Geography Jinnah Executive Services Academy

Contents
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction to Geography ........................................................................................................... 2

Father of map: ......................................................................................................................... 2

Oldest map of the world: ......................................................................................................... 2

First Geographer in the world: ................................................................................................. 2

Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................... 3

Continent Asia ............................................................................................................................ 3

Overview of the World and Continent Asia .............................................................................. 3

Political Geography of Asia ..................................................................................................... 5

North Asia ........................................................................................................................... 5

East Asia ............................................................................................................................. 5

Western Asia ....................................................................................................................... 5

South Asia ........................................................................................................................... 6

Southeast Asia ..................................................................................................................... 6

Central Asia ......................................................................................................................... 6

Important Mountain Ranges in Asia ......................................................................................... 9

Rivers that form the borders between countries in Asia ...................................................... 10

Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 11

Political Geography of Africa ................................................................................................... 11

Physical Geography of Africa ............................................................................................... 14

Physical Geography of Africa ............................................................................................... 16

Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 17

Regions of Europe ..................................................................................................................... 17

Eastern Europe (10 Countries) ............................................................................................. 17

Northern Europe (10 Countries) ........................................................................................... 17

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Southern Europe (15 Countries) ........................................................................................... 18

Transcontinental Countries .................................................................................................. 18

Europe Geography Facts ........................................................................................................ 19

Important Mountain Ranges in Europe ................................................................................... 19

Major Water Bodies in Europe............................................................................................. 20

Important River system in Europe ....................................................................................... 22

Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 26

Physical Geography of North America ...................................................................................... 26

Location ................................................................................................................................ 26

Associated Islands ................................................................................................................ 26

Significance .......................................................................................................................... 26

Physical Regions .................................................................................................................. 27

Western Mountains ........................................................................................................... 27

The Great Plains ............................................................................................................... 27

The Eastern Mountain Range ........................................................................................... 27

The Canadian Shield ......................................................................................................... 28

Great Lakes of North America ......................................................................................... 28

Important waterfalls .......................................................................................................... 28

Important Rivers ............................................................................................................... 28

Important Gulfs................................................................................................................. 29

Important Seas .................................................................................................................. 29

Political Geography of North America ...................................................................................... 33

Main Land ............................................................................................................................ 33

Central America ................................................................................................................ 33

Greater Antilles................................................................................................................. 33

Laser Antilles .................................................................................................................... 33

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Physical Geography of South America ...................................................................................... 34

Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................................. 39

Branches of Geography............................................................................................................ 39

Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 39

Geography: ....................................................................................................................... 39

Human Geography:........................................................................................................... 39

Physical Geography: ......................................................................................................... 40

Integrated Geography: ...................................................................................................... 41

Regional Geography: ........................................................................................................ 41

Geomatics: ........................................................................................................................ 42

Cartography: ..................................................................................................................... 43

Biogeography: .................................................................................................................. 43

Climatology: ..................................................................................................................... 44

Coastal Geography: .......................................................................................................... 44

Environmental Geography:............................................................................................... 45

Geomorphology: ............................................................................................................... 45

Glaciology: ....................................................................................................................... 46

Hydrology: ........................................................................................................................ 46

Landscape Ecology: .......................................................................................................... 46

Lithology: ......................................................................................................................... 47

Meteorology: .................................................................................................................... 47

Oceanographers: ............................................................................................................... 47

Orology: ............................................................................................................................ 48

Palaeo Geography: ............................................................................................................ 48

Quaternary Science: .......................................................................................................... 48

Soil Geography: ................................................................................................................ 49

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Water Resources Geography: ........................................................................................... 49

Political Geography: ......................................................................................................... 50

Chapter 7 .................................................................................................................................. 51

Some Important (MCQs) ....................................................................................................... 51

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Geography Jinnah Executive Services Academy

Chapter 1

Introduction to Geography
A science that deals with the description, distribution and interaction of the diverse physical,
biological, and cultural features of the earth’s surface is called Geography.

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Its
separate identity was first formulated and named some 2,000 years ago by the Greeks, whose geo
and graphein were combined to mean "earth writing" or "earth description." However, what is
now understood as geography was elaborated before then, in the Arab world and elsewhere
Ptolemy, author of one of the discipline's first books, Guide to Geography (2nd century CE),
defined geography as "a representation in pictures of the whole known world together with the
phenomena which are contained therein.

Father of map:
Ptolemy, an Egyptian was the first person to make the map of world

Oldest map of the world:

More commonly known as the Babylonian Map of the World, the Imago Mundi is considered the
oldest surviving world map. It is currently on display at the British Museum in London. It dates
back to between 700 and 500 BC and was found in a town called Sippar in Iraq

First Geographer in the world:

Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He
lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate
measurement of the circumference of the Earth. He lived and worked for most of his life in the
city of Alexandria in Egypt.

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Chapter 2

Continent Asia

Overview of the World and Continent Asia

1. Surface area of the earth is about 5.10 million km2
2. Population of the world is about 7.8 billion.
3. Densely populated region of the world are:
i. Eastern, Southern, and South Eastern Asia
ii. Western and central Europe
iii. North Eastern USA and South Eastern Canada
iv. Nile Valley
4. A large area of continuous land rising above sea level is called as continent.
5. There are seven major land masses or continents on the earth.
6. Asia is the largest continent of the world (44.58 million km2).
7. Asia comprises 30% of the Earth land area.
8. Asia is located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
9. Asia is lie between 34.0479° N, 100.6197° E. The Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Arctic
Circle passes through it.
10. Asia is separated from Africa by the Red Sea and Suez Canal.
11. Ural Mountains make boundary between Asia and Europe.
12. Physical regions of Asia:
i. North Western Plains
a. Eastern Siberia
b. Western Siberia
ii. Central Folded Mountain Ranges and Plateau
a. The Himalayas
b. Karakoram Range
c. The HinduKush
d. Tibit Plateau
iii. North Eastern Mountains

iv. Valleys of South Eastern Rivers

a. Ganga valley
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b. Barhamaputra valley
c. Indus valley
d. Tigris and Euphrates valley
v. Southern Plateau
a. Arabian Plateau
b. Decan Plateau
vi. Volcanoes Ranges and Island

13. Asia is the most populated continent in the world, home to over 4.6 billion people
14. The highest point of Asia is Mt. Everest (8849m).
15. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake of the world (1642m).
16. The Dead Sea is a salt lake between the West Bank and Israel.
17. The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia, and the fourth longest
in the world at 3,915 miles (6,301 km).
18. Russia is largest country of the world (17,075,400 km2).
19. Russia has11 time zones across two continents (Europe and Asia) and has coasts on
three oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic).
20. Russia has borders with 14 countries.
21. Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway in the world (9298 km).
22. Russia is separated from America by 4 kilometers.
23. Asia is the birthplace of all the world’s major religions i.e., Buddhism, Christianity,
Hinduism, and Islam.
24. Siachen glacier-The highest battlefield on Earth.

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Political Geography of Asia

1. Area: Asia is the largest continent of the world (44.58 million km2). It covers about 30
percent of Earth's total land area.
2. Population: more than 4.6 billion people (in 2020), comprise about 60 percent of the
world's population.
3. The highest point is Mount Everest at 8,848m (29,028 ft.) on the China-Nepal border.
4. The largest lakes are the Caspian Sea (salt lake) 371,000 km² (143 250 sq mi), and Lake
Baikal (31,500 km²) in Siberia, is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume.
The longest river is the Yangtze in China with a length of 6,380 km (3,964 mi).

North Asia
North Asia, also Northern Asia, consists of the Russian Federation east of the Ural Mountains:
the Ural region, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. A common synonym for North Asia is Siberia.
North Asia covers an area of 13.1 million km², about 77% of Russia's territory. In the sparsely
populated region, four times the size of India, live about 34 million people.

East Asia
The eastern region of Asia consists of the Asian nations of China (including the special
administrative regions of Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet), Japan, Mongolia, North Korea
(Democratic People's Republic of Korea), South Korea (Republic of Korea).
East Asia covers an area of 11.8 million km². 1.68 billion People live in East Asia. The most
populous country is China, with 1.44 billion inhabitants.

Western Asia
West Asia, Western Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East or Near East are all designations for
Asia's southwestern territory. West Asia is home to several geographical and historical regions,
including Asia Minor or Anatolia (peninsula), the Caucasus region, the Eastern Mediterranean,
the historical region of Mesopotamia, the Armenian Highlands, the historical region of Syria,
the
geographical and historical region of Palestine, the Sinai Peninsula, the Arabian Peninsula with
the Arabian desert, and the Iranian Highlands.
There are 20 independent countries in Western Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus,
the northeastern part of Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, the

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State of Palestine (Gaza Strip and West Bank), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United
Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

Western Asia has a land area of about 6 million km² and is home to 280 million people (in
2020).

South Asia
The region of South Asia, or Southern Asia, includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia is among the world's most populated
regions; 1.8 billion people live in an area of more than 5 million km². The country with the largest
population is India, with nearly 1.4 billion people.

Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

1. Mainland Southeast Asia, or the Indochinese peninsula, includes Myanmar (Burma),

Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia.

2. Maritime Southeast Asia, also known as the Malay Archipelago, includes the world's two
largest island countries, Indonesia and the Philippines. There are an estimated 25,000
islands in Maritime Southeast Asia.

The region is also home to India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Singapore, Brunei
(surrounded by East Malaysia) on the island of Borneo, and East Timor (Timor-Leste) on the
island of Timor. Southeast Asia has a land area of 4.5 million km²; an estimated 668 million
people live in Southeast Asia (in 2020).

Central Asia
In the modern standard definition, the region is home to the 'stan-countries,' all former Soviet
republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, some definitions
also include Afghanistan. Central Asia has an area of 4 million km² and a population of 73
million. By far the largest country is Kazakhstan (2,724,900 km²). The most populous of all the
nations in Central Asia is Uzbekistan (34.2 million inhabitants).

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Region Area Population

Northern Asia 13.1 million km² 34 million
Eastern Asia 11.8 million km² 1.68 billion
Western Asia 6 million km² 280 million
South Asia 5 million km² 1.8 billion
South East Asia 4.5 million km² 668 million
Central Asia 4 million km² 73 million

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Important River system in Asia

1. Youngtze River:

a. Length: 6300km
b. 1st longest river of Asia
c. 7th largest of the world by discharge volume
d. Source: Tibet Plateau
e. Mouth: East China Sea
f. Course country: China
2. Yellow River (Huang He):

a. Length: 5464km
b. 2nd longest river of Asia
c. 6th longest river system of the world
d. Source: Kunlun Mountains
e. Mouth: Bhoi Sea extension of Yellow Sea
f. Course country: China
3. Mekong River:

a. Length: 4909km
b. 3rd longest river of Asia
c. 11th largest river system of the world
d. Source: Tibet Plateau
e. Mouth: South China Sea
f. Course country: China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam
g. It’s a border between East Asia and South East Asia.
4. Lena:

a. Length: 4294km
b. 4th longest river of Asia
c. 12th longest of the world
d. Source: Baikal Mountains
e. Mouth: Leptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)
f. Course Country: Longest river of Russia
5. Irtysh:

a. Length: 4248km
b. 5th longest river of Asia
c. Source: Altai Mountains
d. Mouth: Ob River /Kara Sea/ Arctic Ocean
e. Course Country: China, Kazakhstan and Russia
6. Brahmaputra:

a. Length: 3848km

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b. 6th longest river of Asia

c. 9th largest of the world by discharge volume
d. Source: Himalayas
e. Mouth: Bay of Bengal
f. Course Country: Tibet, China, India and Bangladesh
7. Ob River:

a. Length: 3650km
b. 7th longest river of Asia
c. Together with Irtysh river it forms world 7th longest river system(5410km)
d. Source: Altai Mountains
e. Mouth: Kara Sea/ Arctic Ocean
f. Course County: Mongolia and Russia
8. Indus River:

a. Length: 3180km
b. 8th longest river of Asia
c. Source: Tibet Plateau
d. Mouth: Arabian Sea/ Indian Ocean
e. Course country: China, India and Pakistan

Important Mountain Ranges in Asia

1. The Himalayas Range:

a. Highest Peak: Mount Everest (8849m)

b. 3200km in length
c. Spread in Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan.

2. The Karakaram Range:

a. Also called Black Mountains

b. Highest Peak: K-2 or Godwin Austin (8611m)
c. More than 500 km in length
d. Spread in Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India.

3. The Hindukush Range:

a. Highest Peak: Tirich Mir (7690m)

b. 800km in length
c. Spread in China, Pakistan and Tajikistan.

4. The Kunlun Range:

a. Highest peak Liushi Shan (7167m)

b. 2000km in length
c. Spread in Tajikistan and China
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5. The Altain Range:

a. Highest Peak Belukha(4506m)

b. Length:2000km
c. Spread in China, Mongolia and Russia
d. Source of Ob and Irtysh River system
e. Giant nature reserve: more than 2000 unique plant species grow here
f. Form the watershed between Internal Central Asian watershed and Arctic Ocean
watershed

6. The Arkan Range:

a. Highest peak: Khonu Msung(3094m)

b. Length: 1000km
c. Border between Myanmar and India

Rivers that form the borders between countries in Asia

1. Amur River: China and Russia
2. Brahamputra River: China India and Bangladesh
3. Amu River: Afghanistan and Uzbekistan
4. Indus River: China , India and Pakistan
5. Jordan River: Jordan, Israel and Palestine
6. Tigris: Iraq and Turkey
7. Mekong: Myanmar, Loas, Thailand
8. Ganges River: India and Bangladesh
9. Chu River: Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
10. Yulu River: North Korea and China

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Chapter 3

Political Geography of Africa

North Africa Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia , Libya, Egypt, Sudan

East Africa Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya , Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,
Tanzania
West Africa Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad , Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Burkina Faso,
Togo, Benin, Nigeria
Central Africa Cameroon, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo
Southern Africa Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi
Mozambique, Eswatini (Swaziland), and Lesotho
Islands Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, The Republic of Cabo
Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe

1. 54 independent states/countries in Africa.

2. The Suez Canal runs from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

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3. The canal was built with French and British help and was completed in 1869. In 1956
the canal came under Egyptian control.

4. Largest country is Algeria which occupy 7% area of the continent

5. Smallest country is Seychelles (451 km2 )

6. Most populous country is Nigeria (14% population of the African continent) and it is the
7th largest populated country of the world.

7. The Gambia: Smallest country within the African Mainland

8. Djibouti is the 3rd smallest country after Swaziland (Eswatini) and Gambia in Africa.

9. There are 16 landlocked countries in Africa.

10. Chad is the largest landlocked country in Africa.

11. Eswatini: Smallest Landlocked country in Africa by area and population.

12. Morocco: It is the only African country with coastal exposure to both the Atlantic Ocean
and the Mediterranean Sea.

13. Sudan is known as the place with the world's largest collection of pyramids.

14. South Sudan is the youngest country in the world (2011)

15. Lake Assal of Djibouti is the world's third most saline body of water and the deepest
point of Africa.

16. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa. Biggest landlocked country by population in
Africa.

17. Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s largest exporter of cocoa beans, the main ingredient in
chocolate.

18. Africa’s minerals make it one of the world’s richest continents.

19. African nations contain large amounts of gold, platinum, chromium, cobalt, copper,
phosphates, diamonds, and many other minerals.

20. Currently Algeria is the twelfth largest exporter of petroleum in the world.

21. South Africa is the world’s largest producer of chromium. Chromium is an element used
in manufacturing stainless steel.

22. South Africa also produces nearly 80 percent of the world’s platinum and nearly 30
percent of the world’s gold.

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23. African nations produce about 42 percent of the world’s cobalt, mostly from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia.

24. Libya, Nigeria, Algeria, and Angola combine to produce over seven percent of the
world’s oil.

25. Nigeria is the most oil-rich country of Africa.

26. After oil, coffee is the most profitable commodity in Africa. The continent grows 20
percent of the world’s supply.

27. Nigeria leads African nations in lumber exports and ranks eighth worldwide in that
area.

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Physical Geography of Africa

1. 37° north to 34° south; 17° west to 51° east

2. Equator almost bisect the continent

3. It is the only continent lies in all four hemispheres
4. Second largest continent with respect to area and population
5. East to west maximum length: 7400km
6. North to south maximum length: 8050km
7. Area: 30.37million km2
8. Population: 1.216 Billion (2022)
9. Mediterranean Sea and Europe lies north of Africa
10. Suez Canal, Red sea and Asia lies north east of Africa
11. Indian Ocean at east and south east; Atlantic Ocean at west of Africa
12. 20.3 % of total land area of the world occupied by Africa
13. 14 % of world population resided in Africa
14. Madagascar; a country in Indian Ocean of African continent is the 4th largest Island of
the world w.r.t. area.
15. 54 independent states/countries in Africa
16. Largest country is Algeria which occupy 7% area of the continent.
17. Smallest country is Seychelles (451 km2 )
18. Most populous country is Nigeria (14% population of the African continent) and it is the
7th largest populated country of the world.

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Physical Geography of Africa

1. Least populous country is Seychelles
2. Sahara is the 3rd largest desert in the world (9.2 million km2)
3. Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia located in Sahara Desert.
4. Kalahari desert is famous for diamond mining
5. River orange flow through Kalahari desert
6. Botswana, Namibia and South Africa located in Kalahari desert
7. Namib desert is the coastal desert in Southern Africa
8. Stretches for more than 2000km along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia and
South Africa
9. Length of Rift valley is 6000 miles and average width is 35 miles
10. Nile is the longest river of the world (6693km)
11. 2nd longest river of Africa is Congo which crosses Equator twice; one of the deepest
river
12. Lake Victoria is the world’s 2nd largest fresh water lake by surface area
13. Lake Tanganyika is the world’s longest fresh water lake.
14. Mount Kilmanjaro is the highest peak in Africa (5895m)
15. Lake Assal 155m below sea level is the lowest point of Africa

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Geography Jinnah Executive Services Academy

Chapter 4

Regions of Europe
There are a total of 44 countries in Europe. Divided into different regions there are 9 countries
in Western Europe, 10 countries in Eastern Europe, 15 countries in Southern
Europe, and 10 countries in Northern Europe. The European Commission is based in Brussels,
Belgium, the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, and the European Central Bank in
Frankfurt, Germany.
Western Europe (9 Countries)
1. Austria(Vienna)
2. Belgium((Brussels)
3. France( Paris)
4. Germany(Berlin) (most populated country)
5. Liechtenstein(Vaduz) (least populated country
6. Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
7. Monaco ( Monaco)
8. Netherlands (Amsterdam)
9. Switzerland (Bern)

Eastern Europe (10 Countries)

1. Belarus (Minsk)
2. Bulgaria( Sofia)
3. Czechia , Czech Republic ( Prague)
4. Hungary (Budapest)
5. Poland (Warsaw)
6. Republic of Moldova (Chisinau) (least populated country)
7. Romania
8. Russian Federation (Moscow) (most populated country)
9. Slovakia ( Bratislava)
10. Ukraine ( Kiev)

Northern Europe (10 Countries)

1. Denmark (Copenhagen)
2. Estonia ( Tallinn)
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3. Finland (Helsinki) (most populated country)

4. Iceland (Reykjavik)
5. Ireland (Dublin) (least populated country)
6. Latvia ( Riga)
7. Lithuania ( Vilnius)
8. Norway (Oslo)
9. Sweden (Stockholm)
10. United Kingdom ( London)

Southern Europe (15 Countries)

1. Albania (Tirana)
2. Andorra (Andorra la Vella)
3. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
4. Croatia (Zagreb)
5. Greece (Athens)
6. Italy (Rome) (most populated country)
7. Malta (Valletta)
8. Montenegro ( Podgorica)
9. North Macedonia (Skopje)
10. Portugal (Lisbon)
11. San Marino (San Marino)
12. Serbia (Belgrade)
13. Slovenia (Ljubljana)
14. Spain ( Madrid)
15. Vatican City ( Vatican City) (least populated country)(smallest country of the world)

Transcontinental Countries
1. Russia
2. Turkey
3. Kazakhstan
4. Azerbaijan
5. Georgia
6. Armenia
7. Cyprus

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Geography Jinnah Executive Services Academy

Europe Geography Facts

1. Europe is the planet's 6th largest continent.
2. The European continent, bordered by numerous bodies of water, is separated from Asia
by Russia's Ural Mountains and by the Caspian and Black Seas. It is separated from
Africa by the Mediterranean Sea.
3. The Vatican is Europe's smallest country
4. Germany is Europe's largest country by population
5. The Vatican is Europe's smallest country by population (If European Russian is excluded,
the highest and lowest stats shown below apply to continental Western Europe)
6. Europe's highest point is Mt. Blanc in France and Italy
7. Europe's lowest point is Lemmefjord in Denmark
8. Population: It is the third most populous continent, after Asia and Africa
9. Population Density: 70 per sq km (181 per sq mi)
10. Continent Size: 9,938,000 sq km, 3,837,081 sq miles, The only continent smaller in area
is Australia/Oceania
11. Percent of Earth's Land: 6.8%
12. Highest Point: Mt Elbrus in Russia, 18,506 ft (5,642m)
13. Lowest Point: Caspian Sea, Russia (-92 ft) (-28m)
14. The Balkan Countries are the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

Important Mountain Ranges in Europe

1. Ural Mountains:
a. Highest Peak: Mount Narodnaya (1894m)
b.2500km in length
c. Spread in Russia.
d.A rich source of minerals including coal, metal ores, precious stone

2. Scandinavian Mountains:
a. Also known as the Scandes
b.Highest Peak: Kebnekaise (2,469 meters) more than 1762km in length
c. Spread in Finland, Norway, Sweden.
d.Ice fields and glaciers cover large parts of the Scandinavian Mountains.

3. Carpathian Mountains:
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a. Highest Peak: Gerlachovský štít (2654) 1500km in length

b. The third longest mountain range in Europe
c. Spread in Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine.

4. The Alps Range:

a. Highest Peak Mount Blanc (4810m)
b. The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe Length:1200km
c.Spread in France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and
Slovenia
d. The Alps remain one of the world's top travel destinations

5. The Caucasus Mountains:

a. Highest Peak Mount Elbrus (5642), The highest point in Europe.

b. Length:1100km
c. Spread along the Russia-Georgia border.
d. Stretches between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.
e. This mountain range was an important part of the historical trade route known as the
Silk Road that connected the ancient Eastern and Western World

Major Water Bodies in Europe

Occupying the westernmost part of the Eurasian landmass, Europe is the world’s 2nd smallest
continent that covers an area of about 10,180,000 sq. km. It is bordered by the continent of Asia
in the east; the Mediterranean Sea in the south; the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Arctic
Ocean in the north.
1. The Adriatic Sea - The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed body of water and the northernmost
extension of the Mediterranean Sea that separates the eastern part of the Italian Peninsula
from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula Some of the major countries that are located
along the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Bosnia and
Herzegovina.

2. The Aegean Sea - With an area of 214,000 sq. km, the Aegean Sea is the Mediterranean’s 4th
largest marginal sea, which is located between Anatolia and the Balkan peninsulas.
3. The Alboran Sea - The Alboran Sea is the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea that
is situated between the Iberian Peninsula and the northern part of Africa. The sea is
bordered by the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar in the west; by Spain in the north
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and by Algeria and Morocco in the south. The Strait of Gibraltar, which lies at the extreme
western end of the Alboran Sea, connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Balearic Sea - Often referred to as the Iberian Sea, the Balearic Sea is a portion of the
Mediterranean Sea that is situated between the eastern part of Spain, the southern part of
France, and the western part of the Sardinia and the Corsica Islands. The Balearic
shearwater is an endemic avian species that is found in the Balearic Sea.
5. Baltic Sea - With an area of 377,000 sq. km, the Baltic Sea is one of the marginal seas of the
Atlantic Ocean. The 8,000km long coastline of the Baltic Sea is shared by the countries of
Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Denmark, and Russia’s
Kaliningrad region. It is estimated that over 250 rivers and small streams drain into the
Baltic Sea.
6. The Barents Sea - With an area of 1,400,000 sq. km, the Barents Sea is one of the marginal
seas of the Arctic Ocean, which is situated along the northern coasts of Russia and Norway.
The Barents Sea also serves as an important site for the exploration of hydrocarbons like
petroleum and natural gas.
7. Bay of Biscay - Located to the south of the Celtic Sea, on the western coast of Europe is the
Bay of Biscay, which is considered as a wide extension of the North Atlantic Ocean. The
Bay is bordered by France in the east and by Spain in the south.
8. The Black Sea - With an area of 436,402 sq. km, the Black Sea is one of the marginal
seas of the Atlantic Ocean, which is situated between the continents of Europe and Asia.
The Sea is bordered by the countries of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Georgia, Bulgaria,
and Turkey.

9. Bosphorus or Bosporus Strait - Also referred to as the Istanbul Strait, the Bosporus Strait is a
body of water that forms a part of the boundary between the continents of Asia and Europe.
Located in northwestern Turkey, Bosporus Strait is one of the world’s narrowest straits that
connect the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. The Dardanelles Strait (or, the Strait of
Gallipoli) in turn links the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea.
10. English Channel - English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is situated between
the southern coast of the Island of Great Britain and the northern coast of France. English
Channel is also one the busiest shipping routes in the world.
11. The Mediterranean Sea - With an area of 2.5 million sq. km, the Mediterranean Sea is one
of the largest seas in the world that is bordered by the continents of Europe in the north,

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Africa in the south, and Asia in the east. In the west, the sea is connected with the Atlantic
Ocean via the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Croatia, Algeria, etc
are some of the major countries that are located along the Mediterranean Sea.
12. The North Sea - With an area of 570,000 sq. km, the North Sea is the 13th largest sea of the
Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Great Britain (England and Scotland), Germany,
Denmark, Belgium, Norway, and The Netherlands. The North Sea is connected with the
Atlantic Ocean via the English Channel and with the Baltic Sea via the Kattegat and
Skagerrak Straits.
13. Sea of Azov - With a maximum depth of only 14m, the Sea of Azov is regarded as one of the
shallowest seas in the world. The Sea is bounded by Ukraine in the north, Russia in the east,
and the Crimean Peninsula in the west
14. Sea of Marmara - The Sea of Marmara is a small inland sea that is completely bordered
by Turkey. The sea separates the Asian and European parts of Turkey and is linked with
the Black Sea via the Bosphorus Strait and with the Aegean Sea via the Dardanelles Strait.
15. Strait of Dover - The Strait of Dover forms the narrowest part of the English Channel. It
forms a boundary between the North Sea and the English Channel and separates the United
Kingdom from continental Europe. The Strait is also one of the busiest straits in the world.
16. Strait of Gibraltar - The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic
Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea. It is situated between the southern part of Europe and
the northwestern part of Africa. It is also one of the busiest waterways in the world.

Important River system in Europe

1. The Volga River:

a. Length: 3531 KM
b. 1st longest river of Europe
c. Source: Valdai Hills
d. Mouth: Caspian Sea.
e. Course country: Russia
f. National River of the Russian

2. The Danube River:

a. Length: 2850 KM

b. 2nd longest river of Europe

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c. Source: Black Forest

d. Mouth: Black Sea

e. Course country: passing through the 10 European nations: Germany, Austria,

Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Moldova.

f. The 171 km-long Rhine-Main-Danube Canal connects the Danube River with the
North Sea.

g. Most significant commercial waterways on the European continent and acts as an

important source of drinking water, hydroelectric power generation, irrigation,
fishing, and navigation
3. The Dnieper River:
a. Length: 2200 KM
b. 4th longest river of Europe
c. Source: Valdai Hills
d. Mouth: Black Sea
e. Course Country: Russia, Belarus and Ukraine

4. The Don River:

a. Length: 1870 KM
b. 5th longest river of Asia
c. Source: Russian Tula oblast
d. Mouth: Sea of Azov
e. The 101 km-long Lenin Volga-Don Shipping Canal links the Don River with the
Volga River

5. The Rhine River:

a. Length: 1230 KM

b. Source: Swiss Alps in the Canton of Grisons, Switzerland Mouth: Sea of Azov

c. Course Country: forms the international boundary between Switzerland and

Liechtenstein and boundary between Switzerland and Austria and later forms
Switzerland’s northeastern border with Germany and boundary between Germany
and France.

d. The river finally empties into the North Sea

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6. The Elbe River:

a. Length: 1112 KM

b. 6th longest river of Europe

c. Source: Krkonose Mountains

d. Mouth: North Sea

e. Course Country: Czech Republic and Germany

7. The Tagus River:

a. Length: 1007 KM

b. Source: It originates from the Montes Universals mountain range in the eastern
part of Spain

c. Mouth: Atlantic Ocean

d. Course County: Spain and Portugal

8. The Loire River:

a. Length: 1006 KM

b. Is recognized as France’s longest river

c. Source: Massif Central in the Cévennes mountain France

d. Mouth: Bay of Biscay

e. Course County: France

9. Oder River:

a. Length: 840 KM

b. Second-longest river in Poland

c. Source: It originates in the rugged mountains of the eastern Czech Republic and
flows through the western part of Poland where it forms a border between Poland
and Germany
d. Mouth: Szczecin Lagoon and Baltic Sea
10. Po River:

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a. Length: 652 KM

b. Italy’s longest river

c. Source: It rises from the upper reaches of the Cottian Alps and flows from west to
east across the northern portion of Italy and eventually drains into the Adriatic Sea

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Chapter 5

Physical Geography of North America

Location

1. North America stretching from Polar Arctic to tropic of Cancer

2. Surrounded by Arctic Ocean in north, Atlantic Ocean in east, Pacific Ocean in west &
South America in South

3. Separated from Asia by Bearing Strait

4. Connected with South America through Isthmus of Panama

5. Point Barrow is northern most point of North America.

6. Arctic Circle and tropic of cancer passes through the North America
7. Greenland separated by Denmark Strait

Associated Islands

1. Greenland, Arctic Archipelago (36563 islands), West Indies, Aleutian

Islands (belong to Alaska Russia)(69 islands and 1900 km in length)

Significance
2. North America is the 3rd largest continent of the world.
3. It covers 16.5% of world’s land area.

4. 7.7% of the world’s population resided in North America.

5. It is Triangle shaped continent located Northern & Western Hemisphere.
6. Latitudes: approx 7 to 84 degree north

7. Longitudes: approx 15 to 180 degree west

8. Highest point Mount McKinley in Alaska (6194m)

9. Lowest point is Death Valley in Bad-water Basin (-86m)

10. Mississippi River is one of the longest river systems in the world (3730km).

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Physical Regions
1. Western Mountains Ranges
2. The Great Plains/Central Mountains
3. The Eastern Mountains Ranges
4. Canadian Shield

Western Mountains
a. Coastal mountains
b. Internal mountains
c. Rockies mountains

Significance

a. Spreading from Alaska to Mexico

b. Consist of number of Islands the largest one is “Vancouver” High mountain ranges
create hurdles in Transportation system Barrier of wind movement and act as
watershed Important Features
c. Grand Canyon (6000feet in depth) by river Colorado in Arizona
d. Death Valley one of the hottest place on earth is a desert valley in eastern California
in Mojave Desert. Snake river and Great Salt Lake

The Great Plains

a. Located in the middle of the continent between Western Mountains & Eastern
Mountains.
b. Drainage by number of rivers
c. Deep rich soil also called The Bread Basket of North America
d. Have rich deposits of Oil and Gas
e. Deserts: North America has four deserts
i. Great Basin
ii. Mojave
iii. Sonran
iv. Chihuahua

The Eastern Mountain Range

a. These are old mountains of North America usually called Appalachian

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b. Average height 2100m

c. 13 states are in Appalachian region that are Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland,
Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Virginia, and West
Virginia.

The Canadian Shield

a. Extended over Eastern Central and North West Canada
b. Mostly consist of sedimentary rocks

c. Almost two hundred thousand lakes in Ontario

Great Lakes of North America

These are the largest area of fresh water in the world

a. Lake Superior
b. Lake Michigan
c. Lake Huron
d. Lake Erie
e. Lake Ontario

Lake Superior is the world largest fresh water lake by surface area.

Important waterfalls

Niagara Falls: located on Niagara River which connect Lake Eire & Lake Ontario

Important Rivers

1. Mississippi River System

a. Source: Lake Itasca Minnesota
b. Mouth: Gulf of Mexico
c. It is the largest river system in North America
d. Major Tributaries: Missouri and Ohio

2. Colorado River
a. Source: Rocky mountain national park
b. Mouth: Gulf of California
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c. Forms “Grand Canyon” in Arizona

d. Hoover Dam

3. Mackenzie River
a. Longest River of Canada
b. Mouth: Arctic Ocean
c. Source: Great Bear Lake

4. Saint Lawrence River

a. Drains the Great Lakes
b. Flow into Atlantic Ocean

Important Gulfs
1. Gulf of Mexico (Largest gulf in the world)
2. Gulf of Alaska (NW of North America)
3. Gulf of California (separates California peninsula from the Mexico)
4. Saint Lawrence (outlet of Great Lakes)

Important Seas
1. Beaufort Sea (Marginal Sea of Arctic Ocean located north of Alaska and west of
Canada)
2. Labrador Sea (Marginal Sea of Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and
Greenland)
3. Bearing Sea (Marginal Sea of Pacific Ocean, it forms the “Bearing Strait” which divide
the Asia and North America
4. Caribbean Sea (Marginal Sea of Atlantic Ocean bounded by Mexico and Greater
Antilles)

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Political Geography of North America

1. Total Area of North America is 24.71 million km2

2. It has 23 Sovereign States.

Main Land
1. Largest country in North America with respect to area is Canada(Ottawa) (9.985 million
km2) Greenland the largest island of the world is geographically in North America but
politically in Denmark .

2. America (USA)(Washington DC) is the 2nd largest country with an area of 9.8million km2 it
has 50 states.

3. Both two countries make 79% of North America.

4. Mexico (Mexico City) is the 3rd largest country with respect to area in North America

5. Smallest country with an area of 269.4 km2 is Saint Kitts & Nevis

Central America
1. Belize(Belmopan)
2. Guatemala(Guatemala City)
3. Honduras(Tegucigalpa)
4. El-Salvador(San Salvador)
5. Nicaragua(Managua)
6. Costa Rica(San Jose)
7. Panama(Panama City)

Greater Antilles
1. The Bahamas(Nassau)
2. Cuba(Havana)
3. Jamica(Kingston)
4. Haiti(Port-au-Prince)
5. Dominican Republic(Santo Domingo)

Laser Antilles
1. Saint Kitts & Navies (Basseterre)
2. Saint Lucia (Castries)
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3. Saint Vincent & the Grenadians (Kingstown)

4. Antigua & Barbuda (Saint John’s)
5. Dominica (Roseau)
6. Trinidad & Tobago (Port of Spain)
7. Barbados (Bridgetown)
8. Grenada (Saint George’s)
Antilles means chain of Islands in West Indies (archipelago in North Atlantic between North

and South America)

Physical Geography of South America

1. 4th largest continent located in western & mostly in southern hemisphere.
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2. South America is occupy 1/8 surface area of the earth (17.84 million km2 )
3. East to west maximum length: 5150 km
4. North to south maximum length: 7600 km
5. Equator and Tropic of Capricorn passes through it
6. Caribbean Sea lies north of South America
7. Southern Ocean and Antarctica is located south of South America
8. Atlantic Ocean at east and Pacific Ocean at west of South America
9. South America divided into three major physical division
 Western Folded Mountains or Andes
 Brazilian, Guiana & Patagonia highlands
 Central Flood Plains
10. Length of Andes is about 7000km
11. Stretches from north to south (Caribbean Sea to Cap Horn)
12. It is the longest mountain range of the world
13. More than 50 peaks of 6000m height
14. Mount Cotopaxi and Chimborazo are the important volcanic mountains of Northern
Andes in Ecuador
15. Lake Maracaibo is an important lake in Venezuela (northern Andes) contains large
reserves of crude oil
16. Peru and Bolivia surrounded by central Andes
17. Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km) with an
altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) it is the world’s highest navigable lake located at the
border of Peru and Bolivia.
18. Highest peak of Andes is Mount Aconcagua (6962m); at the border of Argentina and
Chili
19. Highest volcano of the world; Ojos Del Salado (6893m) is in South Andes(Chili
Argentina border)
20. Eastern highlands are older and stable rocks with gentle slope divided into three major
highlands
 Guyana highlands
 Brazil plateau
 Patagonia plateau
21. Guyana highlands/plateau are located between river Orinoco and river Amazon
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22. The Guiana Shield is one of the Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed around 2 billion years
ago
23. Highest waterfall of the world; Angel Falls (979m) is in Guyana highlands
(Venezuela)
24. Brazil plateau is surrounded by Parana and Paraguay river system
25. Terra-Rosa or Red Soil is a fertile soil of Brazil plateau/highlands
26. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee because of Terra-Rosa
27. Patagonian plateau is 1600km long and 400km wide governed by Argentina and chili
28. The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert in Chile (Patagonia plateau), with an
average rainfall of 0.004 inches (0.1 mm) per year; it is the 8th largest desert of the
world
29. Central lowlands occupy half of the area of the continent and divided into three major
areas
 The Orinoco basin
 The Amazon basin
 The Parana and Paraguay basin
30. The Orinoco basin is at north of the continent, stretches about 349650km2
31. Length of Orinoco river is 2250km
32. It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water
33. The Orinoco River and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and
interior Venezuela and the Llanos of Colombia.
34. The Orinoco River is a muddy brown, carrying sediment produced by erosion of the
Andes Mountains
35. The area of Amazon basin is about 7 million km2
36. The Amazon is the greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in
the world in terms of the volume of its flow and the area of its basin.
37. The Amazon River carries a lot of sediment (particles of mud and sand), which gives
the water a muddy-brown color.
38. The areas neighboring the Amazon River are not the best locations to build a bridge
therefore there is no bridge on Amazon river.
39. Amazon forest also called the lungs of the world
40. The Amazon River is 4049 miles (6516 km) long, with an average flow of 7.7 million
cubic feet (219,000 cu m) of water entering the Atlantic Ocean every second.
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41. The Gran Chaco in Paraguay is virtually free of stones. It is composed of sand and silt
sediments that are up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick, formed by river deposits washed
down from the Andes and Brazilian Shield
42. The Itaipu hydroelectric project on river Parana is able to produce more power than 10
average nuclear reactors; it supplies 19% of the electrical power consumption of Brazil
and 90% for Paraguay
43. The European Space Agency launch facility at Kourou (French Guyana) takes advantage
of the Earth's spin near the equator to gain 10 percent more payload
44. Longest mountain range in the world is Andes(7000km)
45. Lake Maracaibo is an important lake in Venezuela (northern Andes) contains large
reserves of crude oil
46. Highest waterfall of the world; Angel Falls (979m) is in Guyana highlands (Venezuela)
47. The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert in Chile (Patagonia plateau),
48. The Amazon is the greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in
the world in terms of the volume
49. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee

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Chapter 6

Branches of Geography

Definitions

Geography:
Geography is defined as the scientific study of earth's
lands, its features, its inhabitants and the phenomena
surrounding the earth. It is an all-round discipline that
explains an understanding of the earth and its human,
physical and environmental complexities.

Human Geography:
This is a main branch in geography and it mainly covers
studies of the human race. This normally involves their
backgrounds, how they interact and the perceptions that
they have for various ideologies affecting them. In
addition to this, the discipline also studies the way in
which the groups of people that inhabit the Earth
organize themselves in the particular regions that they
inhabit. As a matter of fact, many other branches of
geography normally fall under human geography.

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Modem applications of human geography can include

mapping human migration, showing the movement of
food resources and how they impact communities, and
the impacts climate change can have on humans living in
vulnerable areas. More: Sub-branches of human
geography

Physical Geography:
Physical geography is a major branch of the science of
geography, and it mainly deals with the study of the
natural characteristics of the Earth. It covers both the
ones that are on the Earth's surface as well as those near
it. Physical geography allows us to chart landmasses, but
physical geography is also being used to see what lies
beneath the Earth's ice caps and oceans. Researchers are
using satellite technology to see the landmass that exists
under Antarctica; additionally. There is work that
continues to be done to explore and map the physical
makeup of the land underneath our oceans. More: Sub-
branches of Physical Geography.

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Integrated Geography:
Integrated geography can also be known as
environmental geography, or human- environment
geography. Integrated geography takes human and
physical geographic issues and molds them together.
This area of geography is useful for connecting humans
and the impacts we have on our natural environment.
GIS and remote sensing technologies can be used to
show where humans have physically altered an
environmental landscape. We can pinpoint where Iraqi
wetlands have dried up due to overuse of the water
resources there, and where conservation efforts have
succeeded in renewing some of these wetlands more
recently. Integrated geography can be used to explore
humanity's relation to the Earth as well as the Earth's
relationship to people.

Regional Geography:
Rather than look at geography on a global scale, regional
geography breaks the science down into more specific
areas. Regional geography looks at cultural and natural
aspects of geography that are unique to a particular
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place. Regional geography could include parceling out

locations by looking at different watersheds, or just
looking at coastal areas, and so on. The most common
example of regional geography is by country. We take
the borders that have been drawn out and look within
those borders. Often the human geography contained
within those countries is much more varied and diverse
than we expect. Natural borders such as rivers, mountain
passes, or other large bodies of water often impact where
borders are drawn. An understanding of political and
cultural factors in regional geography can help paint a
clearer picture, too.

Geomatics:
Geomatics is most closely related to GIS (Geographic
Information Systems) and other geospatial sciences
Geomatic engineers work to collect, distribute, store,
analyze, process, and present data that they have
gathered with regards to geographic information.
Geomatics uses different technologies to assist with the
above goals. Jobs that work with geomatics can include

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urban planners, land surveys, space exploration,

agriculture, and geomarketing.

Cartography:
Geographers who study cartography are usually more
involved in the mapping of things. In general, every
geographer must have the essential knowledge that is
required in displaying data on maps. Cartography
focuses on ways in which the entire mapping procedure
can be technologically advanced by creating maps that
are generally of higher quality.

Biogeography:
Animals and plants on Earth are usually distributed in
specific patterns and biogeography is the discipline that
is involved in this study. Biogeography studies the
distribution of biological species and the geographic
patterns that are a result. This field can be further broken
down into biogeography related to islands,
paleobiogeography, phylogeography, zoogeography, and
phytogeography.

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Climatology:
Geographers in this branch of geography are usually
concerned in the investigation of the weather patterns of
the Earth and the way in which they affect the climate as
a result. Moreover, activities that are taking place within
the atmosphere of the Earth are also studied in this
discipline. Climatologists study the climate as it is made
up by weather conditions throughout history. This area
of study can involve local climate science as well as
global, or macro, climate changes. Climatologists can
choose to study specific periods of time in history to
focus their research or choose a location to further
develop their research.

Coastal Geography:
Coastal geography focuses on areas where water meets
land. Coastal weathering, or the impact of the ocean on
these coastal environments, involves very unique
processes. This field involves the study of wave action,
sediment movement, erosion, as well as how humans
have altered coastlines.

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Environmental Geography:
Environmental geography focuses on studying the
interactions and impacts between humans and the natural
world. Environmental geography links aspects of human
geography with physical geography.

Geomorphology:
Geomorphology is the study of Earth's landforms,
terrain, and the processes that guide these changes. The
landforms on Earth usually develop in interesting ways,
stemming from tectonic movement and climatic
influences. There are numerous processes that normally
lead to the eventual vanishing of these landforms.
Geographers who are involved in this field study the
entire process from start to finish. For instance, erosion
is a major part of this field, as it has been discovered to
be a major factor that influences the disappearance of
landforms. Geomorphology seeks to understand past
landforms and what happened to them in order to make
predictions about the future through field observations,
physical experiments, and modeling.

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Glaciology:
Glaciology is a field of geography that studies ice sheets
and glaciers on Earth's surface Glaciers are studied by
how they impact a landscape as they move or melt, as
well as how ice sheets and their makeup impact climate
studies. Glacial geology and snow hydrology are two
subsets of glaciology.

Hydrology:
The study of hydraulics concerns the amount of quality
of water and its movement across the Earth's surfaces.
The most basic understanding of hydrology comes down
to what we know as the water cycle, or the hydrological
cycle. Hydrology can be split into researchers who study
rivers (the study of rivers is called potamology), lakes,
aquifers, and glaciers (although glaciology as a field
goes much more in-depth).

Landscape Ecology:
Landscape ecology blends ecology and geography to
show ecological processes Researchers in this field could
use physical geographic evidence showing the flow of

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energy, material, and people to indicate changes in

ecological landscapes.

Lithology:
Lithology is the study of the physical composition of
rocks. Using visual methods including core samples and
microscopes, lithologists can determine the color,
texture, grain, and composition of rock samples.
Lithology allows researchers to map and correlate rock
types between different locations.

Meteorology:
Meteorology studies the atmosphere of the Earth as it
relates to weather processes and predicting future
weather patterns. Meteorology concerns observable
weather events.

Oceanographers:
The study of the world's oceans and seas is known as
oceanography. Oceanographers study marine biology
and organisms, currents, waves, and the movement of
water, as well as the physical makeup of sea floors.
Oceanographers seek to blend these complex areas of
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study into the field for a comprehensive view of the

world's oceans.

Orology:
Orology is the study of mountains and their formation.
Sub-branches of this field of study include the human
impacts on mountainous landscapes as well as elevation-
based mountain studies. Climate studies regarding
mountains, such as the rain shadow effect, are part of
this field.

Palaeo Geography:
Palaeo geography studies material that has been
preserved in the soil record, or stratigraphic record, of
Earth's crust. This allows scientists to discover when
certain species are thought to have lived. Additionally,
scientists can determine the past position of Earth's
continents based on palaeo graphic finds.

Quaternary Science:
This is a specific field of study that concerns the
Quaternary period, or the last 2.6 million years of Earth's
history. Scientists use data recovered from this period to
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reconstruct estimations of past environmental conditions

to show past climatic and environmental conditions that
may have existed.

Soil Geography:
Soil geography is often seen as a sub-field of
geomorphology. Soil geography studies the distribution
of soil across a section of terrain. This field deals with
the makeup of soil as well as soil classification and how
soil relates to geomorphology, climate, biological life,
and mineral content.

Water Resources Geography:

This is a branch of geography that normally deals with
the study of how water resources are generally managed
in a particular region. Geographers who are involved in
this discipline normally look at the manner in which
water is collected, distributed and, lastly, used in various
places across the planet. In addition to this. systems
developed by humans that are meant to aid the entire
process are also studied so that they can consequently be
enhanced for maximum efficiency.

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Political Geography:
This is a very interesting branch of geography that is
involved in the investigation of every aspect of politics.
This is with regards to the boundaries of a country, the
states it has and the development strategies that it has in
place. In addition, there are other details which are also
covered such as: Voting, sub-divisions, diplomacy and
international organizations.

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Chapter 7

Some Important (MCQs)

1. Asia is located in which hemisphere?
a. Eastern and Northern Hemisphere
b. Western and Northern Hemisphere
c. Southern and Northern Hemisphere
d. Northern Hemisphere

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2. Which of the following imaginary line passes through

Asia?
a. Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle

b. Equator, Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle

c. International Date line, tropic of Capricorn

d. IDL, Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle

3. Which of the following separate Asia from the Africa

continent?
a. Bearing Strait and Red Sea
b. Red Sea and Arabian Sea
c. Suez Canal and Red Sea
d. Suez Canal Bearing Strait

4. Which is the highest point in Asia?

a. Mount Everest
b. Mount Godwin-Austen
c. Mount Kilimanjaro
d. Aconcagua

5. Which is the lowest point in Asia?

a. Mariana Trench
b. Dead Sea
c. Tibet
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d. Indonesia

6. Which is the deepest trench of the world?

a. Philippine trench
b. Tonga Trench
c. Kuril- Kamchatka Trench
d. Mariana Trench

7. Which is the longest river in Asia?

a. Brahmaputra River
b. Ganga River
c. Yangtze River
d. Nile River

8. Which plateau of the world is known as the "Roof of the

World"?
a. Deccan plateau
b. Pamir plateau
c. Khorat plateau
d. Katanga plateau

9. Which is the deepest lake of the world?

a. Lake Victoria
b. Lake Baikal
c. Lake Nyasa
d. Lake Manzala

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10. Consider the following statements. Identify the right

ones.

I. The Dead Sea is a salt lake between the West Bank

and Israel.

II. It is the deepest hyper-saline lake in the world.

a. I only
b. II only
c. Both
d. None

11. Through which country does Mekong River passes?

a. China
b. Malaysia
c. Bangladesh
d. Indonesia

12. Rub-al Khali is name of a

a. Sea
b. Desert
c. Mountain
d. River

13. Which of the following countries of Asia are not

landlocked?

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a. Mongolia
b. Tajikistan
c. Uzbekistan
d. Malaysia

14. Consider the following statements. Identify the right

ones.
I. Asia has less than 20% of land suitable for agriculture.
II. North America is closer to Asia than Europe.
a. I only
b. II only
c. Both
d. None

15. Consider the following statements about the northern

lowlands of the Asia. Identify the right ones.

I. Siberian plain is vast lowland in the northern part of the

Asian continent extending between Ural Mountains and
Lena River.

II. It is drained by number of rivers such as Ob, Yenisei

and Lena.
a. I only
b. II only

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Geography Jinn

c. Both
d. None

16. The two ranges of the Elbruz Mountains and the

Zagros Mountains converge at the knot of
a. Pamir knot
b. Mount Ararat
c. Mount Everest
d. Kunlun Mountain

17. Consider the following statements. Identify the right

ones.

I. The Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench near the

Philippines is much deeper than the height of Mount
Everest.

II. The plateau of Shun and Yunnan together known as the

plateau of Indochina.
a. I only
b. II only
c. Both
d. None

18. Consider the following statements. Identify the right

ones.

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I. The rivers Tigris and Euphrates flow into the Persian

Gulf.
II. The river Chang Jiang is the longest river of Asia.
a. I only
b. II only
c. Both
d. None

19. Which of the following countries of the world

Kamchatka Peninsula is situated?
a. Malaysia
b. China
c. Japan
d. Russia

20. Match the following

I. Jordan------------------ a. Yellow sea

II. Amu Darya-------------- b. Dead sea

III. Meghna-----------------c. Aral sea

IV. Huang He---------------- d. Bay of Bengal

a. Ia, IIb, IIIc, IVd
b. Ib, IIc, IIId, IVa
c. Ic, IId, IIIa, IVb
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Geography Jinn

d. Ib, IIc, IIIa, IVd

21. In which of the following countries of the world is the

desert Dasht-e-lut situated in?
a. Mongolia
b. Afghanistan
c. Saudi Arabia
d. Iran

22. Match the following

I. Taiga ---------------- a. Marshy plain
II. Tundra -------------- b. Dry grasslands
III. Steppes --------------c. Cone bearing forests
a. Ia, IIb, IIIc
b. Ib, IIc, IIIa
c. Ic, IIa, IIIb
d. Ib, IIa, IIIc

23. Which strait is situated between Istanbul and Anatolia

peninsula?
a. Johor strait
b. Bass strait
c. Magellan strait
d. Bosporus strait

24. Consider the following statements about the Maldives.

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Identify the right ones.

I. Maldives is the smallest country in Asia in both area
and population.
II. Addu Atoll is located above the equator.
a. I only
b. II only
c. Both
d. None

25. Which river is nicknamed “China’s Sorrow” because

of the numerous floods and loss of life?
a. Huang He (Yellow)
b. Ganges
c. Mekong
d. Chang Jiang (Yangtze)

26. The tallest mountain in Japan is:

a. Mount Kilimanjaro
b. Mount Everest
c. Mount Tibet
d. Mount Fuji

27. Most rivers in Asia flow into the Plateau of

____________.
a. Tibet
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b. China
c. India
d. Pakistan

28. The dividing line between "European" Russia and

Siberia is
a. The Ural Mountains
b. The Caucus Mountains
c. The Volga River
d. The Taiga

29. The longest river in Russia is the

a. Yenisey
b. Volga
c. Tiber
d. Euphrates

30. Russia has _______ different time zones.

a. 7
b. 8
c. 11
d. 13

31. Russia gains access to the Mediterranean Sea

through...
a. the Aral Sea

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b. the Caspian Sea

c. the Black Sea
d. the White Sea
32. The Caucasus Region is located between the ________
Sea and the _______ Sea.
a. Caspian & Black
b. Black & Mediterranean
c. Baltic and Red
d. Baltic & Volga

33. What is the largest desert in Asia?

a. Arabian Desert
b. Gobi Desert
c. Mojave Desert
d. Sonoran Desert
34. The southernmost point in Sri Lanka?
Answer: Dondra Head.
35. Which South Asian country is famous for its ruby
mines?
Answer: Myanmar.
36. Yemen’s most important port:
Answer: Aden.
37. Which countries does the Strait of Hormuz separate?
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Geography Jinn

Answer: Oman and Iran.

38. Which capital city would you find in the delta of the
Red River?
Answer: Hanoi.
39. The capital of Cambodia:
Answer: Phnom Penh.
40. Which country would you find Negev Desert?
Answer: Israel.
41.The Mesopotamia is now called:
Answer: Iraq.
42. Where is the Dead Sea?
Answer: Jordan Israel.
43. Of which country is Beirut the capital?
Answer: Lebanon.
44. The significant about Vladivostok?
Answer: Russia’s major eastern port.
45. Formosa is now known as:
Answer: Taiwan.

46. North America Separated from Asia by ____________.

a. Bearing Strait

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Geography Jinn

b. Atlantic Ocean
c. Labrador Sea
d. Hudson Bay
47. North America connected with South America
through Isthmus of___________.
a. Cayman Islands
b. Panama
c. El-Salvador
d. Nicaragua
48. ___________is northern most point of North
America.
a. Baffin Islands
b. Point Barrow
c. New Found land
d. Great Lakes
49. Greenland separated from North America by
____________.
a. Beaufort Sea
b. Bearing Sea
c. Denmark Strait
d. Bearing Strait
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50. North America is the _________ largest continent

of the world.
a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 3rd
d. 4th
51. North America covers ________of world’s land
area.
a. 20.5%
b. 19.5
c. 22.5
d. 16.5%
52. The largest Islands in the western mountains
is____________.
a. Vancouver
b. Kodiak
c. Queen Charlotte
d. Alexander

53. Grand Canyon in US state of Arizona made by

river __________.
a. Colombia
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b. Colorado
c. Mississippi
d. Mackenzie

54. Death Valley one of the hottest place on earth is

a desert valley in eastern California
in___________Desert.
a. Great Basin
b. Sonoran
c. Mojave
d. Chihuahua

55. Which of them “The Bread Basket of North

America”.
a. Great Plains
b. Canadian Shield
c. Western Highlands
d. Eastern Highlands
56. Total Area of North America is ……….million
square kilometer.
a. 24.71
b. 26.71

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Geography Jinn

c. 28.71
d. 30.71

57. How many sovereign states in North America?

a. 21
b. 23
c. 25
d. 27
58. 3rd Largest country in North America with
respect to area is
a. USA
b. Mexico
c. Canada
d. Panama

59. Greenland the largest island of the world is

geographically in North America but politically is
the part of which country
a. Norway
b. Denmark
c. Sweden
d. Finland

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Geography Jinn

60. Hawaii is an island state of which country

a. Canada
b. USA
c. Mexico
d. None of them

61. Smallest country of North America with an area

of 269.4 km2 is

a. Saint Lucia
b. El-Salvador
c. Saint Kitts & Nevis
d. Saint Vincent & Grenadian

62. Panama is an important country in……………

a. Central America
b. Greater Antilles
c. Lesser Antilles
d. Hudson Bay

63. North America Shares boundary with Pacific

Ocean from

a. East
b. West
c. North
d. South

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Geography Jinn

64. Panama Canal Connect two Atlantic Ocean with

______

a. Arctic Ocean
b. Pacific Ocean
c. Red Sea
d. Mediterranean Sea

65. Kingston is the capital of which country

a. Mexico
b. Belize
c. Jamaica
d. Saint Lucia

66. 4th largest continent located of the world

a. Asia
b. Africa
c. North America
d. South America

67. ……….is an imaginary line on globe which

divide the globe into north and south hemisphere.

a. Prime meridian
b. Equator
c. Arctic Circle
d. Antarctic Circle

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68. Which important water body located north of

South America?
a. Caribbean Sea
b. Indian Ocean
c. Pacific Ocean
d. Southern ocean

69. Which meridian divides the globe into eastern

and western hemisphere

a. Prime meridian
b. 50 degree longitude
c. 23 degree longitude
d. None of these

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