additional bit of evidence that the American Dream need not forever be
* What do "the findings" refer to?
deferred. Now that I have this grand distinction, what in the world am I supposed to say?

What does "this grand distinction" refer to?

6) Conservationists have historically been at odds with the people who inhabit wildernesses.
During the last half of the 20th century, millions of indigenous people were ousted from their
homelands to establish nature sanctuaries free of humans. Most succumbed to malnutrition, 10)
disease and exploitation. Such outcomes- coupled with the realization that indigenous groups
That time of year thou mayst in me behold
usually help to stabilize ecosystems by, for instance, keeping fire at bay-have convinced major
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
conservation groups to take local human concerns into account. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
now describes indigenous peoples as "natural allies," and the Nature Conservancy pledges to seek
Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
their "free, informed and prior" consent to projects impacting their territories.
In me thou see'st the twilight of such day
What does "such outcomes" refer to? As after sunset fadeth in the west,
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.
7) The starlings show up over Rome around dusk, heading for their roosts after a day of feeding
In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire
in the countryside. In flocks of several hundred to several thousand, they form sinuous streams,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
whirling cylinders, cones or ribbons spread across the sky like giant flags. Wheeling and dipping
As the death-bed whereon it must expire,
together, they reminded Andrea Cavagna, a physicist at the National Research Council of Italy, of
Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by.
atoms falling into place in a superfluid state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. Out of
This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,
curiosity, Cavagna deployed a camera to record these acrobatics.
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.

What do "these acrobatics" refer to?

What does "death’s second self" refer to?
 growing higher and that means inflation is getting worse. All in all, our country is badly managed
1) Over the last six years, most of the students in Tupac city have regularly attended colleges in
these days.
the neighboring Mekon city to pursue their graduate degrees. However, according to a recent
change in the education policies of Mekon city, the colleges in Mekon city are expected to Which of the following assertions can be reasonably inferred from the text?
increase their fees to almost the same level as those charged by colleges in Tupac city. Therefore
A) It is not possible for a badly managed country to grow in a dynamic manner.
it can be safely concluded that colleges in Tupac city will see a surge in the number of students
enrolling with them to pursue their graduate degrees. B) High level of debt is extremely detrimental to the growth of a country.

Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the conclusion? C) Growing inflation is the sign of a badly managed country

A) The teachers at colleges in Mekon city are generally considered far superior to those at D) High debt has an adverse impact on the inflation rate
colleges in Tupac city.

B) The low fees charged by colleges at Mekon city is the primary reason why students from
Tupac city move to these colleges. 4) G. Bell Corporation, a manufacturer of mobile handsets, has claimed to have become the
leading seller of mobile handsets, in terms of units sold, in the country. According to latest
C) Students who study at colleges in Tupac city do not perform better than those who study at figures released by all the handset manufacturers in the country, G. Bell Corporation managed to
colleges in Mekon city. sell 80 per cent of the total handsets that it manufactured during the year whereas the market
leader, H. Wells Corporation, managed to sell only 50 per cent of its total handsets. H. Wells
D) Tupac city does not have good quality colleges.
Corporation’s representative believed G. Bell Corporation’s claim was wrong because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

2) Eating unhygienic food always results in cases of stomach infection or food poisoning.
A) It does not take into account H. Wells Corporation’s huge book of advance orders for handsets
Dominic is currently suffering from food poisoning, so he must have eaten unhygienic food in
that need to be shipped during the next year
the last few days.

B) It makes no comparison of the average price at which G. Bell Corporation sold its handsets
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the conclusion?
and the average price at which H. Wells Corporation sold its handsets
A) Eating unhygienic food will most definitely lead to food poisoning.
C) It does not take into account the total number of handsets sold by either manufacturer
B) Dominic does not have a weak immune system that makes him prone to food poisoning.
D) It does not take into account the total market size for mobile handsets in the country
C) Eating unhygienic food is the only way to get food poisoning.

D) Unhygienic food contains harmful bacteria and other pathogens that lead to food poisoning.
5) The supply of iron ore, the most important component in steelmaking, has been steadily
declining in Marco city. This has forced steel manufacturing units in Marco city to source iron
3) According to financial experts, our country has a very high debt-to-GDP ratio and it’s difficult ore from far off mines leading to an increase in their transportation costs. Because
for a country with a high debt-to-GDP ratio to grow in a dynamic manner. Moreover our debt is transportation costs make up a large chunk of the total cost of steelmaking, the steel
manufacturers in Marco city have had no option but to increase the selling price of their steel.
This has in turn led to an increase in the retail price of utensils and other articles of daily use 7) Large corporations use several strategies to minimize their tax payments, without doing
made of steel. Since the retail consumers now have to pay more for these steel items, while their anything explicitly illegal. One such strategy involves the use of transfer pricing, when
earnings remain unchanged, they have decided to cut down on their non essential expenditure subsidiaries in different countries charge each other for goods or services “sold” within the
such as that on movie tickets. This has led movie theaters in Marco city to reduce their ticket group. This is particularly popular among technology and drug companies that have lots of
prices. Economists claimed that the prices of movie tickets in Marco city will continue to decline intellectual property, the value of which is especially subjective. These intra-company royalty
in future. transactions are supposed to be arm’s-length, but are often priced to minimize profits in
high-tax countries and maximize them in low-tax ones. A company that wants to get the
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the economist’s claim?
maximum benefit out of transfer pricing could therefore ____

A) The people of Marco city will not be willing to cut down their expenditure on eating out
Which choice most logically completes the text?

B) After the inauguration of the Goldport Bridge, expected to happen very soon, the
A) Sell its subsidiary located in a high tax rate country products at low prices
transportation costs to Marco city will be halved
B) Charge its subsidiary located in a low tax rate country higher prices for products sold
C) The supply of iron ore to Marco city is expected to go down even more in the near future
C) Pay its subsidiary located in a high tax rate country high prices for products bought
D) Residents of Marco city view movie tickets as non essential items of expenditure
D) Pay its subsidiary located in a low tax rate country high prices for products bought

6) The Starbeans cafe has recently hired a new manager. The manager, within a few days of
joining, made some drastic changes as a result of which the number of people visiting Starbeans 8) In the early 1960s, Myanmar was the richest country in Asia, but then it closed its economy to
everyday fell by almost 40%. However the revenue during this same period almost doubled. The the outside world and is now the poorest country in the region. Because of these facts, smart
manager’s success is explicable if ____ investors believe Myanmar’s economy will soon regain its former glory after reopening and it
makes sense for them to invest in Myanmar as Myanmar is now opening up its economy to the
Which choice most logically completes the text?
outside world once again.

A) The manager appointed a new coffee bean supplier who charges much lower rates than did
Which one of the following can reasonably be inferred from the text?
the earlier supplier, resulting in substantial cost savings.
A) A closed economy will rapidly deplete the financial resources of a country.
B) The manager’s monthly salary is directly linked to the revenue; the more the revenue the more
salary he gets. B) The countries that dealt with Myanmar in 1962 will still be interested in dealing with it.

C) The manager increased the average price of every item on the menu, in some cases even C) If Myanmar does not open up its economy to the outside world, it will continue to remain
doubling the original price. poor.

D) The manager fired some of the staff, thereby cutting down Starbean’s salary cost by half. D) The smart investors believe that the severe internal unrest that has continued in Myanmar for
the last several years is not responsible for its current financial state.
9) While critics have written off the APG company’s new Model T chandelier owing to its poor A) Drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is.
sales across the globe, the Model T is actually not a complete failure because it has managed to
B) Writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating
sell 10,000 pieces in Eastern Europe, a market in which rival companies haven’t even managed to
drug-related crime.
sell 5,000 pieces of their respective chandeliers.

C) The police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem
Which one of the following claims is similar to the argument?
without having to reduce writing speeding tickets.
A) If a chandelier does not sell well in the Eastern European market, then it is a complete failure.
D) The police cannot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources
B) The Eastern European market is the biggest market for chandeliers. to combating drug-related crime.

C) If a chandelier sells well in the Eastern European market, then it cannot be considered a
complete failure. 12) Dried grass clippings mixed into garden soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients for
beneficial soil bacteria. This results in better-than-average plant growth. Yet mixing fresh grass
D) The Model T is the only type of chandelier manufactured by the APG company.
clippings into garden soil usually causes poorer-than-average plant growth, implying that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

10) All the campers at Camp Winnehatchee go to Tri-Cities High School, yet some Tri-Cities
A) The number of beneficial soil bacteria increases whenever any kind of plant material is mixed
students are campers at Camp Lakemont because ____
into garden soil.

Which choice most logically completes the text? B) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high levels of heat that kill
beneficial soil bacteria.
A) most of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools other than Tri-Cities C) Some dried grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from commercial lawn
fertilizers, and thus provide additional enrichment to the soil.
B) not only campers at Camp Winnehatchee are students at Tri-Cities High School
D) Nutrients released by dried grass clippings are immediately available to beneficial soil

C) some Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont bacteria.

D) all Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont 13) A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current
consumption rates. Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars
per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the
11) More than a year ago, the city announced that police would crack down on illegally parked additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically
cars and that resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally sound and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil producers.
parked cars. But no crackdown has taken place. The police chief claims that resources have had Which choice most clearly identifies a flaw in the author’s reasoning?
to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to combating the city’s staggering drug problem. Yet A) The author cites irrelevant data.
the police are still writing as many speeding tickets as ever. Therefore, the excuse about B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.
resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true. C) The author makes incompatible assumptions.
D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the conclusion of the text?
14) There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being (B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.
published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific (C) The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed
findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of publication, but to decrease if they withdrew.
any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not (D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that
harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the concentrate on sex and violence.
experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.
Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument? 17) If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either
(A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated. attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most
(B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season.
publication. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have
(C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of not kept pace with rising prices during the past year. If these premises are correct and research
replication. shows that salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, then it can be inferred
(D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud. that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

15) Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services:
regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed.
activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of B) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a
strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of child-care services has decrease in revenues during this holiday season.
undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this
government is certain to respond. holiday season.
D) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the
Which choice can be reasonably inferred from the text?
level that most people can afford during this holiday season.
A) The cost of providing child-care services will increase.
B) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. 18) The “suicide wave” that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is
C) If public criticism of a policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond. more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929
D) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only
three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock
16) Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people’s tastes and market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.
wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as Which choice, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the text?
financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family A) October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the
newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some 1920s and 1930s.
advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been B) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average
because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material. for those months during several preceding and following years.
C) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument? beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year.
(A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers.
D) Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 21) Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled
would not be expected to be the same as those for other months. during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have
been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and
19) Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in
example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even
years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban
birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial
matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms.
when they leave the nest. Thus, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit from their Which one of the following, if true, would NOT support the argument?
nesting experience.
A) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years.
B) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
airborne pollen.
A) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the
C) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more
first few years of reproduction.
beneficial measures.
B) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting
D) Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.
for the first time.
C) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
D) ​Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.
22) There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold
political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well- educated person who is
20) How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that
not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those
pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines
considered great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together.
have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and
Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?
emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to
A) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons
compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their
who are not artists.
training approach to reducing commercial crashes.
B) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the text?
C) Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political

A) training programs can eliminate pilot errors. issues than any artist.
D) A thorough education in art makes a person reasonably well educated.
B) the number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing
actual flying time.
23) Candidate Rita claimed that the original purpose of government farm subsidy programs was
to provide income stability for small family farmers. But most farm-subsidy money goes to a few
C) lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane
farmers with large holdings. Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greater
crashes.
than $100,000 a year should be stopped. However, his opponent, Thomas, claimed that it would
D) communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. be impossible to administer such a cut-off point: though subsidies are needed during the
planting and growing season, farmers do not know their income for a given calendar year until
tax returns are calculated and submitted the following April.
Which choice, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas’s objection? then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would
A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be repaid later by money from be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.
subsidies. Which choice, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
B) The income of a farmer varies because weather and market prices are not stable from year to A) People who have spent money on anti-seasickness medication are less likely to admit
year. symptoms of seasickness than those who have not.
C) If subsidy payments to large farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the B) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti-seasickness medication would have
government would improve. been more severe had they not taken the medication.
D) Subsidy cut-offs can be determined on the basis of income for the preceding year. C) People who do not take anti-seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey
on seasickness as people who do.
24) Modern physicians often employ laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in D) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducted by the drug companies'
order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for staff.
certain laboratory tests therefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the conclusion? 27) Economic considerations color every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just
A) physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate like individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower. That is why a
diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone. nation that owes money to another nation cannot be a world leader.
B) many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce Which choice can be inferred from the passage?
costs, limit the use of laboratory tests. A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader.
C) many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of B) A nation that can set the terms of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world
health insurance. leader.
D) there are some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another nation set by that nation cannot be a
examination alone. world leader.
D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation
25) Oil analysts predict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumer's purchase price for does not set the terms of the dealings between the two nations.
gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half.
Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on oil analysts’ prediction? 28) A political theorist claimed that the chief foundations of all governments are the legal system
A) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, and the police force and as there cannot be a good legal system where the police are not well
constitute a large portion of the prices of gasoline. paid, it follows that where the police are well paid there will be a good legal system. However,
B) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers this claim is false because it fails to establish that ____
initially rises after the price of gasoline has fallen.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
C) Gasoline manufacturers will not expand their profit margins.
D) Improved automobile technology and new kinds of fuel for cars have enabled some drivers to A) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces.
use less gasoline.
B) a well-paid police force cannot be effective without a good legal system.

26) A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the
C) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system.
results was this: more of those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip
reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear D) some bad governments have good legal systems.
 from others' cigarettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue concerns the government's
29) Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rules.
people arrested in the French realm for "violent interpersonal crimes" (not committed in wars) Which principle, if true, would support the argument?
increased by 30 percent over the number of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when
1300. The increase was not the result of false arrests; therefore, medieval France had a higher individuals might be harmed.
level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from
1300. government intrusion
Which choice, if true, would most weaken the argument? C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the
A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French government's category of violent crimes included an government may have to protect the individual.
increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent. D) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding
B) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to a successful compromise.
attack each other increased substantially after 1300.
C) When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid- to late 1300s violence in the 32) Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates
northern province of Normandy and the south-western province of Gascony increased. a landfill site. If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate
D) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities. A method must be found for
1300s until the deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348. disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is sent directly to sewage treatment plants, but not
all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.
30) Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other legumes produce fixed nitrogen Which choice can be inferred from the passage?
which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non-legume crops, such as wheat, A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal
normally must be supplied by applications of nitrogen-based fertilizer. So if biotechnology problem.
succeeds in producing wheat strains whose roots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, scientists B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.
believe the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced. For the scientists’ argument to be C) Some landfill leachate is sent to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of handling it.
correct, they need to check whether____ D) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to
hold liquids has not been exceeded
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) fixed nitrogen is currently the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for 33) The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific journals have forced academic libraries used

growing wheat crops. only by academic researchers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have

B) there are no naturally occurring strains of wheat or other grasses that have Rhizobium suggested that in each academic discipline subscription decisions should be determined solely

bacteria living in their roots. by a journal's usefulness in that discipline, measured by the frequency with which it is cited in

C) legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen. published writings by researchers in the discipline.

D) rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen. Which finding, if true, would cast doubt on the suggestion?
A) In some academic disciplines, controversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over

31) Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and non-smokers on the into articles in other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline.

premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be B) The average length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the

justified. The fact that studies indicate that non-smokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke average length of a journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as history.
C) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by indifference to grades and intellectual achievement. However, the principal’s reasoning is false
the number of times articles appearing in it are cited in daily newspapers and popular because she ____
magazines.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think
that the journal in which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the A) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises.
mainstream of the discipline.
B) fails to define the critical term "satisfied".

34) The average level of fat in the blood of people suffering from acute cases of disease W is
C) distorts the proposal advocated by opponents.
lower than the average level for the population as a whole. Nevertheless, most doctors believe
that reducing blood-fat levels is an effective way of preventing acute W. D) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal.
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support most doctors’ belief?
A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the same as that for
the population at large. 37) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly imprecise

B) The progression from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W because we are not sure how different from us something might be and still count as "intelligent

absorbs large quantities of fat from the patient's blood. life". Yet we cannot just decide to define "intelligent life" in some more precise way since it is

C) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally slowly to likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our

changes in dietary intake of fat. definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. This directly opposes the view that ____

D) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several diseases that are just as serious as W.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

35) Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be
when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by correctly answered.
lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain's levels of serotonin, a B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of
neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the intelligent life is limited.
same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of C) The question about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe must be made
self- prescribed medication. more precise if we hope to answer it correctly.
Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage? D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be
A) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year. meaningless.
B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain.
C) Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin. 38)
D) Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieves depression. Text 1
Unlike cloth diapers, disposable diapers are a threat to the environment. Sixteen billion
36) The school’s principal claimed that the current proposal to give college students a broader disposable diapers are discarded annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must
choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are stop buying disposable diapers and use cloth diapers.
supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Text 2
Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year Cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting
student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious wastewater pollutes our rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by
fuel-burning trucks that pollute the air and add to traffic congestion. Therefore, cloth diapers
are a threat to the environment.
41) With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers
How would the author of Text 2 respond to the author of Text 1?
will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest
A) The author of Text 2 would claim that the author of Text 1 overstates the negative evidence
of low-income taxpayers.
about disposable diapers in the course of his argument in favor of cloth diapers.
Which choice, if true, would most undermine the conclusion?
B) The author of Text 2 would indicate that the author of Text 1 draws a hasty conclusion, based
A) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average
on inadequate evidence about cloth diapers.
of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers.
C) The author of Text 2 would demonstrate that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the
B) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong
environment than disposable diapers are.
advocates of tax reform.
D) The author of Text 2 would suggest that the economic advantages of cloth diapers outweigh
C) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care
whatever environmental damage they may cause
expenses from their taxes.
D) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no
39) In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling
Longer be required to do so.
pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different
from those used by the other father-son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase "rolling pin"
42) If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system, our next manned flight should be to
each time his son used it. But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins
Phobos, one of Mars’s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The flight times to each are the same
among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the
but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and
one that he had used.
would, therefore, be much less costly. This difference in fuel requirement is explicable as ____
Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage?
A) No two children understood the name "rolling pin" to apply to the same object. Which choice most logically completes the text?
B) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape.
C) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used. A) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships.

D) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins. B) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars.
C) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance

40) When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 Between Earth and Mars.

will test positive. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine, 99 will test positive. D) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because

Yet, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those of Phobos's weaker gravitational pull.

who test positive will not necessarily be people who have used cocaine.
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the conclusion? 43) A researcher claims that scientific research that involves international collaboration has
produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in
A) The proportion of people taking cocaine in the population may be low. subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from
international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single
B) The proportion of people taking cocaine in the population may be high.
authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects
C) The proportion of people taking cocaine may be equal to the proportion of people not taking conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by
cocaine in the population. single researchers. To make his claim valid, the research also needs to show that ____

D) Some cocaine users do not test positive. Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee's second novel is set
by determining the number of citations it has received in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passed my test with flying colors.
B) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage?
reports. A) The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts.
C) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce B) If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a
papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration. city the book reviewer knows well.
D) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. C) The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well.
D) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does.
44) A policymaker claims that it is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than
a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly 47) Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns
accessible than the private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine as fundraisers or backroom strategists but few actually seek to become president themselves.
have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been
sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior. lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and
Which choice, if true, would most undermine the policymaker’s claim? skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely
A) There is no connection between the economic system of socialism and technological hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative; as a result, business executives tend to be
achievement. uncomfortable with compromises and power sharing, which are inherent in politics.
B) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children. Which choice, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation?
C) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under A) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power sharing than
the two categories, “socialized” and “private-sector”. are business executives.
D) The lower infant mortality rate is due to the systems allowing greater access to Medical care B) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those
needed to become a successful military leader.
45) According to dieticians, dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet and adults should C) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office.
consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. However, student Kyra thinks that a daily intake of fiber D) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates
that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially for president.
the absorption of calcium, so the public should be told to cut down on fiber intake.
Which finding, if true, would most undermine Kyra’s recommendation? 48) A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements - it must accurately
A) Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a
day. few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For
B) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are economical and readily available example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four
C) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis. elements - earth, air, fire, and water - satisfied the first requirement but it did not make any
D) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are popular with consumers. definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
Which choice can NOT be inferred from the passage?
46) When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific
as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not theory.
trust the writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological
Theory.
C) Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the A) Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how
simplicity criterion of a good theory. rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate
D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory. B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in
a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved.
49) Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical
public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy explanations.
levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering D) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are
medical care than are non-profit hospitals. incorrect are responsible psychologists.
Which choice, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion?
A) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more quickly than do patients with comparable 52) Smith believes that meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most
Illnesses in investor-owned hospitals doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do?
B) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals. Which one of the following, if true, would strongly weaken the conclusion?
C) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly qualified doctors at A) experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, are in their best interest.
investor-owned hospitals. B) experts do act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest.
D) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. C) different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue.
D) most doctors are not all doctors.
50) A historian claimed that the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten, who had a profound effect
53) The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical
during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religion, was well loved and highly respected by his
twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than
subjects. He knows this from the fierce loyalty shown to him by his palace guards, as
corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when
documented in reports written during Akhenaten’s reign. The historian made a mistake in that he
neither twin is schizophrenic. It can be concluded that this discovery provides definitive
____
evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support the conclusion?
A) relied on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge
A) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of
B) made a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative.
schizophrenia or of medications used in its treatment.
C) introduced information that actually contradicts the conclusion.
B) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a
D) apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times.
person who is not twins.
C) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size
51) Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the
D) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those
determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will
who do not.
perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is
irrefutably correct. However, Dr. Ladlow’s opponent claims that he is not a responsible
54) Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when,
psychologist. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct.
and in the company of how many people. It was found that at meals with which they drank
Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their
alcoholic beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from non-alcoholic sources than
theories are incorrect.
they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages. The difference in caloric
Which choice can be inferred from Dr. Ladlow’s opponent’s argument?
intake cannot be explained by findings showing that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve would instead allocate the revenues to building a new business park since it would bring in twice
without alcohol the business that her highway would.
B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and Which one of the following, if true, would strongly support Plainsville’s citizens’ belief?
later meals were more likely to include alcohol.
A) Plainsville presently has no major highways running through it.
C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tend to be
present at meals served with alcohol than at meals served without alcohol. B) the new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business.
D) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from
carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. C) the mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the
new highway.

55) Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to
D) Plainsville's economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisioned by
work and shop in the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are
the citizens' group is built.
located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.
Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways, the maximum speed
averages only 35 miles per hour.
Which proposal is most supported by the text? 58) Recently, highly skilled workers in Eastern Europe have left jobs in record numbers to

A) People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on secondary roads emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are

instead. in high demand in their home countries.

B) Residents of remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to move to the suburbs.
Which choice, if true, would most undermine the conclusion?
C) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined.
D) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live. A) Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination of many
positions previously held by the highly skilled emigrants.
56) A college professor thinks that college students do not write nearly as well as they used to
B) Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West.
because almost all of the papers that his students have done for him this year have been poorly
written and ungrammatical. C) Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled
Which finding, if true, most seriously undermines the college professor’s argument? workers who have emigrated.
A) The change in the professor's students is not representative of a change among college
students in general. D) Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions

B) The professor is an accurate judge of writing ability. are now unfilled.

C) The professor is a poor teacher.

D) The professor’s expectations of his students have decreased over the years.

59) Two paleontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees disagree over the interpretation of certain
57) The mayor of Plainsville claims that in order to help the economy of Plainsville, she is using footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson
some of their tax revenues to help bring a major highway through the town and thereby attract claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a
new business to Plainsville. However, Plainsville’s citizens think that she must have interests squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints
other than their economy in mind: if she was really interested in helping their economy, she indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected
cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or
Tyson's conclusion. serious injury.

Which choice, if true, would most undermine Dr. Tyson’s conclusion? B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of
accidents has decreased.
A) The footprints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct
individuals. C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards
B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each established by the recent guidelines.
foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.
D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in
C) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening,
their production history.
some details of some of the footprints were erased.
D) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves.

60) It is not known whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle 62) Impact craters caused by meteorites crashing into earth, have been found all around the

invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all globe but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This

stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the relatively greater abundance of securely identified craters in geologically stable regions must be

disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.

symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by
Which choice, if true, would most support the argument?
____

A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will obliterate all traces
Which choice most logically completes the text?
of the earlier impact.

A) developing a drug that kills the agent that causes BSE, and then treating with that drug all
B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout
cattle that might have the disease.
geological time.

B) removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical
C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically
symptoms of advanced BSE.
recent times.

C) destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is
D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the
known not to have spread.
course of Earth's geological history.

D) developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all animals
found to be infected.

63) According to a politician, that the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is
61) Statistics show that cars that were built smaller after 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear
had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a
For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable.
fuel efficiency. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened. However, the
Which choice, if true, would most undermine the argument? argument received criticisms because ___
Which choice most reasonably completes the text? C) scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of
some of the great scientists.
A) from what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen
D) the seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments
in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers.
had been subjected to public scrutiny.

B) continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence
increases the likelihood of a nuclear accident. 66) Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth's crust as layers of matter accumulate and the
pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of
C) the politician hasn’t proved whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as
factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace. support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago.
Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth's crust, and geologists hypothesize that a
D) the major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the meteorite's collision with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust. The dust, they say,
Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear confrontation. eventually settled to earth where it combined with other matter, and as new layers accumulated
above it, it formed a layer of iridium-rich rock.
64) A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When
asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top Which choice, if true, would most undermine the geologists’ hypothesis?

quarter of the graduating class in 1960. This seeming contradiction can be accounted for by the
A) The huge dust cloud described in the passage would have blocked the transmission of sunlight
fact that ____
and lowered the earth's temperature.

Which choice most logically completes the text? B) A layer of sedimentary rock takes millions of years to harden.
C) Layers of sedimentary rock are used to determine the dates of prehistoric events whether or
A) A disproportionately large number of high-ranking alumni responded to the survey. not they contain iridium.
B) Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank. D) Sixty million years ago there was a surge in volcanic activity in which the matter spewed from
C) Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey. the volcanoes formed huge iridium-rich dust clouds.
D) Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.

67) A tree's age can be determined by counting the annual growth rings in its trunk. Each ring
65) The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treatises represents one year, and the ring's thickness reveals the relative amount of rainfall that year.
on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for many years based on Archaeologists successfully used annual rings to determine the relative ages of ancient tombs at
the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and Pazyryk. Each tomb was constructed from freshly cut logs, and the tombs builders were
produce rejuvenating elixirs. The results of the experiments of the alchemists of the seventeenth constrained by tradition to use only logs from trees growing in the sacred Pazyryk Valley. The
century can be useful to chemists in the eighteenth century. archaeologists’ success in using annual rings to establish the relative ages of the tombs at the
Pazyryk site can be explained if ____
Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the argument?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are
available for review by other scientists. A) the Pazyryk tombs were all robbed during ancient times, but breakage of the tombs seals
B) Newton's work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of allowed the seepage of water, which soon froze permanently, thereby preserving the tombs'
his work in alchemy had also been made public. remaining artifacts.
B) the Pazyryk Valley, surrounded by extremely high mountains, has a distinctive yearly pattern market adversely in the long run because landlords become reluctant to maintain the quality of
of rainfall, and so trees growing in the Pazyryk Valley have annual rings that are quite distinct their existing properties and even more reluctant to have additional rental-housing units built.
from trees growing in nearby valleys. The landlords' reluctance is best explained by the fact that ____

C) each log in the Pazyryk tombs has among its rings a distinctive sequence of twelve annual Which choice most logically completes the text?
rings representing six drought years followed by three rainy years and three more drought years.
A) tenants prefer low-quality accommodations with rent control to high-quality
D) the archaeologists determined that the youngest tree used in any of the tombs was 90 years accommodations without it.
old and that the oldest tree was 450 years old.
B) rent control makes it very difficult for landlords to achieve reasonable returns on any
investments in maintenance or in new construction.

68) People habitually engaged in conversation, now the television competes for their attention. A C) rent control is a common practice even though it does nothing to alleviate shortages in rental
householder observes that when the television is on, communication between family members housing.
stops. Where there is no communication, family ties become frayed and eventually snap.
D) rent control is generally introduced for political reasons and it takes political action to have it
Therefore, he concludes that the only solution is to get rid of the television. The householder’s
lifted again.
fault in reasoning is most analogous to one of a case in which ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

70) When Ted’s father encouraged him to go to college to get a decent job, Ted rebutted his
A) once friendships thrived on shared leisure time. But contemporary economic pressures
father and claimed that there are many other reasons to go to college than getting a good job.
minimize the amount of free time people have and thus jeopardize many friendships.
Ted must have understood his father’s encouragement to mean that ____
B) once people listened to the radio while pursuing other activities. Now they passively watch
Which choice most logically completes the text?
television. Therefore, radio was less distracting for most people than television is.

A) college is one of many places to get trained for a job.

C) once sports enthusiasts regularly engaged in sports, but now they watch spectator sports
when they could be getting physical exercise. Without physical exercise, health deteriorates. B) decent jobs are obtained only by persons who have gone to college.
Therefore, the only remedy is to eliminate spectator sports.
C) wanting to get a decent job is the only reason for going to college.
D) once people were willing to tailor their day to the constraints of a bus or train schedule: now
they are spoiled by the private car. The only solution is for the government to offer financial D) training for decent jobs is available only at colleges.

incentives to encourage the use of public transportation.

71) Several studies have shown that hospitals are not all equally successful: patients are much

69) In essence, all rent-control policies involve specifying a maximum rent that a landlord may more likely to die in some of them than in others. Since the hospitals in the studies had

charge for a dwelling. The rationale for controlling rents is to protect tenants in situations where approximately equal per-patient funding, differences in the quality of care provided by hospital

limited supply will cause rents to rise sharply in the face of increased demand. However, staff are probably responsible for the differences in mortality rates.

although rent control may help some tenants in the short run, it affects the rental-housing
Which finding, if true, would most undermine the conclusion?
A) The staff in some of the hospitals studied had earned more advanced degrees, on average, B) No skeletons of ancient whales with intact hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals'
than the staff in the other hospitals. weight have ever been found.

B) Patient populations vary substantially in average severity of illness from hospital to hospital. C) Scientists are uncertain whether the apparently non-functioning limbs of other early
mammals derived from once-functioning limbs of their ancestors.
C) The average number of years that staff members stay on at a given job varies considerably
from one hospital to another. D) Other large-bodied mammals like seals and sea lions maneuver on beaches and rocky coasts
without fully functioning hind limbs.
D) Approximately the same surgical procedures were performed in each of the hospitals covered
in the studies.

74) Older United States automobiles have been identified as contributing disproportionately to
global air pollution. The requirement in many jurisdictions that automobiles pass
72) Animals with a certain behavioral disorder have unusually high levels of aluminum in their
emission-control inspections has had the effect of taking many such automobiles out of service
brain tissue. Since a silicon-based compound binds to aluminum and prevents it from affecting
in the United States as they fail inspection and their owners opt to buy newer automobiles. Thus
the brain tissue, a vet claims that animals can be cured of the disorder by being treated with the
the burden of pollution such older United States automobiles contribute to the global
compound.
atmosphere will be gradually reduced over the next decade.

Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the vet’s method?
Which finding, if true, would most weaken the conclusion?

A) animals with the disorder have unusually high but invariable levels of aluminum in their brain
A) It is impossible to separate the air of one country or jurisdiction from that of others.
tissue.
B) When automobiles that are now new become older, they will, because of a design change.
B) aluminum is the cause of the disorder rather than merely an effect of it.
Cause less air pollution than older automobiles do now.

C) introducing the compound into the brain tissue has no side effects.
C) There is a thriving market for used older United States automobiles that are exported to

D) the amount of the compound needed to neutralize the aluminum in an animal's brain tissue regions that have no emission-control regulations.

varies depending upon the species.

D) Even if all the older automobiles in the United States were retired from service, air pollution
from United States automobiles could still increase if the total number of automobiles in use
should increase significantly.
73) A scientist claims that as air-breathing mammals, whales must once have lived on land and
needed hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals' weight. It’s true that whales have the
bare remnants of a pelvis and if animals have a pelvis, we expect them to have hind limbs. A
75) The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of
newly discovered fossilized whale skeleton has very fragile hind limbs that could not have
suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Therefore, reforms must be demanded by
supported the animal's weight on land. This skeleton also has a partial pelvis.
consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children's

Which finding, if true, would most support the scientist’s claim? education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To
attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic
A) Whale bones older than the fossilized hind limbs confirm that ancient whales had full pelvises. offerings.
Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the argument? Which finding about the Kwara'ae, if true, would most support the economist’s claim?

A) in selecting schools parents would tend to prefer a reasonable level of academic quality to A) They accepted as money only cowrie shells that were polished and carved by neighboring
greater sports opportunities or more convenient location. people, and such shell preparation required both time and skilled labor.

B) schools would each improve all of their academic offerings and would not tend to specialize in B) The shells used as money by men were not always from the same species of cowrie as those
one particular field to the exclusion of others. used as money by women.

C) improvement in the academic offerings of schools will be enforced by the discipline of the job C) They considered porpoise teeth valuable, and these were generally threaded on strings to be
market in which graduating students compete. worn as jewelry.

D) children are able to recognize which schools are better and would influence their parents' D) During festivals they exchanged strings of cowrie-shell money with each other as part of a
decisions. traditional ritual that honored their elders.

76) Professor Smith published a paper arguing that a chemical found in minute quantities in most 78) The school superintendent feels sad that, until now, entry into the academically best high
drinking water had an adverse effect on the human nervous system. Existing scientific theory school in the district has been restricted to the children of people who were wealthy enough to
held that no such effect was possible because there was no neural mechanism for bringing it pay the high tuition. So, the school superintendent is replacing the tuition requirement with a
about. Several papers by well-known scientists in the field followed, unanimously purporting to requirement that allows only those who live in the neighborhood of the school to attend, so that
prove Professor Smith wrong. Professor Smith argues that the scientific establishment was parents who were previously denied the option of sending their children to this school now have
threatened by his work and conspired to discredit it. this option.

Which finding, if true, would most weaken Professor Smith’s claim? Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the school superintendent’s method?

A) Professor Smith had much to gain should his discovery have found general acceptance. A) the residents of the school's neighborhood tend to be wealthy

B) Professor Smith knew that the existence of the alleged new effect was incompatible with B) people other than those wealthy enough to have paid the old tuition are able to live in the
established scientific theory. neighborhood of the school.

C) The other scientists have been presenting evidence in order to establish the truth of the C) people less wealthy than those who were able to pay the old tuition are in the majority in the
matter. district.

D) The publication of Professor Smith's paper had a negative effect on the public's confidence in D) there are many people not wealthy enough to have paid the old tuition who wish to have their
the safety of most drinking water. children attend the school.

77) An economist claims that Money, no matter what its form and in almost every culture in
which it has been used, derives its value from its scarcity, whether real or perceived. However,
79) A new study found that approximately 7.6 million women who earn incomes have
new research found that cowrie shells formed the major currency in the Solomon Island
preschool-age children, and approximately 6.4 million women are the role income earners' for
economy of the Kwara'ae, and unlimited numbers of these shells washed up daily on the beaches
their families. A scientist uses these figures to claim that there are comparatively few
to which the Kwara'ae had access.
income-earning women who have preschool-age children but are not the sole income earners B) people who are able to express themselves creatively in new situations have little incentive to
for their families. acquire large vocabularies.

Which finding, if true, would most weaken the scientist’s claim? C) the most articulate people are people who have large vocabularies but also are able to express
themselves creatively when the situation demands it.
A) There is little or no overlap between the two populations of women cited.
D) in educating people' to be more articulate, it would be futile to try to increase the size of their
B) The difference between the two figures cited will tend to remain stable over time.
vocabularies.

C) Families with preschool-age children also have older children.

82) A certain viral infection is widespread among children, and about 30 percent of children
D) There are many families in which men are the sole income earners. infected with this virus develop middle ear infections. Antibiotics, although effective in treating
bacterial infections, have no effect on the virus. Yet when middle ear infections in children
infected with the virus are treated with antibiotics, the ear infections often clear up. The success
80) Limolex, a kind of varnish, is manufactured to serve the sole purpose of protecting oil
of the treatments with antibiotics can be explained if it’s true that ____
paintings from dust and other foreign particles while the paint dries, a process that takes a
Which choice most logically completes the text?
maximum of 24 hours. A new product, Miloseal, has entered the market in competition with
A) Although some types of antibiotics fail to clear up certain infections, other types of antibiotics
Limolex. Miloseal’s marketing agent claims that using Miloseal gives better results with oil
might provide effective treatment for those infections.
paintings because Miloseal provides protection for twice the duration that its competitor does.
B) Children infected with the virus are particularly susceptible to bacteria that infect the middle
Which choice, if true, would most seriously cast doubt on the claim of Miloseal's marketing
ear.
agent?
C) Many children who develop middle ear infections are not infected with the virus.
A) Most oil paints require about 24 hours for drying.
B) Most varnishes are produced by companies that do not produce oil paint. D) Most viral infections are more difficult to treat than are most bacterial infections.
C) The protection given to oil paintings by Limolex is more than sufficient to keep them safe for
24 hours.
D) Miloseal does not provide protection for water colors while Limolex could work with certain
83) According to naturalists, for decades we have known that the tuatara, a New Zealand reptile,
kinds of water colors.
has been approaching extinction on the South Island but since South Island tuatara were
thought to be of the same species as North Island tuatara there was no need to protect them.
81) Being articulate has been equated with having a large vocabulary. Actually, however, people
New research indicates that the South Island tuatara are a distinct species, found only in that
with large vocabularies have no incentive for, and tend not to engage in, the kind of creative
location. Because it is now known that, if the South Island tuatara are lost, an entire species will
linguistic self-expression that is required when no available words seem adequate. Thus, a large
thereby be lost, human beings are now obliged to prevent their extinction, even if it means killing
vocabulary can be a hindrance to using language in a truly articulate way.
many of their unendangered natural predators. The naturalists’ argumentation can be justified by

Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the conclusion? a principle which claims that ____

A) when people are truly articulate, they have the capacity to express themselves in situations in Which choice most logically completes the text?

which their vocabularies seem inadequate.

A) In order to maximize the number of living things on Earth. Steps should be taken to preserve C) Today, health insurance covers cataract surgery for more people than it did ten years ago.
all local populations of animals. D) People who have had unsuccessful cataract surgery are left with more seriously impaired
vision than they had before the surgery.
B) When an animal is in danger of dying, there is an obligation to help save its life, if doing so
would not interfere with the health or well-being of other animals or people.
86) Some companies in fields where skilled employees are hard to find make signing an

C) The threat of local extinction imposes no obligation to try to prevent that extinction, whereas "agreement not to compete" a condition of employment. In such an agreement the employee

the threat of global extinction does impose such an obligation. promises not to go work for a competing firm for a set period after leaving his or her current
employer. Courts are increasingly ruling that these agreements are not binding. Yet
D) Human activities that either intentionally or unintentionally threaten the survival of an animal paradoxically, for people who signed such agreements when working for competing firms, many
species ought to be curtailed. firms are unwilling to consider hiring them during the period covered by the agreement,
suggesting that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?

84) Physiological research has uncovered disturbing evidence linking a number of structural A) Many companies will not risk having to become involved in lawsuits, even suits that they

disorder disorders to jogging. Among the ailments seemingly connected with this now-popular expect to have a favorable outcome.

sport are spinal disk displacements, stress fractures of the feet and ankles, knee and hip joint B) In some industries, for example, the broadcast media companies, the main source of new

deterioration, and tendonitis. Furthermore, these injuries do not occur exclusively among employees tends to be people who are already employed by competing firms.

beginning runners-veteran joggers suffer an equal percentage of injuries. A student claims the C) Most companies that require their employees to sign agreements not to compete are aware

accumulating data suggest that the human anatomy is not able to withstand the stresses of that these documents are not legally binding.

jogging. For his claim to be correct, the student also needs to find that ____ D) Many people who have signed agreements not to compete are unwilling to renege on a
promise by going to work for a competing firm.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) The link between jogging and certain structural disorders appears to be a causal one. 87) Inez claims that there are many examples in history of countries that were strong but used
B) Jogging causes more serious disorders than other sports. their strength to commit atrocities. Therefore, he thinks we should judge a country by the
C) The jogger's level of experience is a factor determining the likelihood of a jogging injury. morality of its actions, not by its strength. That is, if the actions are morally good, the country is
D) Some sports are safer for the human body than jogging. admirable. For his methodology to work, Inez would need to show that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
85) High-technology medicine is driving up the nation's health care costs. Recent advances in A) At least one country is admirable.
cataract surgery illustrate why this is occurring. Cataracts are a major cause of blindness, B) Countries cannot be both strong and moral.
especially in elderly people. Ten years ago, cataract surgery was painful and not always effective. C) It is possible to assign moral weight to the actions of countries.
Thanks to the new technology used in cataract surgery, the operation now restores vision D) The citizens of any country are good.
dramatically and is less expensive. These two factors have caused the number of cataract
operations performed to increase greatly, which has, in turn, driven up the total amount spent 88) All of John's friends say they know someone who has smoked 40 cigarettes a day for the past
on cataract surgery. 40 years and yet who is really fit and well. John does not know anyone like that and it is quite
Which finding, if true, would NOT weaken the scientist’s claim? certain that he is not unique among his friends in this respect. It must be true that ____
A) The overall population of the nation has increased from what it was ten years ago Which choice most logically completes the text?
B) Any one individual's chance of developing cataracts is greater than it was ten years ago. A) Smokers often lie about how much they smoke.
B) People often knowingly exaggerate without intending to lie. Which choice most logically completes the text?
C) Most of John's friends are not telling the truth. A) The ancient Romans were adept at constructing and maintaining aqueducts that could carry
D) Some of John's friends are not telling the truth. quantities of water sufficient to supply large cities over considerable distances.
B) Water power was relatively vulnerable to sabotage but any damage could be quickly and
89) By dating fossils of pollen and beetles, which returned after an Ice Age glacier left an area, it inexpensively repaired
is possible to establish an approximate date when a warmer climate developed. In one glacial C) In most areas to which the use of water power was not extended other more traditional
area, it appears from the insect record that a warm climate developed immediately after the sources of energy continued to be used
melting of the glacier. From the pollen record, however, it appears that the warm climate did not D) In heavily populated areas the introduction of water power would have been certain to cause
develop until long after the glacier disappeared, suggesting that ____ social unrest by depriving large numbers of people of their livelihood
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) Cold-weather beetle fossils are distinct from those of beetles that live in warm climates. 92) Valitania's long-standing practice of paying high salaries to its elected politicians has had a
B) Warm-weather plants can establish themselves as quickly as can beetles in a new disastrous effect on the level of integrity among politicians in that country. This is because the
environment. prospect of earning a high salary is always attractive to anyone whose primary aim in life is to
C) Beetles can survive in a relatively barren postglacial area by scavenging. make money, so that inevitably the wrong people must have been attracted into Valitanian
D) Beetles are among the oldest insect species and are much older than many warm-weather politics: people who are more interested in making money than in serving the needs of the
plants nation
Which finding, if true, would weaken the scientist’s claim?
90) J.J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics, A) Many Valitanian candidates for elected office spend some of their own money to finance their
trained many physicists, among them seven Nobel Prize winners, 32 fellows of the Royal Society campaigns.
of London, and 83 professors of physics. From the data, a scientist claims that the skills needed B) No more people compete for elected office when officeholders are paid well then when they
for creative research can be taught and learned. are paid poorly.
C) Only politicians who rely on their offices for income tend to support policies that advance
Which choice, if true, would most strongly support the scientist’s claim?
their own selfish interests.

A) J.J. Thomson was an internationally known physicist and scientists came from all over the D) Most of those who are currently Valitanian politicians could have obtained better-paid work

world to work with him outside politics.

B) At least one of the eminent scientists trained by J.J. Thomson was not a creative researcher
before coming to study with him 93) A politician advised that freedom of speech is not only a basic human right, it is also the only

C) Creative research in physics requires research habits not necessary for creative research in rational policy for this government to adopt. When ideas are openly aired, good ideas flourish,

other fields. silly proposals are easily recognized as such, and dangerous ideas can be responded to by forcing

D) Scientists who go on to be the most successful researchers often receive their scientific citizens to disseminate their thoughts in secret.

education in classes taught by renowned research scientists Which finding, if true, would strengthen the scientist’s claim?
A) Most citizens would tolerate some limits on freedom of speech.

91) The ancient Romans understood the principles of water power very well and in some outlying B) With or without a policy of freedom of speech, governments respond to dangerous ideas

parts of their empire they made extensive and excellent use of water as an energy source. irrationally.

However, the Romans did without water power in their large cities, suggesting that ____ C) Freedom of religion and freedom of assembly are also basic human rights that governments
must recognize.
D) Governments are less likely to be overthrown if they openly adopt a policy allowing freedom Which finding, if true, would challenge the new proposal?
of speech. A) The fire-retardant insulation will also be required to be one inch thicker than in the past.
B) Studies have shown that most dislodgement of insulation occurs after the girders arrive on
94) The trustees of the Avonbridge summer drama workshop have decided to offer scholarships site.
to the top 10 percent of local applicants and the top 10 percent of nonlocal applicants as judged C) Catastrophic fires represent only 4% of the fires reported nationally.
on the basis of a qualifying audition. They are doing this to ensure that only the applicants with D) The proposed safety code will add considerably to the cost of new construction.
the most highly evaluated auditions are offered scholarships to the program. However, the
trustees' plan might not be effective in achieving its goal because ____ 97) Carol Morris wants to own a majority of the shares of the city’s largest newspaper, The Daily.
Which choice most logically completes the text? The only obstacle to Morris’s amassing a majority of these shares is that Azedcorp, which
A) Some of the applicants who are offered scholarships could have less highly evaluated auditions currently owns a majority, has steadfastly refused to sell. Industry analysts nevertheless predict
than some of the applicants who are not offered scholarships. that Morris will soon be the majority owner of The Daily.
B) The best actors can also apply for admission to another program and then not enroll in the Which finding, if true, would support the industry analysts’ prediction?
Avonbridge program. A) Morris has recently offered Azedcorp much more for its shares of The Daily than Azedcorp
C) Audition materials that produce good results for one actor may disadvantage another, paid for them.
resulting in inaccurate assessment. B) Azedcorp does not own shares of any newspaper other than The Daily.
D) Dividing applicants into local and nonlocal groups is unfair because it favors nonlocal C) No one other than Morris has expressed any interest in purchasing a majority of The Daily’s
applicants. shares.
D) Azedcorp is financially so weak that bankruptcy will probably soon force the sale of its
95) The mayor plans to deactivate the city’s fire alarm boxes, because most calls received from newspaper holdings.
them are false alarms. The mayor claims that the alarm boxes are no longer necessary, since
most people now have access to either public or private telephone. But the city’s commercial 98) According to recent studies, people whose diet is unusually high in protein are more likely to
district, where there is the greatest risk of fire, has few residents and few public telephones, so suffer from insomnia than people whose diet contains moderate amounts of protein. It is
some alarm boxes are still necessary. therefore likely that a diet high in protein is a cause, though perhaps not the only cause, of
Which finding, if true, would weaken the scientist’s claim? insomnia.
A) Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs the city more than five million dollars annually. Which finding, if true, would most seriously cast doubt on ​the conclusion?
B) Commercial buildings have automatic fire alarm systems that are linked directly to the fire A) People whose diet is unusually high in protein often have other characteristics in common,
department. some of which are likely to cause insomnia.
C) The fire department gets less information from an alarm box than it does from a telephone B) Reducing the amount of protein in one's diet can be harmful.
call. C) People whose diets are unusually low in protein often experience insomnia.
D) The city’s fire department is located much closer to the residential areas than to the D) Insomniacs who switched from high-protein diets to more moderate levels of protein intake
commercial district. have reported that the change was so unpleasant that it worsened their insomnia.

96) A proposal for a new building fire safety code requires that fire retardant insulation no longer 99) Researchers have concluded from a survey of people aged 65 that emotional well-being in
be sprayed on steel girders in the factory, but be sprayed on once the girders have arrived at the adulthood is closely related to intimacy with siblings earlier in life. Those surveyed who had
building site. This will eliminate the dislodging of the insulation in transit and reduce fatalities in never had any siblings or who said that at college age they were emotionally distant from their
catastrophic fires by an estimated 20%.
siblings were emotionally less well adjusted at 65 than were those who had been close to at least 1) Because of the recent transformation of the market, Quore Inc. must increase
one brother or sister. productivity 10 percent over the course of the next two years or it will certainly go
Which finding, if true, most seriously weakens the researchers’ argument? bankrupt. In fact, however, Quore's production structure is such that if a 10 percent
A) As they get older, many people think more about their mortality and thus must confront productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable.
feelings of loneliness and isolation. Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text?
B) People suffering from the emotional distress of maladjustment usually remember being less A) It is only Quore's production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the
intimate with other people than they actually were. transformation of the market.
C) Memory of one’s past plays a greater role in the emotional well-being of older people than it B) Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next
does in that of younger people. two years.
D) Few people can correctly identify the true sources of their emotional well-being or of their C) If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase
emotional difficulties. in order to avoid bankruptcy.
D) If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt.
100) A minor league baseball franchise experienced a drop in attendance this week after they
suffered three losses by margins of ten runs or more last week. Many spectators of those games 2) The stated goal of the government's funding program for the arts is to encourage the creation
wrote letters to the editors of the local sporting news, complaining of the poor play of the team of works of artistic excellence. Senator Beton claims, however, that a government-funded
in those three losses. Nevertheless, the front office of this baseball franchise maintains that the artwork can never reflect the independent artistic conscience of the artist because artists, like
team's poor play in those three losses has nothing to do with this week's decline in attendance. anyone else who accepts financial support, will inevitably try to please those who control the
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the position held by the front office of the distribution of that support. Senator Beton concludes that government funding of the arts not
baseball franchise? only is a burden on taxpayers but also cannot lead to the creation of works of true artistic
(A) The spectators who wrote letters to the local sporting news were long-standing fans of this excellence.
minor league baseball team. Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text?
(B) Many minor league baseball franchises attribute a drop in attendance to the quality of play of A) Most taxpayers have little or no interest in the creation of works of true artistic excellence.
the team only after a string of losses. B) Government funding of the arts is more generous than other financial support most artists
(C) Other minor league teams in that region of the state reported a similar drop in attendance receive.
this week. C) Once an artist has produced works of true artistic excellence, he or she will never accept
(D) This minor league team is over four hours from the closest major league team, so many of the government funding.
minor league team's fans do not often attend major league games. D) A contemporary work of art that does not reflect the independent artistic conscience of the
artist cannot be a work of true artistic excellence.

3) The number of North American children who are obese, that is who have more body fat than
85 percent of North American children their age, is steadily increasing according to four major
studies conducted over the past 15 years.
Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text?
A) when four major studies all produce similar results those studies must be accurate.
B) North American children have been progressively less physically active over the past 15 years.
C) The number of North American children who are not obese increased over the past 15 years.
D) Over the past 15 years, the number of North American children who are underweight has B) If the nursing profession solves the problems of low wages and high-stress working
declined. conditions, high quality health care will be maintained.
C) If the nursing profession fails to solve the problems of low wages and high- stress working
4) conditions, there will soon be an acute shortage of nurses.
Text 1 D) The current high quality of health care will not be maintained if the problems of low wages
Those who advocate replacing my country's private health insurance system with nationalized and high-stress working conditions in the nursing profession are not solved.
health insurance because of the rising costs of medical care fail to consider the high human costs
that consumers pay in countries with nationalized insurance: access to high-technology 6) There are about 75 brands of microwave popcorn on the market; altogether, they account for a
medicine is restricted and kidney transplants and open-heart surgery is rationed. People are little over half of the money from sales of microwave food products. It takes three minutes to
denied their right to treatments they want and need. pop corn in the microwave, compared to seven minutes to popcorn conventionally. Yet by
Text 2 weight, microwave popcorn typically costs over five times as much as conventional popcorn.
Your country's reliance on private health insurance denies access even to basic, conventional Judging by the popularity of microwave popcorn, the majority of people are willing to pay a high
medicine to the many people who cannot afford adequate health coverage. With nationalized price for just a little additional convenience.
insurance, rich and poor have equal access to life-saving medical procedures, and people's right If the statements are true, which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text?
to decent medical treatment regardless of income is not violated. A) No single brand of microwave popcorn accounts for a large share of microwave food product
What statement would authors of Text 1 and Text 2 disagree about? sales.
A) People's rights are violated less when they are denied an available medical treatment they B) There are more brands of microwave popcorn on the market than there are of any other
need because they lack the means to pay for it than when they are denied such treatment on microwave food product.
noneconomic grounds. C) Of the total number of microwave food products on the market, most are microwave popcorn
B) Where health insurance is provided by private insurance companies, people who are wealthy products.
generally receive better healthcare than do people who are unable to afford health insurance. D) More money is spent on microwave food products that take three minutes or less to cook
C) In countries that rely primarily on private health insurance to pay for medical costs, most than on microwave food products that take longer to cook.
people who would benefit from a kidney transplant receive one.
D) In countries with nationalized health insurance, no one who needs a familiar medical 7) All students at Pitcombe College were asked to label themselves conservative, liberal, or
treatment in order to stay alive is denied that treatment middle-of-the-road politically. Of the students, 25 percent labeled themselves conservative, 24
percent labeled themselves liberal, and 51 percent labeled themselves middle-of-the-road. When
5) Nursing schools cannot attract a greater number of able applicants than they currently do asked about a particular set of issues, however, 77 percent of the students endorsed what is
unless the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions in the nursing profession generally regarded as a liberal position.
are solved. If the pool of able applicants to nursing school does not increase beyond the current If the statements are true, which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text?
level, either the profession will have to lower its entrance standards, or there will soon be an A) All students who labeled themselves liberal endorsed what is generally regarded as a liberal
acute shortage of nurses. It is not certain, however, that lowering entrance standards will avert a position on that set of issues.
shortage. It is clear that with either a shortage of nurses or lowered entrance standards of the B) More students who labeled themselves middle-of-the road than students who labeled
profession, the current high quality of health care cannot be maintained. themselves liberal opposed what is generally regarded as a liberal position on that set of issues.
Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text? C) The majority of students who labeled themselves middle-of-the-road opposed what is
A) The nursing profession will have to lower its entrance standards if the pool of able applicants generally regarded as a liberal position on that set of issues.
to nursing school does not increase beyond the current level.
D) Some students who labeled themselves conservative endorsed what is generally regarded as a Which choice can reasonably be inferred about long-term stress?
liberal position on that set of issues. A) It inhibits the production of cortisol.
B) It can create a sense of excitement.
8) For democracy to survive, it is imperative that the average citizen be able to develop informed C) It becomes progressively harder to reduce.
opinions about important policy issues. In today's society, this means that citizens must be able D) It produces a heightened antibody response.
to develop informed opinions on many scientific subjects, from ecosystems to defense systems.
Yet, as scientific knowledge advances, the average citizen is increasingly unable to absorb 11) Dhabhar likens the body's immune cells to soldiers. Because their levels in the blood plummet
enough information to develop informed opinions on many important issues. during acute stress, "people used to say: 'See, stress is bad for you; your immune system's
Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text? depressed,"' he says. "But most immune battles are not going to be fought in the blood." He
A) Scientists have a duty to educate the public. suspected that the immune cells were instead traveling to the body's "battlefields"-sites most
B) The survival of democracy is threatened by the advance of scientific knowledge. likely to be wounded in an attack, like the skin, gut and lungs. In studies where rats were briefly
C) Every citizen has a duty to and can become scientifically literate. confined (a short-term stressor), he showed that after an initial surge of immune cells into the
D) The most effective democracy is one that is the most scientifically bloodstream, they quickly exited the blood and took up positions precisely where he predicted
unsophisticated. they would.
Which choice can reasonably be inferred about short-term stress?
9) Using clean-coal technologies to "repower" existing factories promises ultimately a substantial A) It stimulates an immune response in vulnerable areas of the body.
reduction of polluting emissions, and will affect the full range of pollutants implicated in acid B) It forces cortisol to collect in the bloodstream.
rain. The strategy of using these technologies could cut sulfur dioxide emission by more than 80 C) It produces an antibody response more powerful than that produced by exercise.
percent and nitrogen oxide emissions by more than 50 percent. The emission of a smaller D) It causes the body's natural defenses to weaken.
quantity of nitrogen pollutants would in turn reduce the formation of noxious ozone in the
troposphere. 12) Citrus greening, the plague that could wipe out Florida's $9 billion orange industry, begins
Which choice can reasonably be inferred from the text? with the touch of a jumpy brown bug on a sun-kissed leaf. From there, the bacterial disease
A) Sulfur dioxide emissions are the most dangerous pollutants implicated in acid rain. incubates in the tree's roots, then moves back up the trunk in full force, causing nutrient flows to
B) Noxious ozone is formed in factories by chemical reactions involving sulfur dioxide. seize up. Leaves turn yellow, and the oranges, deprived of sugars from the leaves, remain green,
C) Twenty percent of the present level of sulfur dioxide emissions in the atmosphere is not sour, and hard. Many fall before harvest, brown necrotic flesh ringing failed stems. Thus, citrus
considered a harmful level. greening affects trees by ____
D) The choice of technologies in factories could reduce the formation of noxious ozone in the Which choice would most logically complete the text?
troposphere. A) flooding them with particles of virus.
B) depriving them of key nutrients.
10) Much of what we know about the physical and mental toll of chronic stress stems from C) destroying the groves where they are planted.
seminal work by Robert Sapolsky beginning in the late 1970s. Sapolsky, a neuroendocrinologist, D) altering their genetic structure.
was among the first to make the connection that the hormones released during the
fight-or-flight response-the ones that helped our ancestors avoid becoming dinner-have 13) The world is complex and interconnected, and the evolution of our communications system
deleterious effects when the stress is severe and sustained. Especially insidious, chronic from a broadcast model to a networked one has added a new dimension to the mix. The Internet
exposure to one of these hormones, cortisol, causes brain changes that make it increasingly has made us all less dependent on professional journalists and editors for information about the
difficult to shut the stress response down. wider world, allowing us to seek out information directly via online search or to receive it from
friends through social media. But this enhanced convenience comes with a considerable risk: and dogs, in comparison to humans, is ____
that we will be exposed to what we want to know at the expense of what we need to know. While Which choice would most logically complete the text?
we can find virtual communities that correspond to our every curiosity, there's little pushing us A) more uncertain
beyond our comfort zones to or into the unknown, even if the unknown may have serious B) less uncertain.
implications for our lives. There are things we should probably know more about-like political C) impossible to establish.
and religious conflicts in Russia or basic geography. But even if we knew more than we do, D) a controversial topic.
there's no guarantee that the knowledge gained would prompt us to act in a particularly
admirable fashion. 16) Willowbed Road, NW, was dingy and depressing, although it contrived to keep up a kind of
Which choice can reasonably be inferred about the internet-users? mingy decency. There was even a dentist's brass plate on one of the houses. In quite two-thirds
A) They tend to seek information impulsively. of them, amid the lace curtains of the parlor window, there was a green card with 'Apartments'
B) They tend to seek information unadventurously. on it in silver lettering, above the peeping foliage of an aspidistra. The gaslight shone yellow
C) They tend to seek information creatively. through the frosted transom above the door of Number 31. Gordon took out his key and fished
D) They tend to seek information recklessly. about in the keyhole - in that kind of house the key never quite fits the lock. The darkish little
hallway - in reality it was only a passage - smelt of dishwater and cabbage. Gordon glanced at the
14) Among humans, even thinking about yawning can trigger the reflex, leading some to suspect japanned tray on the hall-stand.
that catching a yawn is linked to our ability to empathize with other humans. For instance, According to the text, what’s true about that kind of house?
contagious yawning activates the same parts of the brain that govern empathy and social A) It’s large and rambling.
know-how. And some studies have shown that humans with more fine-tuned social skills are B) It’s gloomy and rundown.
more likely to catch a yawn. It’s therefore probable that people most likely to catch yawns are C) It’s tidy and cheerful.
____ D) It’s haunted.
Which choice would most logically complete the text?
A) detail oriented. 17) On the left of the hall was the never-used parlor, then came the staircase, and beyond that
B) easily persuaded. the passage ran down to the kitchen and to the unapproachable lair inhabited by Mrs. Wisbeach
C) attuned to others. herself. As Gordon came in, the door at the end of the passage opened a foot or so. Mrs.
D) chronically fatigued. Wisbeach's face emerged, inspected him briefly but suspiciously, and disappeared again. It was
quite impossible to get in or out of the house, at any time before eleven at night, without being
15) Chimpanzees, baboons and bonobos often yawn when they see other members of their scrutinized in this manner. Just what Mrs. Wisbeach suspected you of it was hard to say. She was
species yawning. Chimps (Pan troglodytes) can catch yawns from humans, even virtual ones. At one of those malignant respectable women who kept lodging-houses.
least in primates, contagious yawning seems to require an emotional connection and may
According to the text, what’s true about the encounter between Gordon and Mrs. Wisbeach?
function as a demonstration of empathy. Beyond primates, though, the trends are less clear-cut.
One study found evidence of contagious yawning in birds but didn't connect it to empathy. A
A) It’s inevitable.
2008 study showed that dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) could catch yawns from humans, and
B) It’s drawn out.
another showed that dogs were more likely to catch the yawn of a familiar human rather than a
C) It’s cordial.
stranger. But efforts to see if dogs catch yawns from each other and to replicate the results have
D) It’s unexpected.
so far had no luck. The text implies that the connection between empathy and yawning in birds
18) Up against this, under the window, there was a kitchen table with an ink stained green cloth.
This was Gordon's 'writing' table. It was only after a bitter struggle that he had induced Mrs.
20) At the same time, the threat of looming idiocy is not the most pressing reason for a future
Wisbeach to give him a kitchen table instead of the bamboo 'occasional' table - a mere stand for
traffic management rethink. Recent city planning, for example, has evolved along the same lines
the aspidistra - which she considered proper for a top floor back. And even now there was
around the world: think highways and flyovers dissecting the city's natural fabric, dedicated
endless nagging because Gordon would never allow his table to be 'tidied up.' The table was in a
pedestrian zones, and large shopping malls. Clear-cut boundaries between driving, work, life,
permanent mess. It was almost covered with a muddle of papers, perhaps two hundred sheets,
and shopping are emphasized by a thicket of signs. The result: ultimate, well-ordered bleakness.
grimy and dog-eared, and all written on and crossed out and written on again - a sort of sordid
At night, you might find yourself in an empty, soulless pedestrian zone. A lot of the time,
labyrinth of papers to which only Gordon possessed the key. There was a film of dust over
urbanization simply translates as uniformity.
everything. Except for a few books on the mantelpiece, this table, with its mess of papers, was
the sole mark Gordon's personality had left on the room.
According to the text, what’s true about recent city planning?

According to the text, what’s true about the papers in Gordon’s room?
A) It has resulted in isolated neighborhoods.

A) They’re an unrecognized masterpiece.

B) It has resulted in a lack of variety.

B) They’re hidden from view.

C) It has resulted in stylistic incoherence.

C) They’re a source of embarrassment.

D) It has resulted in urban revitalization.

D) They’re comprehensible to Gordon alone.

21) Experimental scientists occupy themselves with observing and measuring the cosmos, finding
out what stuff exists, no matter how strange that stuff may be. Theoretical physicists, on the
19) Indeed, studies have shown that in many places - where signs and traffic lights have been
other hand, are not satisfied with observing the universe. They want to know why. They want to
removed and where each and every one is responsible for their own actions in ungoverned space
explain all the properties of the universe in terms of a few fundamental principles and
- the rate of accidents goes down. The reason: the traditional strict separation between cars,
parameters. These fundamental principles, in turn, lead to the "laws of nature," which govern the
cyclists, and pedestrians encourages clashes at crossings. And although shared space requires
behavior of all matter and energy.
cars to lower their speed, it also cuts down on journey times since it encourages a continuous
flow of traffic instead of bringing it to a halt through traffic signals.
According to the text, what’s true about theoretical physicists' primary goal?

According to the text, what’s the effect of removing traffic signals?

A) It’s to identify all of the objects that exist in the universe.

A) Traveling becomes safer and less time consuming.

B) It’s to learn to control the laws of nature.

B) Traveling becomes safer and more time consuming.

C) It’s to understand the universe at its most basic level.

C) Traveling becomes more dangerous and less time consuming.

D) It’s to observe the cosmos in great detail.

D) Traveling becomes more dangerous and more time consuming.

22) I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an D) They should refrain from behaving aggressively toward neighboring countries.
American, and a member of the Senate of the United States. It is fortunate that there is a Senate
of the United States; a body not yet moved from its propriety, not lost to a just sense of its own
dignity and its own high responsibilities, and a body to which the country looks, with confidence,
24) However much we may sympathize with the Soviet citizens who for reasons bedded deep in
for wise, moderate, patriotic, and healing counsels. It is not to be denied that we live in the midst
history are obliged to live under it, we are not attempting to change the governmental or social
of strong agitations, and are surrounded by very considerable dangers to our institutions and
structure of the Soviet Union. The Soviet regime, however, has devoted a major portion of its
government.
energies and resources to the attempt to impose its system on other peoples. In this attempt it
has shown itself prepared to resort to any method or stratagem, including subversion, threats,
According to the text, what’s true about the Senate?
and even military force.
A) Its role has begun to shift in recent years.
According to the text, what’s true about the Soviet Union as a regime?
B) It may not survive the threat to its existence.
A) It’s flexible.
C) It remains fully aware of its obligations.
B) It’s corrupted.
D) It underestimates the challenges faced by the United States.
C) It’s ruthless.

D) It’s loyal.
23) This text is from a 1950 speech by Dean Acheson, who served as Secretary of United State
(1949 - 1953) and strongly influenced United States foreign policy during the Cold War.

25) Using an airborne imaging system for the first time in Antarctica, scientists have discovered a
With regard to the whole group of countries which we are accustomed to thinking of as
vast network of unfrozen salty groundwater that may support previously unknown microbial life
the satellite area, the Soviet leaders could withdraw their military and police force and
deep under the coldest, driest desert on our planet. "These unfrozen materials appear to be
refrain from using the shadow of that force to keep in power persons or regimes which
relics of past surface ecosystems and our findings provide compelling evidence that they now
do not command the confidence of the respective peoples, freely expressed through
provide deep subsurface habitats for microbial life despite extreme environmental conditions,"
orderly representative processes. In this connection, we do not insist that these
says lead author Jill Mikucki, an assistant professor at UTK.
governments have any particular political or social complexion. What concerns us is that
they should be truly independent national regimes, with a will of their own and with a
According to the text, what’s true about the unfrozen salty groundwater?
decent foundation in popular feeling.

A) It was contained in isolated lakes.

According to the text, what’s true about regimes in the satellite area?

B) It was locked in glaciers.

A) Their leaders are susceptible to outside influences because they lack confidence.

C) It was devoid of any life.

B) The United States would not dictate their policies as long as they were elected freely.

D) It was found at the earth's surface.

C) They should model themselves directly on successful democracies.
 * According to the text, which choice would best describe the Morlands' appearance?

26) Researchers found at McMurdo Dry Valleys, the largest ice-free region in Antarctica, A) unremarkable B) intimidating
unfrozen brines forming extensive, interconnected aquifers deep beneath glaciers and lakes and
C) uncommonly attractive D) somewhat peculiar.
within permanently frozen soils. The brines extend from the coast to at least 7.5 miles inland in
the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The brines could be due to freezing and/or deposits. The findings
show for the first time that the Dry Valleys' lakes are interconnected rather than isolated;
connectivity between lakes and aquifers is important in sustaining ecosystems through drastic 29) Catherine’s taste for drawing was not superior; though whenever she could obtain the
climate change, such as lake dry-down events. The findings also challenge the assumption that outside of a letter from her mother or seize upon any other odd piece of paper, she did what she
parts of the ice sheets below the pressure melting point are devoid of liquid water. could in that way, by drawing houses and trees, hens and chickens, all very much like one
another. Writing and accounts she was taught by her father; French by her mother: her
According to the text, what’s a novel finding of the researchers?
proficiency in either was not remarkable, and she shirked her lessons in both whenever she
could. What a strange, unaccountable character!-for with all these symptoms of profligacy at ten
A) shifting plates below the Antarctic surface can create major earthquakes.
years old, she had neither a bad heart nor a bad temper, was seldom stubborn, scarcely ever
B) certain regions of Antarctica bear a similarity to the surface of Mars. quarrelsome, and very kind to the little ones, with few interruptions of tyranny; she was
moreover noisy and wild, hated confinement and cleanliness, and loved nothing so well in the
C) interconnected lakes and aquifers create hardy ecosystems.
world as rolling down the green slope at the back of the house.

D) biodiversity in Antarctica is decreasing rapidly as a result of climate change.

* According to the text, what was true about Catherine?

A) She was charming. B) She was heroic.

27) No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy would have supposed her born
C) She was rambunctious. D) She was gifted.
to be a heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother, her own person and
disposition, were all equally against her. Her father was a clergyman, without being neglected, or * According to the text, how did Catherine respond to her parents’ lessons?
poor, and a very respectable man, though his name was Richard. Her mother was a woman of
A) She participated eagerly. B) She turned them into games.
useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution.
Catherine has nine siblings born before her. A family of ten children will be always called a fine
C) She avoided them if possible. D) She refused to pay attention.
family, where there are heads and arms and legs enough for the number; but the Morlands had
little other right to the word, for they were in general very plain, and Catherine, for many years
of her life, as plain as any.
31) This is the question which the United States must answer in 1976: Are we to be one people
* According to the text, what was true about Catherine’s mother? bound together by common spirit, sharing in a common endeavor; or will we become a divided
nation? For all of its uncertainty, we cannot flee the future. We must address and master the
A) She was weak and sickly. B) She was sturdy and practical.
future together. It can be done if we restore the belief that we share a sense of national
community, that we share a common national endeavor. There is no executive order; there is no
C) She was short-tempered and irritable. D) She was creative and enthusiastic.
law that can require the American people to form a national community. This we must do as
individuals, and if we do it as individuals, there is no President of the United States who can veto On the afternoon of that Sunday I took my first long ride on my pony, under Otto's
that decision. direction. After that Dude and I went twice a week to the post-office, six miles east of us,
and I saved the men a good deal of time by riding on errands to our neighbors. When we
According to the text, what was true about the common endeavor?
had to borrow anything, I was always the messenger. All the years that have passed have
not dimmed my memory of that first glorious autumn. The new country lay open before
A) It represents an impossible ideal.
me: there were no fences in those days, and I could choose my own way over the grass

B) It has the potential to be destroyed by uncertainty. uplands, trusting the pony to get me home again. Sometimes I followed the
sunflower-bordered roads.
C) It cannot be realized through legislation.
What is true about access to the land during the narrator’s youth?
D) It represents a combination of public and private interests.
A) It’s reserved for a small group of settlers.

B) It’s less restricted than it later became.

32) Every time a car drives through a major intersection, it becomes a data point. Magnetic coils
of wire lie just beneath the pavement, registering each passing car. This starts a cascade of C) It’s prohibited by the narrator's neighbors.

information: Computers tally the number and speed of cars, shoot the data through
D) It’s controlled by Antonia Shimerda's family.
underground cables to a command center and finally translate it into the colors red, yellow and
green. On the seventh floor of Boston City Hall, the three colors splash like paint across a
wall-sized map. To drivers, the color red means stop, but on the map it tells traffic engineers to
leap into action. "Most people don't think there are eyes and ears keeping track of all this stuff," 34) After the one-way front door, the first supermarket feature you inevitably encounter is the
says a center's engineering director. But in reality, engineers literally watch our every move, produce department. There's a good reason for this: the sensory impact of all those scents,
making subtle changes that relieve and redirect traffic. textures, and colors makes us feel both upbeat and hungry. The message we get right off the bat
is that the store is a welcoming place, fresh, natural, fragrant, and healthy, with comforting
What is true about improvements in traffic flow?
shades of grandma's kitchen. The cruel truth is that the produce department is less garden and
kitchen than stage set. Lighting is chosen to make fruits and veggies appear at their brightest
A) They are more difficult to achieve at certain hours of the day.
and best; and - according to book author Martin Lindstrom - the periodic sprays of fresh water

B) They occur near traffic control centers. that douse the produce bins are all for show. Though used to give fresh foods a deceptive dewy
and fresh-picked look, the water actually has no practical purpose. In fact, it makes vegetables
C) They can be attributed to pre-set systems. spoil faster than they otherwise would.

D) They are the result of intervention by traffic engineers. What is an unstated assumption of the author about vegetables?

A) Their appearance is not a reliable indicator of their freshness.

33) The text is from Willa Cather, My Antonia, 1918. The narrator recounts his life on the B) Their nutritional qualities are often exaggerated.
Nebraska plains as a boy.
C) Their fragrance is off-putting to some customers.
D) Their location within a supermarket depends on their popularity. C) The majority of false findings are the result of deliberate distortion.

D) Science is a fundamentally irrational pursuit.

35) Knowledge of the intense heat and pressure in the mantle led researchers to hypothesize in
the late 1960s that ocean crust originates as tiny amounts of liquid rock known as melt almost as
37) Conservationists have historically been at odds with the people who inhabit wildernesses.
though the solid rocks were "sweating." Even a minuscule release of pressure (because of
During the last half of the 20th century, millions of indigenous people were ousted from their
material rising from its original position) causes melt to form in microscopic pores deep within
homelands to establish nature sanctuaries free of humans. Most succumbed to malnutrition,
the mantle rock. Explaining how the rock sweat gets to the surface was more difficult. Melt is
disease and exploitation. Such outcomes- coupled with the realization that indigenous groups
less dense than the mantle rocks in which it forms, so it will constantly try to migrate upward,
usually help to stabilize ecosystems by, for instance, keeping fire at bay-have convinced major
toward regions of lower pressure. But what laboratory experiments revealed about the chemical
conservation groups to take local human concerns into account. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
composition of melt did not seem to match up with the composition of rock samples collected
now describes indigenous peoples as "natural allies," and the Nature Conservancy pledges to seek
from the mid-ocean ridges, where erupted melt hardens.
their "free, informed and prior" consent to projects impacting their territories.
Which choice is a hypothesis the author suggests was tested in those experiments?
What is true about conservation groups?
A) Melted rock contains lower levels of orthopyrexene than of olivine.
A) They were initially unaware that indigenous groups helped maintain ecosystems.
B) Melt is composed exclusively of olivine and orthopyrexene.
B) They have helped millions of indigenous people remain in their homelands.
C) Orthopyrexene only dissolves at depths greater than 45 kilometers.
C) They have gradually become more radical in their demands.
D) Rock sweat and hardened erupted melt have similar chemical compositions.
D) They have reduced outbreaks of disease among indigenous peoples.

36) Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and
38) Chronic stress, it turns out, is extremely dangerous. While stress doesn't cause any single
problematic bias in science is "motivated reasoning": We interpret observations to fit a particular
disease - in fact, the causal link between stress and ulcers has been largely disproved - it makes
idea. Psychologists have shown that "most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization," he says. In
most diseases significantly worse. The list of ailments connected to stress is staggeringly diverse
other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our
and includes everything from the common cold and lower-back pain to Alzheimer's disease,
"explanation" of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do-or to
major depressive disorder, and heart attack. Stress hollows out our bones and atrophies our
believe-anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday
muscles. It triggers adult-onset diabetes and may also be connected to high blood pressure. In
thought-but how much is it, really?
fact, numerous studies of human longevity in developed countries have found that psychosocial
Which choice would Nosek most likely agree with? factors such as stress are the single most important variable in determining the length of a life.
It's not that genes and risk factors like smoking don't matter. It's that our levels of stress matter
A) The empirical sciences are less vulnerable to bias than are other scientific fields.
more.

B) Scientists should attempt to become aware of their preconceptions.

What is true about the effects of genes on human longevity?
A) They are not yet fully understood. D) Things others weren’t able to accomplish.

B) They can be altered by certain medications.

C) They are less significant than the effects of stress. 41) It has been charged time and again that were we to have more hours of leisure we would
merely devote it to the cultivation of vicious habits. They tell us that the eight-hour movement
D) They are entirely irrelevant when compared to the effects of stress.
can not be enforced, for the reason that it must check industrial and commercial progress. I say
that the history of this shows the reverse. I say that is the plane on which this question ought to
be discussed-that is the social question. As long as they make this question an economic one, I

39) Her mother wished her to learn music; and Catherine was sure she should like it, for she was am willing to discuss it with them. I would retrace every step I have taken to advance this

very fond of tinkling the keys of the old forlorn spinner; so, at eight years old she began. She movement did it mean industrial and commercial stagnation. But it does not mean that. It means

learnt a year, and could not bear it; and Mrs. Morland, who did not insist on her daughters being greater prosperity; it means a greater degree of progress for the whole people. They say they

accomplished in spite of incapacity or distaste, allowed her to leave off. The day which dismissed can't afford it. Is that true? Let us see for one moment. If a reduction in the hours of labor causes

the music-master was one of the happiest of Catherine's life. industrial and commercial ruination, it would naturally follow increased hours of labor would
increase prosperity, commercial and industrial. If that were true, England and America ought to
What would Catherine's mother respond to her daughter's behavior with? be at the tail end, and China at the head of civilization.

A) frequent irritation. What is true about workers in China, compared to workers in the United States?

B) general indifference. A) They enjoy greater prosperity. B) They are more industrious.

C) easy indulgence. C) They spend more hours at work. D) They are less fairly compensated.

D) utter perplexity.

42) Why, when you reduce the hours of labor, just think what it means. Suppose men who work
ten hours a day had the time lessened to nine, or men who work nine hours a day have it
40) She was fond of all boy's plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the
reduced to eight; what does it mean? It means millions of golden hours and opportunities for
more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a
thought. Some men might say you will go to sleep. Well, the ordinary man might try to sleep
rose-bush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly
sixteen hours a day, but he would soon find he could not do it long. He would probably become
for the pleasure of mischief-at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those
interested in some study and the hours that have been taken from manual labor are devoted to
which she was forbidden to take. Such were her propensities.
mental labor, and the mental labor of one hour produces for him more wealth than the physical
labor of a dozen hours.
What was the character strongly motivated to do?

What is one of the main consequences of long working hours?

A) Unusually difficult things.

A) Civic participation is reduced.

B) Things she was taught by her parents.

B) Important discoveries go unmade.

C) Things that were not permitted.
C) Workers are too exhausted to perform their jobs.

D) The quality of work declines. 45) The nutrient foramen are tiny holes on the shaft that supply blood to living bone cells inside.
New research has shown that the size of those holes is directly related to the maximum rate that
a person can be active during aerobic exercise. Professor Seymour wondered whether the size of
the nutrient foramen might indicate how much blood was necessary to keep the bones in good
43) A hackerspace is described by hackerspaces.org as a "community-operated physical space
repair. For example, highly active animals might cause more bone 'microfractures,' requiring
where people with common interests, often in computers, technology, science, digital art or
more frequent repairs by the bone cells and therefore a greater blood supply. "My aim was to see
electronic art, can meet, socialize, and/or collaborate." Such spaces can vary in size, available
whether we could use fossil bones of dinosaurs to indicate the level of bone metabolic rate and
technology, and membership structure (some being completely open), but generally share
possibly extend it to the whole body's metabolic rate," he says. "One of the big controversies
community- oriented characteristics. Indeed, while the term "hacker" can sometimes have
among paleobiologists is whether dinosaurs were cold-blooded and sluggish or warm-blooded
negative connotations, modern hackerspaces thrive off of community, openness, and
and active. Could the size of the foramen be a possible gauge for dinosaur metabolic rate?"
assimilating diverse viewpoints - these often being the only guiding principles in otherwise
informal organizational structures.
What would a creature with a small foramen most likely be?

What is true about the way in which hackerspaces are organized?

A) Cold-blooded B) Warm-blooded

A) It’s strictly regulated.

C) Smaller than average D) Bigger than average

B) It’s wild and chaotic.

C) It’s informal and accommodating.

46) Psychologist Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia says that the most common and
problematic bias in science is "motivated reasoning": We interpret observations to fit a particular
D) It’s rigid and hierarchical.
idea. Psychologists have shown that "most of our reasoning is in fact rationalization," he says. In
other words, we have already made the decision about what to do or to think, and our
"explanation" of our reasoning is really a justification for doing what we wanted to do-or to
44) In recent years, the city of Detroit has emerged as a hotbed for hackerspaces and other DIY believe-anyway. Science is of course meant to be more objective and skeptical than everyday
("Do-It-Yourself') experiments. Several hackerspaces can already be found throughout the city thought- but how much is it, really?
and several more are currently in formation. Of course, Detroit's attractiveness for such projects
can be partially attributed to cheap real estate, which allows aspiring hackers to acquire ample To which of the following situations would Nosek most likely object?

space for experimentation. Some observers have also described this kind of making and tinkering
A) A team of researchers knowingly publishes misleading information in an attempt to obtain
as embedded in the DNA of Detroit's residents, who are able to harness substantial
funding.
intergenerational knowledge and attract like-minded individuals.

B) A team of researchers publishes a study based on statistics that were not independently
What is one potential challenge for new hackerspaces?
verified.

A) Zoning restriction. B) Lack of publicity.

C) A researcher deliberately publishes a study whose results conflict with those obtained by

C) Local protests. D) Property costs. experts in the field.

D) A researcher who is known to believe in paranormal activity publishes a study that supports C) The brain of a traffic system D) Computer terminals
its existence.

49) Why is the connection between smells and memories so strong? The reason for these
47) For science fiction aficionados, Isaac Asimov anticipated the idea of using massive data sets associations is that the brain's olfactory bulb is connected to both the amygdala (an emotion
to predict human behavior, coining it "psychohistory" in his 1951 Foundation trilogy. The bigger center) and to the hippocampus, which is involved in memory. And, because smells serve a
the data set, Asimov said then, the more predictable the future. With big-data analytics, one can survival function (odors can keep us from eating spoiled or poisonous foods), some of these
finally see the forest, instead of just the capillaries in the tree leaves. Or to put it in more associations are made very quickly, and may even involve a one-time association.
accurate terms, one can see beyond the apparently random motion of a few thousand molecules
Which choice is most like the connection between smells and memories?
of air inside a balloon; one can see the balloon itself, and beyond that, that it is inflating, that it is
yellow, and that it is part of a bunch of balloons en route to a birthday party. The data/software
A) a driver has an accident at an intersection and refuses to drive past it again.
world has, until now, been largely about looking at the molecules inside one balloon.

B) a child insists on wearing clothes of a particular color every day.

Which situation is most analogous to the impact of big-data analytics?

C) a young woman inexplicably develops an allergy to a common household item.

A) A scientist makes a groundbreaking discovery and receives an award.

D) a food manufacturer develops a technology to prevent its products from spoiling.

B) A classical musician successfully releases an album of contemporary songs.

C) A tourist is able to observe an entire city and the surrounding region from a skyscraper.

50) Critics of genetically modified (GM) foods often disparage U.S. research on the safety of
D) A private company partners with a local government to build a new shopping district.
genetically modified foods, which is often funded or even conducted by GM companies, such as
Monsanto. But much research on the subject comes from the European Commission, the
administrative body of the E.U., which cannot be so easily dismissed as an industry tool. The
48) Every time a car drives through a major intersection, it becomes a data point. Magnetic coils European Commission has funded 130 research projects, carried out by more than 500
of wire lie just beneath the pavement, registering each passing car. This starts a cascade of independent teams, on the safety of GM crops. None of those studies found any special risks
information: Computers tally the number and speed of cars, shoot the data through from GM crops.
underground cables to a command center and finally translate it into the colors red, yellow and
Based on the text, a study of GM food safety conducted by which of the following would be most
green. On the seventh floor of Boston City Hall, the three colors splash like paint across a
likely to reassure critics?
wall-sized map. To drivers, the color red means stop, but on the map it tells traffic engineers to
leap into action. Traffic control centers like this one-a room cluttered with computer terminals
A) A group of researchers who are not affiliated with the agricultural industry.
and live video feeds of urban intersections- represent the brain of a traffic system. The city's
network of sensors, cables and signals are the nerves connected to the rest of the body. B) A private institute whose clients also include producers of GM foods.

Which of the following is most like the sensors, cables, and signals? C) A food corporation that wants to expand its distribution of GM foods.

A) Magnetic coils of wire B) The colors red, yellow, and green D) A pharmaceutical company that produces medications derived from GM plants.
 (C) Some mystery stories give readers enough clues to infer the correct solution to the mystery.

51) In 2010, a staggering trend emerged: In the span of just 15 seasons, the date on which Esaias‘s (D) The actions of the brilliant detective in a mystery story rarely divert readers from the actions
Mink Hollow bees brought home the most nectar had shifted by two weeks - from late May to of the detective’s dull companion.
the middle of the month. "I was shocked when I plotted this up," he says. "It was right under my
nose, going on the whole time." The epiphany would lead Esaias to launch a series of research
collaborations, featuring honey bees and other pollinators, to investigate the relationships
53) A recent research study of undergraduate students analyzed the effects of music on human
among plants, pollinators, and weather patterns. Already, the work has begun to reveal insights
emotions. Each of the 200 participants attended at least 1 two-hour concert of classical music
into the often unintended consequences of human interventions in natural and agricultural
per week over the course of 12 weeks of their spring semester. At the end of the experiment, all
ecosystems, and exposed significant gaps in how we understand the effect climate change will
of the students filled out a questionnaire assessing their emotional state. Based on the results of
have on everything from food production to terrestrial ecology.
the questionnaires, all of the 10 students who attended the greatest number of concerts reported
lower stress levels and higher satisfaction with their lives. Also, most of the 20 students who
Based on the text, to which of the following hypothetical outcomes would research into the bees'
attended the fewest number of concerts reported below-average levels of emotional comfort.
disappearance most likely lead?

Which of the following must be true based on the evidence presented above?
A) The cultivation of hybrid fruits and vegetables.

(A) Most of the 200 participants improved their emotional state and lowered their stress levels.
B) Larger-scale production of the most profitable crops.

(B) During each week of the experiment, the participants spent at least 2 hours less on their
C) More sophisticated tools for studying insect behavior.
academic work as a result of concert attendance.
D) A heightened awareness of how shifts in the climate impact crop growth.
(C) Listening to classical music for at least 2 hours per week improves the emotional well-being
of the majority of young adults.

52) Mystery stories often feature a brilliant detective and the detective’s dull companion. Clues (D) More than 6 participants attended at least 14 concerts during the course of the experiment.
are presented in the stories, and the companion wrongly infers an inaccurate solution to the
mystery using the same clues that the detective uses to deduce the correct solution. Thus, the
author’s strategy of including the dull companion gives readers a chance to solve the mystery
54) Everyone who has graduated from TopNotch High School has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of
while also diverting them from the correct solution.
over 120. Most students with an IQ of over 120 and all students with an IQ of over 150 who apply
to one or more Ivy League universities are accepted to at least one of them.
Which choice is most logically inferred from the text?

Which choice is most logically inferred from the text?

(A) Most mystery stories feature a brilliant detective who solves the mystery presented in the
story.
(A) Every graduate of TopNotch High School with an IQ of 150 has been accepted to at least one
Ivy-League school.
(B) Mystery readers often solve the mystery in a story simply by spotting the mistakes in the
reasoning of the detective’s dull companion in that story.
(B) If a person is a high-school graduate and has an IQ of less than 100, he or she could not have
been a student at TopNotch High School.
(C) If a person has an IQ of 130 and is attending an Ivy-League school, it is possible for him or her
to have graduated from TopNotch High School.
(B) The population of Korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous years
(D) At least one graduate from TopNotch high school who has applied to at least one Ivy-League
(C) The populations of Mitro and Guadar each increased by a percentage that exceeded the
university has been accepted to one of them.
percentage by which the population of Korva increased.

(D) Korva's population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of at least one of the
55) From 1973 to 1989 total energy use in this country increased less than 10 percent. However, other two autonomous regions.
the use of electrical energy in this country during this same period grew by more than 50
percent, as did the gross national product—the total value of all goods and services produced in
the nation.
57) Students from outside the province of Markland, who in any given academic year pay twice as
much tuition each as do students from Markland, had traditionally accounted for at least
If the statements above are true, then which one of the following must also be true?
two-thirds of the enrollment at Central Markland College. Over the past 10 years academic
(A) Most of the energy used in this country in 1989 was electrical energy. standards at the college have risen and the proportion of students who are not Marklanders has
dropped to around 40 percent.
(B) From 1973 to 1989 there was a decline in the use of energy other than electrical energy in this
country. Which choice is most logically inferred from the text?

(C) From 1973 to 1989 there was an increase in the proportion of energy use in this country that (A) If it had not been for the high tuition paid by students from outside Markland, the college
consisted of electrical energy use. could not have improved its academic standards over the past 10 years.

(D) In 1989 electrical energy constituted a larger proportion of the energy used to produce the (B) If academic standards had not risen over the past 10 years, students who are not Marklanders
gross national product than did any other form of energy. would still account for at least two-thirds of the college’s enrollment.

(C) Over the past 10 years the number of students from Markland increased and the number of
students from outside Markland decreased.
56) Ditrama is a federation made up of three autonomous regions. Korva. Mitro, and Guadar,
Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federal revenues equal (D) If the college’s per capita revenue from tuition has remained the same, tuition fees have
to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region as shown by a yearly increased over the past 10 years.
population survey. Last year the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its share
decreased somewhat even though the population survey on which the revenue-sharing was
based showed that Korva's population had increased.
58) According to the shipping clerk, the five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were
sent out on Thursday. Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also have been shown by the
entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four
population survey on which last year's revenue-sharing in Ditrama was based?
shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building
(A) Of the three regions Korva had the smallest number of residents supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true? (A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined
from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.
A) At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic
B) At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
wasps.

C) At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host
week.
species.

D) At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more
quickly than would laying too many eggs.

59) Calorie restriction, a diet high in nutrients but low in calories, is known to prolong the life of
rats and mice by preventing heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. A six-month
61) Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960's when the small business
study of 48 moderately overweight people, who each reduced their calorie intake by at least 25
administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored
percent, demonstrated decreases in insulin levels and body temperature, with the greatest
management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this
decrease observed in individuals with the greatest percentage change in their calorie intake. Low
program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were
insulin level and body temperature are both considered signs of longevity, partly because an
disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to
earlier study by other researchers found both traits in long-lived people.
high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts
were not quite two percent of the national economy's total receipts.
If the above statements are true, they support which of the following inferences?

Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?
(A) Calorie restriction produces similar results in humans as it does in rats and mice.

(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
(B) Humans who reduce their calorie intake by at least 25 percent on a long-term basis will live
longer than they would have had they not done so.
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was
management and technical assistance.
(C) Calorie intake is directly correlated to insulin level in moderately overweight individuals.

(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that
(D) Some individuals in the study reduced their calorie intake by more than 25 percent.
actually resulted.

(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business

60) Parasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right development.

numbers for any suitable size of host egg. If they laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing
wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space. If too few eggs
were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.
62) Ben Joson, a well-known playwright and seventeenth-century contemporary of John Donne,
wrote that while “the first poet in the world in some things,” Donne nevertheless “for not keeping
Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?
of an accent, deserved hanging.” Donne’s generation admired the depth of his feeling, but was D) Whether immigrant groups transcended their origins merely by moving to the United States.
puzzled by his irregular rhythm and obscure references. It was not until the twentieth century
* What does the phrase “common substance” refer to?
and modern movements that celebrate emotion and allusion that Donne really began to be
appreciated. Writers such as Eliot and Yeat admired the psychological intricacies of a poet who
A) A new, distinct American cuisine.
could one moment flaunt his earthy dalliances with his mistress and the next, wretched, implore
God to “bend your force, to break, blow, burn, and make me new.” B) Hector’s use of the term “melting pot.”

What was true about Yeat? C) A culture and identity shared by all Americans.

A) He was uninterested in meter and rhythm. D) A unified populace made of many diverse and distinct groups.

B) He was a modern writer.

C) He was close to Eliot. 65) Robert Schumann’s orchestral music has been underappreciated and misunderstood for
many years by critics and audiences alike. The nineteenth-century virtuoso’s works for the piano
D) He was interested in intimidating Donne’s technique.
are acknowledged as brilliant masterworks. However, his large scale orchestral works have
always suffered by comparison to those of contemporaries such as Brahms. Perhaps this is
because Schumann’s works should be measured with a different yardstick. His works are often
63) In 1782, philosopher J. Hector became the first to apply the word “melting” to a population of considered poorly orchestrated, but they actually have an unusual aesthetic. He treats the
immigrants: “Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men.” Hector idealized orchestra as he does the piano: one grand instrument with a uniform sound. This is so different
a nation built from individuals who have transcended their origins and embraced a common from the approach of most composers that, to many, it has seemed like a failing rather than a
American ethos: “From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury, and useless labor, he conscious artistic choice.
has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an
What would the author of the text attribute the underappreciation of Schumann’s orchestral
American.” While debate raged as to what exactly “melting” meant - diverse people coexisting
music to?
peacefully while maintaining their differences or refashioning themselves to blend
indistinguishably into a new, common substance - Hector’s term was here to stay: America,
A) The poor orchestration of the work.
settled by immigrants, was to have a unified populace.

B) Comparisons of Schumann to the greater genius of Brahms.

According to the text, debate raged over what?

C) Schumann’s failure to make the best use of instruments other than the piano.
A) Whether immigrant groups had the ability to push aside their differences and coexist
peacefully. D) The difference between Schumann’s approach to the orchestra and that of many other
composers.
B) Whether immigrant groups understood what Hector originally meant by the term “melting.”

C) Whether immigrant groups needed to change their identity to match a common American
identity. 66) The Tower’s three parts correspond to three stages of life, or three modes of relating to the
world, but not in a scheme as simple as youth, adulthood and old age. Rather, the first and third
parts—or the first and third poems in a three-poem sequence—chart the internal experiences of find the memories in which he was most alive, maybe the ones that still hurt the most. These
an accelerating mind within a decelerating body. The second part is a more external moments were truly his, and so are truly his to leave behind.
reminiscence, passing elegiacally over the lore of the land. The dying poet is taking a nostalgic
* Why must the poet “find the memories . . . alive”?
survey of his works. The first and third parts take place within a dreaming mind, while the
second takes place within the dream.
A) To leave this world with significance. B) To not die.

* What does “three stages of life” refer to?

C) To regain memories. D) To become alive.

A) youth, adulthood, and old age. B) baby, teenager, and adult.

* What does the author compare the poem as a whole to?

C) the life cycle of a poem. D) three ways of being in the world.

A) folklore. B) a dying person.

* How do “The first and third poems” differ from the second?
C) a ceremony. D) a memory.

A) They are nostalgic.

B) They catalog the poet’s inner experience.

71) The concept of biological stress refers to the body’s response to any real or perceived threat
to equilibrium. This stress response produces changes in the body in preparation for engaging or
C) They are enthusiastic.
running from a physical threat. These changes can include increased heart rate and blood
D) They are part of a cremation ceremony. pressure, muscle tension, and suspended digestive activity. In a physically threatening situation,
this response is essential and can be life-saving. However, after the threat has passed, the
* What does the phrase “passing elegiacally over the lore of the land” indicate?
changes should abate and the body should return to normal.

A) The poet was a slow runner.

Why can the “changes…activity” be life-saving?

B) The poet was taking stock of his life’s work.

A) They allow a person to tense up at the possibility of danger.

C) The poet was working for the Census Bureau.

B) They allow a person to avoid a heart attack.

D) The poet was speaking at a funeral.

C) They allow a person to deal with work deadlines.

D) They allow a person to deal with material danger.

69) The following passage is adapted from a scholarly paper that examines Yeats’ poem “The
Tower.”
72) The stress response can also be triggered by threats that are not solved by physical readiness:
traffic, work deadlines, or thinking of difficult future events. These threats are not solved by the
If we think of The tower as a ceremony, the first part senses that the end is near, but is not ready
stress response, and can persist for long periods or occur repeatedly. Thus, the stress response
to face it; the second part is a preparation ritual, and the third arrives at readiness and passes
that is intended to turn on and then off can become chronically activated. In this case, when the
into nothing. If this passing is to have any meaning, the poet must propel himself enthusiastically
physiological changes of the stress response persist, the changes can lead to disease. Chronic
into the next world rather than fall, withered and bedraggled, out of this one. To do so, he must
stress has been linked to suppression of the immune system, rises in blood-cholesterol levels, 75) Polarity is more complicated than many seem to understand. Indeed, I myself was surprised
calcium loss from bones, long-term increases in blood pressure, increased muscle tension, by the depths to which we may pursue any case of opposites. One astonishing example of this
diarrhea or digestive organ spasms, and risk of arrhythmia. complexity is that one opposite may, at an extreme, become the other. As a child in Waldorf
kindergarten, I remember marveling with my friends at the water in which we washed the dishes
Why are “traffic . . . events” not solved by the stress response?
from lunch, and how it was so hot that it felt cold. We have all had the experience of laughing so
hard that we cried, or feeling so happy that it hurt. In optics we see the color orange at the point
A) They require physical readiness, not thinking.
where the top of a poorly lit window-frame meets the bright sky. At the bottom of the window,

B) They persist too long. where dark and light meet, we see its complementary color, blue.

C) Traffic and work deadlines are worsened by stress. * What does the author assume in the first sentence?

D) The stress response does not solve these concerns. A) No one can understand the true meaning of polarity.

B) Many people misunderstand polarity’s implications.

73) As a result of long-term stress’s potential problems, people have explored ways of managing
C) Others are not as intrigued as he is about polarity’s depths.
stress so it does not become chronic. The goal of stress management is not to avoid all stress, as
some stress is inevitable and even stimulating, but to experience the stress response only when D) One opposite may become another.
it is relevant and helpful. Scientists studying stress and its management have found that
stressors and stress management modalities affect individuals differently. A stressor that brings * What does “polarity” most nearly mean in the first sentence?
distress to one person may be pleasant for another. Similarly, a stress management technique
A) complications. B) magnetism.
might work for one person, but be ineffective or even distressing for another.

C) apex. D) opposites.
* What does the text imply about the aim of stress management?

A) To avert the stress response when it cannot solve a problem.

77) Albert Einstein once stated that “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” Einstein’s
B) To affect individuals differently. fame as a scientist gives this quote tremendous meaning. In one of the greatest minds of the
modern world, one might expect a preference for knowledge over creativity, or hard work over
C) To avoid all stress.
play. Einstein, however, tells us not to discredit original thought, intuition, and the power of our
own minds.
D) To raise one’s heart rate.

What does “In one of the . . . play” indicate about people’s assumption about Einstein?
* What is the author’s attitude toward stress management?

A) Einstein favored assiduous logical inquiry. B) Einstein was pensive.

A) qualified disapproval. B) resentment.

C) Einstein hated intellectualism. D) Einstein favored religion over science.

C) ambivalence. D) unbiased appreciation.

78) Einstein said, “Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.” It is
interesting to think that the two might go hand in hand, since we often think of science and
religion as being at war. Einstein obviously believed in the idea of these two polar opposites * What is the tone of the tone of “In your wisdom . . . Hill 364”?
being complementary, rather than clashing.
A) anxious. B) impatient.
What is a major assumption in the text?
C) baffled. D) resigned.
A) Science and religion go hand in hand.
* What does “bright” most nearly mean?
B) Science and religion are considered opposites.
A) light. B) intelligent.
C) Einstein’s experiments were invalid.
C) vivid. D) dazzling.
D) Einstein was devout.
* What does the reference to Khe Sanh, Langdok, Hill 364 suggest?

A) Donny will be buried at Hill 364.

79) The following is a monologue delivered in a 1998 movie. The speaker is about to scatter the
B) Donny died in combat.
ashes of his friend.

C) The speaker misses these places.

Donny was a good bowler, and a good man. He was one of us. He was a man who loved the
outdoors . . . and bowling, and as a surfer he explored the beaches of Southern California, from
D) Many people lost their lives at these places.
La Jolla to Leo Carrillo and . . . up to . . . Pismo. He died, like so many young men of his
generation, he died before his time. In your wisdom, Lord, you took him, as you took so many
bright, flowering young men at Khe Sanh, at Lang-dok, at Hill 364. These young men gave their
lives. And so would Donny. Donny, who loved bowling. And so, Theodore Donald Karabotsos, in 84)

accordance with what we think your dying wishes might well have been, we commit your final
Text 1
mortal remains to the bosom of the Pacific Ocean, which you loved so well. Good night, sweet
prince.
Medicinal systems can be examined by using three models: biochemical, bioenergetic, and
biospiritual. The biochemical model is the dominant approach used in the United States.
* What is the speaker’s attitude toward Donny?
Scientists using this approach analyze the chemical constituents of things. It views the human

A) mournful eulogy. B) unbiased detachment. body as a chemical factory that can be adjusted according to the intake of the right chemicals.
This model tends to employ medicinal drugs, called pharmaceuticals. These drugs are made by
C) clear hostility. D) elated nostalgia. identifying therapeutic substances and isolating their active ingredients. These drugs often have
a stronger potency and a more immediate effect on the body than non-isolated and natural
* What is the speaker’s attitude toward bowling?
remedies, but often, later, it is found that they have unanticipated side effects or that the
pathogenic factors change, rendering the drug less effective.
A) respect. B) disregard.

Text 2
C) contempt. D) indifference.
Ayurveda is a 5000-year-old natural healing system from India. The word “Ayurveda” translates A) The first begins to set up a basis for analyzing any medical system, whereas the second begins
from Sanskrit as “the science of life or longevity.” It can be described as a natural holistic medical to detail one specific system.
system. Dr. Andrew Weil describes natural medical systems as having a philosophy of healing
B) The first is specific and the second is general.
based on the notion that the body has innate mechanisms of self-repair — for example, that a cut
on the human body will naturally heal itself. The aim in Ayurveda is to observe and then
C) The first encourages holistic health and the second discourages it.
encourage the self-repair process: to empower the body’s natural healing potential. Ayurveda is
also a type of holistic medicine, as it considers the effect of a whole substance on the whole of a D) The first discusses one system and the second discusses several.
person, rather than only a body part or system.

* In Text 1, the author cites which of the following as an example of a biochemical medicine?
89) Until recently, with the advent of the brownie that beat the system and messed everything
A) Nonisolated remedies B) Pharmaceuticals up. Now, our neurotransmitters are lying to us. Worse, we’ve become hooked on these processed
sugars. Increasing evidence suggests that sugar, like nicotine, cocaine, and heroin, hijacks the
C) Holistic medicine D) Natural remedies
natural reward pathway, making users dependent. Regular sugar consumption leads to prolonged
dopamine signaling, causing increased tolerance and the need for more sugar to activate the
* The author of Text 2 makes use of all of the following except what?
natural reward high. Conversely, that’s why, if you give up sugar for a few weeks, suddenly an
A) generalizations. B) refuting a hypothesis. apple tastes as sweet and delicious as a brownie and an actual brownie tastes way too sweet.

C) defining a term. D) citing an authority. Why is sugar addictive?

* What would the author of Text 1 most likely regard the system of Ayurveda as described in A) Humans care more for their young than for their own survival.
“Ayurveda . . . system.” in Text 2 as?
B) Sugar is found in great concentration in wild berries.
A) a biochemical system. B) inactive.
C) Humans are meant to eat only meat and vegetables.
C) either bioenergetic or biospiritual. D) inferior to the dominant approach.
D) Eating a lot of sugar causes the need for an increased amount of sugar before the dopamine
* What is true about both texts? reaction is triggered.

A) They serve to encourage the body’s self-repair.

B) They serve to encourage consideration of the whole effect of medicines on the body. 90) Current thinking in neuroscience suggests that, evolutionarily, the natural reward loop for
food primarily reinforces sweet tastes. When Og was scavenging for berries, a sour taste meant
C) They serve to encourage the need for medical reform.
“not yet ripe,” while a bitter flavor indicated “Stop! Potential poison!?” But a sweet taste said,
“Hey, here are some readily digestible carbs for good clean energy!”
D) They serve to encourage the lack of continuity in medical systems.

Why did Og and Zog eat sweet foods?

* What is the primary difference between the two texts?

A) They were not yet able to use fire to cook meat.

B) The sweet taste told them that the foods were safe to eat. D) A study showed that most people are very minimally affected by the values expressed on
television.
C) Other, more complex foods were not yet available.
* What is the general tone of the passage?
D) This was the recommendation of neuroscientists.
A) humorous contempt. B) worried vexation.

C) relieved acknowledgment. D) muted anger.

91) The media makes you think that you have to be skinny or buff. The media makes you think
that you have to get rich and own lots of things. But you don’t. I see a whole generation; no, I see
generations working as slaves to consumption. Working, working too hard to buy disposable 95) Among the most important themes in The Little Mermaid are those of questioning
things they’re told they need. Go sit by a tree in a calm place for two hours, maybe by a stream. conventional thinking and pursuing a dream. Not only is Ariel, the little mermaid, demonstrating
You’ll see what I mean. It’s free and it’s more joy than that new designer watch can possibly give original thought (something that many seem to think she is lacking), but she is rebelling against
you. Why is everyone depressed? Their latte is not making them happy. Two-and-a-half hours of her speciesist father. When Ariel expresses her love for the human prince, King Trident is
TV per day is not satisfying. People are confused by TV; their expectations of life get skewed. No, furious. When Ariel points out angrily that he does not understand her, or even knows the man
there’s a void. Relax, open, and let it fill up. whom she loves, Trident retorts, “Know him? I don’t need to know him! He’s a human!” In a very
real way Disney is encouraging children to question preconceived ideas that we may have against
* Which of the following individuals best exemplifies the narrator’s assertion in the two first
a certain group.
sentences?
* What is the main point of the text?
A) A man who saves up to buy a new designer suit B) A man who hates his job and quits
A) Ariel should not have been allowed to marry Prince Eric.
C) A man who finds a job that he loves D) A slave in chains
B) Only Prince Eric truly understood Ariel.
* Which of the following is the narrator likely to do next?
C) Ariel demonstrated original thought.
A) Teach more about designer watches
D) The Little Mermaid teaches children to follow their hearts.
B) Give Latin names for specific trees
* Why does the author use parentheses around the comment in the second sentence?
C) Describe more about how individuals can take action to effect change
A) To indicate a side comment to the reader B) To indicate that it is unimportant
D) Describe jobs that are available
C) To indicate a humorous tone D) To indicate a shift in meaning
* Which of the following, if true, would LEAST undermine the assertion in “Two and . . . skewed.”?
* Why is Ariel’s father called “speciesist”?
A) Most people do not try to model what they see on television.
A) He does not know Eric.
B) Most people do not realize that what they see on television is unreal.
B) He is king of his people and pursuing what he loves.
C) Most people watch far less than 2.5 hours of television per day.
C) He is rebelling against preconceived notions. 1) The United States government generally tries to protect valuable natural resources but one
resource has been ignored for too long. In the United States, each bushel of corn produced
D) He opposes Ariel’s love based only on Eric’s being human.
might result in the loss of as much as two bushels of topsoil. Moreover, in the last 100 years, the
topsoil in many states, which once was about fourteen inches thick, has been eroded to only six
* Which fictional plot line would best illustrate the assertion made in the last sentence?
or eight inches. Nonetheless, federal expenditures for nationwide soil conservation programs

A) A movie about a boy who hates donkeys have remained at ridiculously low levels. Total federal expenditures for nationwide soil
conservation programs have been less than the allocations of some individual states.
B) A movie about the development of the iPod main point of the text?
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
C) A movie about a girl who overcomes her fear of snakes
A) A layer of topsoil only six to eight inches thick cannot support the continued cultivation of
D) A movie that details the horrors of war corn.

* What is the author’s attitude toward The Little Mermaid? B) Soil conservation is a responsibility of the federal government, not the states.

A) frustration. B) stoicism. C) The federal government's expenditures for soil conservation in the various states have been
inequitable.
C) wonder. D) respect.

D) The federal government should spend much more on soil conservation than it has been
spending.

100) At the end of The Little Mermaid, when Ursula has forced King Trident to sacrifice his
kingdom for his daughter’s soul, the Sea Witch rises out of the water, gigantic and terrifying,
wearing the king’s crown and holding his magic trident. She laughs evilly and declares that she is 2) A law that is not consistently enforced does not serve its purpose. Law without enforcement is
the ruler of all mermen and women. “So much for true love!” she screams victoriously. Eric, not law, it is merely stature-a promise of law. To institute real law is not merely to declare that
however, succeeds in piloting the prow of his ship straight through her belly, vanquishing her. such and such behavior is forbidden, it is also to punish those who violate that edict.
The moral here is that while we all make mistakes, what is truly important is how we right the Furthermore, those who enforce law must punish without favor for their friends or malice for
wrongs we may do to others. their enemies. To punish only those disliked while forgiving others is not to enforce law but to
engage in the arbitrary and unjust exercise of power.
What Ursula’s quote “So much for true love!” primarily suggest?

Which choice best states the main point of the text?

A) The marriage was unacceptable to her. B) She is mocking true love.

A) Instituting real law consists in the exercise of power.

C) She is a speciesist. D) She was hurt in a prior relationship.

B) Instituting real law consists in authorizing the enforcement of punishments.

C) Instituting real law consists in the unbiased punishment of prohibited behavior.

D) Instituting real law consists in clearly defining unacceptable behavior.

3) There is no mystery as to why figurative painting revived in the late 1970s. People want to look 5) The hours of the Hatchard Memorial librarian were from three to five; and Charity Royall's
at recognizable images. Sorting out art theories reflected in abstract paintings is no substitute sense of duty usually kept her at her desk until nearly half-past four. But she had never perceived
for the sense of empathy that comes from looking at a realistic painting of a figure in a that any practical advantage thereby accrued to herself; and she had no scruple in decreeing that
landscape. Perhaps members of the art felt that its lack of realistic subject matter was a rejection the library should close an hour earlier. A few minutes after the boss's departure she formed this
of the viewers and their world. decision and turned the key in the door of the temple of knowledge. The street upon which she
emerged was still empty: she began to walk toward a pasture on the hillside. There she lay down
Which choice best states the main point of the text?
on the slope, tossed off her hat and hid her face in the grass. She was blind and insensible to
many things; but to all that was light and air, perfume and color, every drop of blood in her
A) Abstract paintings often include or forms that are suggestive of real objects or emotions.
responded.

B) The art-viewing public wished to see traditional subjects treated in a non-traditional manner.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

C) Paintings that depict a recognizable physical world rather than the emotional world of the
A) A woman who dislikes her job seeks solace in nature.
artist's life require more artistic talent to create.

B) A woman works hard at her job but is persuaded to leave by a customer.

D) The artistic preferences of the art-viewing public stimulated the revival.

C) A woman feels overwhelmed by the demands of her job and desires solitude in a library.

D) A woman spends a day in the wilderness to avoid an unpleasant task.

4) According to a 2013 national survey, the average stress level among adults is 5.1 out of 10; that's
1.5 points above what the respondents judged to be healthy. Two-thirds of people say they had
attempted to reduce their stress in the previous five years but didn't succeed. More
discouraging, teens and young adults are experiencing higher levels of stress and are struggling 6) Charity had liked the young man's looks, and his short-sighted eyes, and his odd way of
to manage it. "Stress has a very bad reputation. It's in pretty bad shape, PR-wise," acknowledges speaking. His hair was sunburnt-looking; his smile shy yet confident, as if he knew lots of things
Firdaus Dhabhar, a psychiatry professor at Stanford. But take heart: Recent research paints a she had never dreamed of, and yet wouldn't for the world have had her feel his superiority. But
different portrait of stress, one in which it indeed has a positive side. "There's good stress, she did feel it, and liked the feeling; for it was new to her. It was partly, of course, owing to the
there's tolerable stress, and there's toxic stress," says Bruce McEwen, an expert on the brain who fact that lawyer Royall was "the biggest man in North Dormer." In spite of everything-and in spite
trained Dhabhar. of Miss Hatchard- lawyer Royall ruled in North Dormer; and Charity ruled in lawyer Royall's
house. She had never put it to herself in those terms; but she knew her power. Confusedly, the
What is the author's main point about stress?
young man in the library had made her feel for the first time what might be the sweetness of
dependence.
A) It is more pervasive today than it was in earlier periods.

Which choice best summarizes the main idea of the text?

B) It can sometimes have beneficial effects.

A) A character is forced to make a momentous decision after an unexpected meeting.

C) It has been linked to a variety of ailments.

B) A character feels uncertain about her life following a significant encounter.

D) It can have a detrimental impact on personal relationships.
C) A character holds great power at work but feels powerless in her own home. B) Women have played a significant but unacknowledged role in political life.

D) A character works hard at her job but is persuaded to leave it by a man she meets. C) Women have been responsible for undermining their own cause.

D) Women must play a more active role in civic life.

7) For science fiction aficionados, Isaac Asimov anticipated the idea of using massive data sets to
predict human behavior, coining it "psychohistory" in his 1951 Foundation trilogy. The bigger the
9) The text is from Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women.
data set, Asimov said then, the more predictable the future. With big-data analytics, one can
finally see the forest, instead of just the capillaries in the tree leaves. Or to put it in more
Woman, wake up; the toxin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover
accurate terms, one can see beyond the apparently random motion of a few thousand molecules
your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength and needs recourse to yours to break his
of air inside a balloon; one can see the balloon itself, and beyond that, that it is inflating, that it is
chains. Having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women! When will you
yellow, and that it is part of a bunch of balloons en route to a birthday party. The data/software
cease to be blind? The reclamation of your patrimony, based on the wise decrees of nature -
world has, until now, been largely about looking at the molecules inside one balloon.
what have you to dread from such a fine undertaking? Do you fear that our legislators, long
ensnared by political practices now out of date, will only say to you: women, what is there in
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
common between you and us? Everything, you will have to answer. If they persist in their
A) The predictions of science fiction writers tend to be more accurate than those of scientists. weakness in putting this hypocrisy in contradiction to their principles, courageously oppose
reason to the empty pretensions of superiority; unite yourselves beneath the standards of
B) All human behavior can be understood through the use of massive data sets.
philosophy; deploy all the energy of your character.

C) Technological innovation is often inspired by the natural world.

Which choice best states the main point of the text?

D) Data sets will reveal unforeseen relationships between large-scale phenomena.

A) Women and men must work together to improve conditions for women.

B) Women must excel in the arts in order to gain approval from society.

8) Women have done more harm than good. Constraint and dissimulation have been their lot.
C) Women must unite to demand the rights that society has denied them.
What force has robbed them of, ruse returned to them; they had recourse to all the resources of
their charms, and the most irreproachable persons did not resist them. Poison and the sword D) Women's lack of rights can be primarily attributed to government policies.
were both subject to them; they commanded in crime as in fortune. The French government,
especially, depended throughout the centuries on the nocturnal administrations of women; the
cabinet could keep no secrets as a result of their indiscretions; all have been subject to the
10) This text is from a 1950 speech by Dean Acheson, who served as Secretary of The United
cupidity and ambition of this sex, formerly contemptible and respected, and since the revolution,
State.
respectable and scorned.

It is now nearly 5 years since the end of hostilities, and the victorious Allies have been unable to
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
define the terms of peace with the defeated countries. This is a grave, a deeply disturbing fact.
For our part, we do not intend nor wish, in fact we do not know how, to create satellites. Nor can
A) Women are encouraged by their husbands to secretly gather information.
we accept a settlement which would make Germany, Japan, or liberated Austria satellites of the
Soviet Union. The experience in Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria has been one of bitter 12) During the Eiffel’s construction, many Parisian citizens complained about the tower’s
disappointment and shocking betrayal of the solemn pledges by the wartime Allies. The Soviet aesthetics, inconvenience, and potential danger. Some people went so far as to testify in court. A
leaders joined in the pledge at Tehran that they looked forward "with confidence to the day when number of well-known artists and musicians got together to sign a petition against the tower.
all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying They stated that it was ugly, useless, costly, and likely to fall in harsh weather. Gustave replied to
desires and their own consciences." We can accept treaties of peace which would give reality to the complaints by saying that he was as dedicated to the tower’s aesthetics as they were, and
this pledge and to the interests of all in security. that he designed the tower in such a way that the iron lattice work created almost no wind
resistance, thus ensuring the tower’s endurance.
Which choice best states the main point of the text?
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) Leaders must act according to their conscience as well as their desires.
A) Depict an era.
B) Control of Soviet satellites will be granted to the United States if the Soviet Union continues
to behave unreliably. B) Justify an expenditure.

C) Soviet control of Germany, Japan, and Austria would inevitably end in disaster. C) Give an historical account.

D) The Soviet Union must abide by its promises in order for the United States to accept its D) Defend a decision.
treaties.

13) Ma makes sassafras tea while Pa’s boss compliments the tree. Then, they all sit down for
11) Olmsted foresaw the need for plans at a time when they were considered mysterious. He grown-up talk while we gather round the tree to shake the copious presents. When carolers
anticipated that city parks would ensure future prosperity for the cities by increasing the value come by, we witness the enchanted looks on their faces as they too are inebriated by the magic
of city real estate, as well as creating a more balanced and egalitarian life for city dwellers then of the gorgeous tree. Then Ma gives them some gingerbread and cider. If we had a tree like this,
and in the future. Olmsted possessed an ability to see into the future and address the future we’d never travel to Brooklyn to see Grandma; she’d come to us, despite the fact that she hates
needs of city dwellers in his planning. In this way, his planning had a permanent effect on history our dogs.
that remains pertinent to our modern lifestyles. Even today, his concepts of city parks and
Which choice best describes the text?
landscaping are widely accepted and practiced.

A) An illustration of a lasting relationship.

Which choice best states the main point of the text?

B) A nostalgic recollection.
A) City parks are essential to city real estate.

C) A pleasant fantasy.
B) Olmsted was a man of vision.

D) A story of imminent change.

C) City park planning has not changed much since Olmsted’s time.

D) Olmsted sought egalitarian city park use.

14) Ben Joson, a well-known playwright and seventeenth-century contemporary of John Donne,
wrote that while “the first poet in the world in some things,” Donne nevertheless “for not keeping
16) The goal of plants, or any living organism, is to propagate as much as possible. To this end,
of an accent, deserved hanging.” Donne’s generation admired the depth of his feeling, but was
many plants in the wild, including wheat’s ancestors, have mechanisms that scatter seeds as
puzzled by his irregular rhythm and obscure references. It was not until the twentieth century
widely as possible. However, this adaptation makes it difficult to cultivate some plants; it is
and modern movements that celebrate emotion and allusion that Donne really began to be
impossible to farm productively if a crop is spread hither and thither! Wild wheat had a number
appreciated. Writers such as Eliot and Yeat admired the psychological intricacies of a poet who
of other mechanisms that supported its existence in nature but lessened its usefulness in the
could one moment flaunt his earthy dalliances with his mistress and the next, wretched, implore
field. A number of mutations had to take place before wild wheat was a suitable candidate for
God to “bend your force, to break, blow, burn, and make me new.”
agriculture. Humans encouraged these mutations by providing a stable environment that favored
Which choice best states the main idea of the text? and nurtured the mutation that would have proven deleterious in the wild.

A) Poetry is judged by different standards at different times. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

B) Jonson misjudged Donne’s work. A) Wheat’s evolution into a plant that could be farmed productively was shaped by humans’ needs
and actions.
C) Donne’s poetry was not fully appreciated until hundreds of years after his death.
B) Wheat is difficult to farm unless a very stable environment is available.
D) Donne’s rough meter prevented him from being understood in his own lifetime.
C) The most important mechanism utilized by wild wheat is the means of scattering seeds as
widely as possible.

15) The term "genetic modification" refers to technology that is used to alter the genes of living
D) All living organisms seek to reproduce as much as possible.
orgasms. Genetically modified orgasms are called “transgenic” if genes from different orgasms
are combined. The most common transgenic orgasms are crops of common fruits and
vegetables, which are now grown in more than 50 countries. These crops are typically developed
17) Perhaps the scientists most excited about reigniting the lunar program are not lunar
for resistance to herbicides, pesticides, and disease, as well as to increase nutritional value. Some
specialists, but astronomers studying a wide range of objects. Such scientists would like new
of these transgenic crops currently under development might even yield human vaccines. Along
missions to install a huge telescope with a diameter of 30 meters on the far side of the moon.
with improving nutrition and alleviating hunger, genetic modifications of crops may also help to
Two things a telescope needs for optimum operation are extreme coldness and very little
conserve natural resources and improve waste management.
vibration. Temperatures on the moon can be as frigid as 200 Celsius degrees below zero in
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? craters on the dark side. Because there is no seismic activity, the moon is a steady base.
Proponents claim that under these conditions a lunar-based telescope could accomplish as
A) To establish that transgenic crops are safe.
much in seventeen days as the replacement for the Hubble telescope will in ten years of
operation.
B) To critique the process of genetic modification.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

C) To overcome opposition to genetically modified foods.

A) Most astronomers are in favor of reigniting the lunar program.

D) To provide information about transgenic crops.
B) Some scientists believe the moon is an ideal location for an interplanetary telescope. * Which of the following best states the main idea of the text?
A) Buildings in the late 19th and early 20th European zoos emphasized the exotic origins of the
C) New lunar missions could discover important new features of the moon.
animals they housed.
B) Many buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries European zoos were built to resemble
D) The new lunar telescope will replace the defunct Hubble telescope.
Egyptian temples.
C) European zoos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought to evoke subtle emotions in
their visitors.
18) Robert Schumann’s orchestral music has been underappreciated and misunderstood for many D) During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the animals in European zoos came
years by critics and audiences alike. The nineteenth-century virtuoso’s works for the piano are from outside of Europe.
acknowledged as brilliant masterworks. However, his large scale orchestral works have always * What is the primary purpose of the text?
suffered by comparison to those of contemporaries such as Brahms. Perhaps this is because A) To argue that European zoos of the late 19th and early 20th centuries should have made more
Schumann’s works should be measured with a different yardstick. His works are often of an effort to accommodate their animals’ needs
considered poorly orchestrated, but they actually have an unusual aesthetic. He treats the B) To describe specific ways in which late 19th and early 20th century European zoo buildings
orchestra as he does the piano: one grand instrument with a uniform sound. This is so different evoked the animals’ home countries
from the approach of most composers that, to many, it has seemed like a failing rather than a C) To compare the buildings at the Berlin Zoo to zoo buildings in Cologne, Lisbon, Antwerp, and
conscious artistic choice. Budapest
D) To iIllustrate the importance of housing zoo animals in buildings that recreate their native
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
homes

A) To praise Schumann for his innovative approach.

21) Fire ants are painful and destructive pests. The fire ant earned its name because of its venom.

B) To reassess a portion of Schumann’s portfolio. The insect uses a wasp-like stinger to inject the venom, which causes a painful burning sensation
and leaves tiny, itching pustules. The ants will swarm over anyone or anything that disturbs their
C) To reevaluate the standing of Brahms. nests. In addition to causing pain, fire ants damage many crops by eating the plants and by
protecting other insects that damage crops. Fire ants are attracted to soybeans, eggplant, corn,
D) To examine the influence of Schumann’s performances.
okra, strawberries, and potatoes.

* What is the topic of the text?

19) European zoos of the late 19th and early 20th centuries incorporated the visual cultures of
A) Fire Ants B) Ant bites
their animals’ native homes into ornate buildings - reflections of their nations’ colonial
aspirations. The Berlin Zoo’s ostrich house resembled an Egyptian temple, with large columns C) Farming D) Pests
flanking the entrance and scenes of ostrich hunts decorating the exterior. Berlin’s elephant
enclosure was built in the spirit of a Hindu temple; the home for its giraffes adopted an Islamic * What does the author want you to know about the topic?

architectural style. Zoos in Cologne, Lisbon, Antwerp, and Budapest, among others, created
A) Fire ants have a wasp-like stinger. B) Fire ants swarm.
similar exhibits. These zoos were no home for subtlety: The animals they contained were exotic
to most visitors; the buildings that did the containing reinforced the sensation.
C) Fire ants are pests to farmers. D) Fire ants are painful and pesky.
23) Rosa Parks was an African American woman who worked hard as a seamstress in a
26) When you want to hang the American flag over the middle of a street, suspend it vertically
department store in the early 1960s. One day, tired from work, she refused to give up her seat on
with the blue field (called the union) to the north and east-west street. When the flag is displayed
a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and became a national hero. She was arrested and placed in jail
with another banner from crossed staff, the American flag is on the right. Place the staff of the
for her refusal to move to the back of the bus, where African Americans were forced to sit in
American flag in front of the other staff. Raise the flag quickly and lower it slowly and
those days. The way she was treated garnered national attention. Some people say her refusal to
respectfully. When flying the flag at half-mast, hoist it to the top of the pole for a moment before
give up her seat launched the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks proved that one brave person
lowering it to mid-pole. When flying the American flag with banners from states or cities, raise
can make a difference.
the nation’s banner first and lower it last. Never allow the flag to touch the ground.
* What is the topic of the text?
What is the main idea of this text?
A) Rosa Parks B) Brave People
A) The American flag is the symbol of American freedom
C) Civil Rights D) National Heroes
B) The American flag has fifty stars.
* What is the message of the text?
C) Placing the American flag inappropriately will draw government intervention.
A) Rosa Parks was a hard working woman. B) Brave people deserve special attention.
D) The American flag should be flown differently in certain situations.
C) Stubborn people always get their way. D) Brave people can make a difference.

27) One of the big programming surprises of the 2002 summer TV series was a show on the Fox
Network called American Idol, a talent search that highlighted several aspiring performers. The
25) Deviation in smoking pervasiveness is influenced by several factors, including public
final episode of the show garnered the biggest audience share among 18- to 49-year olds that the
awareness of the harm of tobacco use, tolerance of tobacco use within the community, local
network has ever had. Based on a British series called Pop Idol, American Idol is another in a long
tobacco control activities, and local promotional activities by the tobacco industry. The states
list of shows that the United States has imported. In fact, many popular U.S. TV shows originated
where lung cancer death rates for women are on the rise have higher percentages of adult
overseas. These include the quiz shows Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and The Weakest Link,
female smokers, low taxes on tobacco products, and local economies that have been dependent
both also from Britain . Other examples include Survivor, imported from Sweden; Big Brother ,
on tobacco farming and production for generations.
based on a Dutch series of the same name; and TLC's Trading Spaces, based on the British series,

What is the main purpose of the text? Changing Rooms.

What choice best states the main idea of the text?
(A) To explain why different states and regions have different lung cancer death rates. A) One of the big programming surprises of the 2002 summer TV series was a show on the Fox
Network called American Idol, a talent search that highlighted several aspiring performers.
(B) To recommend new local tobacco control activities.
B) Based on a British series called Pop Idol, American Idol is another in a long list of shows that

(C) To dissuade women from working in restaurants and city parks. the United States has imported.
C) In fact, many U.S. TV shows have first originated overseas.
(D) To warn against tobacco farming and production. D) These include the quiz shows Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and The Weakest Link, both also
from Britain.
28) There are gender differences in adolescents' satisfaction with their bodies. Compared with
boys, girls are usually less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images. Also, as
puberty proceeds, girls often become even more dissatisfied with their bodies. This is probably
because their body fat increases. In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move through
puberty, probably because their muscle mass increases.
What choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) There are gender differences in adolescents' satisfaction with their bodies.
B) Compared with boys, girls are usually less happy with their bodies and have more negative
body images.
C) Also, as puberty proceeds, girls often become even more dissatisfied with their bodies.
D) In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably because
their muscle mass increases.

29) Congratulations! You have been offered a job. The time has come to negotiate your salary.
The question to ask yourself is: "How much am I worth?" Your answer will likely affect the
outcome of your salary negotiation. The point is, in order to negotiate the best possible salary,
you must convince both yourself and the employer of the value that you will bring to the job.
What choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) You have been offered a job.
B) The time has come to negotiate your salary.
C) The question to ask yourself is: "How much am I worth?"
D) In order to negotiate the best possible salary, you must convince both yourself and the
employer of the value that you will bring to the job.

30) Don't wait for your company to send you to school. Determine your needs and ask about the
company's training program. If they don't have one, sign up for classes at a local college. When it
comes to your profession, you should be a lifelong learner. Put a high priority on learning new
skills and on personal growth and professional development. Learn new software technology and
improve interpersonal and writing skills.
What choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Don't wait for your company to send you to school.
B) Determine your needs and ask about the company's training program.
C) When it comes to your profession, you should be a lifelong learner.
D) You should learn new software technology and improve interpersonal and writing skills.
 If

By Rudyard Kipling

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
机考 SAT Yours is the Earth and everything that' s in it,
And-which is more-you' II be a Man, my son!

诗歌赏析&题目练习 The following text is adopted from Rudyard Kipling' s 1910 poem "If" .
The poem is dedicated to the poet' s son. What is the main purpose of
the poem?

A. To spur the speaker' s son to encounter life' s difficulties with

courage and persistence.
B. To teach the speaker' s son how to make friends with other people.
C. To impart wisdom about how to live up to the ideals of manhood.
D. To show the speaker' s loving and tender nature as a father.
The Snow Storm Morning Song
By Ralph Waldo Emerson By Sara Teasdale

Announced by all the trumpets of the sky, A diamond of a morning

Arrives the snow, and, driving o'er the fields, Waked me an hour too soon;
Seems nowhere to alight: the whited air Dawn had taken in the stars
Hides hills and woods, the river, and the heaven, And left the faint white moon.
And veils the farmhouse at the garden's end.
The sled and traveler stopped, the courier's feet 0 white moon, you are lonely,
Delayed, all friends shut out, the housemates sit It is the same with me,
Around the radiant fireplace, enclosed But we have the world to roam over,
In a tumultuous privacy of storm. Only the lonely are free.

The following text is an 1856 poem "The Snow Storm" by Ralph Waldo The following text is a 1920 poem "Morning Song" by Sara Teasdale.
Emerson. What is the overall structure of this poem ? What is the main purpose of this poem?

A The speaker firstly describes the natural scenery after the snow storm A To blame the morning light for interrupting the speaker' s dream.
and then enlists several types people who are influenced by the storm. B. To describe the speaker' s melancholic mood when seeing the moon
B. The speaker firstly muses the omnipresent nature of the snow and fading away.
then describe that many people cannot leave the house during the C. To indicates the freedom of being lonely by comparing the speaker
storm. with the moon
C. The speaker firstly expresses his joyfulness when seeing the snow and D. To moralize the danger of being isolated from the crowd.
then shift his mood to regret when seeing the snow does harm to the
people.
D. The speaker firstly describes people' s reaction to the snow and then
offer his own reaction.
Oriflamme Sonnet29
By Jessie Redmon Fauset By William Shakespeare

I think I see her sitting bowed and black, When in disgrace with fortune and men' s eyes
Stricken and seared with slavery' s mortal scars, I all alone beweep my outcast state,
Reft of her children, lonely, anguished, yet And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,
Still looking at the stars. And look upon myself, and curse my fate,
Symbolic mother, we thy myriad sons, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,
Pounding our stubborn hearts on Freedom' s bars, Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,
Clutching our birthright, fight with faces set, Desiring this man' s art, and that man' s scope,
Still visioning the stars! With what I most enjoy contented least;
Yet in these thoughts my self almost despising,
The following text is a 1920 poem "Oriflamme" by Jessie Redmon Haply I think on thee, and then my state,
Fauset. The poem dedicates to Fauset' s mentor Sojourner Truth. What Like to the lark at break of day arising
is the main idea of this poem. From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven' s gate;
For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings
A Even though people are enslaved, they still fight for hope and That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
freedom.
B. One can always find their consolation from the natural scenery when Q : The following text is William Shakespeare' s 1609 poem "sonnet
one is melancholic. 29" Which choice best describes the overall structure of this poem?
C. The bound between mother and son is the most valuable connection
in time of hardship. A. The speaker firstly criticizes those who look down on him and then
D. A mother is responsible for securing freedom for her offspring. praise those who is willing to support him.
B. The speaker firstly enlists the qualities he wishes for himself but does
not possess and then rejects his longing.
C. The speaker firstly bemoans his status as an outcast and failure, but
he feels better upon thinking of his beloved one.
D. The speaker argues against belittling himself and then promotes a
positive approaching of evaluating his value by comparing himself to
the king.

Heat
By Hilda Doolittle

0 wind, rend open the heat,

cut apart the heat,
rend it to tatters.

Fruit cannot drop

through this thick air­
fruit cannot fall into heat
that presses up and blunts
the points of pears
and rounds the grapes.

Cut the heat-

plough through it,
turning it on either side
of your path.

The following text is a 1915 poem "Heat" by Hilda Doolittle. What is

the main idea of this poem ?

A. The poem describes the oppressive nature of heat and the speaker's
desire to win over it.
B. The poem mainly demonstrates the relationship between
temperature and fruit.
C. The poem expresses the futility of the speaker' s desire to conquer
nature
D. The poem makes it clear that the relationship between nature and
human is a negative one.
D. The poem makes it clear that the relationship between nature and
human is a negative one.

Song of Myself (1892 version)

By Walt Whitman

I celebrate myself, and sing myself,

And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.

I loafe and invite my soul,

I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

My tongue, every atom of my blood, form' d from this soil, this air,
Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents
the same,
I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.

Creeds and schools in abeyance,

Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,
Nature without check with original energy.

"Song of Myself" is an 1892 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem,

Whitman indicates that poetry is not spoken from the authoritative voice
of the poet, but spoken from the collective experience of all the people.
Which quotation from "Song of Myself" most effectively illustrates the
claim?

A. "I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin/Hoping to

 cease not till death."
B. "I loafe and invite my soul, /I lean and loafe at my ease observing a
spear of summer grass."
C. "Creeds and schools in abeyance, /Retiring back a while sufficed at Marching to Conquest
what they are, but never forgotten,"
D. "And what I assume you shall assume, /For every atom belonging
to me as good belongs to you."
by Carrie Williams Clifford

We are battling for the right with

purpose strong and true,
Tis a mighty struggle, but we' ve
pledged to dare and do;
Pledged to conquer evil, and we' II see
the conflict thro' ,
Marching and marching to conquest.
All the noble things of life we' II teach
our girls and boys,
Warn them of its pitfalls, and reveal
its purest joys;
Counsel, guide and keep them from
the evil that destroys· ..
Ignorance and vice and hate at our
Approach shall flee.
As we go marching to conquest.

"Marching to Conquest" is an 1911 poem by Carrie Williams Clifford.

In the poem, the speaker illustrates that despite their persistence and
courage, they are fighting a tough battle.
Which quotation from "Marching to Conquest" most effectively
illustrates the claim?

A. "All the noble things of life we' II teach our girls and boys, warn
them of its pitfalls, and reveal its purest joys;"
B. "Ignorance and vice and hate at our approach shall flee. As we go
marching to conquest."
C. "Pledged to conquer evil, and we' II see the conflict thro' ,
marching and marching to conquest." Autumn Song
D. "We are battling for the right with purpose strong and true, Tis a
mighty struggle, but we' ve pledged to dare and do;"
by Sarojini Naidu

Like a joy on the heart of a sorrow,

The sunset hangs on a cloud;
A golden storm of glittering sheaves,
Of fair and frail and fluttering leaves,
The wild wind blows in a cloud.

Hark to a voice that is calling

To my heart in the voice of the wind:
My heart is weary and sad and alone,
For its dreams like the fluttering leaves have gone,
And why should I stay behind?

"Autumn Song" is a poem by Sarojini Naidu. In the poem, the

speaker' s heart is sinking because of the speaker has lost the inner
hope and desire by claiming ___

A Like a joy on the heart of a sorrow, the sunset hangs on a cloud;

B. My heart is weary and sad and alone, for its dreams like the fluttering
leaves have gone,
C. A golden storm of glittering sheaves, of fair and frail and fluttering
leaves,
D. Hark to a voice that is calling, to my heart in the voice of the wind
Speech: uromorrow,and tomorrow, A litany for Survival
and tomorrowu
BY AUDRE LORD£
BY William Shakespeare For those of us who live at the shoreline
standing upon the constant edges of decision
crucial and alone
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, for those of us who cannot indulge
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, the passing dreams of choice
To the last syllable of recorded time; who love in doorways coming and going
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools in the hours between dawns
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! looking inward and outward
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, at once before and after
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, seeking a now that can breed
And then is heard no more. It is a tale futures
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, like bread in our children' s mouths
Signifying nothing. so their dreams will not reflect
the death of ours;
Macbeth is a 1606 play by William Shakespeare. The protagonist
Macbeth is a brave Scottish general. When receiving the news of the The following text is adapted from Audre Larde' s 1978 poem "A Litany
death of his wife Lady Macbeth, Macbeth reflect upon the futility of all for Survival" . What is the main idea of the poem ?
his action and his life, as demonstrated in the lines__. A. The present is of great importance for the future.
B. To live a successful life, one has to make the best decision all the time.
A. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace C. The only way of making good decision is to listen to the advises of
from day to day; the parents.
B. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his D. Nature beauty can make people reborn spiritually.
hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more.
C. And all our yesterdays have lighted fool the way to dusty death.
D. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.
A Center Eagle Feather Fan
BY HA JIN By Navarre Scott Momaday
You must hold your quiet center,
where you do what only you can do. The eagle is my power,
If others call you a maniac or a fool, And my fan is an eagle.
just let them wag their tongues. It is strong and beautiful
If some praise your perseverance, In my hand. And it is real.
don't feel too happy about it­ My fingers hold upon it
only solitude is a lasting friend. As if the beaded handle
Were the twist of bristlecone.
You must hold your distant center. The bones of my hand are fine
Don't move even if earth and heaven quake. And hollow; the fan bears them.
If others think you are insignificant, My hand veers in the thin air
that's because you haven't held on long enough. Of the summits. All morning
As long as you stay put year after year, It scuds on the cold currents;
eventually you will find a world All afternoon it circles
beginning to revolve around you. To the singing, to the drums.

The following text is Ha Jin' s poem "A Center" , what is the main The following text is Navarre Scott Momaday' s poem "Eagle Feather
idea of this poem? Fan" . What is the overall structure of this poem?
A. Self-confidence is essential when people meet with ridicule and A. The speaker firstly compares his fan to eagle and then enlists several
criticism. similarities between the two items.
B. People should trust themselves despite the shift of surrounding and B. The speaker firstly expresses his interest in eagle and then explains
negative impression from other people. the reasons for his interest.
C. Altruism makes sure that people live in a harmonious world. C. The speaker firstly highlights his power and then demonstrates the
D. Self-doubt is the most dangerous thing that harms self-development ways he exerts his power.
and interpersonal relations. D. The speaker firstly makes clear his pursuit of fan and then enlists
several attempts to do so.
A Time to Talk The Promise We live By
By Robert Forest BY Simon J. Ortiz

When a friend calls to me from the road On the West Coast, days of rainstorm wrestle
And slows his horse to a meaning walk, the Coast Range, their wet fury driven landward.
I don' t stand still and look around We never quite known what the sky promises,
On all the hills I haven' t hoed, and there is certain assurance in that fate.
And shout from where I am, What is it? It is for that we wait. We' ve already weathered
No, not as there is a time to talk. more than promises. They' ve passed us by.
I thrust my hoe in the mellow ground, So I' m not sure this morning when I step outside,
Blade-end up and five feet tall, and suddenly it' s not winter anymore but some
And plod: I go up to the stone wall warm mask that molds the contours of my face
For a friendly visit. with unbidden warmth. It' s almost unnatural
but I hope not, having already found reliable
The following text is Robert Forest' s 1920' s poem "A Time to Talk" . the promise of loss. My expectation is unfulfilled.
What is the main purpose of this poem?
A. To express the excitement of the speaker when meeting with his old Somewhere within the universe of the prairie hills
friend. is a climate that is yet unnoticed, and from it
B. To indicate the importance of valuing and prioritizing friendship. is welling a warm rupture of another sure season.
C. To promote the idea that friendship is ubiquitous. Believe it is not unusual, I urge myself
D. To criticize people who are rude to their friends. whose myths are always changing in the light.
So it' s this we arrive into daily, always
another season, warm or frigid, and it' s we
who wage weather within our furious spirits.

Tomorrow' s dawn is a promise that will fulfill.

Never mind if the sky does not quite agree.
 "The Promise We Live By" is a poem by Simon J. Ortiz. In this poem,
the poet expresses that human cannot exhaust their knowledge of the
natural world, as is evident in the lines _____
Hope is the thing with feathers
A. "Tomorrow' s dawn is a promise that will fulfill. Never mind if the

B.
sky does not quite agree."
"It' s almost unnatural but I hope not, having already found reliable
By Emily Dickinson
the promise of loss."
C. "We never quite known what the sky promises, and there is certain
Hope is the thing with feathers
assurance in that fate."
That perches in the soul,
D. "So it' s this we arrive into daily, always another season, warm or
And sings the tune without the words,
frigid, and it' s we who wage weather within our furious spirits."
And never stops at all,
And sweetest in the gale is heard;
And sore must be the storm
That could abash the little bird
That kept so many warm.
I've heard it in the chillest land,
And on the strangest sea;
Yet, never, in extremity,
It asked a crumb of me.

The following text is Emily Dickinson' s poem "Hope is the thing with
feathers" . What is the main idea of the poem ?

A. Animal is always a source of inspiration for people who are seeking

consolation.
B. hope lives in one's soul forever and empowers and propels us to
endure whatever life presents.
C. Hope is something that people can never actively pursuit; because it
will appear in the least expected spot in people' s life.
D. Hope can only be found in natural setting; because nature is the most
sacred place on earth.
Afterword Dawn Revisited
BY LOUISE GLOCK By Rita Dove

Reading what I have just written, I now believe Imagine you wake up
I stopped precipitously, so that my story seems to have been with a second chance: The blue jay
slightly distorted, ending, as it did, not abruptly hawks his pretty wares
but in a kind of artificial mist of the sort and the oak still stands, spreading
sprayed onto stages to allow for difficult set changes. glorious shade. If you don't look back,

Why did I stop? Did some instinct the future never happens.
discern a shape, the artist in me How good to rise in sunlight,
intervening to stop traffic, as it were? in the prodigal smell of biscuits -
eggs and sausage on the grill.
A shape. Or fate, as the poets say, The whole sky is yours
intuited in those few long ago hours-
to write on, blown open
The following text is adapted from Louise Gluck' s 2012 poem to a blank page. Come on,
"Afterword" . What is the overall structure of this poem? shake a leg! You'll never know
who's down there, frying those eggs,
A. The speaker firstly states her shock when reading an unfinished if you don't get up and see.
writing and then exaggerates her emotion.
B. The speaker firstly expresses her doubt of her own creativity and then The following text is Rita Dove 1999' s poem "Dawn Revisited" . What
justifies such doubt with self-assuring statement. is the main purpose of this poem?
C. The speaker firstly presents a choice in her writing and then uses
open-ended questions to indicate possible reasons for such a choice. A. To encourage people that it is easy to start again if things don' t go
D. The speaker firstly describes her writing process and then deny the too well.
certainty of such process. B. To encourage people that it is essential to celebrate life even when
life is ordinary and trivial.
C. To moralize the necessity of learning from people' s past experience
and knowledge.
D. To indicate that it is always challenging to adopt a new environment.
Be The Best Of Whatever You Are
By Douglas Malloch

We can't all be captains, we've got to be crew,

There's something for all of us here,
There's big work to do, and there's lesser to do,
And the task you must do is the near.

If you can't be a highway then just be a trail,

If you can't be the sun be a star;
It isn't by size that you win or you fail -
Be the best of whatever you are!

The following text is adapted from Douglas Malloch' s poem "Be The
Best Of Whatever You Are" . What is the main idea of this poem.

A. Ignoring people' s shortcomings is conducive to a harmonious

society.
B. Striving for the best profession and highest status are people' s
ultimate goal.
C. Comparing with other people can motive people to release their
fullest potential.
D. Leading a positive life means the acceptance of diversity and
difference.
Gentle Heart, Indulge Thy Dreaming Democracy
By Timothy Thomas Fortune By Langston Hughes

Gentle heart, indulge thy dreaming! Democracy will not come

Wake not from thy peaceful mood! Today, this year
The great world around thee streaming Nor ever
Holds no joy one-half so good! Through compromise and fear.
I have as much right
Soon thy dreams must have an ending! As the other fellow has
Thou wilt wake some early morn To stand
And, o'er shattered idols bending, On my two feet
Find thy peace from thee is torn! And own the land.
I tire so of hearing people say,
The following text is Timothy Thomas Fortune' s poem "Gentle Heart, Let things take their course.
Indulge Thy Dreaming" . What is the main idea of this poem. Tomorrow is another day.
A. One cannot only live in fantasy and ignore the changing reality I do not need my freedom when I'm dead.
around him. I cannot live on tomorrow's bread.
B. One can always find comfort and peace in dreams, so it is advisable Freedom
to dwell on dreams instead of reality. Is a strong seed
C. The dualism of dream and reality is inevitable, so one has to choose Planted
between the two. In a great need.
D. One has to maintain his sanity by recognizing the clear distinction of I live here, too.
dream and reality. I want freedom
Just as you.

"Democracy" is Langston Hughes' s 1949 poem. In this poem, the

speaker denies the choice of passively waiting for the social progress by
claiming ___
A. I have as much right/ As the other fellow has/ To stand/ On my two
feet/ And own the land.
B. I tire so of hearing people say/ Let things take their course/ Tomorrow
is another day.
C. Freedom/ Is a strong seed/ Planted/ In a great need.
D. I live here, too/ I want freedom /Just as you.
the speaker struggles to make a final decision on which road he should
take.
Which choice from this poem best illustrates the idea.
Sonnet25
A. And be one traveler, long I stood/ And looked down one as far as I
could/ To where it bent in the undergrowth;
B. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-/ I took the one less traveled
By Shakespeare
by, I And that has made all the difference.
C. Though as for that the passing there/ Had worn them really about
Let those who are in favour with their stars
the same,
Of public honour and proud titles boast,
D. And both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no step had trodden
Whilst I, whom fortune of such triumph bars,
black. / Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Unlook'd for joy in that I honour most.
Great princes' favourites their fair leaves spread
But as the marigold at the sun's eye,
And in themselves their pride lies buried,
For at a frown they in their glory die.
The painful warrior famoused for fight,
After a thousand victories once foil'd,
Is from the book of honour razed quite,
And all the rest forgot for which he toil'd:
Then happy I, that love and am belov'd
Where I may not remove nor beremov'd.

What' s the main purpose of this text?

A. To expresses the poet' s jealousy and hatred to the nobility
B. To prove everything will change no matter how great it is.
C. To criticize those who are proud and fortunate.
D. To contrasts the poet himself with those who seem more fortunate
than he.
Sonnet28 Sonnet33
By Shakespeare By Shakespeare

How can I then return in happy plight, Full many a glorious morning have I seen
That am debarr'd the benefit of rest? Flatter the mountain-tops with sovereign eye,
When day's oppression is not eas'd by night, Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
But day by night, and night by day oppress'd? Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy;
And each, though enemies to either's reign, Anon permit the basest clouds to ride
Do in consent shake hands to torture me, And from the forlorn world his visage hide,
The one by toil, the other to complain Stealing unseen to west with this disgrace:
How far I toil, still further off from thee. Even so my sun one early morn did shine
I tell the day, to please him thou art bright With all triumphant splendor on my brow;
And dost him grace when clouds do blot the heaven: But out, alack! he was but one hour mine;
So flatter I the swart-complexion'd night; The region cloud hath mask'd him from me now.
When sparkling stars twire not thou gild'st the even. Yet him for this my love no whit disdaineth;
But day doth daily draw my sorrows longer, Suns of the world may stain when heaven's sun staineth.
And night doth nightly make grief's strength seem stronger.
'Sonnet 33' by William Shakespeare is a complex image of love and
What is the main idea of the text? betrayal crafted through a metaphor comparing the youth to the sun.
A. The poet mentions the similarities between day and night Despite the betrayal, whatever it may be, the speaker does not fault the
B. The poet addresses a speaker' s inability to sleep and his attempts youth for it. Which quotation from Sonnet 33' most effectively
to remedy this problem through personification and hyperbole. illustrates the claim---
C. sleepiness is a virtue and benefits us all
D. the poet is determined to fight back despite challenging A. Kissing with golden face the meadows green/Gilding pale streams
circumstances with heavenly alchemy;
B. Anon permit the basest clouds to ride/With ugly rack on his celestial
face,
C. But out, alack! he was but one hour mine;/The region cloud hath
 mask'd him from me now.
D. Yet him for this my love no whit disdaineth/Suns of the world may
stain when heaven's sun staineth.
Sonnet50
By Shakespeare

How heavy do I journey on the way,

When what I seek, my weary travel's end,
Doth teach that ease and that repose to say
'Thus far the miles are measured from thy friend!'
The beast that bears me, tired with my woe,
Plods dully on, to bear that weight in me,
As if by some instinct the wretch did know
His rider loved not speed, being made from thee:
The bloody spur cannot provoke him on
That sometimes anger thrusts into his hide;
Which heavily he answers with a groan,
More sharp to me than spurring to his side;
For that same groan doth put this in my mind;
My grief lies onward and my joy behind.

According to the text, why does the horse know that his "rider" does
not love speed?
A. Because the horse that bears the speaker is tired and exhausted
B. because the speaker arrives in advance
C. because the speaker gets lost
D. The horse knows that the speaker doesn' t really want to be making
this journey where he moves farther and farther away from his friend
 Which quotation from Sonnet 33' most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. Hope was but a timid friend;/She sat without the grated
den/Watching how my fate would tend/Even as selfish-hearted men.
Hope B. She was cruel in her fear;/Through the bars, one dreary day,/1 looked
out to see her there,/And she turned her face away!

By Emily Bronte C. Like a false guard, false watch keeping/Still, in strife, she whispered
peace;
D. Hope, whose whisper would have given/Balm to all my frenzied
pain/Stretched her wings, and soared to heaven/Went, and ne' er
Hope was but a timid friend;
returned again!
She sat without the grated den,
Watching how my fate would tend,
Even as selfish-hearted men.
She was cruel in her fear;
Through the bars one weary day,
I looked out to see her there,
And she turned her face away!

Like a false guard, false watch keeping,

Still in strife, she whispered peace;
She would sing while I was weeping,
If I listened, she would cease.

False she was, and unrelenting;

When my last joys strewed the ground,
Even Sorrow saw, repenting,
Those sad relics scattered round;
Hope, whose whisper would have given
Balm to all my frenzied pain,
Stretched her wings, and soared to heaven,,
Went, and ne'er returned again!

What Bronte seems to be suggesting through this work is that hope is

not something that is felt intentionally.
The Night Is Darkening Round Me Alone sat the summer day
by Emily Bronte by Emily Bronte

The night is darkening round me, Alone I sat the summer day
The wild winds coldly blow; Had died in smiling light away
But a tyrant spell has bound me, I saw it die I watched it fade
And I cannot, cannot go. From misty hill and breezeless glade
The giant trees are bending And thoughts in my soul were rushing
Their bare boughs weighed with snow; And my heart bowed beneath their power
The storm is fast descending, And tears within my eyes were gushing
And yet I cannot go. Because I could not speak the feeling
Clouds beyond clouds above me, The solemn joy around me stealing
Wastes beyond wastes below; In that divine untroubled hour
But nothing drear can move me: I asked my self O why has heaven
I will not, cannot go. Denied the precious gift to me
The glorious gift to many given
What' s the main idea of the text? To speak their thoughts in poetry
A. The speaker wants to take a nap but cannot Dreams have encircled me I said
B. the speaker appreciates nature' s beauty and power From careless childhood's sunny time
C. The speaker knows that something dreadful is coming but she is Visions by ardent fancy fed
unable to move. Since life was in its morning prime
D. The speaker is haunted by bad dreams But now when I had hoped to sing
My fingers strike a tuneless string
And still the burden of the strain
Is strive no more 'tis all in vain

What kind of feeling does the writer express in this poem?

A. resignation and futility
B. hesitation and self-doubt
C. deliberation and calm
D. fear and apprehension
Autumn Leaves
By Thomas J. Camp

Why, in autumn, do leaves await the morning time?

Is there a requirement that the Rooster crow to announce the event?
Or does the bustle on the forest floor,
Where the deer and rabbit find their way,
Need to prepare somehow.
Just like we may do, for a holiday?

Trotting softly amongst the trees,

The ground lies bare beneath my steed.
The pace is slowed on well-trodden trails.
Except for the occasional broken bark or limb,
Lying listless upon the sandy loam.

Leaves of rustling crimson loom over head,

Their soft shadows filter the fading daylight.
They are in obvious accord with one another.
It' s not their time to let go.

Ominously through the light evening breezes,

The bristling leaves bear the increasing seizes
Of tiny droplets upon their fragile stems so tall.
Under the moonlight they strain
Against the Omni-potent pull of Sir Isaac Newton' s law.

As dawn rises thru the light morning mist,

Sun beams deliver their radiance and warmth,
And caress autumn leaves with a gentle kiss. A descent on the lightest and most fickle of winds,
That passes by way of tree tops and limbs,
A sparkle of essence awakens nearest, And then with a curtsey and final swirl to the ground.
The prize is quickly grasped by rested drops of dew, To greet earth worms and grubs
And not knowing what to do, That crawls amongst the darkest surrounds.
Soon expire to the atmosphere,
From which they are derived, Heaping upon the fertile compost,
And take their place amongst the cirrus. In soft supple Piles,
Stirred by the wind,
Now released from their burden, Resolved by the rain,
The leaves stretch upward without effort, Soon to be dirt.
In artful defiance of the naked woodland floor. The worms create their mounds.
The moment has arrived, the waiting is no more!
They make their contribution to Life' s endless ballet.
They lift up as if to sigh, and pay homage to the sky. One in which we all participate,
And with their final resolve determined, Some willing and some not so willing,
In that moment, without resistance, As such is the way.
They simply let go, as if to die. This much we share In common.
Anticipating the inevitable precipitous fall,
They have conspired a gracious ballet! Gold and crimson autumn leaves,
A spectacular display of cascading, swirling dance, like snowflakes fall.
With Rhythmic fantasies orchestrated by Calais! And so must we all.
A grand finale amongst grasshoppers and ants.

A graceful display of crimson, silver, saffron and gold, "Autumn Leaves" is Thomas J. Camp' s poem. In this poem, the
Impressing even the Rajahs of Old! speaker illustrates the burgeoning growth of the leaves by claiming __

But then, at what would appear the end of their journey, They have conspired a gracious ballet!/ A spectacular display of
A surprise! cascading, swirling dance,/ With Rhythmic fantasies orchestrated by
Calais!
Euros' Cool breezes quickly lend a hand and create a new sight. A graceful display of crimson, silver, saffron and gold,/ Impressing even
Rising up again, as if by chance, an aerobatic pretension of flight! the Rajahs of Old!
This humors the sparrows and butterflies alike. Euros' Cool breezes quickly lend a hand and create a new sight./ Rising
But alas, a pre-determined descent nonetheless brief, up again, as if by chance, an aerobatic pretension of flight!
As the passing formation of honking snow geese. Now released from their burden, / The leaves stretch upward without
effort, I In artful defiance of the naked woodland floor.

#-Nlk 1: C
#-N}k 2: A
#-Nlk 3: C
#-N}k 4: A
#-Nlk 5: C
#-NJk 6: A
#-NJk 7: D
#-NJk 8: D
#-NJk 9: B
#-NJk 10: B
#-NJk 11: A
#-NJk 12: B
#-NJk 13: A
#-NJk 14: B
#-NJk 15: C
#-NJk 16: B
#-NJk 17: C
#-NJk 18: A
#-NJk 19: D
#-NJk 20: A
#-NJk 21: B
#-NJk 22: A
#-Nlk 23: D
#-NJk 24: B
#-Nlk 25: D
#-NJk 26: D
#-Nlk 27: B
#-Nlk 28: C
#-N}k 29: A
#-N}k 30: D
1)

In a polar covalent bond, the two bonding electrons are shared unequally; in an ionic bond, both
electrons are completely transferred to the more electronegative atom. For example, the bond
between oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) is classified as a polar covalent bond, because they share
the two bonding electrons unequally. This polar bond type is partially caused by the difference in
electronegativities: ____
The sharp growth in energy production has had many social and economic impacts. One of these
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
effects is job growth. Petroleum engineers in particular have become some of the most sought
after employees in the energy industry. Over the next decade, the job growth rate for petroleum
A) hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.20, while oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.44.
engineers is projected to be 26 percent, which is twice the average rate for all occupations in the
United States. From 2009 to 2012, the number of jobs in the field of petroleum engineering B) at 5.5, hydrogen has one of the highest electronegativity numbers on the Pauling
____ electronegativity scale.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text? C) the electronegativity of oxygen is 3.44, a value significantly lower than that of hydrogen.

A) plummeted from over 35,000 to 15,000. D) because their electronegativities lie in the 3 to 3.5 range, both oxygen and nitrogen are
B) maintained a trend of steady growth, increasing by more than 35,000. capable of helping cause a force known as ‘hydrogen bonding.’
C) showed signs of slow growth, increasing gradually to a total of 35,000.
D) skyrocketed, jumping from 15,000 to more than 35,000.

3)
2)
 The Rosie campaign occurred during the World War II (1939-1945): as there was a paucity of
medical practitioners during the wars, women were increasingly employed as nurses, doctors, or
physicians. As a result of their entry into careers from which they were previously excluded,
women exercised a newfound social and economic independence. They enjoyed having an
income of their own and living on their own for the first time. Consequently, they refused to
shrink back into the domestic sphere; 80 percent who worked outside the home wished to
continue doing so by World War II’s end. Women continued to push for expanded job
opportunities, entry into professional roles, and greater access to higher education. As the graph
suggests, the Rosie campaign influence persisted even after the war: ____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
A) Changes aligned with the Rosie campaign led to the number of women in the workforce nearly
The Executive Chef certification, with 165 North American pastry chefs holding the title, requires
doubled from 1940 to 1960.
at least three years of practical work experience and over 100 hours of Nutrition, Management,
B) In the years before the Rosie campaign, the number of women in the workforce was rising
and Food Safety and Sanitation courses. The examination includes a 90-minute written portion
slowly.
and a four-hour practical portion. This intense work pays off, however: ____
C) In the years after the Rosie campaign, the number of women in the workforce did not return
to pre-war levels.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
D) When the Rosie campaign began, there were roughly twelve million women in the workforce.
A) regular pastry chefs earn about $10,000 more a year than assistant pastry chefs.
B) Executive pastry chefs typically make less than $70,000 annually.
5)
C) Executive pastry chefs earn an average of roughly $10,000 a year more than do regular pastry
chefs.
D) Regular pastry chefs can earn approximately $60,000 annually.

4)
It is a quantitative discipline built on probability, statistics, and research methods; a method of Treasure Island, today a suburban community in San Francisco, was originally created for the
causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses; and a tool to promote and protect 1939 World’s Fair - a celebration of international culture and technology. Seventeen million
the health of the public. Examples of applied epidemiology include monitoring reports of people visited the fair during its two-year run from February 18 to October 29, 1939, and May 25
communicable diseases in the community and tracking down the cause of a food-borne to September 29, 1940. ____ Thousands of workers earned jobs, both through the construction
outbreak. While many epidemiologists work for health departments at the local and state levels, of the island and at the Fair itself. The influx of tourists also generated funds for businesses in
a number are also employed by colleges and universities. In 2012, the median wage for the city and allowed San Francisco to exhibit two of its newest accomplishments, the Bay Bridge
epidemiologists in the United States was around $60,000, though this number was substantially and Golden Gate Bridge, on a global scale.
larger for those working in the state government.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to correct the text?
A) Attendance numbers were low compared to some of the other fairs, but the 1939 San
A) Replace “$60,000” with “$50,000. Francisco fair did welcome more attendees than some others.

B) Replace “$60,000” with “$100,000.” B) Chicago held one of the highest World’s Fair attendances.

C) Replace “state government” with “local government.” C) The San Francisco attendance numbers paled in comparison to New York’s attendance in 1939:
an impressive 45 million.
D) Replace “state government” with “private sector.”
D) The 1915 World’s Fair in San Francisco hosted about 2 million more visitors than the city’s 1939
fair.

6)

7)
 8)

Dr. M. Edwards Walker was one of the bravest army surgeons during the American Civil War. In
Many films have been adapted from literature with much success. ____ However, adapting a
addition to working on the frontlines of the Union Army from 1863 to 1865, Walker was also a
novel as beloved as The Great Gatsby has proved to be a great challenge. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s
Union spy, who relayed Confederate secrets across enemy lines while treating civilians in the
iconic tale of 1920s excess has been taken on by Hollywood four times: in 1926, 1949, 1974, and
South. Walker was even captured by Confederate troops and held as a prisoner of war for four
2013. None met with widespread critical or popular success. As a novel, The Great Gatsby has
months, until eventually being released—along with two dozen other Union doctors—in
become a mainstay of American popular culture, so when readers go to the movies to see Jay
exchange for seventeen Confederate surgeons. But what makes Dr. Walker’s story perhaps even
Gatsby come to life, their expectations are high. Viewers should keep in mind, though, that
more remarkable is that, unlike the other Army surgeons during the Civil War, Dr. Walker was a
adapting a novel into a film is more complicated than it seems, and literary film adaptations
woman: Mary Edwards Walker was at the forefront of a monumental shift in the role of women in
should be evaluated on their own merits.
medicine. Walker was not only a trailblazer in the medical field, she also leaves influences until
today:____ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text? A) Though less likely to be nominated for an Academy Award than are original scripts, literary
adaptations account for about a quarter of such nominations.
A) As of 2010, nearly 50 percent of all medical degree earners in the United States are women.

B) 64 percent of literary adaptations have gone on to be nominated for an Academy Award.

B) Between 1980 and 2010, the number of women earning medical degrees in the United States
nearly tripled. C) More than half of all Academy Award-nominated films have been literary adaptations.

C) In 1975, the percentage of women earning medical degrees surpassed the percentage of D) As much as 26 percent of Academy Award- nominated films are based on original scripts.
women earning law degrees in the United States.

D) Since 2005, there have been more women than men earning medical degrees in the United
States. 9)
 The rapid growth of hospitalist medicine in recent years suggests that hospitalists are here to
stay. ____ While many healthcare providers and recipients laud this growth, there are still a
number of outstanding issues that need to be addressed. For example, experts still do not know
what long-term impacts the hospitalist movement will have on the general internist and family
medicine workforce. If more internists and family medicine doctors decide to become
The tide against men in the nursing field began to change directions in the 1970s and 1980s, due hospitalists, what will happen to the availability of these doctors for the outpatient population?
in part to a United States Supreme Court decision that held that the women-only admissions
policy of the Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

Fourteenth Amendment. Since this decision, the percentage of registered nurses who are men in
A) Since 2006, the hospitalist movement’s rate of growth has continued to increase.
the United States has increased ____

B) Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalists increased from nearly 20,000 to about
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
28,000.

A) from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 7.6 percent in 2011.

C) In 2009, the number of hospitalists in the United States leveled off at around 30,000.

B) by 9.6 percent in 2011.

D) Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalists in the United States more than doubled.

C) from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 9.6 percent in 2011.

D) from 4.1 percent in 1980 to 5.7 percent in 1990.

11)

10)
 12)

Scientists have been launching cometary missions since 1978. The first one, a joint mission by the
European Space Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was a
“flyby” in which the spacecraft collected data while passing around Comet Giacobini-Zinner.
____ However, the landing of the Rosetta space probe on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasemenko
Entomophagy is the consumption of insects as food. The environmental benefits of
in 2014 was different: it marked the first time that a probe landed on a comet, but it gave
entomophagy come at no expense to humans’ health. Moreover, the practice of eating insects
scientists an unprecedented opportunity to study the surface of a comet. In order to continue
can, in fact, offer some nutritional advantages: for instance, ____. Vitamin B-12, which is
this valuable research, additional missions are needed; thus, it is critical that more funding be
essential for neurological functions, blood production, metabolism, and DNA 10 synthesis, is
allocated for this purpose.
twice as plentiful in crickets as it is in beef. In light of these nutritional advantages, entomophagy
is worth serious consideration as a solution to the impending livestock production crisis.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
A) From 1978 to 2014, the number of successful missions increased from 28 percent to 72 percent.

A) Locusts and grasshoppers provide humans with fewer than twenty grams of protein, whereas
B) Before 2014, the majority of attempted cometary missions were considered unsuccessful.
chicken provides around twenty-five grams of protein.

C) Between then and 2014, 72 percent of the cometary missions were successful.
B) Insects such as chapulines, plantworm beetles, crickets, and termites all offer amounts of
protein comparable to those provided by traditional sources such as beef, chicken, and seafood. D) Of the missions attempted since then, 44 percent have been successful.

C) Whereas crustaceans such as shrimp contain an equal amount of protein to beef, chapulines
contain almost twice as much protein as beef.
13)
D) Traditional sources of protein, such as beef, chicken, and seafood, all provide humans with
about twenty-five grains of protein.
 14)

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, often referred to as the GI Bill, was passed by the
federal government to assist US veterans returning home after their service in World War II. It
provided various kinds of support, including unemployment benefits and mortgage assistance.
Over the past decade, a remarkable number of amphibians have come under the threat of
The GI Bill is best known, however, for the education and training assistance it provided
extinction. A study conducted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature showed
veterans. By 1956, the bill had enabled nearly eight million veterans to pursue higher education
that ____. If this trend continues, it would mark the largest extinction event since the
and training opportunities. The resulting influx of students had a dramatic effect on higher
Pleistocene Era extinctions 10,000 years ago. Several factors contribute to the alarming decline
education in the United States: ____
in amphibian species: the destruction of habitat, introduction of invasive species, contamination

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text? of the environment, and rise of infectious diseases.

A) The college enrollment growth rate was at its highest between 1869 and 1879. Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

B) From 1939 to 1949, the college enrollment growth rate jumped to nearly 80 percent from a rate A) in 2011 the percentage of amphibian species identified as threatened was greater than the

of approximately 35 percent the preceding ten years. percentage of all other species combined.

C) One of the most dramatic decreases in college enrollment occurred between 1959 and 1969, B) in 2011 the number of amphibian species threatened was greater than the number of plant

when the growth rate fell to less than a third of that of the previous decade. species threatened.

D) More students matriculated between 1919 to 1929 than in the post-World War II period. C) in 2011 nearly 30 percent of amphibian species were threatened, surpassing the percentage of
threatened mammals.
D) since 2000 the percentage of threatened amphibian species has surpassed all other groups B) By comparing data gathered by LiDAR technology from three separate forest sites.
except mammals.
C) By showing LiDAR’s superior accuracy compared to data gathered through fieldwork, even
though the graph uses estimated figures.
15) This text is from These Are the Days of Lasers in the Jungle, 2014 by Joseph Mascaro, et al.
D) By presenting an example of the use of LiDAR in a tropical forest, which until this study was
purely hypothetical.

* What can be reasonably inferred from the graph?

A) For the same mean canopy height (above 25 MCH^2), tropical forests have more carbon
biomass than temperate forests.

B) There is an inverse relationship between mean canopy vertical height and aboveground
carbon biomass.

C) At a mean canopy height of 625 MCH^2 three types of forests depicted will have
approximately the same aboveground carbon biomass.

D) On average, the new tropical forest has less aboveground carbon biomass at a given canopy
height than the boreal-temperate forest depicted.

* At which MCH^2 is the carbon biomass of the three forests depicted most disparate?

Airborne light detection and ranging - called LiDAR-has over the last ten years become a key tool A) 25 MCH^2 B) 225 MCH^2

that ecologists use to understand physical variation in tropical forests across space and time. As
C) 400 MCH^2 D) 900 MCH^2
the new kid on the block, LiDAR has been tacked onto the back end - initially thought of as a kind
of large-scale helper to field surveys. Carbon estimates from the field have been treated as
something inherently closer to the real thing than measurements made by LiDAR - ground
“Truth” with a capital “T”. This is perhaps understandable historically, but vis-à-vis actual carbon, 18)
there is no such thing as ground truth: both field and LiDAR efforts rely on allometry to convert
measurements into carbon estimates. Prior to using these measurements for carbon estimation,
they exist as standardized, spatially explicit, archivable and verifiable data - the needed substrate
for a Reduced-Emissions-from-Deforestation-and-Degradation-type accounting program.

* How does the graph support the point about the uses of LiDAR in the text?

A) By providing an example of the use of information from LiDAR in conjunction with traditional
field-based estimates.
 C) It does not support the claim since the group of mice that did not have any caloric reduction
had the highest survival rate after 35 months.

D) It does not support the claim since all four groups of mice had the same average lifespan.

* What can reasonably be inferred from the graph 30 months into the study?

A) All of the mice in the “55% caloric reduction” group were still alive.

B) All of the mice in the “25% caloric reduction” group were still alive.

C) Approximately 50% of the mice in the “no caloric reduction” group were still alive.

D) None of the mice in the “no caloric reduction” group were still alive.

20)

Scientists have known for more than 70 years that the one surefire way to extend the lives of
mammals was to cut calories by an average of 30 to 40 percent. The question was: Why? Now a
new study begins to unravel the mechanism by which reducing food intake protects cells against
aging and age-related diseases. Researchers report in the journal Cell that the phenomenon is
likely linked to two enzymes-SIRT3 and SIRT4-in mitochondria (the cell’s powerhouse that,
among other tasks, converts nutrients to energy). They found that a cascade of reactions
triggered by lower caloric intake raises the levels of these enzymes, leading to an increase in the
strength and efficiency of the cellular batteries. By invigorating the mitochondria, SIRT3 and
SIRT4 extend the life of cells, by preventing fagging mitochondria from developing tiny holes (or
pores) in their membranes that allow proteins that trigger apoptosis, or cell death, to seep out
into the rest of the cell.
The Global Amphibian Assessment completed its first round of evaluating the status of all
* How does the information in the graph relate to the author’s claim that caloric reduction then-recognized species in 2004, finding 32.5% of the known species of amphibians to be
increases the longevity of mammalian cells? “globally threatened” by using the established top three categories of threat of extinction (i.e.
Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered); 43% of species have declining populations. In
A) It supports the claim, but suggests that the differences in longevity are marginal after a 25% general, greater numbers as well as proportions of species are at risk in tropical countries.
caloric reduction. Updates from the Global Amphibian Assessment are ongoing and show that, although new
species described since 2004 are mostly too poorly known to be assessed, >20% of analyzed
B) It supports the claim since the average lifespan of each group of mice increases as caloric
species are in the top three categories of threat. Species from montane tropical regions,
reduction increases.
especially those associated with stream or streamside habitats, are most likely to be severely
threatened.

* How does the graph support the statement in the text about the evaluation completed in 2004?

A) By demonstrating that approximately 1/3 of amphibian species are in the top three categories
of threat.

B) By showing that only 1% of amphibians have gone extinct in the wild, despite predictions to
the contrary.

C) By highlighting that scientists have not collected enough data on a significant number of
amphibian species.

D) By proving that the remaining species of amphibians will become extinct in the future. A Frankensteinesque contraption of glass bulbs and crackling electrodes has produced yet
another revelation about the origin of life. The results suggest that Earth's early atmosphere
* Which amphibians represent the third-largest category?
could have produced chemicals necessary for life - contradicting the view that life’s building
blocks had to come from comets and meteors. “Maybe we’re over-optimistic, but I think this is a
A) endangered.
paradigm shift,” says chemist Jefrey Bada, whose team performed the experiment at the Scripps
B) least concern. Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. In the experiment, Bada used a sparking
device to mimic a lightning storm on early Earth - which had methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide,
C) extinct. nitrogen, iron, and carbonate minerals - and successfully produced amino acids, the building
blocks of proteins. The disclosure showed that theories about the origin of life could actually be
D) vulnerable.
tested in the laboratory. Bada’s experiment has implications for life on Mars, because the Red
Planet may also have been swaddled in nitrogen and carbon dioxide early in its life. Bada intends
to test this extrapolation by doing experiments with lower-pressure mixes of those gasses.
22)
* How does the information in the second graph relate to the author’s description of the
atmosphere on early Earth?

A) It contradicts the author’s description, indicating instead that the atmosphere of early Earth
was composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.

B) It contradicts the author’s description since it does not mention the presence of methane and
ammonia in the atmosphere of early Earth.

C) It supports the author’s description by suggesting that the atmosphere of early Earth
comprised primarily of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
D) It supports the author’s description by proposing that hydrogen and water vapor were present risen more dramatically. The momentum of human population growth and increasing
in the atmosphere of early Earth. urbanization ensures that industrial fertilizer production will continue at high and likely
accelerating rates for decades in order to meet the escalating demand for food.
* According to the text, the composition of the atmosphere of early Mars would look most like
which of the two graphs? * How does the data in the graph support the author’s point in the text?

A) Early Earth, because it is composed primarily of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. A) The graph indicates that the use of fertilizer on corn in developed countries is rising faster
than the overall use of fertilizer.
B) Earth Earth, because it contains a lower-pressure mixture of gasses.
B) The graph strengthens the argument that fertilizer production must be halted in order to
C) Today, because it is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.
reduce nitrogen rates.

D) Today, because it contains a higher-pressure mixture of gasses.

C) The graph suggests that urbanization will lead to a rapid acceleration of nitrogen fertilizer
production in the United States.
* According to the graphs, which of the following is more prevalent in Earth’s atmosphere today
than 4.5 billion years ago?
D) The graph supports the claim that fertilizer use in developed countries has largely stabilized.

A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen
* What is the main purpose of the information in the graph?

C) Hydrogen D) Carbon dioxide

A) To show the relationship over time between overall fertilizer use in the United States and the
amount used to grow corn.

B) To illustrate the effect of overall nitrogen fertilizer use on the environment in the United
25)
States.

C) To forecast the production of nitrogen fertilizer use in the United States over the coming
century.

D) To indicate the inherent risk in increasing production of nitrogen fertilizer use and its impact
on the corn industry.

* What does the graph indicate about the United States’ nitrogen fertilizer use between 1965 and
2010?

A) It has remained stable. B) It has fallen off, then increased again.

C) It has nearly tripled in volume. D) It has decreased significantly.

Until the late 1970s, most industrially produced fertilizer was applied in developed countries. Use
in these regions has now stabilized while fertilizer applications in developing countries have
28) The graph depicts phases of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development in mouse and * How does the figure support the description of the stem cell renewal process in the text?
human embryos, in days.
A) It establishes that stem cells go through a short period of quiescence before returning to a
prolonged state of proliferation.

B) It indicates that the stem cell renewal process occurs rapidly before birth but then slows down
considerably after birth.

C) It shows how stem cells go through a phase of rapid proliferation before returning to a state of
quiescence.

D) It clarifies how stem cells could be used to help repair damaged tissues in various clinical
situations.

* According to the figure, in which phrase are a mouse’s hematopoietic stem cells at 15.5 days of
embryonic development?
With the results of their experiment, Goodell and colleagues constructed a model of the HSC self
A) specification phase. B) emergence phase.
renewal cycle: quiescent HSCs maintain a “state of readiness”, molecularly speaking, that allows a
quick response to environmental triggers. A stressor (like chemotherapy) triggers a “prepare to
C) maturation phase. D) expansion
proliferate” state - a kind of pregnant pause - and then the proliferation machinery kicks in,
going through an early and late phase before quiescence returns. By shedding light on the
molecular mechanisms of stem cell renewal, this study will aid efforts to develop
stem-cell-based clinical therapies, which depend on replicating the HSC self renewal cycle to
replenish diseased or damaged tissue, and will ultimately guide efforts to grow stem cell colonies
outside the body, a long-standing goal that would have many clinical applications.

* What is the main purpose of the graph?

A) To suggest that both human and mouse embryonic stem cells spend most of their time in the
quiescent phase of stem cell renewal.

B) To show that the timelines of stem cell renewal in human and mouse embryonic stem cells are
identical.

C) To illustrate the different timelines by which human and mouse embryonic stem cells renew
and differentiate.

D) To highlight how mouse stem cells differentiate into various tissues of the body.
1) It is now nearly five years since the end of hostilities, and the victorious Allies have been C) It suggests that farmers often harvest their crops too early.

unable to define the terms of peace with the defeated countries. This is a grave, a deeply
D) It demonstrates the difficulty of growing crops in a humid climate.
disturbing fact. For our part, the United States does not intend nor wish, in fact we do not know
how, to create satellites. Nor can we accept a settlement which would make Germany, Japan, or
liberated Austria satellites of the Soviet Union. The experience in Hungary, Rumania, and
Bulgaria has been one of bitter disappointment and shocking betrayal of the solemn pledges by 4) Yogi Berra, the former Major League baseball catcher and coach, once remarked that you can't
the wartime Allies. The Soviet leaders joined in the pledge at Tehran that they looked forward hit and think at the same time. Of course, since he also reportedly said, "I really didn't say
"with confidence to the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by everything I said," it is not clear we should take his statements at face value. Nonetheless, a
tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their own consciences." We can accept widespread view - in both academic journals and the popular press - is that thinking about what
treaties of peace which would give reality to this pledge and to the interests of all in security. you are doing, as you are doing it, interferes with performance. The idea is that once you have
What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text? developed the ability to play an arpeggio on the piano, put a golf ball or parallel park, attention to
A) They serve as examples of Soviet leaders' betrayal of their pledge at Tehran. what you are doing leads to inaccuracies, blunders and sometimes even utter paralysis.
B) They serve as examples of newly liberated satellites of the Soviet Union.
C) They serve as examples of countries that the United States wants to transform into satellites. What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?

D) They serve as examples of nations that have expressed the desire to accept peace treaties.
A) It serves as examples of actions that require significant practice to master.

2) She was fond of all boy's plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the
B) It serves as examples of actions that are best performed without conscious consideration.
more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a
rose-bush. Indeed she had no taste for a garden; and if she gathered flowers at all, it was chiefly C) It serves as examples of actions that can result in serious physical harm.
for the pleasure of mischief-at least so it was conjectured from her always preferring those
which she was forbidden to take. Such were her propensities. D) It serves as examples of actions that interfere with performance of more important tasks.

What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?

A) It suggests the character could behave in a cruel manner.
B) It suggests the character preferred to play alone than with other children.
5) The text is from Susan B. Anthony's Remarks to the Woman's Auxiliary Congress of the Public
C) It suggests the character rejected a range of conventionally feminine activities.
Press Congress, May 23, 1893.
D) It suggests the character was aware of her exceptional behavior.
Mrs. President and Sisters, I might almost say daughters-I cannot tell you how much joy has
3) Citrus greening, the plague that could wipe out Florida's $9 billion orange industry, begins filled my heart as I have sat here listening to these papers and noting those characteristics that
with the touch of a jumpy brown bug on a sun-kissed leaf. From there, the bacterial disease made each in its own way beautiful and masterful. I would in no ways lessen the importance of
incubates in the tree's roots, then moves back up the trunk in full force, causing nutrient flows to these expressions by your various representatives, but I want to say that the words that specially
seize up. Leaves turn yellow, and the oranges, deprived of sugars from the leaves, remain green, voiced what I may call the up-gush of my soul were to be found in the paper read by Mrs. Swaim
sour, and hard. Many fall before harvest, brown necrotic flesh ringing failed stems. on "The Newspaper as a Factor of Civilization." I have never been a pen artist and I have never
What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text? succeeded with rhetorical flourishes unless it were by accident. But I have always admired
A) It describes some effects of citrus greening. supremely that which I could realize the least. The woman who can coin words and ideas to suit
me best would not be unlike Mrs. Swaim, and when I heard her I said: "That is worthy of
B) It points out the consequence of giving plants too many nutrients.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton."
What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text? A) To insert a personal opinion into an otherwise objective discussion of social rights.

A) It provides an example of an accomplishment admired in women. B) To suggest that all people must rely on one another in a state of nature.

B) It gives an example of an outdated form of communication. C) To emphasize the point that one has to relinquish some freedom in order to join a community.

C) It shows a skill at which Anthony does not excel. D) To call into question the idea that natural liberty exists.

D) It represents a task that she tried for many years to master.

8) This passage is excerpted from President John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, given in 1961.

6) Picture two birthday parties: one for 4 year olds, and one for 14 year olds. The former conjures The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms
kids bellowing “Happy Birthday” and putting their left feet in during the “Hokey Pokey”; the of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which
second conjures slump-shouldered teens huddled in corners furtively glancing at each our forebears fought are still, at issue around the globe. Let the word go forth from this time and
other-even as loud music blares in the background. Why the difference? Our research suggests place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of
that the process of kids losing the joy of singing and dancing is intricately linked to a crucial Americans-born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud
development in their understanding of other people. of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human
rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at
What is the purpose of describing the two birthday parties?
home and around the world.

A) To illustrate a familiar social phenomenon.

What is the purpose of the reference to our forebears?

B) To contradict the results of a scientific study.

A) To call into question the relevance of struggles faced by people under colonial rule.

C) To explore a common misconception.

B) To inspire a rebellion similar to that proposed by the American revolutionaries.

D) To defend a controversial social practice.

C) To connect contemporary struggles for freedom with the American colonists' fight for
independence.

D) To highlight the importance of the next generation of Americans in the fight for freedom.
7) Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out
of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent. The only
way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society,
is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and 9) The order was given to loose the main-skysail, which is the fifth and highest sail from deck. It
peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their properties, and a greater was a very small sail, and from the forecastle looked no bigger than a cambric
security against any, that are not of it. This any number of men may do, because it injures not the pocket-handkerchief. But I have heard that some ships carry still smaller sails, above the skysail;
freedom of the rest; they are left as they were in the liberty of the state of nature. called moon-sails, and skyscrapers, and cloud-rakers. But I shall not believe in them till I see
them; a skysail seems high enough in all conscience; and the idea of anything higher than that,
What is the purpose of the reference to bonds?
seems preposterous. Besides, it looks almost like tempting heaven, to brush the very firmament
so, and almost put the eyes of the stars out; when a flaw of wind, too, might very soon take the A) To argue that field measurements should be given up in order to focus exclusively on LiDAR
conceit out of these cloud-defying cloud-rakers. measurements.

What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text? B) To illustrate the impossibility of ever gaining accurate and usable measurements from either
fieldwork or LiDAR.
A) To highlight the spiritual nature of sailing.
C) To defend the idea that LiDAR measurements are inherently more accurate than
B) To illustrate the dangers involved in climbing the mast.
measurements obtained via fieldwork.

C) To describe the constellations in the night sky.

D) To note the excessive faith scientists have put in the accuracy of field-survey estimates.

D) To emphasize the height of the skysail.

10) Just as the Moon’s history was disrobed by laser ranging 50 years ago, Earth's tropical forests 12) This text is from a 1998 movie.
are giving up their secrets to the light. Airborne light detection and ranging-called LiDAR-has
Way out west there was this fella I wanna tell ya about. Goes by the name of Jeff Lebowski. At
over the last ten years become a key tool that ecologists use to understand physical variation in
least that was the handle his loving parents gave him, but he never had much use for it himself.
tropical forests across space and time. Like an MRI of the human brain, LiDAR probes the
See, this Lebowski, he called himself “The Dude.” Now, “Dude”’s a name no man would self-apply
intricate three-dimensional architecture of the forest canopy, unveiling carbon that forests keep
where I come from. But then there was a lot about the Dude that didn’t make a whole lot of
out of the atmosphere, and also the mounting threats to that carbon storehouse: drought, fire,
sense. And a lot about where he lived, likewise. But then again, maybe that’s why I found the
clandestine logging and brash gold-mining operations. Even the quintessential natural
place so darned interesting’. See, they call Los Angeles the “City of Angels”; but I didn’t find it to
disturbance of the sun-filled light gap-long thought to enhance the incredibly high species
be that, exactly. But I’ll allow it as there are some nice folks there. ‘Course I ain’t never been to
diversity of tropical forests-has been deconstructed by laser technology.
London, and I ain’t never seen France. And I ain’t never seen no queen in her damned undies, so
What is the purpose of the words “unveiling”, “disrobed,” and “deconstructed”?
the feller says. But I’ll tell you what—after seeing Los Angeles, and this here story I’m about to
A) To highlight the negative connotations that laser technology currently has.
unfold, well, I guess I saw something’ every bit as stupefyin’ as you’d seen in any of these other
B) To emphasize the extensive reach of laser technology.
places. And in English, too. So I can die with a smile on my face. . . .
C) To demonstrate the inherently unknowable characteristics of objects, even with laser
technology.
* Why does the author misspell words in the first sentence?
D) To implicitly compare lasers to other forms of technology.

A) To represent the narrator’s accent.

11) As the new kid on the block, LiDAR has been tacked onto the back end-initially thought of as a
kind of large-scale helper to field surveys. Carbon estimates from the field have been treated as B) To indicate his disapproval of the accepted spellings.

something inherently closer to the real thing than measurements made by LiDAR - ground
C) To emphasize the uniqueness of the author’s writing.
“Truth” with a capital “T”. This is perhaps understandable historically, but vis-à-vis actual
carbon, there is no such thing as ground truth: both field and LiDAR efforts rely on allometry to
D) To criticize the character being described.
convert measurements into carbon estimates. Prior to using these measurements for carbon
estimation, they exist as standardized, spatially explicit, archivable and verifiable data-the * Why does the author use the quotation marks around the word “The Dude”?
needed substrate for a REDD2-type accounting program.
What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text? A) To emphasize the individuality of the author’s style.
B) To indicate the unusualness of the name. whereas being killed by terror- ists might seem to be a major risk when going overseas. As often
observed, however, the 45,000 people killed annually on American roads are approximately equal
C) To indicate the narrator’s disapproval of Lebowski.
in number to all American dead in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, the seventeen Americans
killed by terrorists in 1985 were among the 28 million of us who traveled abroad that year—that’s
D) To criticize Lebowski’s parents.
one chance in 1.6 million of becoming a victim . . .

* What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?

What is the primary purpose of this text?

A) It indicates the narrator could not locate the city.

A) To warn against the dangers associated with daily living in the United States

B) It suggests the narrator did not attend church in Los Angeles.

B) To compare the costs of war-related activities to the costs of domestic activities

C) It implies the narrator met a few virtuous people in Los Angeles.

C) To discuss common misunderstandings about statistical data

D) It suggests the narrator met several nice people in the city.

D) To propose solutions to some problems in American domestic and foreign policy

15) Now this here story I’m about to unfold took place in the early ’90s—just about the time of our
17) This text is from John Allen Paulos, Innumeracy. Paulos is a mathematician discussing the role of
conflict with Sad’m and the I-raqis. I only mention it because sometimes there’s a man . . . I won’t
mathematics in American culture.
say a hero, ’cause, what’s a hero? Sometimes, there’s a man. And I’m talkin’ about the Dude
here—the Dude from Los Angeles. Sometimes, there’s a man, well, he’s the man for his time and A recent study by Drs. Kronlund and Phillips of the University of Washington showed that most
place. He fits right in there. And that’s the Dude. The Dude, from Los Angeles. And even if he’s a doctors’ assessments of the risks of various operations, procedures, and medications (even in
lazy man—and the Dude was most certainly that. Quite possibly the laziest in all of Los Angeles their own specialties) were way off the mark, often by several orders of magnitude. I once had a
County, which would place him high in the runnin’ for laziest worldwide. Sometimes there’s a conversation with a doctor who, within approximately 20 minutes, stated that a certain
man, sometimes, there’s a man. Well, I lost my train of thought here. But . . . aw, hell. I’ve done procedure he was contemplating (a) had a one-chance-in-a-million risk associated with it; (b)
introduced it enough. was 99 percent safe; and (c) usually went quite well. Given the fact that so many doctors seem to
believe that there must be at least eleven people in the waiting room if they’re to avoid being idle,
What is the purpose of the underlined portions in the text?
I’m not surprised at this new evidence of their innumeracy.
A) To emphasize the narrator’s losing concentration.
B) To underscore infrequent appearances of the Dude. What is the purpose of mentioning the work of Drs. Kronlund and Phillips?
C) To highlight doubt as to the Dude’s gender.
D) To stress Dude’s laziness. A) To warn against the risks of certain medical procedures

B) To highlight a promising medical breakthrough

16) Without some appreciation of common large numbers, it’s impossible to react with the
proper skepticism to terrifying reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped
C) To demonstrate the fallibility of medical experts
each year, or with the proper sobriety to a warhead carrying a megaton of explosive power—the
equivalent of a million tons (or two billion pounds) of TNT. And if you don’t have some feeling for D) To dispute a common medical theory
probabilities, automobile accidents might seem a relatively minor problem of local travel,
 analogy is with countries: the richest ones, such as Switzerland, Finland, Singapore, and Japan,
are not blessed with, but rather lack, natural resources. Without them, they have been forced to
18) Why did we coexist with Neanderthals for 60,000 years—a far longer case of hominids living
use their brains to innovate, providing products and services ranging from cell phones to
side by side than any other in human history? And why did we eventually win out? Brains alone
diplomacy.
cannot provide the answer, as Neanderthals may in fact have had the larger ones. Perhaps they
lacked the long vocal chamber needed for speech. Equal certainty exists among those who study What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?
the base of their skulls that they did and that they did not. If they did lack one, then this could be
A) It provides examples of universally admired commercial products
the explanation, but maybe not, since even without a voice box, gestures can communicate, as
can be seen among the deaf. Indeed, hunters find advantages in using sign language (speech
B) It provides examples of effective means of global communication
sounds would warn off potential prey), and not just while hunting but in everyday life.
Anthropologists find that hunter-gatherers use sophisticated sign languages to complement C) It provides examples of goods and services based on intellectual resources
their speech. So “spoken speech” is not in all ways superior to “signed speech.” It is not
something that can explain our replacement of the Neanderthals. D) It provides examples of activities that require little physical strength

* What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text?

A) It suggests the reason for the Neanderthals’ extinction is now well known 21) To drivers, the color red means stop, but on the map it tells traffic engineers to leap into
action. Traffic control centers like this one-a room cluttered with computer terminals and live
B) It implies Neanderthals may not have coexisted with modern humans after all video feeds of urban intersections- represent the brain of a traffic system. The city's network of
sensors, cables and signals are the nerves connected to the rest of the body. "Most people don't
C) It points out scientists disagree about the vocal ability of Neanderthals
think there are eyes and ears keeping track of all this stuff," says John DeBenedictis, the center's
engineering director. But in reality, engineers literally watch our every move, making subtle
D) It shows the ability to communicate is necessary to the survival of a hunting species
changes that relieve and redirect traffic.
* Why does the author mention the hunter-gatherers?
* Why does the author refer to “the color red”?
A) To refute a common misconception about hunter-gatherers
A) To emphasize the importance of obeying traffic signals.
B) To specify the mechanism by which modern humans came to replace Neanderthals
B) To indicate that drivers and traffic engineers can react to information in different ways.

C) To bolster their claim about the larger brain size of Neanderthals

C) To explain why traffic engineers are more active than other workers.

D) To suggest that long vocal chambers might not provide a decisive evolutionary advantage
D) To point out a striking feature of the map in Boston City Hall.

* Why does the author refer to “sensors, cables and signals”?

20) The reason we—anatomically modern humans—won out the Neanderthals lies, we suspect,
A) To describe a problem commonly faced by traffic engineers.
not in being brighter or better able to speak but in our very physical frailty and our resulting
need to exploit our minds. Neanderthals, stronger than us, did not need to take this route. They
B) To point out some important differences between traffic control centers and the brain.
could survive with their physical strength rather than tapping the potential of their brains. An
C) To list some items typically found in traffic control centers. D) To propose an alternative.

D) To provide examples of ways drivers' actions can be monitored remotely.

25) These are stimulating times for anyone interested in questions of animal consciousness. On
what seems like a monthly basis, scientific teams announce the results of new experiments,
23) Situations we typically perceive as stressful-a confrontation with a coworker, the pressure to
adding to a preponderance of evidence that we've been underestimating animal minds, even
perform, a to-do list that's too long-are not the toxic type of stress that's been linked to serious
those of us who have rated them fairly highly. New animal behaviors and capacities are observed
health issues such as cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, severe depression and
in the wild, often involving tool use-or at least object manipulation-the very kinds of activity that
cognitive impairment. Short bouts of this sort of everyday stress can actually be a good thing:
led the distinguished zoologist Donald R. Griffin to found the field of cognitive ethology (animal
Just think of the exhilaration of the deadline met or the presentation crushed, the triumph of
thinking) in 1978: octopuses piling stones in front of their hideyholes, to name one recent
holding it all together. And, perhaps not surprisingly, it turns out that beating yourself up about
example; or dolphins fitting marine sponges to their beaks in order to dig for food on the seabed;
being stressed is counterproductive, as worrying about the negative consequences can in itself
or wasps using small stones to smooth the sand around their egg chambers, concealing them
exacerbate any iII effects.
from predators.

What is the main purpose of the text?

What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?
A) To describe ways that animals hide themselves from predators.
A) It describes the destructive toll of stress on the human body.
B) To point out that tools produced by animals are less complex than human tools.

B) It provides examples that undermine conventional perceptions of stress. C) To provide instances of novel animal behavior in the wild.
D) To indicate the limits of animal consciousness.
C) It calls attention to the dangers of a range of maladies.

26) I used to love to drift along the pale-yellow cornfields, looking for the damp spots one
D) It highlights the prominence of stress in daily life
sometimes found at their edges, where the smartweed soon turned a rich copper color and the
narrow brown leaves hung curled like cocoons about the swollen joints of the stem. Sometimes I
went south to visit our German neighbors and to admire their catalpa grove, or to see the big
24) Most people have so-called flashbulb memories of where they were and what they were elm tree that grew up out of a deep crack in the earth and had a hawk's nest in its branches.
doing when something momentous happened. (Unfortunately, staggeringly terrible news seems Trees were so rare in that country, and they had to make such a hard fight to grow, that we used
to come out of the blue more often than staggeringly good news.) But as clear and detailed as to feel anxious about them, and visit them as if they were persons. It must have been the scarcity
these memories feel, psychologists have discovered they are surprisingly inaccurate. of detail in that tawny landscape that made detail so precious.
What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text?
What is the main purpose of the last sentence?
A) To illustrate the narrator's love of nature.
B) To call attention to the diversity of the natural world.
A) To acknowledge a point.
C) To emphasize the barrenness of the landscape.

B) To highlight a misconception. D) To explain why the narrator felt anxious about his new life.

C) To criticize a tradition. 27) Antonia had opinions about everything, and she was soon able to make them known. Almost
every day she came running across the prairie to have her reading lesson with me. Mrs.
Shimerda grumbled, but realized it was important that one member of the family should learn B) To underscore the economic power of the maker movement.
English. When the lesson was over, we used to go up to the watermelon patch behind the garden. C) To trace the influence of the Industrial Revolution on the maker movement.
I split the melons with an old com-knife, and we lifted out the hearts and ate them with the juice D) To suggest that mass-production is incompatible with the modern economy.
trickling through our fingers. The white melons we did not touch, but we watched them with
curiosity. They were to be picked later, when the hard frosts had set in, and put away for winter 30) A new study begins to unravel the mystery and the mechanism by which reducing food
use. After weeks on the ocean, the Shimerdas were famished for fruit. The two girls would intake protects cells against aging and age-related diseases. Researchers report in the journal
wander for miles along the edge of the cornfields, hunting for ground-cherries. Cell that the phenomenon is likely linked to two enzymes-SIRT3 and SIRT4-in mitochondria (the
What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text? cell’s powerhouse that, among other tasks, converts nutrients to energy). They found that a
A) To emphasize the wholesome quality of the Shimerdas' new life. cascade of reactions triggered by lower caloric intake raises the levels of these enzymes, leading
B) To demonstrate the difficulty of finding food in the narrator's new home. to an increase in the strength and efficiency of the cellular batteries. By invigorating the
C) To describe a food that the narrator was desperate to eat. mitochondria, SIRT3 and SIRT4 extend the life of cells, by preventing fagging mitochondria from
D) To suggest the limited range of foods to which the Shimerdas previously had access. developing tiny holes (or pores) in their membranes that allow proteins that trigger apoptosis, or
cell death, to seep out into the rest of the cell.
28) Antonia loved to help grandmother in the kitchen 60 and to learn about cooking and Why does the author use the words “powerhouse” and “batteries”?
housekeeping. She would stand beside her, watching her every movement. We were willing to A) To emphasize that mitochondria are the most important components of the cell.
believe that Mrs. Shimerda was a good housewife in her own country, but she managed poorly B) To suggest that mitochondria use an electrical gradient to produce energy
under new conditions. I remember how horrified we were at the sour, ashy-gray bread she gave C) To stress that mitochondria are the main sources of energy for the cell.
her family to eat. She mixed her dough, we discovered, in an old tin peck-measure that had been D) To imply that mitochondria need to be recharged in order to function efficiently
used about the barn. When she took the paste out to bake it, she left smears of dough sticking to
the sides of the measure, put the measure on the shelf behind the stove, and let this residue 31) Chimp Santino was a misanthrope with a habit of pelting tourists with rocks. As his
ferment. The next time she made bread, she scraped this sour stuff down into the fresh dough to reputation for mischief grew, he had to devise increasingly clever ways to ambush his wary
serve as yeast. victims. Santino learned to stash his rocks just out of sight and casually stand just a few feet from
What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text? them in order to throw off suspicion. At the very moment that passersby were fooled into
A) To highlight a contrast thinking that he meant them no harm, he grabbed his hidden projectiles and launched his attack.
B) To criticize an injustice In the text, what is the main purpose of the words “mischief,” “clever,” and “fooled”?
C) To defend a decision A) To suggest that Santino had a violent disposition.
D) To explain a reaction B) To call attention to Santino’s advanced cognitive abilities.
C) To imply that Santino was smarter than most chimpanzees.
29) Publications such as Wired are noticing the transformative potential of the emerging D) To illustrate Santino's reliance on semantic memory.
movement of hackerspaces and have sought to devote significant attention to its development.
Chief editor Chris Anderson recently published a book entitled Makers, in which he proclaims 32) "These monsters, with masses from millions to billions of times that of the sun, are formed as
that the movement will become the next Industrial Revolution. Anderson argues such small seeds in the early universe and grow by swallowing stars and gas in their host galaxies,
developments will allow for a new wave of business opportunities by providing merging with other giant black holes when galaxies collide, or both," said the study's lead author,
mass-customization rather than mass- production. Guido Risaliti of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass, and the
Why does the author mention Wired and Chris Anderson? Italian National Institute for Astrophysics.
A) To describe a key figure in the maker movement. What effect does the word “monsters” have on the tone of the text?
A) It creates a heightened tone that reinforces the massive size of black holes. A) To provide an example of an item that is closer in substance to a metabolically active sack than
B) It creates a frightening tone that suggests that black holes are something to fear. is a virus.
C) It creates an alarming tone that implies that measuring black holes is impossible. B) To provide an example of an item that functions exactly like a virus.
D) It creates a menacing tone that hints at the destructive power of black holes. C) To provide an example of an item that has a form similar to that of a virus
D) To provide an example of an item that is easy to classify, unlike a virus.
33) It is now widely accepted that brain lateralization, whereby specific types of information are
preferentially processed in one hemisphere of the brain, conveys both costs and benefits while 35) Another way to think about life is as an emergent property of a collection of certain
performing certain tasks and that it can have fitness consequences for animals in their natural non-living things. Both life and consciousness are examples of emergent complex systems. They
environment. Previous studies have demonstrated that strongly lateralized animals perform each require a critical level of complexity or interaction to achieve their respective states. A
better than non- lateralized animals in a variety of contexts. For example, Magat and Brown neuron by itself, or even in a network of nerves, is not conscious - whole brain complexity is
found that strongly lateralized parrots were faster at learning a complex task than needed. A virus, too, fails to reach a critical complexity So life itself is an emergent, complex
non-lateralized parrots. In addition, strongly lateralized parrots and domestic chickens were state, but it is made from the same fundamental, physical building blocks that constitute a virus.
faster in discriminating between pebbles and grains than non-lateralized individuals. Moreover, Approached from this perspective, viruses, though not fully alive, may be thought of as being
brain lateralization is suggested to enhance simultaneous task performance such as foraging more than inert matter: they verge on life.
whilst also looking out for predators. The costs of laterality are various and context specific. For What is the purpose of the underlined words of the text?
example, strongly lateralized animals often have difficulty in solving spatial tasks because their A) To demonstrate the unstable qualities of a virus.
inherent turn bias can be difficult to overcome. Similarly strongly lateralized individuals perform B) To show that viruses are in the process of becoming something else.
relatively poorly when they have to compare similar information in each visual hemifield. C) To characterize the relationship of viruses to life.
Why does the author include a lot of specific examples in the text? D) To explain that scientific inquiry into viruses is new.
A) To highlight complications that impede research that links laterality to species survival.
B) To point out inconsistencies in study results that explain laterality in schooling fish. 36) Willow trees are well-known sources of salicylic acid, and for thousands of years, humans
C) To help clarify the significance of laterality in the natural world. have extracted the compound from the tree’s bark to alleviate minor pain, fever, and
D) To suggest plausible avenues of research on lateralized species and predation. inflammation. Now, salicylic acid may also offer relief to crop plants by priming their defenses
against a microbial menace known as “potato purple top phytoplasma.” Outbreaks of the
34) Viruses, however, parasitize essentially all biomolecular aspects of life. That is, they depend cell-wall-less bacteria in the fertile Columbia Basin region of the Pacific Northwest in 2002 and
on the host cell for the raw materials and energy necessary for nucleic acid synthesis, protein subsequent years inflicted severe yield and quality losses on potato crops. The Agricultural
synthesis, processing and transport, and all other biochemical activities that allow the virus to Research Service identified an insect accomplice - the beet leafhopper, which transmits the
multiply and spread. One might then conclude that even though these processes come under phytoplasma to plants while feeding.
viral direction, viruses are simply non-living parasites of living metabolic systems. But a What is the purpose of the underlined word in the text as a whole?
spectrum may exist between what is certainly alive and what is not. A rock is not alive. A A) To highlight the recent nature of the scientific findings.
metabolically active sack, devoid of genetic material and the potential for propagation, is also not B) To interject a note of informality into a formal passage.
alive. A bacterium, though, is alive. Although it is a single cell,it can generate energy and the C) To suggest that humans no longer perform the activity mentioned in the first paragraph.
molecules needed to sustain itself, and it can reproduce. But what about a seed? A seed might D) To create a sense of urgency in the passage.
not be considered alive. Yet it has a potential for life, and it may be destroyed. In this regard,
viruses resemble seeds more than they do live cells. 37) This text is from the article Aspirin-Like Compound Primes Plant Defense Against Pathogens.
What is the main function of the underlined sentence in the text? ©2014 by Yan Zhao.
 differentiation among human groups defined by ethnicity and geography. There is much more
In addition to visually inspecting the plants for disease symptoms, the team analyzed leaf genetic variation within (about 90 percent) than among (about 10 percent) human groups. This
samples for the phytoplasma’s unique DNA fingerprint, which turned up in 94 percent of samples means that the similarities among different groups of humans far outweigh the differences.
from untreated plants but in only 47 percent of treated ones. Moreover, symptoms in the treated * What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text?
group were far milder than in untreated plants. In fact, analysis of mildly infected treated plants A) To call into question the methodology of the International HapMap Project.
revealed phytoplasma levels 300 times below those of untreated plants, meaning that the B) To suggest a potential bias within the International HapMap Project.
salicylic acid treatment must have suppressed pathogen multiplication. Significantly, the C) To emphasize that the findings of the International HapMap Project were consistent with
remaining 53 percent of treated plants were symptom- and pathogen-free 40 days after earlier research.
exposure to the infected scions. D) To draw a comparison between the International HapMap Project and the Human Genome
What is the main purpose of the sixth paragraph? Project.
A) To describe the steps in an experiment. * What is the purpose of the last two sentences of the text?
B) To present the results of an experiment. A) To provide more precise data regarding the degree of genetic overlap between members of
C) To explain why an experiment was conducted. different ethnic and geographic groups.
D) To argue that an experiment should be reproduced. B) To support the author’s claim that genetic profiling will enhance the ability to predict a group
member’s predisposition to a particular disease.
38) The text is from Tamara Davis, “If Galaxies are All Moving Apart, How Can They Collide?”2009 C) To further develop the idea that the human genome is much larger and more complicated
by Scientific American. than scientists originally thought.
Our local group comprises Andromeda, the Magellanic Clouds and about 35 other galaxies, all of D) To call into question the results of the International HapMap Project and other studies
which lie in an even larger cluster called Virgo. Together we will travel through the expanding regarding the diversity of the human genome.
universe, and we had better learn to like the company. [A]ny galaxies that have not yet won the
gravity war have missed their chance. The universe is now split into pockets of interaction that 41) Consider how vegetables vary in their digestibility. We eat the stems, leaves and roots of
will drift alone through the expanding cosmos. Like revelers on a ship, the galaxies in our group hundreds of different plants. The walls of plant cells in the stems and leaves of some species are
will continue to collide and interact in myriad interesting ways, but we will be forever separated much tougher than those in other species. Even within a single plant, the durability of cell walls
from the revelers on other ships sailing away from us in the vast universe. can differ. Older leaves tend to have sturdier cell walls than young ones. Generally speaking, the
What is the purpose of the underlined analogy? weaker or more degraded the cell walls in the plant material we eat, the more calories we get
A) To convey the idea of a static universe composed of separate members. from it. Cooking easily ruptures cells in, say, spinach and zucchini, but cassava (Manihot
B) To compare the immensity of the universe with the vastness of the sea. esculenta) or Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is much more resistant. When cell walls
C) To stress the dynamic relationship of members within a galaxy group. hold strong, foods hoard their precious calories and pass through our body intact (think corn).
D) To lessen the negative implications of future collisions in the cosmos. What is the purpose of the discussion of vegetables in the text?
A) To indicate that the strength of cell walls in vegetables affects the intake of nutrients
39) Humans vary across the world. Every independently conceived individual is genetically B) To examine why humans consume the stems, leaves and roots of some vegetables
unique. This seems paradoxical in light of the fact that all humans have a high degree of genetic C) To identify vegetables that offer more calories than other vegetables.
similarity. It is often reported that two humans are 99.9 percent similar in their DNA. However, D) To catalog how vegetables react to different cooking methods.
the human genome is immense, providing multiple opportunities for genetic variation to arise;
the 0.1 percent by which we differ amounts to 3.3 million nucleotides. Findings from the 42) Some foods prompt the immune system to identify and deal with any hitchhiking pathogens.
International HapMap Project confirm previous studies and show a relatively low amount of No one has seriously evaluated just how many calories this process involves, but it is probably
quite a few. A somewhat raw piece of meat can harbor lots of potentially dangerous microbes. cleanly excised sometime after insertion. After millions of years, hundreds of thousands of them
Even if our immune system does not attack any of the pathogens in our food, it still uses up are now littered throughout marsupials' genomes.
energy to take the first step of distinguishing friend from foe. This is not to mention the What is the primary purpose of the text?
potentially enormous calorie loss if a pathogen in uncooked meat leads to illness. A) To stress the complexity of the marsupial genetic code.
What is the main purpose of the text? B) To point out inconsistencies in previous research.
A) To warn readers about the dangers of contaminated foods C) To explain the biological basis of Nilsson’s study.
B) To describe how the immune system identifies different types of pathogens in foods D) To suggest possible complications to Nilsson’s study.
C) To present pathogens as another factor to consider when estimating calories
D) To urge nutrition scientists to study how pathogens in undercooked meat affect people’s 45) The text is from a speech given by Benjamin Franklin to the Constitutional Convention on
health September 17, 1787. The Convention was deciding whether to ratify the final version of the U.S.
Constitution.
43) The scientists took DNA from two feathers of the spotted green pigeon. Because of its age, Dear Mr. President,
the DNA was highly fragmented, so they focused on three DNA “mini barcodes”-small sections of I confess that there are several parts of this constitution which I do not at present approve, but I
DNA which are unique for most bird species. They looked at these sections of the pigeon’s DNA, am not sure I shall never approve them: For having lived long, I have experienced many instances
and compared it to other species. This showed that the spotted green pigeon is indeed a of being obliged by better information or fuller consideration, to change opinions even on
separate species, showing a unique DNA barcode compared to other pigeons. The pigeon is important subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the
genetically most closely related to the Nicobar pigeon and the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, both older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the
extinct birds from islands near Madagascar. The spotted green pigeon shows signs of a judgment of others. Most men indeed as well as most sects in Religion, think themselves in
semi-terrestrial island lifestyle and the ability to fly. The closely related Nicobar pigeon shows possession of all truth, and that wherever others differ from them it is so far error. Steele, a
similar habits and has a preference for traveling between small islands. Protestant in a Dedication tells the Pope, that the only difference between our Churches in their
What is the purpose of the image of the barcode in the text? opinions of the
A) To trivialize the complexity of a particular research practice. certainty of their doctrines is, the Church of Rome is infallible and the Church of England is
B) To use a familiar concept to communicate an idea. never in the wrong. But though many private persons think almost as highly of their own
C) To question the novelty of a scientific phenomenon. infallibility as of that of their sect, few express it so naturally as a certain French lady, who in a
D) To inject a note of levity into an otherwise serious argument. dispute with her sister, said "I don't know how it happens, Sister but I meet with nobody but
myself, that's always in the right".
44) Maria Nilsson presented the first study to use the sequences of retroposed elements - a kind What is the purpose of the underlined sentence in the text?
of “jumping gene” - to reconstruct marsupials' family tree. Retroposed elements make up a A) To ridicule the arrogance of the lady.
bigger portion of kangaroos' and other marsupials' genomes than any other mammal that had its B) To allude to the division of public opinion.
genome sequenced. The sequences appear to serve little or no purpose to these animals, but C) To point out a universal truth in a humorous way.
that's exactly what gives the new technique its strength. Retroposons use their own enzymatic D) To convey the futility of further dispute.
machinery, or that of other retroposons, to copy their own RNA and create DNA copies of
themselves. Instead of making copies to spread from cell to cell and organism to organism, as, for 46) So now the nations throughout the world are beginning to feel as though they should all
example, viruses do, retroposed elements are deposited in other parts of the same genome in the unite into one solid organization, which will insure the world of everlasting peace, without
same cell-including in the germ line cells-cutting a gap in a DNA strand and inserting themselves interference from any one particular nation. This is the idea that gave birth to the League of
there. These copies remain in their new locus. It is extremely rare that a retroposed element is Nations. There are some who doubt whether the League will live up to these expectations of
wiping war from the face of the earth. Of course, this is all guess work, but the idea seems like a believe that a more cordial and confidential intercourse exists between any two countries than
good one and we believe it is worth trying. between America and France.
What is the primary purpose of the underlined sentence in the text? What is the main purpose of the text?
A) To provide additional support for his or her argument regarding the League of Nations. A) To accuse court representatives of endorsing violence rather than negotiating.
B) To imply that his or her argument regarding the League of Nations may have been overstated. B) To draw parallels between the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
C) To criticize the pessimism of those who do not support his or her argument. C) To provide an example of a peaceful resolution between quarreling nations.
D) To lend credibility to his or her argument by acknowledging a counterargument. D) To suggest that the American people encouraged the violent overthrow of the French
monarchy.
47) This text is from Federalist Paper No. 5, published in 1787. In it, statesman John Jay discusses
the potential effects of dividing the U.S. into several different nations. 49) This text is from Thomas Paine’s preface to Rights of Man, originally published in 1791. Rights
The history of Great Britain is the one with which we are in general the best acquainted, and it of Man was initially written as a response to Irish statesman Edmund Burke’s attack on the
gives us many useful lessons. We may profit from their experience without paying the price French Revolution.
which it cost them. Although it seems obvious to common sense that the people of such an When the French Revolution broke out, it certainly afforded to Mr. Burke an opportunity of
island should be but one nation, yet we find that they were for ages divided into three, and that doing some good, had he been disposed to it; instead of which, no sooner did he see the old
those three were almost constantly embroiled in quarrels and wars with one another. hatred wearing away, than he immediately began sowing the seeds of a new inveteracy, as if he
Notwithstanding their true interest with respect to the continental nations was really the same, were afraid that England and France would cease to be enemies. That there are men in all
yet by the arts and policy and practices of those nations, their mutual jealousies were perpetually countries who get their living by war, and by keeping up the quarrels of Nations, is as shocking as
kept inflamed, and for a long series of years they were far more inconvenient and troublesome it is true; but when those who are concerned in the government of a country make it their study
than they were useful and assisting to each other. to sow discord and cultivate prejudices between Nations, it becomes the more unpardonable.
Why does John Jay include the example of Britain? Why does the author refer to “those who are concerned in the government” in the last sentence?
A) To question the wisdom of establishing ties with foreign nations. A) To suggest that Burke should be held to a different standard than ordinary citizens.
B) To provide historical evidence for his predictions. B) To highlight Paine’s own importance in governmental affairs.
C) To explain how a rival nation exercises diplomacy. C) To attack the French monarchy for being unresponsive to the French people.
D) To challenge a foreign power to disclose its methods. D) To imply that politicians are more intelligent than ordinary citizens.

48) This text is from Thomas Paine’s preface to Rights of Man, originally published in 1791. Rights 50) The text is from a speech by Senator Everett Dirksen in 1964. Then, the United States Senate
of Man was initially written as a response to Irish statesman Edmund Burke’s attack on the debated the Civil Rights Act, a bill outlawing discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex,
French Revolution. or nationality. Several senators opposed to the bill attempted to block its passage, prompting a
I had seen enough of the miseries of war, to wish it might never more have existence in the response from the bill’s supporters.
world, and that some other mode might be found out to settle the differences that should Today the Senate is stalemated in its efforts to enact a civil rights bill, one version of which has
occasionally arise in the neighborhood of nations. This certainly might be done if Courts were already been approved by the House by a vote of more than 2 to 1. That the Senate wishes to act
disposed to set on a civil rights bill can be divined from the fact that the motion to take up was adopted by a vote
honesty about it, or if countries were enlightened enough not to be made the dupes of Courts. of 67 to 17. There are many reasons why cloture should be invoked and a good civil rights
The people of America had been bred up in the same prejudices against France, which at that measure enacted. First, it is said that on the night he died, Victor Hugo wrote in his diary,
time characterized the people of England; but experience and an acquaintance with the French substantially this sentiment: “Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has come.” The
Nation have most effectually shown to Americans the falsehood of those prejudices; and I do not
time has come for equality of opportunity in sharing in government, in education, and in
employment. It will not
be stayed or denied. It is here.
What is the purpose of the underlined portion in the text?
A) To reveal that Victor Hugo would lend his support to civil rights reform.
B) To illustrate the author's assertion that the Senate is eager to enact civil rights reform.
C) To offer criticism of the United States military for failing to enforce civil rights reform.
D) To introduce the author’s argument that civil rights reform should not be postponed.