SMART GRID

CAT - I

1. conceptual model of smart grid

2. two ongoing Smart Grid projects in India

3. Interna onal Ini a ves in smart grid

4.opportuni es, challenges, benefits of smart grid

5.architecture of the smart grid

6.stages on evolu on of smart grid

7.How do automated substa ons contribute to integra ng renewable energy sources into the
grid?

8.How does substa on automa on improve grid stability during faults and disturbances?

9. How does WAMS ensure secure and reliable communica on between different nodes?

CAT - 2

1. How are PMUs deployed in smart grid systems to enable wide-area situa onal awareness,
and what real- me applica ons do they support for improved grid reliability?
2. What communica on protocols and interna onal standards govern the implementa on of
AMI systems, and how do these ini a ves promote interoperability and security in smart
grids?
3. How do PMUs contribute to real- me grid control and decision-making, and what are some
prac cal applica ons where PMUs have enhanced opera onal visibility?
4. What are the major security vulnerabili es in AMI deployments, and how do these threats
impact smart grid reliability, consumer data privacy, and opera onal con nuity?
5. In what ways can the integra on of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) into a smart grid
improve load management and grid reliability?

6. How does fault loca on, isola on, and service restora on (FLISR) work in feeder
automa on?
7. How can phase-shi ing transformers be deployed in transmission networks to control real
power flow and prevent line overloading?

8. As ci es move toward green mobility, the local transport department is evalua ng Plug-in
Hybrid Electric Vehicles for public transport. As an engineer, explain the working of a PHEV
with its major components. Compare it with tradi onal and pure electric vehicles. Also,
highlight its role in reducing carbon footprint and grid integra on challenges.

9. During a storm, a u lity company experienced widespread outages. As part of the

opera ons team, explain how an Outage Management System helps in restoring power
efficiently. Describe its integra on with GIS, SCADA, and AMI systems and the key features
like fault loca on, crew management, and real- me status updates.

10. A power grid operator is facing line overloading issues due to uneven power flow in parallel
transmission lines.
11. Explain how a Phase Shi ing Transformer can be used to manage power flow. Illustrate its
working principle and how it contributes to system stability and economic dispatch.

1. What is the role of smart meters in the smart grid?

2. List out the advantages of smart meters in smart grid.

3. Compare conven onal meter and smart meter

4. List out the benefits of smart meters in smart grid

5. List out the issues of smart meters in smart grid

6. What is Advanced Metering Infrastructure in the smart grid?

7. Classify the building blocks of AMI in the smart Grid

8. What is the necessity of AMI in a Smart Grid?

9. List out the benefits of AMI in smart grid.

10. Define the term Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) .

11. List out the applica ons of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in smart grid.

12. Compare between SCADA and PMU .

13. What are Intelligent Electronic Devices and why are they used in a smart grid?

14. What are AMI protocols, standards, and ini a ves?

15. What are AMI drivers?

16. Define real me management and control of smart meters.

17. Name the two types of smart meters and men on its features.

18. Define smart meter.

19. List out the components of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

20. What is Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) and list its various configura ons?

1. Define technology driver in smart grid.

2. List the advantages of smart meters.

3. What is the need of smart substa ons?

4. Define substa on automa on.

5. What are the components of substa on automa on?

6. Classify the different types of FACTS of the power system.

7. What is the role of FACTS devices in a power system network?

8. List out the components that are used in HVDC in the transmission automa on.

9. List the major WAMPAC ac vi es?

10. What do you infer from WAMPAC in a smart grid?

11. What are the func ons of distribu on SCADA?

12. List out the components in HVDC transmission.

13. What are the func ons of EMS?

14. What are the components of EMS?

15. Differen ate between SCADA and PMU.

16. What are the components of WAMS?

17. State the WAMS applica on.

18. State the significance of digital fault recorder.

19. State the advantages of PHEV

20. What is the purpose of the phase shi ing transformer?

21. Write a note on the concept of Vehicle to Grid.

22. Examine the isola on and service restora on.

23. Write a short note on Volt/Var control.

UNIT IV

1. Define power quality in the context of smart grids.

2. What is Electromagne c Compa bility (EMC)?
3. Men on two common power quality issues in grid-connected renewable energy
systems.
4. What are harmonics?
5. List any two types of power quality condi oners used in smart grids.
6. What is a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)?
7. Name two causes of voltage sag in power systems.
8. State the role of web-based power quality monitoring.
9. Define Total Harmonic Distor on (THD).
10. What is a power quality audit?
11. Give two examples of renewable energy sources that impact grid power quality.
12. State any two objec ves of power quality management.
13. What is a Unified Power Quality Condi oner (UPQC)?
14. How does a smart grid help in improving power quality?
15. Men on any two instruments used for power quality analysis.

PART B

16. How do real-world smart grids address power quality challenges arising from renewable
energy integra on, and what lessons can be learned from exis ng case studies?
17. How are various power quality condi oners like DVR, DSTATCOM, and UPQC applied in
smart grids to mi gate voltage and current disturbances?
18. How is web-based power quality monitoring implemented in smart grid infrastructure,
and what prac cal advantages does it offer for real- me analysis and decision-making?
19. In what types of smart grid scenarios is a Unified Power Quality Condi oner (UPQC)
deployed, and how does it operate to simultaneously address voltage sags, swells, and
harmonics?
20. How can FACTS and custom power devices be strategically applied in smart grids to
manage dynamic load condi ons and enhance power quality?
 21. Write detailed notes on the following:
a) Voltage sag and swell
b) Harmonics and their mi ga on
c) Flicker and transients

PART C

1. Discuss the concept of Electromagne c Compa bility (EMC) in smart grids. How does it
affect the performance of grid-connected systems?
2. Examine the procedure of conduc ng a power quality audit in a smart grid system. What
are the key parameters monitored?
3. Examine how smart grid technologies enhance power quality management compared to
tradi onal grids. Discuss with emphasis on automa on and real- me data.
4. Discuss with a case study on the challenges and solu ons in power quality management
when connec ng wind and solar power to the grid.

UNIT V

1. What is HAN?
2. What are the benefits of the Home Area Network?
3. What is the use of cloud compu ng applica ons for smart grid?
4. Define the IP based protocols.
5. List out the characteris cs of smart grid communica ons technology.
6. State the applica on of web service in smart grid.
7. Men on the cyber security requirements in smart grid.
8. State the role of the mi ga on approach used to overcome cyber security risks in smart
grid.
9. List out the cyber security risks for smart grid.
10. What is a Wide Area Network?
11. Compare HAN and WAN.
12. Differen ate BPL and LAN.
13. What is Cloud Compu ng in a smart grid?
14. Illustrate the role of WAN in Smart Grid.
15. Outline the basics of web service.
16. List the requirements for a Private Wireless WAN.
17. List the need for the Networking Fundamentals.
18. What is Broadband over Power line (BPL)?

PART B

19. Explain how a web service works in a smart grid communica on system.
 20. Discuss the following
a)Local Area Network (LAN)
b)House Area Network (HAN)
c)Wide Area Network (WAN)
21. Write the notes on
a)Cyber security func ons for smart grid
b)Confiden ality and Integrity in Security system
22. Explain authen ca on, authoriza on services, system Integrity and network integrity in
Cyber Security of smart grid
23. Explain in detail about the Cyber Security Threats in Smart Grid.
24. Relate the different types of communica on technologies used in smart grid
communica on networks.
(i) Explain the key characteris cs of broadband over power lines.
(ii) Interpret the major challenges in implemen ng broadband over power lines.

PART C

1. A power u lity company has experienced frequent cyber-a acks targe ng its grid
monitoring systems. As a part of the cyber security team, propose a strategy using
appropriate cyber threat mi ga on techniques to protect the smart grid. Jus fy how each
technique addresses specific vulnerabili es.
2. A regional electricity board plans to integrate cloud-based services for data storage and
analy cs in its smart grid infrastructure. Explain how cloud compu ng can enhance the
opera on of smart grids. Also, outline the technical and security challenges associated
with this transi on.
3. During a system audit, it was observed that the smart grid communica on network
showed signs of unauthorized data altera on. Differen ate between system integrity and
network integrity. Recommend how integrity at both levels can be preserved in smart grid
opera ons.
4. A smart grid communica on system uses mul ple devices, including smart meters, PMUs,
and SCADA systems, communica ng over an IP-based network. Explain how the Internet
Protocol layers (TCP/IP model) support communica on in this context. Give examples of
protocols used at each layer.
5. The design team is tasked with selec ng a suitable communica on network for different
segments of the smart grid. Classify the types of smart grid communica on networks (e.g.,
HAN, NAN, WAN), and explain their roles, technologies used, and key characteris cs.
Match each network type to a specific smart grid applica on.
 Course Code: 20PPEEL202

Course Name: SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUE

S.No Part A – Questions

1. Define Back Propagation Algorithm.

2. Outline the advantages of Swarm Intelligence.

3. Differentiate Supervised and unsupervised learning.

4. Draw basic perceptron model

5. Define neural network.

6. Outline advantages of Neural network.

7. What is Mcculloch pitts model?

8. What are the problems associated with McCulloch Pitts Model?

For the network shown find the net input to output neuron.

9.

Calculate net input of the network shown including Bias input:

10.

11. Implement AND function using McCulloch pitts model.

12. Implement OR function using McCulloch pitts model.

13. Implement AND function using McCulloch pitts model.

14. Implement ANDNOT function using McCulloch pitts model.

15 Explain Sigmoidal function?

16 Define Linear seperability

S.No Part A – Questions

1. What is meant by the Counter Propagation Network?

2. What is an associative network?

3. What is a counter propagation Network?

4. Explain learning rate.

5. Illustrate euclidean distance?

6. Define bias and Threshold.

7. Distinguish between feedforward and feedback network.

8. Explain how momentum factor helps fast convergence.

S.No Part-B Questions

Illustarte the architecture of Perceptron and write the step by step

1. procedure for training the perceptron with necessary flowchart.

Explain the architecture of Adaline and write the step by step procedure for
2. training the Adaline with necessary flowchart.

3.

Explain the architecture of Madaline and write the step by step procedure
for training the Madaline with necessary flowchart.
 Explain the architecture of BPN and write the step by step procedure for
4. training the BPN with necessary flowchart.

Implement AND function and OR function using Perceptron networks for

5. bipolar targets

Use Adaline network to train ANDNOT function with bipolar inputs and targets.
6 Perform 2 epochs of training.

Obtain the output of the neuron Y for the network shown in Figure 3 using
activation functions as: (i) binary sigmoidal and (ii) bipolar sigmoidal.

7.

S.No Part-B Questions

Explain the architecture of CPN and write the step by step procedure for
1. training the CPN with necessary flowchart.

Consider full CPN net shown in figure. Using input pair

x=[1 0 0 0] and y=[1 0], perform the phase I training (one step only0.
Find the activation of cluster layer units and update the weights using
learning rates α=β= 0.2

2.
S.No Part-C Questions

Using Madaline network implement XOR function with bipolar

inputs and targets. Assume the weights as given in network and
learning rate 0.5.

1.

Using BPN find new weights for network shown in figure. The
network presented with input pattern [0,1] and target output is 1.
2. Learning rate 0.25. Use bisigmoidal activation function.
 Draw the perceptron network with appropriate weights to
recognize patterns I and F. The ‘*’ indicates +1 and ‘.’ Indicates -
1. For pattern I the target is +1 and for pattern F it is -1.

3.

S.No Part-C Questions

Consider full CPN net shown in figure. Using input pair x=[0 1
1 0] and y=[0 1], perform the phase I training (one step
only0. Find the activation of cluster layer units and update the
1. weights using learning rates α=0.2 and β= 0.3
 Consider feedforward only CPN net shown in figure. Using
input pair x=[1 0 0 0] and y=[1 0], perform the phase I and
II training and update the weights using learning rates α=a=0.2

2.
 Unit – II
S.No Part A – Questions

S.No Questions

1. Define an Interpolative.
2. What is Hopfield net?
3. Define hamming distance.
4. Define energy function in Hopfield net.
5. Draw the architecture of Auto associative memory?
6. Mention applications of Hopfield net.
7. Draw the architecture of Hetero associative memory?
8. Draw the architecture of Bidirectional Associative Memory?
9. Define storage capacity of BAM
10. State the advantages of associative memory.
11. Discus the limitations of associative memory
12. List the activiation functions used in BAM net

Unit – III
S.No Part A – Questions
1.
List different defuzzification techniques
For the fuzzy relation R, find the λ cut relation for λ=0.7

2.

3. State the importance of fuzzy sets

4. Diiferentiate Crisp and fuzzy sets.
5. Define bounded sum of fuzzy set.
6. Define bounded difference of fuzzy set
Consider two fuzzy sets: A= {1/2 +0.3/4 + 0.5/6 +0.2/8} and B= {0.5/2 +0.4/4 +
7. 0.1/6 + 1/8} Find Union.
8. The elements of two sets are A={2,4} and B={a,b,c} find cartesian product AXB
9. What are the applications of FLC?
1. Explain the architecture of autoassociative memory
Explain the architecture of hetro associative memory with necessary
2. diagrams
3.
Compare auto associative and hetroassociative memories.
Explain the architecture and training algorithm of ART1.
4.

S.No Questions
Consider two fuzzy sets:

1. Find i) A∩B ii) (A)’ iii) (B)’ iv) A∩(B)’ v) (A)’∩B

Design a computer software to perform image processing and
locate objects within the scene. The two fuzzy sets representing
the plane and train images are: Plane=
{0.2/train +0.5/bike +0.3/boat +0.8/plane +0.1/house}
Train=
{1/train +0.2/bike +0.4/boat +0.5/plane +0.2/house}
Find i. Plane ∪ Train ii. Plane ∩ train iii. (Plane)’ iv. (train)’ v.
2. (Plane ∩ train )’ vi. Train ∪ (train)’
Two fuzzy relations are given by:

Obtain T as
composition of R and S in both Max-Min composition and Max-
3. Product composition.
Consider the fuzzy sets A and B :

Find λ cut set using Zadeh’s notation : i. (A’)0.7 ii. (B)0.2 iii.
4. (A∪A’)0.7 iv. (A’∪ B’)0.8 v. ((A∩ B)’)0.6
5. Explain any 4 types of defuzzification methods
6 Explain the steps involved in designing a FLC with example
S.No Questions

Construct ART-1 network for clustering four input vectors

with low vigilance parameter of 0.4 into 3 clusters. The four
input vectors are [0 0 0 1], [0 1 0 1], [0 0 1 1] and [1 0 0
1. 0 ], Assume ρ= 0.4 and α=2
Explain the architecture of ART-1 and how it is trained using
2. necessary flow diagram.
Explain the architecture of Boltzman Machine and how it is
3. trained using necessary flow diagram.
Explain the architecture of ART-2 and how it is trained using
4. necessary flow diagram.

S.No Questions

For the given membership function determine defuzzified

output value by i. centroid method ii. weighted average
method iii. Mean max method iv. centre of sums method.

1.
2. Many products such as tar, petroleum jelly and petroleum are
 extracted from crude oil. Three sets of samples taken and
tested for viscosity, The results are in the form of three fuzzy
sets B1, B2 and B3 shown in fig. Most nearly representative of
viscosity value to be found out and hence find the Z* for three
fuzzy viscosity sets.

B1:

B2:

B3:
Consider two fuzzy sets A={0.2/1+0.3/2 + 0.4/3 +0.5/4}
B={0.1/1+0.2/2+0.2/3+1/4}
Find the algebraic sum, algebraic product, bounded sum and
bounded difference of the given fuzzy sets.
3.
Explain with neat sketch the Architecture of fuzzy logic
4. controller.
 Unit – IV
S.No Part A – Questions

1. What is Roulette-Wheel Selection ?

2. State the importance of genetic algorithms.

3. Which are the operators used in genetic algorithms ?

4. What are the various methods of selecting chromosomes for parents to crossover?

5. Compare genetic algorithms with traditional algorithms.

6. What is the role of fitness function in GA?

7. Explain single point crossover with one example.

8. List the advantages of GA

9. List the limitations of GA

10. Mention some applications of GA

11. Draw process flow diagram of DE algorithm

12 With examples explain inversion and deletion operators in GA.

Unit – V
S.No Part A – Questions

1. Mention the advantages and limitations of hybrid systems

2. List various types of hybrid systems

3. State limitations of neural networks and fuzzy systems when operated individually
4. Mention the properties of Neuro fuzzy hybrid system.

5. Explain trnOpt function in FIS

6. Explain dispOpt function in FIS

7. Differentiate between fuzzy-neural hybrid and fuzzy-genetic hybrid systems

In what ways is a genetic algorithm utilized to obtain weight values for a neural
8. network?

In what ways neuro-fuzzy control is best suited than a general artificial neural
9. network?

S.No Part-b-Questions

1. Explain the working of Genetic programming with necessary flow chart.

With suitable examples, explain the various types of crossover techniques used
2. in the genetic algorithm process.

3. Write the types of GA and explain any 4 types.

What is meant by reproduction? Explain in detail about Roulette-Wheel selection

4. and random selection

5. Write short notes on i. fitness function ii. tree encoding

S.No Part-b-Questions

1. Explain the Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based Systems with appropriate block diagrams.

2. Explain the Genetic Neuro Hybrid Systems with appropriate block diagrams.

3. Explain in detail about Fuzzy inference and fuzzy logic controller.

S.No Part-c-Questions

Using GA approach solve the problem of maximizing the function f(x)=x 2 where x
1. is permitted to vary between 0 to 31.

Optimize the following function using DE algorithm:

2. f(x1, x2, x3) = x12 + x22 +x32

Using the GA process, minimize the function f(x)= x2 + 5x. Assume the
3. necessary operators for the process.

S.No Part-c-Questions

1. Explain how ANN, fuzzy logic and GA can be combined for certain applications.

2. Explain the usage of GUI for neural network implementation

3. Explain the commands used in the Fuzzy logic toolbox.

4.
Explain the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system in MATLAB.