@Civil Engineering project *Example: п the example of а flyover, this steps involve @MANAGEMENT

Civil Engineering project starts with idea, requirement to selection of the bridge deck type, i.e. whether a steel or Management is the coordination and administration of
fulfill demands, will to provide basic amenities to the concrete, box girder bridge or prestressed. Also the exact tasks to achieve a goal
citizen by the state. Project ends with the infrastructure of dimension of the flyover is fixed, i.e. number of piers, @CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
facilities, recreational amenities, industrial plants in width of foot path, architectural aspect, etc. Also detailed Civil engineering project means the erection or
operation as reality. soil investigation and site investigation are carried out to construction, or extension, or alteration, or repair of any
@Life cycle of a civil engineering project get the idea of method of construction. work, which technically belongs to the field of civil
The phases through which a civil engineering project Detailed Design: In this stage, the project is broken down engineering
passes are: into its components and each of the elements are @CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
*Conceptual and Feasibility Studies. analyzed and designated, such that the engineer renders Construction Managers plan, organize, direct, control and
*Engineering Design. the explicit drawings and specifications which is used for evaluate the activities of a construction company, or a
*Contracting and Procurement Construction. construction. This phase is traditionally involved with construction department within a company.
*Commissioning of a project Start-up and Implementation designers. * Specification of project objectives апа plans including
*Utilization and Maintenance. Outcome of this design phase: The following are the delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting
Every civil engineering project is unique in its character outcome of this phase: performance requirements, and selecting project
and varies with respect to time and degree of emphasis o Drawing of the structures/facilities to be constructed participants.
with respect to the aforementioned phases during its life o Specifications of component to be employed which * Maximization of efficient resource utilization through
cycle but these projects certainly passes through these contain detailed description of the amenities to be procurement of labor, materials and equipment according
phases. A bar-chart is shown for a typical project is show constructed to the prescribed schedule and plan.
in the next slide. @Conctracting апа Procurement * Implementation of various operations through proper
@Conceptual апа feasibility studies In this stage, the bill of quantities are prepared, final cost coordination апа control of planning, design, estimating,
In this stage, ideas generated by individuals / a group of estimate is worked out. Most of the agreements are contracting and construction in the entire process.
people are studied. Following important points are carried signed апа relationships between different parties * Development of effective communications апа
out to establish the viability of the project. involved is defined following points are generally mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various
о Conceptual development of the model апа its studies addressed during this time. The project has to be participants.
o Technical апа economic feasibility studies executed according to the drawing and specification. @DEPARTMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION
o Environmental impact assessment Also: * DESIGN * CONSTRUCTION * PLANNING *
o Social Impact assessment Tender notices are advertised COMMERCIAL * QUALITY * OPERATION
o Land and geological survey-location of the project Qualification of contractor / suppliers 15 studied. @Construction Management
0 Enumeration of major problems in translating the project Contract 15 awarded to execute the work > The construction industry is the largest industry т the
to reality For many of the projects, such as industrial projects, world.
Example: Suppose a state highway is crossing the railway industrial material and equipment to be installed is » It & more о а service than а manufacturing industry
line. The idea is to construct a fly over. This is situated in a purchased . > Growth in this industry in fact 5 ст indicator of the
small district level town. Here the project is the Outcome of this stage: Contract document, which is a economic conditions о а country.
construction of the flyover. In this phase, the following legal document describing the terms and conditions to » This is because the construction industry consumes а
points are examinedа. execute the project. wide employment circle of labor.
a. Based the level of traffic, е basic model of the fly over is @Commissioning of project » While the manufacturing industry exhibit high-quality
prepared, with respect to width, length of the approach Aim of this phase is to check that the project has been products, timelines of service delivery, reasonable cost of
road, etc. carried out according to the contract document. All the service, and low failure rates, the construction industry, on
b. The cost of construction is roughly estimated апа facilities developed should function properly as envisaged the other hand, is generally the opposite.
source of money discussed. in the design. Also during this stage changes in the design » Most projects exhibit cost overruns, time extensions,
c. Is it necessary 10 have а fly over now? This point is during the construction is properly documented for the and conflicts among parties.
studied with regard to the level of traffic оп the road as purpose of technical performance and financial ”the general, the construction industry is more challenging
well as on the railway line. If the traffic load is low, the implications. Following activities are carried out during this than other industries due to:
project may be discarded based on cost-benefit analysis. stage: » the unique nature; every project is one-of а kind; many
d. How to relocate any power line coming п the о Check if each component is functioning according to conflicting parties are involved; projects are constrained
construction area. design апа specification by time, money and quality; and high risk.
e. Preliminary soil investigation o Check if the entire system is functioning accordingly аз »Construction Project management is the planning,
These points basically come under the conceptual model desired organizing, leading, staffing and controlling of all aspects
& technical and educational studies. Environment project o To remove the defect if any during construction work of a project, to achieve the project’s objective.
assessment is not very important for this project. But a o Dream has соте 10 reality »management is usually considered to have five functions
thorough study of the environment project impact has also This is one of the main stage, in the bigger project such as or principles:\
to be carried out for the construction of Dam, Nuclear power plant, industrial project, dam, etc., The @Planning
power plant, etc. In out country many of big dams such as commissioning in large project is carried out in several The management function а! involves anticipating future
Narmada and Tehri Dam has been delayed due to the stages and then the complete system is tested. Testing of trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to
object of environmental impact. In the USA, many of the components are generally carried out during construction achieve organizational objectives.
Nuclear power plants were discarded due to the phase. Operational and maintenance instruction manuals @Organizing
environmental assessment or either got converted to fossil are also prepared during this phase. The structuring of resources апа activities to accomplish
fuel plants. @Utilization апа Maintenance objectives т an efficient and effective manner. Matching
Outcome of this stage: A report dealing with investigation Basic infrastructure facilities created should be utilized to resource & work
and studies concerning the problems to be encountered its fullest capacity. @Staffing
and its solution. o Regular repair of the part getting damaged has Ю be » Determining human resource needs, recruits, selects,
IDENTIFICATION (IDEA) accomplished trains, and develops human resources for jobs created by
Study every option​ o This stage has become а very important stage in an organization.
Study the need​ dealing with project when we talk about the life cycle cost » It 5 undertaken 10 match people with jobs 50 that the
Cooperate planning​ of the project. realization of the organization’s objectives will be
Financing the project​ @Contract types facilitated
CONCEPT (FEASIBILITY) * Lump sum / Fixed price @Leading
Layout – Starting / Investigation​ A lump sum contract, also known а5 а “stipulated sum » Influencing others to engage т the work behaviors
Use design standards​ contract,” is а construction agreement in which the necessary to reach organizational goals”.
Preparation of project brief​ contractor agrees to complete the project for a » Creating а shared culture and values, communicating
Economic analysis​ predetermined, set price. Under a lump sum agreement, goals to employees throughout the organization, and
STRATEGY PROJECT (FEASIBILITY) the contractor submits a total project price instead of infusing employees to perform at a high level.
Design​ bidding on each individual item. @Controlling
Sources​ * Cost plus » process of ascertaining/checking whether organizational
Amount of contract, project phase​ A cost-plus contract is a type of agreement between a objectives have been achieved; if not, why not; and
Program of project​ contractor and a client where the client promises to determining what activities should then be taken to
Scope of project / Planning​ reimburse the contractor for certain expenses, along with achieve objectives better in future.
APPROVAL (FEASIBILITY) the contractor's fee for completing the job. @Organizational objectives
Financial assessment​ * Time and material 1. Work division »Specialization allows the individual to
Project loan assessment​ A time апа materials contract, also known а5 а T& M build ир experience, and to continuously improve his
Final option assessment​ contract, is а Туре о construction contract that pays a skills. Thereby he can be more productive.
Choosing the option​ contractor at a set rate for the actual work performed and 2. Authority »The right to issue commands, along with
@Engineering design materials purchased. which must go the balanced responsibility for its function.
In this stage, project takes the definite shape. All the * Guaranteed maximum price 3. Discipline rEmployees must obey, but this 15 two-sided:
technical issues related 10 the project аге carried out. A guaranteed maximum price contract sets a limit, or employees will only obey orders if management play their
Engineers come out with the best alternatives available. maximum price, that the customer will have to pay their part by providing good leadership.
Design phase of project is carried ои п two phases: contractor or subcontractor, regardless of the actual costs 4. Unity of command » Each worker should have only one
o Preliminary design incurred. In its simplest form, а guaranteed maximum boss with no other conflicting lines of command.
o Detailed design price contract simply puts a cap on the contract price that 5. Unity of Direction ‚ People engaged т the same kind of
*Preliminary design: This stage involves primarily the can’t be exceeded. Costs beyond that guaranteed activities must have the same objectives in a single plan.
studies of various design alternative, their economic maximum price may need to be covered by the contractor > This 15 essential to ensure unity and coordination т the
comparative studies and architectural aspect. Also, in this or sub enterprise.
stage, detailed field investigation such as soil testing, @Main elements in contract: * Obligations › Unity of command does not exist without unity of
geological, hydrological data collection, market survey, * Scope of works direction but does not necessarily flows from it.
etc. are carried out. Depending on the nature of the * Payment апа certification 6. Subordination of individual interest > t Management
project, various data is collected. It is difficult to say the * Project programme must see that the goals of the firms are always paramount
end of feasibility study and the start of preliminary design. * Termination 7. Payment/Remuneration Payment is an important
These steps are also a part of feasibility study. * Applicable law апа Dispute resolution motivator although by analysing a number of possibilities,
Fayol points out that there is no such thing as a perfect - Increased complexity in coordination. - CMAR ensures cost certainty while maintaining some
system - Higher management burden on the owner. flexibility.
8. Centralization (Or Decentralization) This is a matter of - Greater risk of conflicts among contractors. - IPD offers the most collaborative environment, reducing
degree depending on the condition of the business and 3. Design-Build (DB) disputes and increasing
the quality of its personnel. Overview efficiency.
9. Scalar chain (Line of Authority) А hierarchy is In the Design-Build approach, a single entity is Owners must assess their project needs carefully and
necessary for unity of direction. But lateral communication responsible for both design and choose the most suitable method for
is also fundamental, as long as superiors know that such construction. This integrated method fosters collaboration risk mitigation, efficiency, and overall success.
communication is taking place. Scalar chain refers to the and efficiency.
number of levels in the hierarchy from the ultimate Contract Type Used
authority to the lowest level in the organization. It should Lump Sum (Fixed-Price), Guaranteed Maximum Price
not be over-stretched and consist of too-many levels (GMP)
10. Order » Both material order and social order are Pros and Cons
necessary. The former minimizes lost Нте and useless Pros:
handling of materials. The latter is achieved through - Faster project delivery since design and construction
organization and selection. overlap.
11. Equity » м running @ business а ‘combination of - Single point of responsibility reduces conflicts.
kindliness and justice’ is needed. Treating employees well - Enhanced collaboration between designers and builders.
is important to achieve equity. Cons:
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel » Employees work - Reduced owner control over the final design.
better 1Ё job security and career progress are assured to
them. - Potential quality compromises if cost-cutting is
» An insecure tenure and а high rate of employee prioritized.
turnover will affect the organization adversely. - Limited competitive bidding for contractors.
13. Initiative ‚ Allowing all personnel to show their initiative 4. Construction Agency Construction Management
т some way is а source of strength for the organization. ‚ Overview
Even though it тау well involve а sacrifice of ‘personal Under this method, the owner hires a construction
vanity’ оп the part of many managers. manager (CM) as an advisor who
14. Esprit de Corps ‚ Management must foster the morale oversees design and construction but does not hold trade
of its employees. ‚ contracts.
Не further suggests that: “real talent is needed to Contract Type Used
coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each person’s Cost-Plus, Time and Material Contracts
abilities, and reward each one’s merit without arousing Pros and Cons
possible jealousies and disturbing harmonious relations.” Pros:
@Types of construction projects - Owner benefits from CM’s expertise without giving up
* Residential housings * Institutional апа commercial control.
Buildings » Specialized industrial constructions * - Can reduce risks through early contractor involvement.
Infrastructure апа heavy construction - More flexibility in contractor selection and project
Project Delivery Methods in Construction Projects changes.
Introduction Cons:
Project delivery methods define how construction projects - Owner still manages contracts and assumes risks.
are structured, from design to - Increased administrative costs due to the additional CM
completion. The selection of an appropriate delivery fees.
method affects project cost, schedule, 5. Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR)
quality, and risk distribution. The most common methods Overview
include: The Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) method
1. Design-Bid-Build (DBB) involves hiring a CM early in the project.
2. Multiple Prime Contracting The CM guarantees a maximum price (GMP) and is
3. Design-Build (DB) responsible for delivering the project
4. Construction Agency Construction Management within this budget.
5. Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) Contract Type Used
6. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP), Cost-Plus
Each of these methods has unique characteristics, Pros and Cons
advantages, and challenges, which will be Pros:
analyzed in detail below. - Greater cost control due to the GMP.
1. Design-Bid-Build (DBB) - Early contractor involvement helps mitigate design risks.
Overview - Lower risk of cost overruns for the owner.
Design-Bid-Build (DBB) is the traditional project delivery Cons:
method. The process follows a - More complex contracts than DBB.
sequential approach: (1) The owner hires a designer to
develop complete construction - Less competitive bidding can lead to higher costs.
drawings and specifications. (2) The project is publicly or - Potential conflicts if CMAR pushes cost-saving
privately bid, and a contractor is measures that affect quality.
selected based on cost and qualifications. (3) The 6. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
selected contractor constructs the project Overview
according to the design documents. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a collaborative
Contract Type Used approach where the owner, designers,
Lump Sum (Fixed-Price), Unit Price Contracts and contractors enter a single, shared-risk contract. All
Pros and Cons parties work together from the
Pros: project’s inception.
- Well-understood and widely used in the construction Contract Type Used
industry. Multi-Party Agreement, Cost-Plus with Incentives
- Competitive bidding process often results in lower initial Pros and Cons
costs. Pros:
- Clear separation between design and construction - High level of collaboration reduces conflicts.
responsibilities. - Cost and schedule efficiencies.
- Well-defined legal precedents for dispute resolution. - Incentive-based contracts align interests among all
Cons: stakeholders.
- Longer project duration due to sequential phases. Cons:
- Higher risk of disputes between designers and - Requires a high level of trust and cooperation among all
contractors. parties.
- Design errors or omissions can lead to costly change - Complex contract negotiation process.
orders and project delays. - Not widely used, so fewer professionals have experience
2. Multiple Prime Contracting with it.
Overview Conclusion
In this method, the owner contracts directly with multiple Choosing the right project delivery method is critical to a
specialty contractors (e.g., project’s success. Each method
electrical, mechanical, structural). The owner, or a offers different advantages and trade-offs depending on
construction manager, takes the project’s scope, risk tolerance,
responsibility for coordinating these contracts. budget, and schedule.
Contract Type Used - DBB is suitable for projects requiring strict design
Multiple Fixed-Price (Lump Sum) or Unit Price Contracts adherence and cost control.
Pros and Cons - Multiple Prime Contracting allows for more direct control
Pros: over subcontractors but
- Greater control over subcontractors. requires strong management.
- Potential for cost savings as the general contractor’s - DB accelerates project completion with a single point of
markup is eliminated. responsibility.
- Faster project delivery by overlapping work. - Construction Agency CM is beneficial for owners
Cons: needing professional oversight.