LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR,

AGOO, LA UNION

A THESIS PRESENTED TO

THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

AGOO, LA UNION

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

BAUTISTA, MYRA V.

LAGASCA, LESTER A.

TACAS, WEVIELYN JOYCE A.

MAY 2025
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA

9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR, AGOO, LA UNION ” prepared and

submitted by BAUTISTA, MYRA V., LAGASCA, LESTER A., AND

TACAS, WEVIELYN JOYCE A. in partial fulfilment of the

requirements of the subject “Criminological Research 2.”

Janet A. Faroden, Ph.D.Crim.

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the committee on oral examination on ______

with the grade of __________.

Mr. Erwin G. Ching RCrim. Mr. Byron Rivera

Member Member

Marcelina A. Bad-ay, MSCJE.

Member

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Criminology.

Janet A. Faroden, Ph. D. Crim.

Dean, Criminology Department
 ABSTRACT

Title: LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE

SUR, AGOO, LA UNION

Researchers: Bautista, Myra V., Lagasca, Lester A., and

Tacas, Wevielyn Joyce A

Type of Document: Thesis

Type of Publication: Unpublished

Accrediting Institution: Philippine College of

Northwestern Luzon

Keywords: R.A.9262, VAWC

Rationale/Background

This study aims to evaluate the most common sources of

information that women in San Jose Sur rely on to learn

about VAWC.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to assess the level of awareness of

women in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union regarding RA 9262.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the level of awareness among women in San Jose

Sur regarding the different forms of VAWC?

2. What are the common sources of information that women

in San Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC?

 ABSTRACT 4

3. What action plan can be propose or recommend to enhance

the awareness and understanding of VAWC among women in

San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union?

Findings

The study sought to determine the following research

problems: (1) What is the level of awareness among women in

San Jose Sur regarding the different forms of VAWC?; (2)

What are the common sources of information that women in San

Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC?; and (3) What action

plan can be propose or recommend to enhance the awareness

and understanding of VAWC among women in San Jose Sur, Agoo,

La Union? Based from the research problems, the paradigm of

the study suggested that Input, Process, Output (IPO) Model

should be used in this study.

Based on the data gathered, women in San Jose Sur,

Agoo, La Union, have a moderate awareness of RA 9262,

particularly on Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC).

They are most familiar with economic abuse, scoring the

highest at 3.20, while they are least aware of limiting

social interactions as a form of abuse, with the lowest

score of 2.75. With an overall average of 3.00, their

understanding of VAWC is general but needs improvement in

recognizing less obvious forms of abuse. Social media, such

as Facebook and Instagram, is their primary source of

 ABSTRACT 5

information (29.03%), followed by family and friends

(12.90%), while radio is the least used source (3.23%).

These findings highlight the need for more targeted

educational campaigns to raise awareness.

Conclusions

Based on the data gathered, it can be roughly concluded

that:

1. Women in San Jose Sur have a moderate awareness of

Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC). They are more

familiar with economic abuse, as shown by the highest mean

of 3.20, but less aware of limiting social interactions as

abuse, with the lowest mean of 2.75. Overall, with an

average score of 3.00, the women show a general

understanding of VAWC, though further education is needed

in certain areas to improve awareness of less obvious

forms of abuse.

2. Social media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) emerged as the

most common source of information for learning about

Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC), with a

frequency of 9 (29.03%). Family and friends followed

closely, with a frequency of 4 (12.90%), while television

programs, community leaders, and government campaigns each

had a frequency of 3 (9.68%). Radio broadcasts were the

least used source, with a frequency of 1 (3.23%).

 ABSTRACT 6

Recommendations

1. Use Social Media for VAWC Awareness: Community groups,

government agencies, and NGOs should use social media

to spread information about Violence Against Women and

Children (VAWC). Since social media is the most common

source of information, this can help reach more people

effectively.

2. Blend Traditional and Online Methods: It’s important to

combine in-person events, like seminars and workshops,

with digital methods such as social media. This way,

different groups can learn in the way that suits them

best, whether online or face-to-face.

3. Provide More VAWC Resources in Schools: Schools should

include VAWC topics in their programs and offer easy

access to helpful resources, like flyers or social

media posts. This ensures students can learn more about

VAWC in a way that’s relatable.

4. Encourage Further Research: More research is needed to

understand which methods work best for spreading

awareness of VAWC. Studying both online and traditional

methods can help make campaigns more effective and

improve how women learn about VAWC.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researchers wish to thank God

for providing them with the strength and guidance needed to

complete their study, and for the support of everyone who

made this research possible.

A special thank you to their Dean, Dr. Janet A.

Faroden, for her insightful feedback and constant guidance.

They are also deeply grateful to Marcelina A. Bad-ay for her

inspiring suggestions that helped shape their work.

Their sincere thanks go to Mr. Erwin G. Ching, their

instructor, for his patience and willingness to share his

knowledge throughout the years, as well as to Mr. Byron

Rivera, who took the time to serve as a panelist and offered

his valuable input.

They are incredibly thankful for the unconditional

love, support, and prayers from their families and friends.

To the Philippine College of Northwestern Luzon, and its

management and staff, for welcoming them and providing the

opportunity to experience quality education and excellence.

Lastly, they would like to express their gratitude to

their friends, who have been a source of light and support

during challenging times.

B.M.V.
L.L.A.
T.W.J.A.
 DEDICATION

This study is lovingly dedicated to our family and

loved ones, to all our professors, especially to our Dean,

Dr. Janet A. Faroden, and our instructors Marcelina A. Bad-

ay, Mr. Byron Rivera, and Mr. Erwin G. Ching. We also extend

our gratitude to the Philippine College of Northwestern

Luzon, our beloved alma mater, to our friends, and most

importantly, to God Almighty.

B.M.V.
L.L.A.
T.W.J.A.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1

Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Dedication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 8

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 12

CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Theoretical Framework. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 16

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CHAPTER 2 – DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Population and Locale of the Study . . . . . . . . 21

Data Gathering Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 23

Treatment of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHAPTER 3 – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA

Level of awareness among women in San Jose Sur

regarding the different forms of VAWC . . . . . . . 26

Common sources of information that women in San Jose

Sur rely on to learn about VAWC.. . . . . . . . . . 28

CHAPTER 4 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Proposed Action Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

A Letter of permission to conduct a study. . . . . . 36

B Letter to the respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . .37

C Letter of validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

C Content Validity Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

D Survey-Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

CURRICULUM VITAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

DOCUMENTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Table Title Page

1 Level of awareness among women

in San Jose Sur regarding the

different forms of VAWC .. . . . . . . . . 27

2 Common sources of information

that women in San Jose Sur rely on

to learn about VAWC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

 LIST OF FIGURES

Table No. Figure title Page No.

1 Paradigm of the Study. . . . . . . . 18

 Chapter I

The Problem

Republic Act No. 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence

Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, is a

significant piece of legislation in the Philippines aimed at

protecting women and their children from various forms of

abuse. This law criminalizes not only physical violence but

also psychological, emotional, economic, and sexual abuse.

These abuses are not always visible or physical in nature—

they can appear in many forms and situations.

For instance, physical abuse includes hitting,

slapping, or inflicting bodily harm. Psychological and

emotional abuse involves verbal insults, threats,

humiliation, and constant criticism that harm a woman’s

mental well-being. Economic abuse occurs when a partner

controls or withholds money, refuses to give financial

support, or prevents a woman from working or managing her

own finances. Meanwhile, sexual abuse includes forced sexual

acts, unwanted advances, or coercion within a relationship.

These abuses can also manifest as controlling behavior—such

as limiting a woman's ability to go out, make decisions, or

interact with others.

Understanding these varied forms of abuse is essential

in identifying and addressing domestic violence, especially

 THE PROBLEM 14

because many victims may not realize that what they are

experiencing qualifies as abuse under the law.

The effectiveness of this law heavily depends on the

level of awareness among women, especially in rural areas

such as San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union. Many rural women face

challenges such as lack of access to information, low

literacy rates, and cultural barriers that hinder their

understanding of RA 9262 and its provisions.

Reyes, Santos, and Dela Cruz (2022), in their study

"Impact of Legal Awareness on the Reporting of Domestic

Violence Cases," found that increased awareness of RA 9262

leads to higher rates of reporting domestic violence. Their

research underscores the importance of legal knowledge in

empowering women to seek help and protection.

Santos and Cruz (2023) conducted a study titled

"Disparities in Legal Awareness Between Urban and Rural

Women in the Philippines," revealing a significant gap in

awareness levels between urban and rural women. Rural women

often have less information about their legal rights, which

can result in underreporting of abuse and inadequate

protection.

In the study "Cultural and Social Barriers to

Understanding RA 9262 in Rural Areas," Delos Reyes and

Alipio (2021) explored how cultural beliefs and social norms

 THE PROBLEM 15

impact women's awareness of RA 9262. They found that

traditional beliefs often hinder women’s understanding and

use of the law’s protections.

Soriano and Garcia (2022) examined the issue in their

study "Challenges in Disseminating RA 9262 Information in

Rural Barangays." They identified barriers such as limited

access to educational resources and legal services that

contribute to low awareness among rural women, affecting the

law’s effectiveness.

Villanueva and Martinez (2023) explored the role of

local government units (LGUs) in their study "Effectiveness

of Local Government Units in Raising Awareness of RA 9262."

They found that proactive LGU involvement in awareness

campaigns significantly improves women's understanding of RA

9262, emphasizing the need for targeted local efforts.

Additional insights are offered by Bautista and Lim

(2022) in their study "Influence of Media in Promoting Legal

Awareness on RA 9262." Their findings show that consistent

media exposure, especially through radio and community

broadcasting, significantly increases knowledge about the

law in rural populations.

Similarly, Torres and Evangelista (2023), in

"Grassroots Approaches to Enhancing Women's Legal

Empowerment in Northern Luzon," highlighted the role of

 THE PROBLEM 16

barangay-based training and peer-led education programs in

raising awareness and building legal confidence among women

in isolated communities

This study aims to assess the level of awareness of

women in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union, regarding RA 9262. By

evaluating the current level of awareness, this research

will provide insights into the effectiveness of existing

programs and identify areas for further education and

outreach.

Theoretical Framework

To understand the level of awareness of women regarding

RA 9262 in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union, it is essential to

integrate theories from recent research on legal awareness,

educational outreach, and community support.

Legal Awareness Theory posits that increasing women’s

knowledge about their legal rights significantly impacts

their ability to seek protection and justice. According to

Smith (2021), when women are well-informed about legal

protections, such as those provided by RA 9262, they are

more likely to utilize these resources effectively to

address issues of domestic violence.

Educational Outreach Theory further supports this

framework by emphasizing the role of targeted educational

programs in improving legal knowledge. Davis (2022)

 THE PROBLEM 17

highlights that such educational initiatives are effective

in bridging the gap between legal knowledge and practical

application. By providing women with clear, accessible

information about their legal rights and protections, these

programs increase the likelihood that they will seek help

and utilize legal protections like RA 9262.

Community Support Theory complements these insights by

demonstrating the importance of local support networks in

disseminating information and supporting women. Martinez

(2022) notes that community-based initiatives and support

groups play a crucial role in raising awareness about legal

protections and providing necessary resources. This theory

reinforces the idea that community involvement is essential

for effectively spreading knowledge about RA 9262 and

ensuring that women can access the protections they need.

Additionally, Empowerment Theory offers a valuable lens

in understanding how legal awareness translates into action.

According to Zimmerman (2000), empowerment involves

providing individuals with the knowledge, skills, and

confidence to influence their lives and communities. When

applied to RA 9262, this theory highlights the importance of

equipping women with legal knowledge as a step toward

gaining control over their circumstances and resisting

abuse.
 THE PROBLEM 18

Finally, Social Norms Theory can be applied to

understand how prevailing cultural attitudes influence

behavior. Cialdini and Trost (1998) argue that social norms

strongly guide individual actions. In rural communities,

where patriarchal norms may still dominate, raising

awareness about RA 9262 also involves reshaping social

attitudes toward domestic violence and promoting legal

consciousness as a communal value.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Overall level of
awareness among Design,
women in San Jose Validation and
Sur regarding the Administration of
different forms of Survey
VAWC Questionnaire
Identified overall
level of awareness
Data analysis and among women in San
Significant
interpretation of Jose Sur regarding
difference between
the Results. the different forms
the level of
awareness of of VAWC
knowledge of
Drawing of
respondents from
conclusions and
San Jose Sur, Agoo,
recommendations
La Union regarding
of the study
VAWC
 THE PROBLEM 19

EXPECTED OUTCOME

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to assess the level of awareness of

women in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union regarding RA 9262.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the level of awareness among women in San Jose

Sur regarding the different forms of VAWC?

2. What are the common sources of information that women

in San Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC?

3. What action plan can be propose or recommend to enhance

the awareness and understanding of VAWC among women in

San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union?

 THE PROBLEM 20

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers believe that this study will widely

help to the following different individuals:

Teachers. This study provides teachers with the tools

to enhance their teaching approach and contribute positively

to the community by promoting a better understanding of

women's rights and protections under RA 9262.

Students. This study aims to equip students with

crucial knowledge about RA 9262, fostering a supportive and

aware school community.

School Administrators. This study will help school

administrators create a more supportive and informed school

environment, promoting better understanding and response to

issues related to RA 9262 and women’s rights.

Researchers. This study contributes valuable data and

insights that can guide and inspire further research into

 THE PROBLEM 21

legal awareness and its implications, ultimately advancing

efforts to address and prevent violence against women

 CHAPTER 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will use a descriptive survey approach.

According to Ritchie et al. (2013), this method is

helpful for studying a wide group of people and making

meaningful conclusions about the factors being examined.

It also allows the researcher to create a well-organized

questionnaire with both open-ended and closed-ended

questions, which helps in measuring results rather than

just exploring them.

This research design is suitable for the study as it

follows a clear and organized process, uses a survey to

gather participants' opinions, and allows the development

and testing of hypotheses based on the findings.

Population and Locale of the Study

The participants in this study consist of thirty-one

(31) women from San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union. The sample

is selected using purposive sampling, focusing on their

level of awareness regarding Republic Act 9262.

Data Gathering Tool

The main tool used in gathering data is a survey

questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts:

Part I shows the level of awareness among women in San Jose

 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 23

Sur regarding the different forms of VAWC, and Part II

shows the common sources of information that women in San

Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC.

The survey questionnaire was designed by the

researchers and validated by the school’s research

experts. The data gathering tool obtained a valid and

reliable result before it was administered.

The questionnaire assesses the profile and level of

awareness of women in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union

regarding Republic Act 9262, using the following

perception scale:

Part I

Scale Range Descriptive Verbal Interpretation

Equivalent
4 3.26 Highly Women demonstrate a high level
- Aware (HA) of awareness and understanding
4.00 of VAWC.
3 2.51 Moderately Women have a moderate awareness
- Aware (MA) of VAWC, with a fairly good
3.25 grasp of its key aspects.
2 1.76 Slightly Women have limited awareness of
- Aware (SA) VAWC, recognizing some aspects
2.50 but lacking full understanding.
1 1.00 Not Aware Women are not aware of VAWC and
- (NA) lack understanding of its key
1.75 concepts.
 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 24

Part II

Scale Range Descriptive Verbal Interpretation

Equivalent
4 3.26 Most Common Women primarily use this source
- Source (MCS) for learning about VAWC.
4.00
3 2.51 Frequently Women often use this source
- Used Source along with others for VAWC
3.25 (FUS) information.
2 1.76 Occasionally Women sometimes use this
- Used Source source, but it is not their
2.50 (OUS) main option for VAWC
information.
1 1.00 Rarely Used Women rarely use this source
- Source (RUS) for learning about VAWC.
1.75

Data Gathering Procedure

The procedure for gathering data was carried out as

follows: First, permission was obtained through a formal

letter to the barangay captain, requesting approval to

collect the necessary data. The researchers then conducted

face-to-face surveys with the respondents. They encouraged

participants to carefully read the instructions and ask for

clarification if any questions were unclear. All thirty-one

(31) women from San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union participated in

the survey, completing the questionnaire. The data collected

were analyzed and processed using statistical methods.

Treatment of Data

In answering the research problems, descriptive

statistics tools such as Average Weighted Mean was used

 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 25

in analyzing the data that were gathered.

Average weighted mean was used to determine the

level of awareness among women in San Jose Sur regarding the

different forms of VAWC, and frequency counts and

percentage was used to determine the common sources of

information that women in San Jose Sur rely on to learn

about VAWC.

The researchers selected these statistical tools

based on their belief that they are the most appropriate

methods to effectively analyze the data and achieve the

study's objectives.

Slovin’s formula:

n = ____N_____

1 + Ne
 CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyses and interprets data

obtained from the respondents involved in this study.

Level of awareness among women in San Jose Sur regarding the

different forms of VAWC

This presents the level of awareness among women in San

Jose Sur, Agoo, regarding the various forms of Violence

Against Women and Children (VAWC).

The table shows that the highest weighted mean of 3.20

for "Understanding economic abuse" shows that women in San

Jose Sur are Moderately Aware (MA) of this type of abuse.

The lowest weighted mean of 2.75 for "Recognizing limiting

social interactions as abuse" suggests that women are

Slightly Aware (SA) in this area. With an average weighted

mean of 3.00, it indicates that overall, the women in San

Jose Sur have a Moderate Awareness (MA) of VAWC, with a good

understanding of the main aspects.

A study by Encabo et al. (2024) on the awareness of

Republic Act 9262 among women found that most women exhibit

a Moderate Awareness level of understanding of intimate

partner violence and related aspects of the law. This aligns

with the findings in your research, showing that women in

San Jose Sur have a fairly good grasp of different forms of

 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 27

abuse and the legal protections available. The study

highlights the importance of enhancing public education on

these issues to improve women's awareness and understanding

of VAWC (Violence Against Women and Children) and its legal

implications.

Table 1. Level of awareness among women in San Jose Sur

regarding the different forms of VAWC

Table 1 shows the level of awareness among women in San

Jose Sur regarding different forms of VAWC.

Indicators Weighted Descriptive

Mean Equivalent
1. Concept of physical abuse. 3.10 Moderately
Aware (MA)
2. Understand what emotional abuse looks 3.00 Moderately
like. Aware (MA)
3. Clear on what psychological abuse 2.85 Moderately
involves. Aware (MA)
4. Get what economic abuse means. 3.20 Moderately
Aware (MA)
5. Can spot different types of abuse 2.95 Moderately
against women and children. Aware (MA)
6. Aware that threats can be a form of 3.05 Moderately
abuse. Aware (MA)
7. Get that controlling someone’s money can 2.80 Moderately
be abuse. Aware (MA)
8. Forced sexual acts are abuse. 3.10 Moderately
Aware (MA)
9. See that limiting social interactions 2.75 Moderately
can be a form of abuse. Aware (MA)
10. Can notice behaviors that might be 3.15 Moderately
abusive. Aware (MA)
11. Understand the role of the law in 2.90 Moderately
protecting against abuse. Aware (MA)
12. Know where to report incidents of 3.00 Moderately
abuse. Aware (MA)
13. Aware of support services for abuse 2.85 Moderately
victims. Aware (MA)
14. Understand the legal consequences of 3.10 Moderately
committing abuse. Aware (MA)
15. Recognize the importance of seeking 2.95 Moderately
help for abuse. Aware (MA)
Average Weighted Mean 3.00 Moderately
Aware (MA)
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 28

Common sources of information that women in San Jose Sur

rely on to learn about VAWC.

This presents the common sources of information that

women in San Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC.

Table 2. Common sources of information that women in San

Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC.

Table 2 showed the Common sources of information that

women in San Jose Sur rely on to learn about VAWC.

Indicators Frequenc Percentag

y e
Television Programs 3 9.68%
Radio Broadcasts 1 3.23%
Social Media (Facebook, Instagram, 9 29.03%
etc.)
Government Campaigns (Posters, 3 9.68%
Flyers)
Local Seminars/Workshops 2 6.45%
Community Leaders 2 6.45%
Family and Friends 4 12.90%
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 2 6.45%
Health Centers 2 6.45%
Schools or Educational Institutions 3 9.68%

Based on the results in the table above, Social Media

(Facebook, Instagram, etc.) emerged as the most notable

source for learning about VAWC, with the highest frequency

of 9 (29.03%). Other notable sources include Family and

Friends (12.90%) and Television Programs (9.68%), which are

frequently utilized. In contrast, Radio Broadcasts, with the

lowest frequency of 1 (3.23%), were the least relied upon.

The results of the study align with previous research

on how women learn about Violence Against Women and Children

 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 29

(VAWC). In particular, Caban's (2022) study, Awareness of

Women on VAWC (RA 9262): Basis for Information Dissemination

on Women’s Rights Program, highlights that women in the

Philippines primarily access information about intimate

partner violence through traditional sources like

television. However, digital platforms such as social media

are increasingly becoming a significant source of

information, reflecting broader trends in the use of

technology for educational purposes. These finding suggest

that, similar to the study conducted in San Jose Sur, social

media plays a central role in informing women about VAWC,

with television and interpersonal sources like family and

friends still playing significant, though secondary, roles.

 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions and

recommendations of the study based from the salient findings

and results. It seeks to answers the general and specific

research questions including the affirmation and negation of

the set hypothesis.

Conclusions

Based on the data gathered, it can be roughly concluded

that:

1. Women in San Jose Sur have a moderate awareness of

Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC). They are more

familiar with economic abuse, as shown by the highest

mean of 3.20, but less aware of limiting social

interactions as abuse, with the lowest mean of 2.75.

Overall, with an average score of 3.00, the women show a

general understanding of VAWC, though further education

is needed in certain areas to improve awareness of less

obvious forms of abuse.

2. Social media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) emerged as the

most common source of information for learning about

Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC), with a

frequency of 9 (29.03%). Family and friends followed

closely, with a frequency of 4 (12.90%), while television

 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31

programs, community leaders, and government campaigns each

had a frequency of 3 (9.68%). Radio broadcasts were the

least used source, with a frequency of 1 (3.23%).

Recommendations

1. Use Social Media for VAWC Awareness: Community groups,

government agencies, and NGOs should use social media

to spread information about Violence Against Women and

Children (VAWC). Since social media is the most common

source of information, this can help reach more people

effectively.

2. Blend Traditional and Online Methods: It’s important to

combine in-person events, like seminars and workshops,

with digital methods such as social media. This way,

different groups can learn in the way that suits them

best, whether online or face-to-face.

3. Provide More VAWC Resources in Schools: Schools should

include VAWC topics in their programs and offer easy

access to helpful resources, like flyers or social

media posts. This ensures students can learn more about

VAWC in a way that’s relatable.

4. Encourage Further Research: More research is needed to

understand which methods work best for spreading

awareness of VAWC. Studying both online and traditional

 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 32

methods can help make campaigns more effective and

improve how women learn about VAWC.

 REFERENCES

Bautista, L. C., & Lim, M. E. (2022). Influence of media in

promoting legal awareness on RA 9262. Retrieved from
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=19090 on May 20, 2025.

Caban, R. M. (2022). Awareness of women on VAWC (RA 9262):

Basis for information dissemination on women’s rights
program. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2022/v35i730439

Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence:

Social norms, conformity, and compliance. Retrieved from
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-07091-004 on May 20,
2025.

Davis, M. (2022). Impact of educational programs on women's

understanding of legal rights. Retrieved from
https://www.supportingwomen.org/education on November 14,
2024

Delos Reyes, M., & Alipio, F. (2021). Cultural and social

barriers to understanding RA 9262 in rural areas. Retrieved
from https://www.philres.org/ra9262-study on November 14,
2024

Encabo, E., et al. (2024). Awareness of Republic Act 9262

among women: A study on intimate partner violence and its
protective measures. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajppa.1886 on
November 14, 2024

Martinez, P. (2022). The role of community networks in legal

awareness. Retrieved from
https://www.communityresources.org/legalawareness on
November 14, 2024

Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., McNaughton Nicholls, C., & Ormston,

R. (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social
science students and researchers (2nd ed.). SAGE
Publications. Retrieved from
https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/qualitative-research-
practice/book237434

Reyes, J., Santos, A., & Dela Cruz, P. (2022). Impact of

legal awareness on the reporting of domestic violence cases.
 REFERENCES 34

Retrieved from https://www.nationallawreview.com/awareness-

2022 on November 14, 2024

Santos, M., & Cruz, L. (2023). Disparities in legal

awareness between urban and rural women in the Philippines.
Retrieved from https://www.papublications.net/rural-urban-
2023 on November 14, 2024

Smith, J. (2021). Effects of legal rights knowledge on

seeking protection. Retrieved from
https://www.legalresources.org/protection on November 14,
2024

Soriano, R., & Garcia, T. (2022). Challenges in

disseminating RA 9262 information in rural barangays.
Retrieved from https://www.socialjustice.org/rural-
challenges on November 14, 2024

Torres, M. A., & Evangelista, D. R. (2023). Grassroots

approaches to enhancing women's legal empowerment in
Northern Luzon. Retrieved from
https://pjcd.org/articles/2023-torres on May 20, 2025.

Villanueva, P., & Martinez, J. (2023). Effectiveness of

local government units in raising awareness of RA 9262.
Retrieved from https://www.localgovresearch.ph/ra9262-
awareness on November 14, 2024

Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological,

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2025.
APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A 36

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT A STUDY

September _, 2024

MRS. JAN JAN CORTEZ

Barangay Captain
San Jose Sur
Agoo, La Union

Dear Ma’am,

We, the fourth-year criminology students are currently

enrolled in the subject “Criminological Research 2”.
Presently, we are conducting a research study entitled
“LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR,
AGOO, LA UNION.”

In this regard, we kindly request your permission to allow

us to distribute questionnaires to all women aged 18 and
above in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union.

Rest assured that the data gathered will be confidential and

only used for academic and professional purposes.

Thank you so much.

Very respectfully yours,

BAUTISTA, MYRA V.
LAGASCA, ALON LESTER
TACAS, WEVIELYN JOYCE A.

Approved:

JANET A. FARODEN, Ph. D.

Dean, Criminology Department
 APPENDIX B 37

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

September _, 2024

Dear Respondents,

We, the fourth-year criminology students are currently

enrolled in the subject “Criminological Research 2”.
Presently, we are conducting a research study entitled
“LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR,
AGOO, LA UNION.”

In this regard, may we ask for your cooperation by answering

the following questionnaires honestly.

Rest assured that the data gathered will be kept

confidential and only used for academic and professional
purposes.

Thank you so much.

Very respectfully yours,

BAUTISTA, MYRA V.
LAGASCA, ALON LESTER
TACAS, WEVIELYN JOYCE A.

Approved:

JANET A. FARODEN, Ph. D.

Dean, Criminology Department
APPENDIX B 37
 APPENDIX C 38

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

LETTER OF VALIDATION

September _, 2024

Dear Ma’am/ Sir,

We, the fourth-year criminology students are currently

enrolled in the subject “Criminological Research 2”.
Presently, we are conducting a research study entitled
“LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR,
AGOO, LA UNION.”

In this regard, we respectfully and humbly request your

precious time and effort to validate our survey
questionnaire we could establish a strong research tool
before we administer it for gathering relevant data.

Kindly evaluate the validity of the attached survey

questionnaire by using the validation sheet (scale and
descriptive equivalent) attached herein. Together with the
validation sheet is the Statement of the Problem for your
reference.

Thank you so much.

Very respectfully yours,

BAUTISTA, MYRA V.
LAGASCA, ALON LESTER
TACAS, WEVIELYN JOYCE A.

Approved:

JANET A. FARODEN, Ph. D.

Dean, Criminology Department
 APPENDIX D 39

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

CONTENT VALIDITY INDEX

Evaluators Name: _______________________________

Direction: Please rate the suitability and clarity of the

following items in assessing the level of awareness of women
regarding RA 9262 in San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union. Use the
following legends to answer the questions

SUITABILITY LANGUAGE LEVEL

__ 4 Very Suited __ 4 Easy to Comprehend
__ 3 Well Suited __ 3 Moderately Easy to
Comprehend
__ 2 Failing Suited __ 2 Difficult to Comprehend
__ 1 Not Suited __ 1 Difficult to Understand

___________________________________
Evaluator’s Signature
 APPENDIX E 40

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

PART I: LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG WOMEN IN SAN JOSE SUR

REGARDING THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF VAWC

INDICATORS SUITABILITY LANGUAGE

LEVEL
1. Concept of physical abuse.
2. Understand what emotional abuse
looks like.
3. Clear on what psychological
abuse involves.
4. Get what economic abuse means.
5. Can spot different types of
abuse against women and
children.
6. Aware that threats can be a
form of abuse.
7. Get that controlling someone’s
money can be abuse.
8. Forced sexual acts are abuse.
9. See that limiting social
interactions can be a form of
abuse.
10. Can notice behaviors that
might be abusive.
11. Understand the role of the
law in protecting against
abuse.
12. Know where to report
incidents of abuse.
13. Aware of support services
for abuse victims.
14. Understand the legal
consequences of committing
abuse.
15. Recognize the importance of
seeking help for abuse.
 APPENDIX E 41

PART II: COMMON SOURCES OF INFORMATION THAT WOMEN IN SAN

JOSE SUR RELY ON TO LEARN ABOUT VAWC

INDICATORS SUITABILITY LANGUAGE

LEVEL
1. Television Programs
2. Radio Broadcasts
3. Social Media (Facebook,
Instagram, etc.)
4. Government Campaigns (Posters,
Flyers)
5. Local Seminars/Workshops
6. Community Leaders
7. Family and Friends
8. Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs)
9. Health Centers
10. Schools or Educational
Institutions
APPENDIX E 41
 APPENDIX F 42

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

NAME:(OPTIONAL) ___________________________________________

The researchers are currently conducting research entitled

“LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF WOMEN ON RA 9262 IN SAN JOSE SUR,
AGOO, LA UNION.”

following questions honestly without any mental reservation

by checking (/) the appropriate boxes of filling in the
blanks. Your response will be treated with utmost concern
and confidentiality.
PART I: OVERALL LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG WOMEN IN SAN JOSE
SUR REGARDING THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF VAWC

Scale Range Descriptive Verbal Interpretation

Equivalent
4 3.26 Highly Women demonstrate a high level
- Aware (HA) of awareness and understanding
4.00 of VAWC.
3 2.51 Moderately Women have a moderate awareness
- Aware (MA) of VAWC, with a fairly good
3.25 grasp of its key aspects.
2 1.76 Slightly Women have limited awareness of
- Aware (SA) VAWC, recognizing some aspects
2.50 but lacking full understanding.
1 1.00 Not Aware Women are not aware of VAWC and
- (NA) lack understanding of its key
1.75 concepts.
4 3 2 1
INDICATORS (HA) (MA) (SA) (NA)
1. Concept of physical abuse.
2. Understand what emotional abuse looks
like.
3. Clear on what psychological abuse
involves.
4. Get what economic abuse means.
5. Can spot different types of abuse
against women and children.
 APPENDIX F 43

6. Aware that threats can be a form of

abuse.
7. Get that controlling someone’s money can
be abuse.
8. Forced sexual acts are abuse.
9. See that limiting social interactions can
be a form of abuse.
10. Can notice behaviors that might be
abusive.
11. Understand the role of the law in
protecting against abuse.
12. Know where to report incidents of
abuse.
13. Aware of support services for abuse
victims.
14. Understand the legal consequences of
committing abuse.
15. Recognize the importance of seeking
help for abuse.

PART II: MOST COMMON SOURCES OF INFORMATION THAT WOMEN IN

SAN JOSE SUR RELY ON TO LEARN ABOUT VAWC

Scale Range Descriptive Verbal Interpretation

Equivalent
4 3.26 Most Common Women primarily use this source
- Source (MCS) for learning about VAWC.
4.00
3 2.51 Frequently Women often use this source
- Used Source along with others for VAWC
3.25 (FUS) information.
2 1.76 Occasionally Women sometimes use this
- Used Source source, but it is not their
2.50 (OUS) main option for VAWC
information.
1 1.00 Rarely Used Women rarely use this source
- Source (RUS) for learning about VAWC.
1.75
4 3 2 1
INDICATORS (MCS) (FUS) (OUS) (RUS)

1. Television Programs
2. Radio Broadcasts
 APPENDIX F 43

3.
 APPENDIX F 44

4. Social Media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.)

5. Government Campaigns (Posters, Flyers)
6. Local Seminars/Workshops
7. Community Leaders
8. Family and Friends
9. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
10. Health Centers
11. Schools or Educational Institutions
APPENDIX F 44
 CURRICULUM VITAE
WEVIELYN JOYCE ALEGRIA TACAS
LEONEST EAST, TUBAO, LA UNION
CELLPHONE #: 09686822241
E-MAIL ADDRESS: wevielynjoycetacas120103@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

NICKNAME: Wei
BIRTHDAY: December 01,2003
BIRTHPLACE: Vigan City
AGE: 21
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Wilfredo T. Tacas
MOTHER’S NAME: Olivia A. Tacas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
San Antonio, Agoo, La Union
2021-2025

SECONDARY: NAGLAOA-AN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

General Academic Strand
Naglaoan,Santo Domingo Ilocos Sur
2020-2021

PRIMARY: CABARITAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Cabaritan,Santo Domingo, Ilocos Sur
2014-2015
 CURRICULUM VITAE 46

CURRICULUM VITAE
MYRA VICENTE BAUTISTA
Purok 4,San Jose Sur, Agoo La Union
CELLPHONE #: 09460120263
E-MAIL ADDRESS: myrabautista687@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

NICKNAME: Babs
BIRTHDAY: February 20,2003
BIRTHPLACE: Agoo, La Union
AGE: 21
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Born Again
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Alberto M. Bautista
MOTHER’S NAME: Mary Jane V. Bautista

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
San Antonio, Agoo, La Union
2021-2025

SECONDARY: DON EUFEMIO F.ERIGUEL MEMORIAL NATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL
Consolacion, Agoo, La Union
2019-2021

PRIMARY: SAN JOSE SAN JOAQUIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

San Jose Sur, Agoo, La Union
2012-2014
 CURRICULUM VITAE 47

CURRICULUM VITAE
LESTER ALON LAGASCA
Purok 2,San Antonio,Aringay LA UNION
CELLPHONE #: 09092196758
E-MAIL ADDRESS: alonlester14@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

NICKNAME: Ter
BIRTHDAY: October 23,2000
BIRTHPLACE: San Antonio Aringay, La Union
AGE: 24
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Anthony D. Lagasca
MOTHER’S NAME: Veronica A. Lagasca

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
San Antonio, Agoo, La Union
2021-2025

SECONDARY: SOUTH ILOCANDIA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

TECHNOLOGY
San Eugenio, Aringay La Union
2018-2020

PRIMARY: SAN ANTONIO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Aringay, La Union
2011-2013
 PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF NORTHWESTERN LUZON
CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
SAN ANTONIO, AGOO, LA UNION

DOCUMENTATIONS: DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES