Kevlar - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Kevlar

Kevlar
Kevlar (para-aramid)[2] is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids
Kevlar
such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965,[3][2][4] the
high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for
steel in racing tires. It is typically spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such, or
as an ingredient in composite material components.

Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to bulletproof vests,
due to its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is five times stronger than
steel.[2] It is also used to make modern marching drumheads that withstand high impact, and
for mooring lines and other underwater applications.

A similar fiber, Twaron, with the same chemical structure was developed by Akzo in the 1970s.
Commercial production started in 1986, and Twaron is manufactured by Teijin Aramid.[5][6]

History
Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (K29) – branded
Kevlar – was invented by the Polish-American chemist
Stephanie Kwolek while working for DuPont, in
anticipation of a gasoline shortage. In 1964, her group
began searching for a new lightweight strong fiber to
use for light, but strong, tires.[7] The polymers she had
been working with, poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate
and polybenzamide,[8] formed liquid crystals in
Names
solution, something unique to polymers at the time.[7]
IUPAC name
The solution was "cloudy, opalescent upon being Poly(azanediyl-1,4-
stirred, and of low viscosity" and usually was thrown phenyleneazanediylterephthaloyl)[1]
Inventor of Kevlar, Stephanie Kwolek, a
away. However, Kwolek persuaded the technician, Identifiers
Polish-American chemist
Charles Smullen, who ran the spinneret, to test her CAS Number 24938-64-5 (https://common
solution, and was amazed to find that the fiber did not chemistry.cas.org/detail?cas
break, unlike nylon. Her supervisor and her laboratory director understood the significance of _rn=24938-64-5)
her discovery and a new field of polymer chemistry quickly arose. By 1971, modern Kevlar was ChemSpider
none
introduced.[7] However, Kwolek was not very involved in developing the applications of
Properties
Kevlar.[9]
Chemical formula [-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-C6H4-
In 1971, Lester Shubin, who was then the Director of Science and Technology for the National NH-]n
Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice,[10] suggested using Kevlar to replace Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
nylon in bullet-proof vests.[11] Prior to the introduction of Kevlar, flak jackets made of nylon materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
100 kPa).
had provided much more limited protection to users. Shubin later recalled how the idea
developed: "We folded it over a couple of times and shot at it. The bullets didn't go through." verify (what is ?)
In tests, they strapped Kevlar onto anesthetized goats and shot at their hearts, spinal cords, Infobox references
livers and lungs. They monitored the goats' heart rate and blood gas levels to check for lung
injuries. After 24 hours, one goat died and the others had wounds that were not life threatening.[12][13] Shubin received a $5 million grant to
research the use of the fabric in bullet-proof vests.

Kevlar 149 was invented by Jacob Lahijani of Dupont in the 1980s.[14]

Production
Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-
phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride in a condensation reaction yielding hydrochloric acid
as a byproduct. The result has liquid-crystalline behavior, and mechanical drawing orients the
polymer chains in the fiber's direction. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was the solvent initially
used for the polymerization, but for safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of N-methyl- The reaction of 1,4-phenylene-diamine
(para-phenylenediamine) with
pyrrolidone and calcium chloride. As this process had been patented by Akzo (see above) in the
terephthaloyl chloride yielding Kevlar
production of Twaron, a patent war ensued.[15]

Kevlar production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated sulfuric acid, needed to keep the water-insoluble
polymer in solution during its synthesis and spinning.[16]

Several grades of Kevlar are available:

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Kevlar K-29 – in industrial applications, such as cables, asbestos replacement, tires, and brake linings.
Kevlar K49 – high modulus used in cable and rope products.
Kevlar K100 – colored version of Kevlar
Kevlar K119 – higher-elongation, flexible and more fatigue resistant
Kevlar K129 – higher tenacity for ballistic applications
Kevlar K149 – highest tenacity for ballistic, armor, and aerospace applications[17][18]
Kevlar AP – 15% higher tensile strength than K-29[19]
Kevlar XP – lighter weight resin and KM2 plus fiber combination[20]
Kevlar KM2 – enhanced ballistic resistance for armor applications[21]
The ultraviolet component of sunlight degrades and decomposes Kevlar, a problem known as UV degradation, and so it is rarely used
outdoors without protection against sunlight.[22]

Structure and properties

When Kevlar is spun, the resulting fiber has a tensile strength of about
3,620 MPa (525,000 psi),[23] and a relative density of 1.44 (0.052 lb/
in3). The polymer owes its high strength to the many inter-chain bonds.
These inter-molecular hydrogen bonds form between the carbonyl
groups and NH centers. Additional strength is derived from aromatic
stacking interactions between adjacent strands. These interactions have
a greater influence on Kevlar than the van der Waals interactions and
chain length that typically influence the properties of other synthetic
polymers and fibers such as ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
The presence of salts and certain other impurities, especially calcium,
could interfere with the strand interactions and care is taken to avoid
inclusion in its production. Kevlar's structure consists of relatively rigid Molecular structure of Kevlar: bold represents a monomer unit, dashed
lines indicate hydrogen bonds.
molecules which tend to form mostly planar sheet-like structures rather
like silk protein.[24]

Thermal properties
Kevlar maintains its strength and resilience down to cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C (−320.8 °F)): in fact, it is slightly stronger at low
temperatures. At higher temperatures the tensile strength is immediately reduced by about 10–20%, and after some hours the strength
progressively reduces further. For example: enduring 160 °C (320 °F) for 500 hours, its strength is reduced by about 10%; and enduring
260 °C (500 °F) for 70 hours, its strength is reduced by about 50%.[25]

Applications

Science
Kevlar is often used in the field of cryogenics for its low thermal conductivity and high strength relative to other materials for suspension
purposes. It is most often used to suspend a paramagnetic salt enclosure from a superconducting magnet mandrel in order to minimize any
heat leaks to the paramagnetic material. It is also used as a thermal standoff or structural support where low heat leaks are desired.

A thin Kevlar window has been used by the NA48 experiment at CERN to separate a vacuum vessel from a vessel at nearly atmospheric
pressure, both 192 cm (76 in) in diameter. The window has provided vacuum tightness combined with reasonably small amount of material
(only 0.3% to 0.4% of radiation length).

Protection
Kevlar is a well-known component of personal armor such as combat helmets, ballistic face masks,
and ballistic vests. The PASGT helmet and vest that were used by United States military forces used
Kevlar as a key component in their construction. Other military uses include bulletproof face masks
and spall liners used to protect the crews of armoured fighting vehicles. Nimitz-class aircraft carriers
use Kevlar reinforcement in vital areas. Civilian applications include: high heat resistance uniforms
worn by firefighters, body armour worn by police officers, security, and police tactical teams such as
SWAT.[26]

Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, chaps and other articles of clothing[27]
Pieces of a Kevlar helmet used to help
designed to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat. Kevlar-based protective gear is often absorb the blast of a grenade
considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made of more traditional materials.[26]

It is used for motorcycle safety clothing, especially in the areas featuring padding such as the shoulders and elbows. In the sport of fencing it
is used in the protective jackets, breeches, plastrons and the bib of the masks. It is increasingly being used in the peto, the padded covering
which protects the picadors' horses in the bullring. Speed skaters also frequently wear an under-layer of Kevlar fabric to prevent potential

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wounds from skates in the event of a fall or collision.

Sport
In kyudo, or Japanese archery, it may be used for bow strings, as an alternative to the more
expensive[28] hemp. It is one of the main materials used for paraglider suspension lines.[29] It is
used as an inner lining for some bicycle tires to prevent punctures. In table tennis, plies of Kevlar are
added to custom ply blades, or paddles, in order to increase bounce and reduce weight. Tennis
racquets are sometimes strung with Kevlar. It is used in sails for high performance racing boats.
Kevlar is a very popular material for
In 2013, with advancements in technology, Nike used Kevlar in shoes for the first time. It launched racing canoes.

the Elite II Series, [30] with enhancements to its earlier version of basketball shoes by using Kevlar in
the anterior as well as the shoe laces. This was done to decrease the elasticity of the tip of the shoe in contrast to the nylon conventionally
used, as Kevlar expanded by about 1% against nylon which expanded by about 30%. Shoes in this range included LeBron, HyperDunk and
Zoom Kobe VII. However these shoes were launched at a price range much higher than average cost of basketball shoes. It was also used in
the laces for the Adidas F50 adiZero Prime football boot.

Several companies, including Continental AG, manufacture cycle tires with Kevlar to protect against punctures.[31]

Folding-bead bicycle tires, introduced to cycling by The Michelin Elan tire in 1975, along with Mavic "Module E" hook-beaded rims, used
Kevlar as a bead in place of steel for weight reduction and strength. A side effect of the folding bead is a reduction in shelf and floor space
needed to display cycle tires in a retail environment, as they are folded and placed in small boxes.

Music
Kevlar has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for loudspeaker cones, specifically for bass and mid range drive units.[32]
Additionally, Kevlar has been used as a strength member in fiber optic cables such as the ones used for audio data transmissions.[33]

Kevlar can be used as an acoustic core on bows for string instruments.[34] Kevlar's physical properties provide strength, flexibility, and
stability for the bow's user. To date, the only manufacturer of this type of bow is CodaBow.[35]

Kevlar is also presently used as a material for tailcords (a.k.a. tailpiece adjusters), which connect the tailpiece to the endpin of bowed string
instruments.[36]

Kevlar is sometimes used as a material on marching snare drums. It allows for an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a cleaner
sound. There is usually a resin poured onto the Kevlar to make the head airtight, and a nylon top layer to provide a flat striking surface. This
is one of the primary types of marching snare drum heads. Remo's Falam Slam patch is made with Kevlar and is used to reinforce bass drum
heads where the beater strikes.[37]

Kevlar is used in the woodwind reeds of Fibracell. The material of these reeds is a composite of aerospace materials designed to duplicate the
way nature constructs cane reed. Very stiff but sound absorbing Kevlar fibers are suspended in a lightweight resin formulation.[38]

Motor vehicles
Kevlar is sometimes used in structural components of cars, especially high-value performance cars such as the Ferrari F40.[39]

The chopped fiber has been used as a replacement for asbestos in brake pads.[40] Aramids such as Kevlar release less airborne fibres than
asbestos brakes and do not have the carcinogenic properties associated with asbestos.[41][42]

Other uses
Wicks for fire dancing props are made of composite materials with Kevlar in them. Kevlar by itself
does not absorb fuel very well, so it is blended with other materials such as fiberglass or cotton.
Kevlar's high heat resistance allows the wicks to be reused many times.

Kevlar is sometimes used as a substitute for Teflon in some non-stick frying pans.[43]

Kevlar fiber is used in rope and in cable, where the fibers are kept parallel within a polyethylene
sleeve. The cables have been used in suspension bridges such as the bridge at Aberfeldy, Scotland.
They have also been used to stabilize cracking concrete cooling towers by circumferential application
followed by tensioning to close the cracks. Kevlar is widely used as a protective outer sheath for Fire poi on a beach in San Francisco

optical fiber cable, as its strength protects the cable from damage and kinking. When used in this
application it is commonly known by the trademarked name Parafil.[44]

Kevlar was used by scientists at Georgia Institute of Technology as a base textile for an experiment in electricity-producing clothing. This
was done by weaving zinc oxide nanowires into the fabric. If successful, the new fabric will generate about 80 milliwatts per square meter.
[45]

A retractable roof of over 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) of Kevlar was a key part of the design of the Olympic Stadium, Montreal for the 1976
Summer Olympics. It was spectacularly unsuccessful, as it was completed 10 years late and replaced just 10 years later in May 1998 after a
series of problems.[46][47]

Kevlar can be found as a reinforcing layer in rubber bellows expansion joints and rubber hoses, for use in high temperature applications, and

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for its high strength. It is also found as a braid layer used on the outside of hose assemblies, to add
protection against sharp objects.[48][49][50]

Some cellphones (including the Motorola RAZR Family, the Motorola Droid Maxx, OnePlus 2 and
Pocophone F1) have a Kevlar backplate, chosen over other materials such as carbon fiber due to its
resilience and lack of interference with signal transmission.[51]

The Kevlar fiber/epoxy matrix composite materials can be used in marine current turbines (MCT) or
wind turbines due to their high specific strength and light weight compared to other fibers.[52]

Kevlar mooring line

Composite materials
Aramid fibers are widely used for reinforcing composite materials, often in combination with carbon fiber and glass fiber. The matrix for
high performance composites is usually epoxy resin. Typical applications include monocoque bodies for Formula 1 cars, helicopter rotor
blades, tennis, table tennis, badminton and squash rackets, kayaks, cricket bats, and field hockey, ice hockey and lacrosse sticks.[53][54][55]
[56]

Kevlar 149, the strongest fiber and most crystalline in structure, is an alternative in certain parts of aircraft construction.[57] The wing
leading edge is one application, Kevlar being less prone than carbon or glass fiber to break in bird collisions.

See also
Innegra S
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
Twaron
Vectran

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External links
Official website (http://www.kevlar.com/)
Aramids (http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/aramid.htm)
Matweb material properties of Kevlar (http://www.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=PDUKEV29)
U.S. patent 5,565,264 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US5565264)
Kevlar (http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213649/http://www2.lbl.gov/Mi
croWorlds/Kevlar/index.html) 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Kevlar in body armor (http://www.bodyarmornews.com/bullet-proof-vest/)
Synthesis of Kevlar (https://web.archive.org/web/20091103042718/http://web.mst.edu/~wlf/Synthesis/kevlar.html)
Aberfeldy Footbridge over the River Tay (http://www.ngcc.org.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=1003) Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20111002183457/http://www.ngcc.org.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=1003)
2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
Kevlar (https://web.archive.org/web/20110612170300/http://plastics.inwiki.org/Kevlar) at Plastics Wiki

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