CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS)

‘LEARNER SUPPORT DOCUMENT

GRADE 12

MARITIME ECONOMICS

REVISION DOCUMENT (2025)

PREFACE
This support document serves to assist Maritime Economics educators on how to deal with
curriculum gaps and learning losses as a result of the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 and post 2020. It

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MARITIME ECONOMICS
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also captures the challenging topics in the Grade 10 work. Activities should serve as a guide on how
various topics are assessed at different cognitive levels and preparing learners for informal and
formal tasks. It will cover the following topics in the next page.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page Number

Activity One 5
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Activity Two 6

Activity Three 6

Activity Four 7

Activity Five 9

Activity Six 9

Activity Seven 11

Activity Eight 12

Activity Nine 13

Activity Ten 14

Activity Eleven 14

Activity Twelve 15

Activity Thirteen 16

Activity Fourteen 17

Activity Fifteen 18

Activity Sixteen 19

Activity Seventeen 19

Activity Eighteen 20

Activity Nineteen 21

Activity Twenty 22

Activity Twenty-One 23

Activity Twenty-Two 28
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Acknowledgement
All notes and activities contained in this document were sourced from www. maritimesa.org, Grade 10
Maritime Economics study guide and Maritime Economics Grade 10 Textbook.
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LO 1: MARITIME WORLD
MARINE PROPULSION SYSTEM

ACTIVITY 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.1 What type of insurance would cover damage to a buoy that was hit by a ship?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.2 What type of insurance would cover damage to a ship resulting from a severe storm?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.3 What type of insurance would cover a ship needing to divert to land an injured crewmember?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.4 What type of insurance would cover injury to a stevedore when cargo fell following the breaking of the
cable on a ship's crane?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.5 The term that applies to the process of settling a dispute between a salvage tug owner and a
shipowner whose ship was the subject of a salvage claim is known as …

A resolution
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B salvage.
C. legal opinion
D. Arbitration

1.6 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo (from before it crosses over the
ship's gunwale) until it reaches the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

A FOB
B FAS
C CIF
D DDP

1.7 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of shipping cargo from the shipper's premises to the
consignee's premises will be paid by the consignor.

A FOB
B FAS
C EXW
D DDP

1.8 Who bears the shipping freight charges on the ocean leg of the transport chain if cargo is shipped DDP
(Delivered Duty Paid)?
A The Shipper
B The Consignee
C The Carrier
D The Forwarding agent

1.9 The document that sets out the conditions of the carriage of goods by sea is called the …

A Charter party
B Bill of lading
C Cargo manifest
D Mate's receipt

1.10 A passenger is injured aboard a cruise ship. Who pays the medical bills when he is treated in hospital?

A The cruise ship owner

B The travel agent who booked his passage aboard the ship
C The ship's P&I Club
D The Classification Society
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1.11 If a country has a system of cabotage, it means that the country …

A Allows ships of any nationality to move cargoes between its ports.

B Allows only foreign ships to move its export cargoes to foreign ports.
C Allows only foreign ships to move cargoes between its ports.
D Allows only ships registered in its ports to move cargoes between its ports.
1.12 What type of insurance would cover an injury to a stevedore when the ship's gangway broke while he
was legitimately boarding the ship?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.13 What type of insurance would cover damage to a grain cargo resulting from a leaking
hatchcover?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.14 A ship has suffered a serious breakdown in her main engine. What type of insurance would cover the
costs of chartering a tug to tow her into port?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.15 What type of insurance would cover damage to cargo inside a container?

A Cargo Insurance
B TT Club
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.16 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo from the shipper's
(consignor's) premises to the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

A FOB
B EXW
C CIF
D DDP
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1.17 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of moving cargo from the shipper's (consignor's) premises
until it is aboard the ship will be paid by the shipper.

A FOB
B FAC
C EXW
D FAS

1.18 The cruise ship industry has suffered a setback because …

A The airline industry now carries most passengers.

B Of Covid-19.
C Passenger fares became too high.
D Governments refused to vaccinate passenger ship crews against Covid-19.

1.19 The South African port that has been renamed Gqeberha is …

A East London.
B Richards Bay.
C Port Elizabeth.
D Durban
1.20 The term for the period during which a chartered ship should arrive at the loading port and be ready
to load is …

A Laytime
B Laycan
C Layload
D Laylan

1.21 What type of insurance would cover the loss of a container at sea?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.22 What type of insurance would cover damage to a ship resulting from a fire?

A TT Club
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B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.23 A ship has suffered a serious breakdown in her main engine. What type of insurance would cover the
costs of chartering a tug to tow her into port?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.24 What type of insurance would cover water damage to a cargo of grain when it is found that the
ship's hatch cover was leaking?

A Cargo Insurance
B FFO
C P & I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.25 The term that applies to a neutral third -party expert who is appointed to resolve a dispute between a
charterer and a shipowner is known as …

A Litigator
B Charter Party Reviewer
C shipper
D Arbitrator

1.26 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo (from after it crosses over the
ship's gunwale) until it reaches the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

A FOB
B FAS
C CIF
D DDP

1.27 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of shipping cargo from the shipper's (consignor's)
premises to the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

A FOB
B FAS
C EXW
D DDP
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1.28 Who bears the shipping freight charges on the ocean leg of the transport chain if cargo is shipped
EXW (Ex Works)?

A The shipper
B The consignee
C The carrier
D The forwarding agent

1.29 The contract between a shipowner and a charterer for the hiring of a ship is called the …

A Charter Party
B Bill of Lading
C Cargo Manifest
D Mate's Receipt

1.30 A clause at the back of a bill of lading that indicates that in the event of an accident, all participants in
the joint venture are responsible for helping to cover the costs.
A Charterparty
B General Average
C Cargo manifest
D Bill of Lading

1.31.Shipowners must ensure that devices are fitted to their ships' exhaust flues to reduce …
A exhaust fumes being emitted
B exhaust smells being emitted
C carbon being emitted
D nitrogen being emitted (2)
1.32 Some modern ships are fitted with steam turbine propulsion systems fuelled by
A liquefied petroleum gas.
B marine diesel oil.
C kerosene.
D marine gas oil. (2)

1.33 The following was a major reason for doing away with wind propulsion in cargo ships.
A It is a renewable resource.
B It is a constant energy source.
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C Some voyages took a long time.

D Ocean currents often flowed against the ship. (2)
1.34 Some modern ships are being fitted scrubbers to ...
A help to clean holds after cargo has been discharged.
B help to remove impurities and exotic organisms from ballast water.
C help to remove particles from exhaust gases.
D help to remove marine growth from the ship's hull.
(2)
1.35 These vessels depend on winds and currents to make their way through the water:
A Ancient motor vessels
B Sailing ships
C Steamships
D Harbour tugs (2)
1.36 From the list of ships' fuels listed below, which one is the cleanest?
A HFO
B MDO
C MGO
D LNG (2)
1.37 The latest IMO's MARPOL policies limit the sulphur content in the fuel oil used on board ships operating
outside designated emission control areas to …
A 5%.
B 0.5%.
C 50%.
D 0.05%. (2)
1.38 An electric-diesel propulsion system fitted below the hull of the ship, consisting of a propeller on a
mounting that can turn 360 degrees around the vertical axis.
A Multi-directional system
B Azipods
C Dynamic positioning system
D Conventional propulsion system (2)
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1.38 The definition for Dynamic Position System is….

A They have such build that they submerge in the water completely, most boats have this blade.
B a control system used to automatically maintain a vessel’s heading and position without the use of
mooring lines and or anchors
C These ships were generally slow, and steamships initially replaced them
D consumes nuclear power to move.
(2)
1.40 It consists of an electrically driven propeller on a mounting that can turn 360 degrees.
A Azipods
B Radar scanner
C Conventional propeller
D Dynamic Position System
(2)
1.2 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE and provide a correct explanation for any
FALSE.
1.2.1 Scrubbers are fitted to the exhaust systems of ships to eliminate the carbon dioxide from exhaust gases.
(2)
1.2.2 Sailing ships consumed nuclear power to move. (2)
1.2.3 Scrubbers are installed in the ship's funnel to facilitate the purification of exhaust gases. (2)
1.2.4 One of the reasons that led to the change from steamships to motorships was that steamships were
easily driven ashore by wind and ocean currents. (2)
1.2.5. Coal is a clean type of fuel that was used steamships. (2)
1.2.6 MGO and LNG are examples of cleaner fuels that shipowners may use in their ships to make their ships
more eco-friendly. (2)

1.2.7 Internal combustion engine is the type of engine used in motorships. (2)

ACTIVITY 2
2.1 Before steam engines were used in ships, a vessel trading between Europe and India would have to rely
on two natural sources of power. Name these two sources of power (4)
2.2 Give two ways in which the change to steam propulsion assisted shipping. (4)
2.3 Give an advantage of the switch from sail to steam propulsion in ships (2)
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2.4 List two advantages of the use of internal combustion engines, rather than coal fire steam engines.
(2)
2.5 What types of fuel are usually used in the main engine of a large tanker (2)
2.6 Give some reason for some owners wanting to use wind power again (2)
2.7 At 16h00 4April a steamer started taking on 1260 tons of coal as bunkers at Durban. She was bunked at a
rate of 88 tons per hour when did she finish taking on bunkers? (2)

ACTIVITY 3
3.1 What type of Engine does a large, modern containership have? (4)
3.2 Some ship owners are exploring several more eco- friendly ways to power their ships. (4)
3.3 Give two examples of these eco-friendlier ways to power their ships? (2)
3.4 What is VLCC? (2)
3.5 When Titanic Sank after striking an Iceberg during her first trans-Atlantic voyage in April 1912.
3.5.1 What fuel was used in ships of that time? (2)
3..5.2 What type of propulsion did she have? (2)
3.4.3A large modern passenger ship has fewer engine room personal than Titanic explain why this is
possible? (6)

ACTIVITY 4
4.1 Discuss the effect on shipping operations of the change from Sailing ships to steam propulsion and from
steam powered ships to motor ship. (10)
4.2 Some modern ships have been fitted with Sail which can be used in addition to their engines. Why have
these been introduced and what is the basic purpose behind the invention? (4)
4.3 Give two measures that have been taken by ships engine manufactures and fuel companies in recent
years to make ships more environmentally friendly (6)
4.4 Give two ways in which shipowners are making their vessel more efficient in terms of their operation
(2}
4.5 What type of fuel is usually used in the main engine of a large tanker? (2)

ACTIVITY 5
5.1 Give the best form of propulsion (conventional propeller) for the following vessels
5.1.1 A harbor tug (2)
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5.1.2 Large, deep droughted bulker that has a service speed of 25 knots (2)
5.1.3 A drill ship (2)
5.1.4 A cruise ship calling into small harbours and transits through narrow channels (2)
5.2.1 What does LNG stand for? (2)
5.2.2 What is iron ore used for? (2)
5.2.3 Which IMO convention deals with seafarer training? (2)
5.3 Name four countries that currently supply large numbers of seafarers to ships (8

ACTIVITY 6
6.1 The IMO-Norway greenvoyage2050 Project is supporting shipping transition towards a low carbon future.
This global project is supporting the reduction of Greenhouse Gas emission from shipping
6.1.1 Name two gases that are emitted by ships from burning fuel in their main engines. (4)
6.1.2 Why is it important that there is a reduction of Greenhouse gas emission from ships? (6)
6.1.3 What are ship owners currently doing to reduce greenhouse gas from their ships? (8)
6.1.4 Which IMO convention or code deals with the prevention of air pollution by ships? (2)

ACTIVITY 7
7.1 Give two reasons for ships operating with polar areas having to use gas oil for their man engines, rather
than heavy fuel oil. (4)
7.2 Why is nuclear fuel not a viable option for the propulsion of commercial ships? (4)
7.3 Give the best form of propulsion ( azipods or conventional propeller or wind propulsion 0r multi-directional
propulsion) for the following vessels.
7.3.1 A harbour tug (2)
7.3.2 A large deep-draughter tanker requiring a service speed of around 13 knots. (2)
7.3.3 A Large cruise ship calling regularly in small harbours and anchorages around the Caribbean islands.
(2)
ACTIVITY 8
8.1 The use of the internal combustion engine in ships was introduced in the early 1900s, and the Royal
Dutch Shell tanker Vulcanus (built 1910) was probably the first motorship.
8.1.1 Before the development of internal combustion engines, what was the name of the engines that were
famously used by ships? (2)
8.1.2 Which fossil fuel did these ships use to fuel their engines? (2)
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8.1.3 Give a brief explanation of the effects on shipping of the change in ship propulsion from the one
indicated in Question 8.1.1 to motorships. (2)
8.1.4 Give THREE ways in which shipowners are currently ensuring that their ships operate efficiently with
regards to fuel consumption and contribute less greenhouse gas emissions. (6)
8.1.5 What does the IMO convention 'MARPOL' stand for? WRITE IN FULL (2)

SHIP REGISTRATION
ACTIVITY 9
9.1 Why must all ships flagged by flag state? (6)
9.2 Where is the port of registry displayed on a ship? (2)
9.3 What does the phrase ship is flagged out mean? (2)
9.4 An Italian billionaire buys and register a ship in Panama. Did he flag out his ship? (2)
9.5 An American shipping company registers its ships in New York. Are these ships flagged out? (2)
9.6 Mention countries with most ships on their registry (4)
9.7 Which African country has most ship on their registry? (2)
9.8 Give a reason why ship owners may choose to flag out their ship (8)

INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT OF SEAFERES

ACTIVITY 10.1
10.1 Which IMO convention deals with seafarer training? (2)
(2)
10.2 Name four countries that currently supply large numbers of seafarers to ships. (4)
10.3 A study shows that there has been a decline in the employment of seafarers from developed (Western)
countries and shipowners are now employing crew from developing (Eastern) countries. Give Three factors
that influence shipowners to move towards employing crew from Eastern countries. (6)
10.4 Explain TWO strategies how a country can promote employment of seafarers. (4)
10.5 State Two benefits of increasing seafarer employment in any country. (4)
10..6 Cabotage is the reservation of sea trade for ships registered in a particular country or group of countries.
Explain how this system (cabotage) can help to employ seafarers of a country that has introduced
cabotage.
(6)
10.7 Crew members of Ship X are hired on 4 months (Officers) and 6 months (ratings) contract basis. Explain
the disadvantages of this practice on proper and efficient running of the shipping industry. (6)
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10.8 Why is it important that seafarers all over the world are trained according to STCW 95/2010? (6)
10.9 How many navigation officers are there onboard a modern commercial cargo ship? (2)
10.10 How many engineering officers are there onboard a Panamax bulker? (2)

ACTIVITY 10.2
10.2.1 Define a seafarer and give a brief description of their role function on board a ship. (3)
10.2.2 Name the IMO convention that deals with seafarer training. (2)
10.2.3 List FIVE countries from the above extract that are major supplier of seafarers . (5)
10.2.4 Seafaring was a popular career choice in the developed countries such as Norway, USA, Britain
however there has been a steady decline in seafarer numbers from these western countries, what
factors are responsible for this trend. (6)
10.2.5 Why are Western shipping companies opting to employ foreign seafarers? (6)
10.2.6 Why is it important that all seafarers are fluent in the English language. (2)
10.2.7 What can countries do to attract more shipping companies to its register with them? (4)
10.2.8 How many engineering officers are usually assigned to a large tanker with an engine capacity of about
45 000 brake horsepower? (2)
10.2.9 A navigating officer also responsible for the maintenance of life-saving and fire-fighting
equipment. (2)
10.2.10 From the information in the extract concerning the global population of seafarers trading on
internationally serving merchant ships, calculate the percent of officers compared to deck ratings. (show all
calculations). (6)
10.2.11 What can the South African government do to promote maritime careers? (4)
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
ACTIVITY 11
The table below indicates the ships calling at Port X between the years 2017 and 2023. Each of the VLCC’s
brought about 260 000 tons of crude oil to the port for refining, and the product tankers (each of about 35 000
tons deadweight) took the oil products from refinery to other ports.

SHIP TYPE 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Product Tankers 105 110 156 104 188 204 212
VLCCs 65 59 104 62 118 122 131
11.1 How many product tankers berthed per week in 2019? (4)
11.2 What does the term VLCC mean? (2)
11.3 Judging from the figures given, when were the extensions to the refinery at the port completed?

(2)

11.4 Give a reason for your answer to question 6.3. (2)

11 5 This crude oil carried by the VLCC’s is imported from country Y because country Y has a competitive
advantage over country Z. What does this (competitive advantage) mean? (2)
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11.6 What happened to the freight rate for VLCCs after the expansion completions? (2)
11.7 Looking at the figures for product tankers and compare them to those for the VLCCs. From these figures,
how do you know that much of the product from the oil refinery is used locally? (2)
was used locally.
11.8 Give a reason for your answer in question 11.7. (2)
11.9 Study the following table that shows the number of different types of ships that called into the port of
Singapore during the years as indicated. 2023 and 2024 figures are estimates.

Types of ships 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023E 2024E

VLCC 145 142 151 128 139 143 150 160

Product Tanker 112 123 136 94 102 120 130 136

Capesize 134 135 138 130 139 172 185 198

Handysize 145 142 156 121 152 185 192 200

Containership 312 318 328 316 322 408 420 435

Ro-Ro 48 50 54 40 46 50 52 60

General Cargo 156 148 134 102 100 94 80 75

11.9.1 What is a Capesize ship? (4)

11.9.2 What cargo is carried by a VLCC? (2)

11.9.3 Which year had the least number of ships calling into this port? (4)

11.9.4 Give a possible reason for the decrease in number of ships calling into the port on the year
answered above. (2)

11.9.5 What is the average number of product tankers that berthed in the port from 2017 to 2022? (4)

11.9.4 A steel mill near the port was expanded. Which year was the expansion of the mill finished? (2)

11.9.5 Give a reason for your answer in question 6.9.2.1. (4)

11.9.6 How will the expansion of the steel mill affect the port of Singapore? (6)
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11.9.7 Explain the reason for the notable decrease in the number of general cargo ships coming into the port.
(2)

ACTIVITY 12

STUDY THE GRAPH BELOW AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW
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12.1 Differentiate between VLCC and Suezmax tankers. (4)

12.2 What type of cargo do they carry? (2)
12.3 What causes the increase in these tanker rates particularly between September and
December each year? (4)
12.4 What is the highest rate ever recorded for the Suezmax? (2)
12.5 Were the VLCC owners happy for the first three months of 2016? YES or NO
(2)
12.6 Explain your answer in 12.5. (4)
12.7 When was the lowest rate for the Afrimax? (2)
12.8 What was the daily rate for VLCCs in June 2016? (2)
12.9 Why are the VLCC charter rates always higher than the rates for other types of
tankers? (4)
12.10 What was the VLCC rate trend from June 2016 to October 2016? (2)
12.11 On which year and month was the significant drop in the crude oil price? (2)
12.12 Why do all three graphs show an increase in charter rates around the end of each
year? (2)

12.13 When studying these set of graphs, will the owners be pleased or disappointed with
regards to the future? Explain your answer (4)
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ACTIVITY 13
13.1 Study the Average Ship Waiting Time and Berthing Time Based on Ship Size Classification. The
collected data from PORT-MIS takes into account size of ship and ships waiting time to enter port and
berthing time. Answer the questions that follow:

WT

13.1.1 Study the above graph and identify the type of ship being referred to? (2)
 CONTAINERSHIP
13.1.2 What does the abbreviation TEU mean? (2)
13.1.3 What can you deduce from the ship waiting time and berthing time in terms of ship size?
(4)
13.1.4 How will these times affect the shipping line? (2)
13.1.5 What suggestions can you offer to reduce the waiting times and berthing times especially of the larger
ships? (3)

13.1.6 What was the total of waiting time and berthing time of ship with TEU of
10001 -20000? (2)
13.1.7 If a shipper chooses to send their cargo via a ship with 3001-5000TEU instead of 10001-20000 TEU,
how many hours will be saved in terms of waiting time and berthing time.
(4)

LO2: SHIPPING OPERATIONS

ACTIVITY 1
QUESTION 1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.1 What type of insurance would cover damage to a buoy that was hit by a ship?

E TT Club
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F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.2 What type of insurance would cover damage to a ship resulting from a severe storm?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.3 What type of insurance would cover a ship needing to divert to land an injured crewmember?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.4 What type of insurance would cover injury to a stevedore when cargo fell following the breaking of the
cable on a ship's crane?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.5 The term that applies to the process of settling a dispute between a salvage tug owner and a
shipowner whose ship was the subject of a salvage claim is known as …

A resolution
B salvage.
C. legal opinion
D. Arbitration

1.6 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo (from before it crosses over the
ship's gunwale) until it reaches the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

E FOB
F FAS
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G CIF
H DDP

1.7 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of shipping cargo from the shipper's premises to the
consignee's premises will be paid by the consignor.

E FOB
F FAS
G EXW
H DDP

1.8 Who bears the shipping freight charges on the ocean leg of the transport chain if cargo is shipped DDP
(Delivered Duty Paid)?
A The Shipper
B The Consignee
C The Carrier
D The Forwarding agent

1.9 The document that sets out the conditions of the carriage of goods by sea is called the …

E charter party
F bill of lading
G cargo manifest
H mate's receipt

1.10 A passenger is injured aboard a cruise ship. Who pays the medical bills when he is treated in hospital?

D the cruise ship owner

E the travel agent who booked his passage aboard the ship
F the ship's P&I Club
D the Classification Society

1.11 If a country has a system of cabotage, it means that the country …

E allows ships of any nationality to move cargoes between its ports.

F allows only foreign ships to move its export cargoes to foreign ports.
G allows only foreign ships to move cargoes between its ports.
H allows only ships registered in its ports to move cargoes between its ports.
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1.12 What type of insurance would cover an injury to a stevedore when the ship's gangway broke while he
was legitimately boarding the ship?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.13 What type of insurance would cover damage to a grain cargo resulting from a leaking
hatchcover?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.14 A ship has suffered a serious breakdown in her main engine. What type of insurance would cover the
costs of chartering a tug to tow her into port?

E TT Club
F FFO
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.15 What type of insurance would cover damage to cargo inside a container?

E Cargo Insurance
F TT Club
G P&I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.16 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo from the shipper's
(consignor's) premises to the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

E FOB
F EXW
G CIF
H DDP
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1.17 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of moving cargo from the shipper's (consignor's) premises
until it is aboard the ship will be paid by the shipper.

A FOB
B FAC
C EXW
D FAS

1.18 The cruise ship industry has suffered a setback because …

E the airline industry now carries most passengers.

F of Covid-19.
G passenger fares became too high.
H governments refused to vaccinate passenger ship crews against Covid-19.

1.19 The South African port that has been renamed Gqeberha is …

E East London.
F Richards Bay.
G Port Elizabeth.
D Durban

1.20 The term for the period during which a chartered ship should arrive at the loading port and be ready
to load is …

A Laytime
B Laycan
C Layload
D Laylan

1.21 What type of insurance would cover the loss of a container at sea?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery
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1.22 What type of insurance would cover damage to a ship resulting from a fire?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.23 A ship has suffered a serious breakdown in her main engine. What type of insurance would cover the
costs of chartering a tug to tow her into port?

A TT Club
B FFO
C P&I Club
D Hull & Machinery

1.24 What type of insurance would cover water damage to a cargo of grain when it is found that the
ship's hatch cover was leaking?

E Cargo Insurance
F FFO
G P & I Club
H Hull & Machinery

1.25 The term that applies to a neutral third -party expert who is appointed to resolve a dispute between a
charterer and a shipowner is known as …

E litigator
F Charter Party Reviewer
G shipper
H Arbitrator

1.26 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of carrying the cargo (from after it crosses over the
ship's gunwale) until it reaches the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

E FOB
F FAS
G CIF
H DDP

1.27 The Incoterm that indicates that the costs of shipping cargo from the shipper's (consignor's)
premises to the consignee's premises will be paid by the consignee.

E FOB
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F FAS
G EXW
H DDP

1.28 Who bears the shipping freight charges on the ocean leg of the transport chain if cargo is shipped
EXW (Ex Works)?

E The shipper
F The consignee
G The carrier
H The forwarding agent

1.29 The contract between a shipowner and a charterer for the hiring of a ship is called the …

E Charter Party
F Bill of Lading
G Cargo Manifest
H Mate's Receipt

1.30 A clause at the back of a bill of lading that indicates that in the event of an accident, all participants in
the joint venture are responsible for helping to cover the costs.

A Charterparty
B General Average
C Cargo manifest
D Bill of Lading

ACTIVITY 2: NAUTICAL TERMS

2.1 A list of cargo in a container

2.2 The large cranes used to load containers onto ships

2.3 The purpose of averaging the contribution of each party to make up one party’s loss

2.4 The conclusion of a charter party

2.5 Time, usually measured in days, during which charter hire payments are suspended because the vessel
is not available to trade
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2.6 Person or company who hires a ship from ship owner for a period of time.

2.7 Fuel burned in ship’s main engine

2.8 . Maximum ship that can pass through panama canal fully laden.

2.9 Person or company appointed by the owner or charterer, who looks after the interests of a ship, while
she is in port

2.10 The document issued by a carrier to a shipper of goods

VOYAGE CALCULATIONS

ACTIVITY 3

3.1 The following details refer to the voyage of Mv Mia from Saldanha Bay to Keelung.

o Operational costs $ 14 000 per day (excluding )

o Distance $ 6580 Nautical Miles
o Time Loading in Saldanha (Port A) 3 days
o Port costs at Port A $3000 per day
o Tugs and Pilotage (Port A) $4000
o Time discharging in Keelung (Port B) 5 days
o Port Costs at Port B $2500 per day
o Tugs and Pilotage (Port B) &4000
o Fuel Consumption 65 tons of HFO and 02 tons of MDO per
day
o Fuel Costs at Port A $400 per ton of HFO & $600 per ton of MDO
o Sundry Costs $110 000
o Agency Costs $101 000
o SWL crane (one crane per hatch) 60 tons
o Ship Working Hour 65 tons
o Speed 15 knots
o Total Tonnage 40 000 tons
o Freight Rate $65/hr

3.1.1 Calculate the total number of days for the voyage (6)
3.1.2 Calculate the operational costs for the voyage. (6)

3.1.3 Calculate the fuel costs for this voyage? (6)

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3.1.4 Calculate the port costs for this voyage? (6)

3.1.5 Calculate the TOTAL cost for the entire voyage? (6)
3.1.6 Did the ship owner make a profit or a loss out of this charter? Show your calculations and express the
figure for profit or loss. (6)
3.1.7 If the rate of exchange is $1=R17.8. How much loss/ profit would the ship owner have made in RSA
rands? (6)
3.1.8 In relation to ship cranes, what does SWL stand for? (2)
3.1.9 When two cranes are working together, we say they are working in _______________ (2)
3.1.10 A ship’s crane is engraved “SWL 40t”. What does this mean. (2)

3.2 The cargo stowage plan for Mv Mia.

No 1 Hold 7891t
No 2 Hold 5614t
No 3 Hold 6154t
No 4 Hold 6198t
No 5 Hold 9131t
3.2.1 What type of Ship is Mv Mia? TWO parts of your answer. (2)

3.2.2 What was the total tonnage of cargo carried on board? (4)
3.2.3 How many hours did the loading take? Assume the cargo loading was done simultaneously. Round off
to the next hour. (6)
3.2.4 The loading began at 12:00 on 08 March. When will she finish loading her cargo if all breaks totalled to
15 hours. (6)
3.2.5 She will sail after 5 hours once loading is completed. What is her ETD? (6)
3.2.6 What type of charter was this? (2)

ACTIVITY 4

4.1 Following are the details about the vessel Mv Tsukulu:

Owners Noordzee Scheepvaart, Rotterdam

Charterers Coal Products, Hong Kong
Port of registry Kingstown, Cayman Island
Classification Lloyds Register
Insurance Hull & Machinery: Lloyds
Covered by Atlantic P&I Club
Cargo covered by East China Insurers
Cargo Capacity 160 000 tons coal

4.1.1 Has Tsukulu been flagged out? YES/NO (2)

4.1.2 Give a reason for your answer. (2)
4.1.3 Give four possible reasons why the owner chose to flag her in a country she is flagged in. (8)
4.1.4 What role would Cayman Island play during the lifetime of Mv Tsukulu, as a Flag State Control of this
ship? (10)
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4.1.5 If this ship was flagged out, then Cayman Island would be a ________ __ __________ (2)
4.1.6 When Mv Tsukulu is in Cape Town harbour, SAMSA (South African Maritime Safety Authority) will do
inspection on her. What authority or control does SAMSA has that allows her to do inspection on
foreign registered ships? (2)

What role did Lloyds Register, as a classification society, played before Tsukulu was delivered to her
owners? (6)

4.1.7 What role will Lloyds Register play during the lifetime of Mv Tsukulu? (8)
4.1.8 Besides Lloyds Register, mention other three existing classification societies. (6)
4.1.9 Classification societies are controlled by the governments of their relative countries. TRUE/FALSE
(2)
4.1.10 Differential between Port State, Flag State and Classification society. (12)
4.1.11 Mv Tsukulu had hit a rock after departing Richards Bay. Which FOUR organisations would inspect her
before she can commence with repairs? (8)
4.1.12 Which TWO of the above-mentioned organisations would declare her seaworthy after completion of
repairs? (4)

ACTIVITY 5

5.1 The following message was received by iNgwe Shipping Agency, (La Plata in Argentina) the port agents
for the Mv Mungwe.

ETA pilot station La Plata 05:00 21/08. last port Montevideo, Uruguay.previous Ports:valprasio, Panama,
Vancouver, Rotterdam, La Havre, Hamburg, Felixstowe, Lagos, Monrovia. draught forward 10 metres. aft
11.5. metres. ballast water exchanged as required. request free pratique. third engineer chamane signing
off leave. assume replacement joining on arrival. please arrange dentist for 2 nd cook Zamajiba. require
bunkers as follows: 1200 tons HFO and 600 tons MDO and 90 tons fresh water, understand next port
Santana, Brazil to load iron ore for Hong Kong, China. please have voyage instruction La Plata-santana-
Hong Kong ready on arrival. require charts for Chinese east coast.

Cargo manifest as follows:

1- Hatch: 6000 tons iron ore

2- Hatch: 8000 tons iron ore
3- Hatch: 8400 tons iron ore
4- Hatch: 8400 tons iron ore
5- Hatch: 8000 tons iron ore

discharging rotation (sequence) assuming that 2 discharging units are to be used:

HATCH 4 8400 Tons simultaneously with hatch 2 = 8000 Tons

THEN

HATCH 5 8000 Tons simultaneously with hatch 3 = 8400 Tons

THEN
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HATCH 41 6000 Tons using one discharging unit after completion of cargo in hatch 3

Please ensure that the various surveyors meet the ship on arrival.

Gonya, Master Captain Antonis

5.1.1 Explain the reasons for the sequence of discharging the cargo as given be the ship’smaster.
(4)
5.1.2 Whom will the surveys represent? (4)
5.1.3 List THREE companies or organisations that will appear on the disbursemen account that will be
compiled by the agent after Captain Antonis has sailed fromLa Plata. (6)
5.1.4 Study the list of requirements the Master has given.
5.1.5 Who will supply the charts for the Chinese East Coast? (2)
5.1.6 Whom will the agent have to contact in respect of the voyage instruction for the voyage La Plata
Hong Kong? (2)
5.1.7 Which THREE government agencies (apart from surveyors) will the port agent have to advise of the
ship’s ETA . (6)
5.1.8 Write ETA in full. (2)

5.1 9 Assume the Captain Antonis begins discharging at 09:00 on the day of arrival and each of the TWO units
can discharge 1 400 tons of iron ore per hour.
5.1.10 How many hours will it take to discharge her? (Be careful and round of to the next hour).
(6)
5.1.11 Breaks in discharging the cargo total 4 hours. If the Master hopes to sail hours after completing
discharging, what is her ETD from La Plata? (6)
5.1.12 What is meant by ETD? (2)
5.1.13 List TWO procedures that will need to be done in the 6 hours between completion of cargo ship sailing.
(4)
5.1.14 Where is the ship bound once she has left La Plata. (2)
5.1.15 List all ports mentioned in the passage (7)
5.1.16 What are ship stores? Give two examples from the passage? (4)
5.1.17 Who supplies ship stores? (2)

ACTIVITY 6
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6.1 Read the following extract then answer the questions set

Tug Assistance in Durban Being the busiest port on the African Continent, and the leading general/container
port in the Southern Hemisphere, Durban obviously requires the most extensive tug fleet. The tugs are owned
and operated by the National Ports Authority, which controls the tug fleets in all South African ports. The traffic
in Durban keeps the tugs at a high level of utilisation handling +/- 800 pilotage shipping movements on a
monthly basis. The port operates a fleet of tugs owned and operated by the National Ports Authority (NPA).
Six of these were Schottel type with bollard pull between 34t and 41t. Some of these older tugs are in the
process of being withdrawn from service to be replaced by newer Voith Schneider-propelled vessels. Later
type tugs of a new series of Voith Schneider 49t and 65t bollard pull tugs which were built at SA Shipyards in
Durban began to be introduced from 2001. The four stationed at Durban are named uThukela, Mkhuze,
Pholela and Lotheni. Each tug is maintained to SAMSA class 8 standard and is equipped for fire fighting and
salvage. Four tugs are usually on duty during daylight hours and at least two at night. The port also employs
one work boat. An Agusta A109 K2 ‘HPS’ twin-engine 8-seat helicopter and a four-seat Agusta 109 helicopter
provide pilotage services. Two diesel-powered pilot boats named Lufafa and Jujosi, which were built by
Veecraft in Cape Town in 2009, operate when the helicopter service is unavailable.

6.1.1 Why does Durban have the most extensive tug fleet in Southern Africa? (2)
6.1.2 Who owns all the tug fleets operating in South African harbours? (1)
6.1.3 Give the average shipping movements handled by the Durban tugs in a month. (1)
6.1.4 The new tugs in Durban are propelled by the Voith Schneider propulsion system what
does this tell you about the tug capabilities? (3)
6.1.5 Describe the two ways that the pilots are taken out to ships in Durban harbour. (3)

ACTIVITY 7

Salvage operations generally operate on a ‘no cure no pay’ basis so a salvage reward will only be payable
where there is sufficient value in the property saved. As transportation of the quantities of oil and other
pollutants had increased over the years, so too has the potential for damage to the environment. In order to
properly incentivise and remunerate salvors for actions and steps taken to prevent damage to the
environment, the 1989 Salvage Convention introduced special compensation under article 14.

Article 14 allows salvors to receive special compensation for their expense and equipment where salvors
assist ships in situations where there is a threat of damage to the environment. Under article 14, salvors can
recover their expenses and with the possibility of an uplift where environment damage was prevented…

Read the extract above and answer the questions below:

7.1 Which agreement is signed under this ‘no cure no pay’ basis? (2)
7.2 In your own words, explain what does this ‘no cure no pay’ mean. (2)
7.3 Can a salvor put in a salvage claim that is more than the value of the property saved? (2)
7.4 Give a logical reason for your answer in question (2).
7.5 Give three examples of “other pollutants” carried by ships as mentioned in the article above. (6)
7.6 What do you think is the “Salvage Convention”? (2)
7.7 What is the proper full name of the “special compensation” introduced by the 1989 Salvage Convention?
(2)

7.8 Why was this special compensation introduced? (2)

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7.9 In a paragraph, with not more than 100 words, discuss why it is important that salvors are encouraged by
all means possible to prevent environment damage, e.g. oil pollution. (10)

ACTIVITY 8
Salvage Operations

8.1 Read the account that follows and answer the questions set

CMA CGM is warning customers that a salvage operation has been ordered for one of the
containerships it has on charter for the Asia-West Africa service. Full details on the extent of the fire
have not been released but in a customer advisory, the carrier was recommending that shippers notify
their cargo underwriters without delay.
“We sincerely regret such an unfortunate situation that arose out of CMA CGM’s control,” the company
writes in its advisory dated May 27. CMA CGM says the focus is on the safety of the crew.
What is known is that the vessel Northern Juvenile reported a cargo fire on May 26. The vessel, which
was built in 2009 in South Korea by Daewoo, is 108,827 dwt with a capacity of 8,800 TEU. CMA CGM
reports the vessel’s position as about 600 nautical miles from Port Klang, Malaysia while other reports
place the vessel about 100 nautical miles southwest of Bande Aceh, Indonesia.
“We are advised that, as a result of the fire, shipowners have entered into a salvage agreement with
professional salvors under LOF (Lloyd’s Open Forum) terms to provide firefighting and salvage
assistance to the vessel,” reports claim consultancy WK Webster. They warn shippers that “salvage
security will be required” and shippers could also be facing additional security demands if General
Average is declared.
The vessel is owned by Norddeutsche Reedere who is overseeing the salvage while the vessel is
managed by V Ships. It is unclear how long it has been on charter to CMA CGM but it previously sailed
for carriers including Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, when in 2015 it became the largest containership to dock in
Jacksonville, Florida. It has also sailed for APL and is presently registered in Portugal.
The Northern Juvenile made a stop in Singapore on May 23 after loading in China at Qingdao Port on
May 7-8, Shanghai Port on May 9-10, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port on May 10-11, and Nansha Port on May
13-14. Chinese media reports are saying the vessel is fully loaded with Chinese goods and may be
sharing boxes with Maersk, COSCO, OOCL, and Hapag-Lloyd. It was bound for Pointe Noire, Congo as
one of four stops on the West Coast of Africa before returning to Singapore.
A current AIS signal shows the vessel is underway at 2 knots with possibly two tugs. It is at the northern
end of the Malaca Strait. One of the tugs, Maju Mercury shows restricted maneuverability meaning it
may be towing the containership and is showing a destination of Singapore.

8.1.1 Explain the term salvage operation. (2)

8.1.2 implications of cargo delays (2)
8.1.3 first principle of salvage operations (2)
8.1.3 Northern Juvenile has 108,827 dwt, with a capacity of 8,800 TEU. Explain what does mean?
(4)
8.1.4 In this case the general was declared, who declares the general average? (2)
8.1.5 Will the salvage tug Power be able to claim for salvage in this incident? (2)
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8.1.6 Would a Lloyd’s Open Form Agreement be entered into then? (2)
8.1.7 Give a reason for your answers above. (4)
8.1.8 Llody’s Open Form Agreement works on a basis of no-cure, no pay. What does this mean?(2)
8.1.9 Marine Insurances:
A) What type of insurance will cover the loss of container?
B) What type of insurance will cover the damage to ship?
C) What type of insurance will cover the damage to cargoes?
D) What type of insurance will cover the tug assistance?
E) What type of insurance will cover the damage to the crew?

ACTIVITY 8.2
8.2.1 Define the term “MARINE SALVAGE” (2)
8.2.2 Define the term “SALVOR” (2)
8.2.3 Give five examples of salvage operations. (5)
8.2.4 From the scenarios below, identify whether salvage can be claimed or not:
a) Vessel aground in rough weather, with gusting winds and heavy rain. Salvage tug refloats the
vessel and tow her to safety.
b) Salvage company clearing a vessel that sunk at a port entrance, making it impossible for other
ships to enter the harbour.
c) Vessel’s engine is broken down in the middle of the ocean. Ship awaiting engineers from the
shore to come fix the problem. Salvage tug is on standby in case something goes wrong.
d) Vessel on blazing fire. The fire is out of control and the ship crew alone fail to extinguish the fire.
Salvage tug comes and helps extinguish the fire. Cargo in two holds is completely lost to fire.
e) Ship hits a rock and there is ingress of water. Ship starts sinking and all crew abandon ship.
Salvage tug rescues survivors from a lifeboat.
f) A vessel experience steering failure and sends a “PAN-PAN” message. Salvage tug responds
and tows the ship to the nearest port for repairs.
(6x2=12)
8.2.4 Salvage operations are usually conducted in terms of LOF. What does this LOF stands for?
(2)
8.2.5 LOF works on a basis of “No-cure, no-pay”. What does this mean?
(2)
8.2.6 When a salvor cannot save the ship and deliver her to safe haven, a new agreement will be entered into.
8.2.7 What is the proper name for this agreement? (2)
8.2.8 Write in full the acronym of the above agreement. (2)
8.2.9Do you think companies on salvage business should be paid a lot of money? YES/NO (2)
8.2.10 Discuss your answer in question 8.2.9 (2).

ACTIVITY 9
9.1 A general average was declared in this occasion. And assume bunkers were owned by the ship
owner.
9.1.1 Name all the parties had an interest in this voyage? (3)
9.1.2 Who declared the general average? (2)
9.1.3 When is a general average declared? (4)
9.1.4 This ship was charter for how many days? (2)
9.1.5 Between which oceans/seas the ship caught fire? (2)
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9.1.6 Explain what the ‘General Average’ clause means in the transportation of cargo. (6)
9.1.7 From which document is the clause listed and explained? (2)
9.1.8 When can general average be declared? (2)
9.1.9 Give THREE shipping scenarios where general average can be declared. (6)
9.1.10 Who declares general average? (2)

ACTIVITY 9.2

9.2 Study the following cases and calculate the share of general average payable by the ship owner
and cargo owner.

9.2.1 Value of ship = $60 million

Value of cargo = =$35 million
Value of bunkers = $1 million
Costs Incurred = $2,5 million (12)

9.2.2 Value of ship = $82 million

Value of cargo = $90,5 million
Value of bunkers = $750 000 (OWNED BY SHIPOWNER)
Salvage and Repair costs totals $3,8 million. (12)

ACTIVITY 10

10.1Charterparties
10.1.1 What is the term for the document that governs the charter of the ships (2)
10.1.2Name TWO parties involved in a charterparty. (2)
10.1.3 Name THREE different forms of charterparties. (3)
10.1.4 Discuss under which circumstances a ship is placed under charter. (4)
10.1.5 What term applies if cargo work takes longer than agreed in the charterparty? (2)
10.1.6 What term applies to a period when a ship cannot meet the requirements as agreed in the
charterparty?
(2)
10.1.7 List THREE other specifications that would have been important when selecting the right ship for the
charter? (6)
10.1.8 Fill in the following table, add each costs item.
Voyage Costs Operational Costs Capital Costs

ACTIVITY 11
Cargo Work Calculations
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11.1 Cargo Manifesto for Northern Juvenile on departure from Singapore.

Number Description Freight Rate

602 40-Foot Dry Container 5600
405 20- Foot Dry Container 6103
103 20-Foot Reefer Container 9460
741 40-Foot Tank Container 1916
631 20- Foot Flat-rack Container 555

ETA pilot Station Singapore 9:00

Berthing 3 hours after pilots
Commencement of cargowork 3 hours after berthing
Number of gantry cranes for first 8 hours of cargowork= 4 gantries, thereafter, 5 gantries
Rates of handling containers 44 per hour per gantry

11.1.1 What are the procedures considered before a ship berths and before departure? (3x2=6)
11.1.2 List FOUR different types of containers indicated in the table above.
(4x1=4)
11.1.3 Provide TWO examples of cargoes each container mentioned above transport.
(4x2=8)
11.1.3 What is the ETA of Northern Juvenile? (6)
11.1.4 How many containers does her cargo represent? (6)
11.1.5 How many TEU does her cargo represent?
(6)
11.1.6 Will she be fully laden when she sails from Singapore? (6)
11.1.5 What is the type of service Northern Juvenile operating? (2)
11.1.7 Explain how it is different from tramp shipping service. (3)
11.1. 8 How long will take to discharge her containers in Singapore? Note the handling rate in Singapore and
the number of gantries. Round off to the next hour.
(10)
11.1.9 Assume breaks totalling 8 hours, when will she finish cargo work? (6)

ACTIVITY 11.2
11.2 Consult Northern Juvenile manifesto and answer the following questions.

The total costs for the planned voyage: $4560 00073

11.2.1 What was the total revenue earned for the voyage? (2)
11.2.2 What was the profit or loss for the voyage? (6)

11.2.3 Imagine the voyage was undertaken during the COVID time.
A) Which of the costs would have been higher? (2)
B) Would the revenue earned for the voyage have been higher? YES or NO? (2)
C) Support your answer? (4)
D) Would the profits have been greater? YES or NO?
E) Support your answer?
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ACTIVITY 12
12.1 The following are details about the vessel Mv Isibatshazwa (IMO Number 3245989):
Owners Grindrod Shipping Company, Durban, South Africa
Charterers View Shipping, Durban
Port of Registry Singapaore, Singapore
Classification Germanischer Lloyd
100 A1
GLMC
Insurance Hull & Machinery Germanischer Lloyd
P&I Club Atlantic P&I Club
Cargo Parcel Cargoes of a number of bulk products, all loaded at
Durban
Depth 17 meters
Loaded Draugh 10 meters
LOA 160 meters
Beam 54 meters

The cargo to be carried is as follows :

Cargo Holds Origin Destination
Magennese 1: 7100t Kalahari Basin, Northern Cape Steenkohlen Ges. Hamburg
4: 8300t Kalahari Basin, Northern Cape Steenkohlen Ges. Hamburg
Chrome2: 2: 6000t Steelport Valley, North West Mineralen Werke, Rotterdam
5: 7000t Steelport Valley, North West Wyke Staal Maatschappij,
Rotterdam
Iron ore 3: 7000t Kathu, Northern Cape, Zeite Mineralen
Ges.,Hamburg
12.1.1 Draw a sketch of the stern of the Mv Isibatshwazwa as you would observe it when she is in port in
Durban. (8)
12.1.2 Draw a cross section of this ship port to starboard through number 3 hold, and clearly label the
various parts and dimensions.
(12)
12.1.3 Referring to the details given, draw a diagram of this ship from bow to stern. She should be viewed
from the port side. Use labels to show the given details about the vessel and her cargo.
(12)

12.1.4 Mv Isibatshazwa will arrive from Canada into South African waters. Draw a rough sketch of the South
African coast and show the different jurisdiction S.A has from the baseline. On your sketch clearly label the
different zones and show the relative size distances in nautical miles, from the country’s shore base line.

ACTIVITY 13

CARGO STOWAGE PLAN : SEA MASTER : VOYAGE PORT KEMBLA – MOMBASA

HATCH NUMBER 1 3 000 TONS ANIMAL FEED
HATCH NUMBER 2 5 400 TONS ANIMAL FEED
HATCH NUMBER 3 5 600 TONS ANIMAL FEED
HATCH NUMBER 4 5 400 TONS ANIMAL FEED
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HATCH NUMBER 5 5 600 TONS ANIMAL FEED

The value of the cargo is $100 per ton
.
Refer to the extract above. Then answer the questions set
On her voyage from Port Kembla (Australia) to Mombasa (Kenya), the bulker Sea Master (value $36 million)
hits a drifting container that makes a small hole below the waterline in number one hold that becomes flooded.
She diverts to Darwin (Australia) where repairs are carried out. The cargo in number one hold is declared
unfit for animal consumption and is discharged at Darwin where it will be destroyed. She is ballasted
accordingly before resuming her voyage to Mombasa. The entire diversion and repairs cost $2.2 million.
The container was retrieved by a salvage company and investigations reveal that it had been one of 24
containers lost overboard from the containership Kookaburra during a severe storm.
13.1.1 What type of insurance covers (2)
13.1.2 The damage to Sea Master? (2)
13.1.3 The cargo that was in the containers that fell overboard from Kookaburra? (2)
13.1.4 The containers that sank after falling overboard form Kookaburra? (2)

13.2 The damage to Sea Master was caused by a floating container. Whose insurance will eventually pay for
each of the following:
13.2.1 The damage to Sea Master? (2)
13.2.2 The damaged cargo in Number 1 hold aboard Sea Master? (2)
13.2.3 General average is declared.
13.2.4 Who declares general average? (Owner or Charterer or Agent) (2)
13.2.5 Calculate the portion of the costs that would need to be paid by the shipowner. (The value of the cargo
is given and note that the value of the bunkers aboard is $1.25 million. The bunkers are owned by the
shipowner.) (6)
13.2.6 Now calculate the portion that the cargo owner would have to pay towards the costs of diversion and
repair in terms of General Average. (6)

LO3: INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Internation Trade
Activity 1 Multiple Choice Questions
1.1 The maritime convergence zone between the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean
is called the…
A. Turkish Straits.
B. Straits of Malacca.
C. Straits of Gibraltar.
D. Straits of Magellan.
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1.1.1 A containership sails from Limassol in the Mediterranean Sea to New Jersey (USA). Through
which of the following will she pass?
A. Straits of Dover
B. Straits of Hormuz
C. Straits of Gibraltar
D. Straits of Malacca

1.3 A ship sailing from Qatar to New York via Suez Canal will sail through…
A. Black Sea
B. South China Sea
C. Red Sea
D. North Sea

1.4 A ship sailing from Kenya to Shanghai via Straits of Malacca will pass Singapore on
A. Ship’s port side
B. Ship’s starboard side
C. Ship’s starboard quarter
D. None of the above

1.5 Between the Suez Canal and Strait of Gibraltar lies the:
A. Red Sea
B. Black Sea
C. Mediterranean Sea
D. North Sea

1.6 A maritime convergence zone that is highly important for the Arabian Gulf crude oil:
A. Suez Canal
B. Strait of Dover
C. Strait of Hormuz
D. Strait of Malacca

1.7 A tanker sails from Germany in the north-western part of Europe to Brazil. Through which of the
following will she pass?
A Southern Ocean
B Straits of Dover
C Straits of Gibraltar
D Straits of Malacca

1.8 Between the Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal lies the …
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A Strait of Hormuz
B Strait of Malacca
C Red Sea
D Arabian Sea

1.9 A handysize bulk carrier sails from Buenos Aires (Argentina) to Durban. Through which of
the following seas or oceans will she pass?
A North Atlantic Ocean
B South Atlantic Ocean
C North Sea
D South China Sea

1.10 A containership sails from Japan to San Francisco and then to New York. Through which of the
following will she pass?
A Suez Canal
B Straits of Malacca
C Kiel Canal
D Panama Canal

1.11 Between the North Sea and the English Channel lies the …
A Baltic Sea.
B Strait of Dover.
C Norwegian Sea.
D Kiel Canal.

1.12 Between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean lies the …
A Straits of Gibraltar.
B Strait of Dover.
C Turkish Straits.
D Malacca Straits.

1.13 A containership has 1200 TEU plug points for reefer containers, and a total cargo capacity
of 6400 TEU. At Cape Town, she arrives with 2420 40-foot dry cargo containers aboard and 410 20-
foot reefer containers. She can load the following number of reefer containers at Cape Town
A 380 20-foot reefer containers.
B 1140 40-foot reefer containers.
C 740 40-foot reefer containers.
D 940 40-foot reefer containers. (6)

Principles of Fair Trade

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Activity 1
1.1 Country X “dumps” steel in country Y (exports steel to country Y at a very cheaper price
compared to what country Y can produce.)
1.1.1 What negative effects will this situation have on the local steel industry in Country Y? (6)
1.1.2 What steps should Country Y take to protect its own steel industry? (6)

Activity 2
2.1 Food aid has also been used for less noble aims (especially in poor countries) , including to dump
surplus production”
2.1.1 How does dumping affect poor local farmers? (4)
2.1.2 African countries and governments cannot impose anti-dumping duties on food aid. What else can
African governments do to assist local grain farmers in a situation like this? (6)

Activity 3
3.1 South Africa wishes to expand its struggling steel industry.
3.1.1 What steps can South Africa take to discourage and reduce the importation of steel products from
other countries? (6)
3.1.2 How will the steps taken by South Africa affect shipowners, operators and shipping in general? (Think
widely before attempting to answer this question.) (10)

4.5 Read the following article and answer the questions set:
SOUTH Africa is facing a shortage of sugar, the new 'white gold', with local mills unable to meet the
local demand, Chris Engelbrecht, the chairperson of the Association of Southern Africa Sugar
Importers (Asasi), warned yesterday.

This is a further blow to South Africans, who are facing soaring food prices, exacerbated by supply chain
woes due to the war in Ukraine, which has seen countries banning the export of key crops such as palm oil
in the face of rampant inflation. Engelbrecht said sugar was like white gold. 'White sugar is now selling at
R16 500 per ton (excluding VAT). The usual price is R11 500 per ton (excluding VAT).'

He said the current sugar import duty was R4 148 per ton, which was adjusted on March 5, 2021 (the trigger
date was November 30, 2020). Since then, there had been three duty triggers to reduce the import duty on
sugar, which, however, had not been implemented. Trigger 1 of February 11, 2021 was R3 354 per ton.
Trigger 2 of September
28, 2021 was R2 983 per ton and Trigger 3 of April 14, 2022 was R1 946 per ton.
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Asasi said the duty should, therefore, be R1 946 and not R4 148 per ton.

Engelbrecht said the world sugar price was now R8 280 with a ridiculous shipping cost of R2 884 per ton (a
500 percent increase), which left the current landed price for import sugar at a cost of R15 712 per ton, on
current duty, instead of R13 510 per ton (on duty trigger 3). He said that even at the lower import duty, the
sugar price was still higher than the local market.

Engelbrecht said the minister's office had been notified three times in the past 10 months that there would be
a shortage in the local sugar market. 'Firstly, in July 2021 when news was received that 300 000 tons of
sugar cane was burnt in the protest actions. Secondly, in December 2021 when news was received in
September that 1 million hectares of cane would not be crushed this season. Thirdly, in April 2022 when
there was literally no sugar.'

He said there was no confirmation yet on the impact that the current floods would have on the new crop of
sugar, but it would be high and the local mills would not be able to supply the current demand. 'Imports were
stopped and the local industry was supported. Now there is no sugar,' he said.

South African Farmers Development Association (SAFDA) executive chairperson, Dr Siyabonga Madlala,
confirmed that there was a shortage of sugar supply on the local market. 'The industry management has
been working closely with the milling companies to assess the situation and to devise strategies to ensure
that local market customers' needs are met,' Madlala said.

SAFDA said last season (2021/22) the industry was unable to crush all the sugar cane allocated for the
season due the rioting and unrest, which resulted in the loss of
thousands of tons of cane that was burnt in arson attacks.
During the unrest, milling companies were not operating for a couple of weeks. When the unrest started
there was already harvested cane on the loading zones waiting to be transported to the respective mills, but
this cane was later rejected by the milling companies due to damage, SAFDA said.

In the beginning of the season (2022/23), KwaZulu-Natal experienced massive floods, which disrupted
sugar-cane production and resulted in infrastructure damage at one of the milling companies. Madlala said
millers, which were unable to meet the sugar needs of their local customers, should engage with the South
African Sugar Association (SASA) and other millers, which had surplus sugar available, and request their
assistance. Safda said the local market could not be supplied by local producers, which would lead to sugar
imports and the decline in local market revenue.

'Due to the devastating impact of the recent heavy downpours and flooding, supply chain disruptions may be
experienced in the short term (a few weeks), but more broadly we continue to anticipate sugar supply in
surplus to local South African Customs Union (SACU) demand. Therefore, SASA does not anticipate the
necessity of imports from outside of SACU,' Trikam said.

Majola, 2022
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4.5.1 According to the article, what were the TWO causes of sugar shortage in South Africa? (4)

4.5.2 The shortage of sugar caused an increase in the price of sugar. By how much did the price of a ton of
sugar increase? (4)

4.5.3 If the shortage of sugar prevails, how will the bulk carriers' freight rates be affected? CHOOSE:
Increase; OR stay the same; OR decrease. (2)

4.5.4 Give a reason for your answer in Question 4.5.3. (2)

4.5.5 A continuous shortage of sugar would call for more sugar to be imported into South Africa. How can the
government support sugar imports by the sugar industries? (2)
4.6MV Petra will steam via the route past Cape Agulhas. Write a note on the importance of Cape Agulhas in
world shipping. (10)
4.7Discuss some potential economical benefits of the Cape Agulhas to South African population. (6)

Activity 4

4.1 Read the article given below and answer the questions set:

Sapa applies for anti-dumping duties on

‘unfair’ chicken imports from 5 countries
By Given Majola Feb 23, 2021
DURBAN - THE SA POULTRY Association (Sapa) has applied for anti-dumping duties on imported chicken
from five countries including Brazil and four European Union nations – Denmark, Ireland, Poland and Spain.

Sapa's broiler organisation's general manager, Izaak Breitenbach, said the organisation had proof that these
countries had been dumping frozen chicken portions into the South African market, which brought unfair
competition for local producers and cost jobs in the local industry.

“They are bringing frozen chicken portions into South Africa, often at prices lower than their production costs,
and/or lower than they are selling the same product in their home markets. This not only constitutes dumping
under World Trade Organisation and South African rules, it is unfair because it creates jobs in producer
countries while stifling economic growth here,” said Breitenbach.

Statistics showed that South African chicken imports had grown by 400 percent in the past two decades, he
said.
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Breitenbach said that benchmarking this with other countries, South Africa's current imports were at 30
percent while those of the countries like the US and Brazil were around just 1 percent. South Africa was the
US and Brazil's fifth largest importer.

According to Sapa, R6.1 billion left the country in chicken imports costing 15 000 local jobs. The industry said
that this was not in the best interests of the South African poultry industry.

Sapa chairperson Aziz Sulliman said the imports were not only affecting larger poultry businesses, but also
the small-scale black producers, who employed about 110 000 people directly and indirectly.

“The remedy is the anti-dumping duty because if the government does not protect us, we cannot grow. We
also cannot transform a shrinking industry.”

4.1.1 Briefly explain what is meant by “dumping” in the context of international trade. (2)
4.1.2 Name TWO countries that dump thousands of tons of their frozen chicken in South Africa. (4)
4.1.3 In which continent is Brazil? (2)
4.1.4 The article writer sights a 400% chicken import growth in the past 20 years. If 125 000 tons of
frozen chicken was imported 20 years ago, how many tons are imported today? (4)
4.1.5 Explain why South African Government needs to respond positively to the call from
SAPA to put in place anti-dumping measures on chicken. (8)
4.1.6 Besides increasing import tariffs, what are measures the government can use to ensure that the
local poultry industry is protected against dumping, and it continues to run profitably, retaining the
thousands of jobs it provides? (6)
4.2 A Denmark Poultry farmer wants to export 6000 boxes of frozen chicken to South Africa. Each box
contains 8 bags of chicken. This chicken will be containerized. Assume that a 20-foot container can be
staffed with 20 boxes and a 40-foot container can be staffed with 40 boxes of chicken.
4.2.1 How many 20-foot containers will be needed to move this shipment? (6)
4.2.2 How many 40-foot containers will be needed to move this shipment? (6)
4.2.3 If shipment is carried at $3 200 per 20-foot container or $4 700 per 40-foot container. Which container
will be cheaper to use. Choose between 20-FOOT and 40-FOOT (6)

Activity 5
5.1 MV Langa’s owner is planning to drydock the vessel once the cargo has been discharged in
Europe (He is able to drydock within 14 days of the completion of discharge which he estimates to be
around 31 July.)He has the following options, all of which are within easy range of the last discharge
port:
Length Breadth Depth Availability
Drydock A 290m 44m 16m 07 August
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Drydock B 160m 26m 12m 31 July

Drydock C 185m 36m 14m 08 August

5.1.1 Which is the best dry dock for MV Langa? (2)

5.1.2 Explain why ships need to go for drydocking. (6)
5.1.3 The distance between her last port of discharge and Drydock C is 338 nautical miles.
Steaming at 13 knots, how many hours will she steam to her drydock? (4)
5.1.4 If she departed at 06:00 01st August. What was her ETA drydock? (4)

Maritime Liner Schedules

Activity 6
A consignment of 25 40-foot containers - loaded with pipes manufactured by the Yankee Pipe
Company, 120 kilometres west of New York - will be available for shipment from New York on 1
October. It will take one day to truck the cargo to New York port and clearances in New York takes
about one day. Consignment will be delivered by truck to the Angolan Oil Prospecting Company
some 200 kilometres north of Luanda, to arrive two days after arrival in the port of Luanda. You are
the cargo agent for Yankee Pipe Company.

Study the sailing schedule below and answer the questions set.
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4.6.1 Which is the earliest ship sailing from New York on which you could
book the cargo? (4)

4.6.2 When must the consignment leave Yankee Piping Company? (4)
4.6.3 To where will these containers be trans-shipped? (4)
4.6.4 Will they be cleared by local customs of the transshipment port? (2)
4.6.5 On which feeder vessel will you book the cargo? (4)
4.6.6 When will the consignment arrive in Angolan Oil Prospecting
Company? (4)
4.6.7 Assume that Southern Lines is arranging all legs of the shipment from door-to-door.
4.6.7.1 What kind of bills of lading will be issued for this consignment? (2)
4.6.7.2 Which company will issue the bills of lading? (2)
4.6.8 Are these LCL or FCL shipments? (2)
4.6.9 Give a reason for your answer to question 4.6.8. (2)
4.8 Study the sailing schedule of Seahorse Container Line ships and answer the questions set:
SEAHORSE CONTAINER LINE: SERVICE SCHEDULE
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SEAHORSE SEAHORSE SEAHORSE

FLOWER PLANT ROSE
ETA ETS ETA ETS ETA ETS
DURBAN 06/09 08/09 13/09 15/09 20/09 22/09
CAPE TOWN 10/09 10/09 17/09 17/09 24/09 24/09
ALGECIRAS 25/09 26/09 01/10 02/10 08/10 09/10
TILBURY 28/09 29/09 04/10 05/10 11/10 12/10
ROTTERDAM 30/09 01/10 06/10 07/10 13/10 14/10
BREMERHAVEN 04/10 05/10 11/10 12/10 18/10 19/10
CAPE TOWN 19/10 20/10 26/10 27/10 02/11 03/11
DURBAN 22/10 24/10 29/10 30/10 05/11 07/11

PJJ Sugar Co. in Johannesburg ordered six containers worth of packaged white and brown sugar
from a sister company in Spain, Algeciras. To keep their supply chain uninterrupted, they want the
containers to arrive in the factory on or before 2nd November. They will use the port of Cape Town to
land the containers.

Please note that it will take one full day to clear the containers in Algeciras. It will take two days to
clear the containers in Cape Town, and one day to move the containers from Cape Town to
Johannesburg.

4.8.1 Seahorse Container Line charges a freight rate of $8700 per container. How much will the company
earn for this consignment? (4)
4.8.2 Which is the latest ship on which these containers can be shipped from Algeciras? (4)
4.8.3 When will the containers arrive at the PJJ Sugar factory in Johannesburg? (4)
4.8.4 How many days will it take to move these containers from Algeciras to Cape Town harbour?
(4)
4.8.5 Which organisation will clear the cargo on arrival in Cape Town? (2)

Activity 8
8.1 Study the sailing schedule below and answer the questions set. (ETS = Expected to Sail)

ENTERPRISE LINE: SERVICE SCHEDULE

ENTERPRISE ENTERPRISE ENTERPRISE

TRADER SEAMAN PILOT

ETA ETS ETA ETS ETA ETS

MAPUTO 12/10 13/10 19/10 20/10 26/10 27/10

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DURBAN 14/10 15/10 21/10 22/10 28/10 29/10

EAST LONDON 16/10 17/10 23/10 24/10 30/10 31/10
GQEBERHA 18/10 19/10 25/10 26/10 01/11 02/11
CAPE TOWN 21/10 22/10 28/10 29/10 03/11 04/11
WALVIS BAY 25/10 25/10 01/11 01/11 05/11 06/11
LUANDA 27/10 27/10 03/11 03/11 08/11 08/11
WALVIS BAY 30/10 30/10 06/11 06/11 11/11 11/11
CAPE TOWN 01/11 01/11 08/11 08/11 13/11 13/11
GQEBERHA 03/11 03/11 09/11 09/11 14/11 14/11
EAST LONDON 04/11 04/11 10/11 10/11 15/11 15/11
DURBAN 05/11 06/11 11/11 12/11 16/11 17/11
MAPUTO 07/11 08/11 13/11 14/11 18/11 19/11

8.1.1 In which country is Luanda? (2)

8.1.2 You are a freight forwarder in Durban wishing to export four 40’ containers to Luanda carrying fruits.
Your client expects his fruits to be delivered in the supermarket before the 9th November. It will take 4
days to clear the containers in Luanda and truck them to the supermarket.
8.1.3 Which is the latest ship you must book slots on in order to meet your client’s deadline? (4)
4.1.4 When will this ship depart Durban harbour? (2)
8.1.5 When will the consignment be delivered at the supermarket? (4)
8.1.6 Durban harbour is said to have low productivity and long waiting time for ship. Enterprise Seaman
encountered a four-day delay in Durban during her first call. As a result, she missed her ETA for East
London, and the following ports. Suggest TWO reasons attributed to long ship waiting and delays from
Durban. (4)

8.2 The Captain of Enterprise Seaman, Cpt Makwande Oredi, updated the sailing schedule to
incorporate new ETA for EL and other ports. Consignees will be informed about these changes. Draw a
new sailing schedule for Enterprise Pilot only to indicate changes that occurred because of long ship
waiting time, and delays. Your updated schedule should be until she is back at Gqeberha.
(8)

Activity 6

6.1 Read the following article and answer the questions set:

By Jonathan Saul and Michelle Nichols

LONDON/NEW YORK, Aug 8 (Reuters) – Ships exporting Ukraine grain through the Black Sea will be
protected by a 10 nautical mile buffer zone, according to long-awaited procedures agreed by Russia,
Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations on Monday and seen by Reuters.
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The United Nations and Turkey brokered the agreement last month after U.N. warnings that the halt in
grain shipments caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was stoking severe food shortages and even
outbreaks of famine in parts of the world.

Since then a number of grain shipments – mainly onboard vessels that were stuck in Ukraine since
Moscow’s invasion in February – have left in test voyages.

Insurers and shipping companies have been seeking more details on how the corridor will work for
empty ships that will sail into three Ukrainian ports involved in the initiative comprising Odesa,
Chornomorsk and Yuzhny.

They have also sought assurances that the journey is secure with no threat of mines or attacks to both
the ships and their crews. These are typically covered in accepted maritime practices known as standard
operating procedures.

“The parties will not undertake any attacks against merchant vessels or other civilian vessels and port
facilities engaged in this initiative,” the ‘procedures for merchant vessels’ document said.

The deal is overseen by a Joint Coordination Centre (JCC) in Istanbul made up of Turkish, Russian and
Ukrainian military officials and U.N. officials.

According to the procedures agreed, the JCC will provide information on the planned movement of ships
through the maritime humanitarian corridor, which will be shared with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey’s
military to prevent incidents.

Then as the vessel moves through the maritime humanitarian corridor it will be protected by a 10
nautical mile circle buffer zone around it.

“No military vessel, aircraft or UAVs (drones) will close to within 10 nautical miles of a merchant vessel
transiting the Maritime Humanitarian Corridor, excluding territorial seas of Ukraine,” according to the
document.

Russia and Ukraine are major global wheat suppliers, and Moscow’s Feb. 24 invasion of its neighbor
sent food prices soaring, fueling a global food crisis the World Food Programme says has pushed some
47 million people into “acute hunger.”

One insurance industry source said the procedures “read as a reassuring set of rules. But will all sides
stick to it?.”

(Reporting by Jonathan Saul and Michelle Nichols; Editing by Mark Porter and David Evans)

6.1.1 How has this war between Russia and Ukraine affected international trade in the world? (4)
6.1.2 How has shipping been affected by this war? (4)
6.1.3 With grain trade resuming in this area, how will the charter rates be affected?
INCREASE or DECREASE or REMAIN STEADY. (2)
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6.1.4 Give a reason for your answer to the question above. (4)

Activity 7
7.1 A motor car manufacturer decided to establish a large motor car assembly plant at Port A.
They estimate that about 3 000 cars will be manufactured every month, and large numbers of
containers with car parts will be landed in Port A from Korea. Tyres will be made at an existing tyre
factory in Port B, 450 nautical miles along the coast from Port A and will be brought to Port A by
containerships. Steel for the cars will be made at an inland steel mill 320 kilometres from Port A and
will be railed to the new car assembly plant. The manufacturer expects that about 2 000 cars will be
exported by ship via Port A every month.
7.1.1 Explain how shipping operations in Port A will be affected by the development of the new car
assembly plant. (10)
7.2 Tyres will come from Port B.
7.2.1 If 3 000 cars are built at the new plant every month, how many tyres will need to be brought to Port A
every month? (Be careful and remember how many tyres every car will need.) (6)
7.2.2 If 300 tyres can fit into one 40-foot container, how many containers will be needed to transport these
tyres every month? (6)
7.2.3 Would you charter a ship to move these tyres from Port B to Port A? Answer YES or NO. (2)
7.2.4 Explain your answer to Question 7.2.3. (4)
7.2.5 List the two most important contributions – apart from its influence on shipping – that the new motor
assembly plant will make to the economy of the area around Port A. (4)
7.2.6 List three important changes the port will need to make before the car assembly plant begins
operation. (6)

Activity 9
9.1 South African oil company Sasol has discovered a new reserves of natural gas off Mozambique’s
Inhassoro cost in the south of the country, the National Petroleum Institute announced. New infrastructure
will be required that will enable the transportation of gas to various destinations, support traffic for ships
calling to export gas. The government of Mozambique believes that this project will yield economic
benefits for this region. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to account for half of the expected growth in
global gas demand. In terms of sectors, industry is expected to account for 60% of the global demand.
However, these projections were affected in last 24 months.

9.1.1Which ship type is suitable to export gas cargoes to Asia-Pacific region. (2)
9.1.2 Name TWO countries located in the Asia-Pacific region. (2)
9.1.3 Why it is not a surprise that the demand for gas is high in this region? (4)
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9.1.4 Over a period of two years, 2020 and 2021 financial year, the gas supply to Asia-Pacific region was
disrupted and Mozambique recorded a low demand for ships calling to export gas. Why was there a low
demand of gas around this period. (4)
9.1.5 The government of Mozambique believes that this project will yield economic benefits. Outline
THREE points, how the community and ports will benefit from this project? (6)

Activity 10
10.1 One quarter (25%) of bitumen from Canada will be transported to Mozambique using containers
for road construction via Port of Durban.
10.1.1 What type of containers are suitable for this shipment? (2)
10.1.2 How many tons of bitumen was containerised for Mozambique? (4)
10.1.3 State whether bitumen is classed as dangerous goods. (Answer YES or NO)

Activity 11
11.1 Bagged grain can be carried in containers. The total tonnage of grain carried in one voyage
is approximately 30 000 tons and, for ease of handling at the loading and discharge ports, the cargo
is palletised. Each pallet will carry 24 bags, each bag carrying 50 kg of grain. The shipper (World Aid
Corporation) is considering containerising the grain shipments, particularly as the cargo has to be
discharged in Beira and railed to Tete.
11.1.1 What will the advantages be if this bagged grain cargo is containerised, especially as it will
be railed from Beira to Tete in Mozambique? (8)
11.1.2 How many tons of bagged grain are carried on one pallet? (6)
11.1.3 How many pallets of bagged grain will be required for a cargo of 30 000 tons? (6)
11.1.4 If 10 pallets can fit into one 40-foot container, how many containers will be needed to carry this cargo?
(6)

Convergence Zones
Activity 1
Study the following map and label the following; Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, North
America, Central America, North America, Africa, Europe, UK, Middle East, Far East, Australia.
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Activity 2
Study the following map and label the following; Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black
Sea, North Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, East China Sea, Japan Sea
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Activity 3
Study the following map and label the following; Panama Canal, Suez Canal, Kiel Canal, English
Channel, Straight of Dover, Straight of Gibraltar, Straight of Hormuz, Turkish Straight, Straight of
Malacca, Magelan Straight, Cape Agulhas, Cape Horn.
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Activity 1
1.1 On her voyage from Durban to Lisbon, MV Kudzai will steam around the cape, to steam up
the Atlantic Ocean. Which important convergence zone will she pass through? (2)
1.2 On her voyage from Lisbon to Rotterdam (Netherlands), she will pass through a major straits
to South- East of England.
1.2.1 Name the strait through which she will pass. (2)
1.2.2 Once the ship has passed through that strait, into which sea or ocean will she steam? (2)
1.2.3 Write a note on the importance of this strait in world shipping and international trade. (8)

1.3 Where are the following places?

1.3.1 Lisbon
1.3.2 Hamburg 2x2 (4)

1.4 Comment on the importance of the straits of Hormuz is such an important one in world shipping
and international trade. (10)

Activity 2
2.1 Name one convergence zone that was severely affected by the invasion of Ukraine by Russia.
(2)
2.2 Besides grain, what other TWO major cargoes pass through this convergence zone? (4)
2.3 Briefly discuss the importance of Suez Canal in world shipping as a convergence zone. (8)
2.4 Ukraine is amongst the major producers of grain in the world, exporting to countries such as
Indonesia and Pakistan.
2.4.1 Describe the logical and cost effective route a ship would use from Ukraine to Indonesia. Name all
the seas, straits, canals, and oceans a ship will pass steam through. 8x1 (8)

Activity 3
3.1 Which convergence zone will a ship sailing from Mozambique to Asia-Pacific pass through? (2)
3.2 Various types of ships calling to and from Mozambique pass through the Cape Agulhas. The
Cape Agulhas is an important passage from Southern Africa that connects the region with rest of the
world. Write a note and discuss the economic important of this passage. In your note, among other facts
54 | P a g e

mention the economies it connects, cargoes that move through this convergence zone and the ships that
sail through this convergent zone (8)

Activity 4
4.1 The Korean car parts will be brought by containerships that will pass through the Straits of Malacca.
4.1.1 Explain why the Straits of Malacca is so important in global shipping. (6)

4.1.2 Give the term or place described in each of the questions below:
(a) The large port that is situated at the southern end of the
straits. (2)

(b) The sea or ocean into which a ship will steam if she passes through the straits in a
north-westerly direction. (2)

(c) The sea or ocean into which a ship will steam once she has passed the large port
(referred to in Question 4.3.2 (a)) and
continues towards Japan. (2)

(d) The important bulk liquid commodity that passes through the
Straits of Malacca every day. (2)
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(e) A frozen commodity that would be in a reefer container aboard a ship that
is passing through the straits and on a service between Australia and Europe. (2)

Activity 5
5.1 MV Makhoba will steam via the route past Cape Agulhas. Write a note on the importance
of Cape Agulhas in world shipping. Among other facts that you provide in your note, mention the
following:
• its position on important world trade routes.
• some important cargoes that are carried past Cape Agulhas.
• the periods during which the route past Cape Agulhas was of special
importance. (10)
Activity
MV Nemutudi will steam past the Malacca Straight heading to the Far East. Write a note on the
importance of the Straight of Malacca in world shipping. Among other facts that you provide in
your note, mention the following:
• its position on important world trade routes.
• some important cargoes that are carried past Malacca Straight.
• the periods during which the Malacca Straight route was of special importance.
(10)
Activity
MV Mthembu will steam via the Suez route. Write a note on the importance of Suez Canal in world
shipping. Among other facts that you provide in your note, mention the following:
• its position on important world trade routes.
• some important cargoes that are carried past Suez Canal.
• the periods during which the Suez route was of special importance. (10)
Activity
MV Ngubelanga will steam past the Dover Straight heading to the North Sea. Write a note on the
importance of the Dover Straight in world shipping. Among other facts that you provide in your
note, mention the following:
• its position on important world trade routes.
• some important cargoes that are carried past the Dover Straight.
• the periods during which the Dover Straight was of special importance. (10)

Activity

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MV Nxele will steam via the Panama Route. Write a note on the importance of the Panama Canal
in world shipping. Among other facts that you provide in your note, mention the following:
• its position on important world trade routes.
• some important cargoes that are carried past Cape Agulhas.
• the periods during which the route past the Panama Canal was of special importance.
(10)

Activity 6
6.1 Between Osaka and Cochin that is on the south-western coast of India, the ship will pass
through a major strait to the north-west of Singapore.
6.1.1 Name the strait through which she will pass. (2)
6.1.2 Once the ship has passed through that strait, into which ocean will she steam? (2)
6.1.3 Why is that strait extremely important for countries such as China, Japan and Korea? (There are
at least three reasons for this importance.) (6)

Activity 7
7.1 The Strait of Hormuz is a very important strait in shipping. Explain why it is so important to the
world's economy and to the Gulf to its north-west. (10)

Maritime Law
Activity 1
1.1 Which International Maritime Code or Convention deals with each of the following?
1.1.1 The regulations that govern dumping of waste from ships. (2)
1.1.2 The content of the syllabus that has to be taught to navigating cadets before they go to sea. (2)
1.1.3 The regulations governing lifejackets used on ships. (2)
1.1.4 The regulations that govern security systems being applied to ports and ships. (2)
1.1.5 The regulations that apply to marine oil pollution. (2)

Activity 2
2.1 At all ports, strict measures are now in place to improve security.

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2.1.1 What is the IMO Code that was introduced in 2004 to enforce the tightening of security at ports?

(2)
2.1.2 What major incident caused the implementation of that IMO Code? (2)

Activity 3
3.1 Can the Singaporean maritime authorities stop a fully seaworthy ship from moving through
Singaporean waters on a voyage from Argentina to Japan and on a genuine innocent passage? Answer
YES or NO. (2)
3.2 Give two incidents that will cause a maritime authority to order a ship to leave that country's
territorial waters. (4)
3.3 Why do countries have an economic exclusion zone that in many cases extends to 200 nautical
miles off the main points along the coast? (4)

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