lzIff tflnd s]Gb|, ;'g;/Ln] ldlt @)*!÷!!÷!% b]lv @)*!÷!!

÷@(
ut] ;Dd ;+rfng u/]sf] dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ ;]jf k|j]z
tflndsf] bf]>f] v08 kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
;du| k|ltj]bg

k]z ul/Psf] lgsfo M

lzIff tflnd s]Gb|
;'g;/L

k|ltj]bg k|:t'tstf{

/fhs'df/L /fO{
df= lz=t[tLo - lj1fg_
;+s]t g+= M !%&!&#
>L jL/]Gb|f]bo dfWolds ljBfno,
y'n'ª b'wsf]zL ufpFkflnsf # d'SnL, ;f]n'v'Da'
;Dks{ g+= M (*)*^#^&&$
d]/f] egfO

lzIff tflnd s]Gb|, ;'g;/L, sf]zL k|b]zaf6 ;+rflnt ;]jf k|j]z tflnd dfWolds tx -(–!)_ df ;xefuL
x'g] cj;/ lbg'ePsf]df d o; sfof{nok|lt w]/} wGojfb k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . o; tflndn] ljljw gofF
cjwf/0ffx?df kl/lrt agfPsf] 5 . o;af6 yk phf{lzn / lzIf0f k]zfk|lt hfu?s agfPsf] dxz'; u/]sf]
5' . o:tf tflndn] lzIfsnfO{ ljleGg gjk|jt{g vf]h ug{, lzIf0f ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug{, ljBfyL{k|lt pQ/bflo
aGg tyf k]zfut clej[l4 u/fpgdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o; tflnddf ;xefuL lzIfs ;fyLx? ;Fu klg
cGt/lqmof tyf ;]o/Lªaf6 ;d]t w]/} 1fg tyf l;kx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] dxz'; u/]sf] 5' .

/fhs'df/L /fO{
dfWolds lzIfs
 ljifo;"rL

qm=;+= kl/of]hgf sfo{

! lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u

@ kf7of]hgf lzIf0f / cg'ejL lzIfsaf6 k[i7kf]if0f

# kf7\oqmd ljZn]if0f

$ l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof+sg

% sfo{d"ns cg'';Gwfg
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ! M lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u
lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (TIP)
lzIfssf] gfd M /fhs'df/L /fO{
ljBfnosf] gfd M >L jL/]Gb|f]bo dfWolds ljBfno,
y'n'ª b'wsf]zL ufpFkflnsf, ;f]n'v'Da' .
of]hgf cjwL M @)*! r}q dlxgfb]lv @)*@ a}zfv d;fGt ;Dd
qm= ;+= ;'rs df}h'bf ck]lIft nIo k"/f ug{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] d'Vo
l:ylt nIo sfo{
! ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pknlAw ÷ k|fKtfÍ
s sIff M ( $& % &) % –sdhf]/ ljifo j:t' ePsf kf7x? k'g
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw M k9fpg] / cEof; u/fpg]]
–k|of]ufTds sIff ;+rfng ug]{
v sIff M !) %# % &) % –ljBfyL{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;xsdL{
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIf0f u/fpg]
@ z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]usf] l:ylt @ $ –k|of]uzfnf ;fdu|Lsf] lgoldt pkof]u
-:t/ !–$ df d'NofÍg_ –ICT sf] k|of]u
–lzIfs / ljBfyL{4f/f :jlgld{t df]8]n
/ rf6{ k|of]u ug]{
# k'j{ tof/Lsf] ;fy kf7 lzIf0f xKtfdf @ x/]s sIff – ljBfnodf Ps kf7of]hgf n]vg
lbgdfq lng' cl3 sfo{zfnf ;~rfng
tof/L n]lvPsf] – ;xsdL{ ;ldIff k|0ffnL
;lxt kf7of]hgf – ljefluo lzIfssf] ;fydf of]hgf
sIff tof/ lgdf{0f
$ k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf lglDt ljBfnoaf6 ! # – ljBfnoaf6 ;dodf g} cfjZos
k|fKt ;xsfo{ -:t/ !–$ df d'NofÍg_ ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg]
–lzIfs cled'lvs/0f sfo{qmd
– k|c ;Fu lgoldt ;xfsfo{
% lg/LIf0f / ;dGjosf] cj:yf Go'g lgoldt –k|wfgfWofks4f/f lgoldt sIff
lg/LIf0f
–lzIfssf] k[i7kf]if0f / ;dy{g
 lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (TIP) pknAwL k|ltj]bg
lzIfssf] gfd M /fhs'df/L /fO{
ljBfnosf] gfd M >L jL/]Gb|f]bo dfWolds ljBfno,
y'n'ª b'wsf]zL ufpFkflnsf, ;f]n'v'Da' .
of]hgf cjwL M @)*! r}q dlxgfb]lv @)*@ a}zfv dlxgf;Dd

qm= ;'rs df}h'bf ck]lIft nIo k"/f ug{ ;Dkfbg k|ult sfo{ ;Dkfbg cg'ej
;+= l:ylt nIo ul/g] d'Vo sfo{
! ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pknlAw ÷ k|fKtfÍ
s sIff M ( $& % &) % –sdhf]/ ljifo j:t' ^* % –ljBfyL{df ?rL a9\of],
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k'g M k7g / cEof; Jofjxfl/s ;Lksf]
k|ljlw –k|of]ufTds sIff ljsf; ;Fu} a'emfO{
;+rfng ug]{ :ki6
v sIff M !) %# % &) % –;xsdL{ lzIf0f ^& % –cem ICT k|of]u
ljifo M lj1fg tyf u/fpg] cfjZos
k|ljlw – lk|6]:6, kf]i6 6]i6
@ z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]usf] @ $ –k|of]uzfnf ;fdu|Lsf] #=% –;fdu|Lsf] k|of]un]
l:ylt lgoldt pkof]u sIff /frs eof]
-:t/ !–$ df d'NofÍg_ –ICT sf] k|of]u – a'emfO /fd|f] eO
–lzIfs / ljBfyL{4f/f l;sfO pknAwL a9\of]
:jlgld{t df]8]n / rf6{
k|of]u ug]{
# k'j{ tof/Lsf] ;fy kf7 xKtfdf x/]s sIff – ljBfnodf Ps *)% sIffdf –lzIf0fdf
lzIf0f @ lng' cl3 kf7of]hgf n]vg kf7of]hgf / cfTdljZjf; a9\of]
lbgdfq n]lvPsf] sfo{zfnf ;~rfng k'0f{tof/Lsf] – ;do Jofj:yfkg
tof/L kf7of]hgf – ;xsdL{ ;ldIff ;fy k7gkf7g k|efjsf/L eof]
;lxt tof/ k|0ffnL
sIff – ljefluo lzIfssf]
;fydf of]hgf lgdf{0f
$ k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf ! # – ljBfnoaf6 ;dodf # ;xsfo{af6 l;sfO
lglDt ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt g} cfjZos ;fdu|L jftfj/0f lgdf0f{ ug{
;xsfo{ -:t/ !–$ df pknAw u/fpg] ;xh eof]
d'NofÍg_ –lzIfs cled'lvs/0f
sfo{qmd
– k|c ;Fu lgoldt
;xfsfo{
% lg/LIf0f / ;dGjosf] Go'g lgoldt –k|wfgfWofks4f/f dfl;s @ – k[i7kf]if0f pkof]lu
cj:yf lgoldt sIff lg/LIf0f k6s cg'udg /Xof]
–lzIfssf] k[i7kf]if0f / sfo{ ;DkGg – lzIf0fdf ;'wf/
;dy{g Nofpg Jofjxf/Ls
;'emfj k|fKt eof] .
kl/of]hgf sfo{ @ M kf7of]hgf ;lxt lzIf0f / cg'ejL lzIfsaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|ltj]bg
!= k[i7e'ld
x/]s sfo{ ;+rfngsf] klxnf] / dxTjk"0f{ r/0f of]hgf lgdfg{ xf] . To;}ul/ lzIf0f l;sfO qmddf klg ljleGg
lsl;dsf] z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . d}n] u/]sf] of]hgf ;lxtsf] lzIf0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ / cem k|efjsf/L
agfpg of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf / sIff ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf cg'ejL lzIfsaf6 k[i7kf]if0f lnP/ ;f]sf]
cfwf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ lzIf0f u/]sf] lyPF . o;f] ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / cfˆgf] l;sfO
;xhLs/0f cg'ej ;d]l6 k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/LPsf] 5 .
@= tof/L k|lqmof
PsfO of]hgf tof/
l;sfOsf] gj k|jt{gx?nfO{ k|of]u ub}{ kf7of]hgf tof/
sIff cjnf]sg tyf k[i7kf]if0f kmf/d lgdf{0f
#= ;DaGwLt lqmofsnfkx?
o; kl/of]hgfsf] nflu lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/]F
c= of]hgfa4 ?kdf lzIf0f of]hgf tof/ kf/L lzIf0f lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
cf= lzIf0f ljlwdf gjLgtd k|jt{gsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|of; ub}{ kf7of]hgfdf lgoldt ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5' .
O= k|wfgfWofks tyf cg'ejL lzIfssf] ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
O{= lgoldt ?kdf sIff cjnf]sgsf] l/kf]6{ tof/ kfb}{ ;'wf/fTds sfo{df Wofg lbPsf] 5' .
p= lzIf0f k|lqmofdf ICT sf] k|of]u ul/ ljBfyL{df yk ?rL a9fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
$= lzIf0f cg'ej
lgoldt ?kdf lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f ub}{ lzIf0f ug'{ lzIfssf] st{Jo xf] . lzIf0f of]hgfn] l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] t 5b}5 o;sf] ;fy} lzIfsdf ;d]t cfTdljZjf; a9fpg dbt ub{5 . o;n] lzIfssf]
JolQTj ljsf;df ;d]t k|efj kfb{5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu} x/]s kIfdf gofFkg cfP;Fu} l;sfOdf klg
gljgtd k|jt{gx?sf] k|of]u ug{ clt h?l/ 5 . lgoldt of]hgf lgdf{0f / o;df ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of;n] lzIf0fdf
gjk|jt{gx? Nofpgdf ;xof]u x'g] dx;'; u/]F . To;}ul/ k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsnfO{ cjnf]sg u/fO k[i7kf]if0f
lnFbf cfˆgf] sdhf]/ kIfx?sf] ;'wf/ x'g] ;fy} jxfx?af6 yk gofF s'/f / cg'ejx? ;d]t lng] df}sf kfPF . ;f]
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} uPF . dflysf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkn] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknAwL xl;n u/fpgdf 7"nf]
;xof]u u/]sf] dxz'; u/]F .
%= r'gf}lt / ;'wf/sf] kIf
o; qmddf ePsf r'gf}ltx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
c= ;dosf] ;LdLttf
cf= ;fdfu|Lsf] ;LdLttf
O= sIff cjnf]sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf] kl/kf6L gePsf]n] ;f] sfo{df c;xhtf .
O{= lzIffdf w]/} gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL
dflysf] r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ub}{ z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{GjognfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg lgDg
;'emfjx? k|:t't ub{5' M
c= ;dosf] plrt Jofj:yfkg ub}{ lgoldt of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug]{
cf= ;do;dodf sIff cjnf]sg tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cf}krf/Ls sfo{qmd /fVg]
O= lzIffdf gjLgtd k|jt{g Nofpg] lzIfsnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Jofj:yf ug]{
O{= z}Ifl0fsf of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L ;f]lxcg';f/ lzIf0f u/]sf] 5 5}g lgoldt cg'udg ug]{
p= lzIfs tflnd, cgnfOg tyf ckmnfOg ;fdfu|L tyf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]uaf6 gjk|jt{gdf ck8]6 eO/xg]

^= lgisif{
lgoldt z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf To;df gjk|jt{g Nofpg] k|of; ugf{n] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsjnfkn]
pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ Nofpg] dxz"; u/]sf]] 5' . o;sf] ;fy} k|c= / ;xsdL{ sf] k[i7kf]if0fn] yk ;xof]u ePsf] 5
. cfudL lbgdf cem k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf nflu o:tf sfo{x?sf] lg/Gt/ cEof; / ;xsfo{ cfjZos /xg]5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{ # M kf7\oqmdsf] ljZn]if0f
tx M dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
!= kl/ro
dfWolds tx kf7\oqmd @)&* kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|4f/f lgld{t / g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f :jLs[t kf7\oqmd xf] .
lj1fg / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] cfd'n kl/jt{g ;Fu} l;sfOnfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfpg /fli6««o kf7\oqmd k|f?k,
@)&^ n] sIff ( / !) df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf]n] of] kf7\oqmd ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
kf7\oqmddf o; ljifosf] kf7\o306f % / jflif{s sfo{306f !^) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z
;d|u ljifoj:t'sf] nflu &% k|ltzt ef/ ;}4flGts / @% k|ltzt cfGt/Ls d"Nof+sgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
j}1flgs tYo, l;4fGt, k|ljlw tyf cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] j}1flgs ;''ema'em ePsf] tyf cg';Gwfgd''vL
hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{ lzIffsf] /fli6«o pb]Zo k'/f ug{ /fli6«o cfjZostf, cGt/fli6«o cEof;, k/Dk/fut /
cfw'lgs k|ljlw, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;'emfj, 1fg lgdf{0f / cflj:sf/, nDaLo tyf ;dtnLo ;Gt'ng h:tf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt tyf dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ o; kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . lj1fg ljifo k|of]ud'vL x'g]
ePsfn] k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ klg ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf
n}hfg] k|of; o; kf7\oqmddf b]lvG5 . ;fy} lj1fg / k|ljlw Ps csf{df cgf]Gol>t ljifo ePsfn] k|ljlwnfO{
ljifo j:t'sf] ;fy;fy} ;s] ;Dd lj1fgsf] x/]s If]qdf ;dfj]z ul/ kf7\oqmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / ;fGble{stfdf
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

@= txut ;Ifdtf / l;sfO pknAwL

txut ;Ifdtf
dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifodf !) j6f txut ;Ifdtfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h'g
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!=j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos sf}zn, /0fgLtL / afgLsf] ljsf;
@= lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pkof]lutf / ;LdLttfsf] a'emfO k|bz{g
#= jftfj/0fsf] cjojaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] a'emfO k|bz{g tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fd of]ubfg
$= hLjx?sf] juL{s/0f, hLjg k|lqmof / qmd ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / k|of]u
%= ef}lts ultljlw tyf k|lqmof ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljZNf]if0f / Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u
^= a|xdf08sf] pTklt, jt{dfg / eljio;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L xfFl;n
&= ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L / l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;b'kof]u
*= kbfy{sf] u'0fx?sf] cjnf]sg, ljZn]if0f / ltgLx?sf] j}1flgs k|of]hgsf] a'emfO k|bz{g
(= Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf pkof]lu /;fogx?sf] klxrfg / ;d'lrt k|of]u
!)= k/Dk/fut cEof;x?df j}1flgs cjwf/0ffsf] vf]hL / k|of]u
oL !) aF'bfdf ;d]l6Psf] txut ;Ifdtfx? ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, Ifdtf cg';f/ ;fGble{s, Jofjxfl/s,
;do;fGble{s, pkof]lu / /fli6«o pb]ZonfO{ k"/f u/fpg] / ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljifodf kl/lrt
u/fpg] ;fy} j}1flgs k|j[lt ljsf; u/fpg] lsl;dsf] ePsfn] oL aF'bfx? pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

l;sfO pknAwL
o; kf7\oqmddf ljifout l;sfOpknAwLnfO{ k|To]s sIffsf] kf7ut ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 . h;n] lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfknfO{ lbzflgb]{z ug{ dbt ub{5 / oL l;sfO pknAwLx? ljBfyL{sf] tx / Ifdtf cg';f/sf] g} b]lvG5
. ;fy} l;sfO pknAwLx? j}1flgs ;fIf/tf / k|ljlw ;Lk ljsf;tkm{ pGd'v 5 .

#= ljifo j:t'sf] If]q, qmd / ;+u7g

nDaLo ;+u7g
sIff ( / !) sf] kf7\oqmddf ljifoj:t'nfO{ qmdz cfwf/e"t txb]lv ;/naf6 hl6n, d't{af6 cd't{sf]
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /lx qmda4 ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tNnf] sIffdf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffx? /flvPsf] 5
eg] dflyNnf] sIffdf hl6n / lj:t[t cjwf/0ff /flvPsf] 5 .
;dtnLo ;+u7g
kf7\oqmdn] j}1flgs cWoog, hLj lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg, ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / ef}lts tyf cGtl/If
lj1fgnfO{ d'Vo If]qsf] ?kdf /flv PsfOut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[lts/0f ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f] ljifoj:t'sf]
nflu ;Defljt l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lqmofsnfk / d"Nof+sgsf ljlw /flvPsf] 5 . o;/L /flvPsf] ljifoj:t'sf]
If]qx?nfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9+un] ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cGo ljifo;Fusf] ;dtnLo ;+u7gnfO{ klg Wofg lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .

$= k|of]ufTds / kl/ofhgf sfo{

o; v08df sIffut ?kdf, cWofout÷d'Vo If]qut ?kdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] s]lx gd"gfx?
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h'g ljBfyL{sf] tx / Ifdtfcg';f/sf] / tf]lsPsf] l;sfO pknAwLx? xfl;n u/fpg ;xof]u
ug]{ lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . k|of]ufTds sfo{af6 ljBfyL{sf] cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tf / Jofjxf/Ls ;Lk ljsf; x'g]
ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfx? JoflQmut / ;fd"lxs ?kdf ug{ ;lsg] Jofj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{n]
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xsfo{, j}1flgs lrGtg, of]hgf lgdf{0f, cWoog cg';Gwfg, k|ltj]bg n]vg nufotsf ;Lkx?
ljsf; u/fO o; ljifosf] l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n u/fpgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . ;fy} lzIfsaf6 yk k|of]ufTds
/ kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg ;lsg] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] :yfg, ;do, ?rL cg';f/sf / l;sfO pknAwL
xfl;n u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? u/fpg nlrnf] agfPsf] 5 .
%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lqmof
kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;sfO pknAwLnfO{ ;/n ;xh / cy{k"0f{ 9+uaf6 l;sf? ;dIf k'¥ofpgsf nflu
cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ljljw l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljlw / tf}/tl/sf o; v08df pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 .
o; v08df pNn]lvt d'Vo l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf tl/sfx? lgDg 5g\
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifonfO{ lgDg tl/sfaf6 ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
s= ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg
JofVof, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, :jcWoog cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ljifo j:t'sf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg] . o;sf
nflu lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fGble{s pbfx/0f, cg'ej / Jofjxfl/s k|of]u;Fu ;DaGwLt u/fP/ ;xhLs/0f
ug]{ .
v= ;Lk
:ynut e|d0f, cWoog, ;a]{, vf]h, cjnf]sg, k|of]ufTds sfo{,gd"gf ;fdu|L ljsf;, kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf
dfWodaf6 ljleGg ;Lkx? xfFl;n u/fpg ;lsG5 . o; qmddf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lkx?
ljsf; ug{d hf]8 lbg'k5{ M
cfwf/e"t lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lkx? M cjnf]sg ug]{, juL{s/0f ug]{, dfkg ug]{, lgisif{ lgsfNg], eljiojf0fL
ug]{, ;~rf/ ug]{
Plss[t lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lkx? M df]8]n agfpg], kl/eflift ug]{, tYof+s ;+sng ug]{, tYof+ssf] JofVof /
ljZn]if0f ug]{, kl/sNkgf ug]{, k|of]u ug]{
u= j}1flgs clej[lQ tyf Jofjxf/
l;sf?df j}1flgs clej[lQ tyf Jofjxf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu pgLx?nfO{ j}1flgs ;flxTosf] cWoog ug]{,
kl/of]hgf tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug]{, vf]hd'ns sfo{ ug]{, lj1fg k|bz{gLdf efu lng] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{k5{
. o;sf ;fy} j}1flgsx?n] gofF vf]h cg';Gwfg s;/L u/] eg]/ pgLx?sf] hLjg k4ltaf/] s'/fug]{, sIffdf
pko'Qm ;fdu|L / k|lalwsf] k|of]u u/L ;xhLs/0f ug]{, lj1fg d]nfsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? ug'{k5{ .

l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ljlwx?

o; ljifosf l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n ug{ lgDglnlvt ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
 cjnf]sg ljlw
 k|of]ufTds ljlw
 k|bz{g ljlw
 :ynut cWoog
 kl/of]hgf ljlw
 5nkmn ljlw
pNn]lvt ljlwsf] cnjf ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf cg';f/ JofVofg ljlw, vf]h tyf cGj]if0f
ljlw, :of6nfO6 ljlw, ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw, cfudg / lgudg ljlw, lhU; ljlw, dl:tis dGyg, u|flkml6, l6
rf6{, Pd rf6{, Uofnl/ lx8fO, ;f]Rg], hf]l8 agfpg] / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ h:tf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf ;fy ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg u/fP/ l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n
u/fpg ;lsG5 .

^= ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Jofj:yf

kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n ePgePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfGtl/s / afXo d"Nof+sg k4lt
canDag ul/g]5 . ljifoa:t'sf] k|To]s If]q / PsfOsf] l;sfO kZrft d"Nof+sgsf ljljw ;fwg k|of]u ul/
:t/ lgwf{/0f u/]/ l;sfO ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'wf/sf] nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'kg]{ / ;f] sfd Go'gtd
l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n geP;Dd ul//xg'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 .
cfGtl/s d"Nof+sg
cfGtl/s d"Nof+sgsf] @% k|ltzt ef/ x'g]5 . h;df cfGt/Ls d"Nof+sgsf] c+sgsf cfwf/x? lgDgfg';f/
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
qm= ;+= c+sgsf cfwf/x? hDdf c+sef/
! ;xefuLtf #
@ k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ !^
# q}dfl;s k/LIff ^
hDdf @%

afXo d"Nof+sg
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sgdf afXo kl/Iffsf] ef/ &% k|ltzt x'g]5 . kl/Iffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgx? { ljlzli6s/0f
tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} 1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftfdf cfwfl/t eO lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{5 . kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f
u/sf pb]Zocg'?k ljBfyL{n] 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lt k|fKt u/] gu/]sf] d"Nof+sg ul/ To;sf] cfwf/df k|dfl0fs/0f
ul/G5 .

&= kf7\oqmdsf ;an kIfx?

o; kf7\oqmdsf ;an kIfx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
 Jofjxfl/s tyf k|of]ufTds lzIffdf hf]8
 ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd
 lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lk ljsf;df hf]8
 cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ k|T;fxg
 jftfj/0fLo / :yfgLo ;Gbe{;Fu d]n vfg] ljifoj:t'
 k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf hf]8
 ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof
 ;Gt'lnt ljifo j:t' ;+/rgf

*=kf7\oqmd ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj

kf7\oqmd ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
 ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds b'j}NffO{ ;Gt'lnt kf7\ef/ 5'6\ofpg]
 ;a} ljBfnodf pknAw >f]t cg';f/sf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug]{ cyf{t ljifoj:t' cg';f/ ljBfnonfO{
;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .
 ICT sf] k|of]unfO{ Jofks agfpg] .
 w]/} / e4f ljifoj:t' ePsfn] cfjZostf cg';f/ kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;+lIfKt / ;fGble{s agfpg]
 k|of]zfnf / ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/
 :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;Gbe{ cg';f/sf] ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{
 d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
 lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] Jofj:yf
kl/of]hgf sfo{ $ M l;sfOsf nflu d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg
ljBfnosf] gfd M >L jL/]Gb|f]bo df= lj=
sIff M (
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
!= k[i7e'ld
d"Nof+sg l;sfOsf] Ps cleGg c+u xf] . of]] ljz]ift lg0f{ofTds / lgdf{0ffTds u/L @ k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sg ljBfyL{sf] sIff :t/f]lGt ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 eg] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
pknAwLdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu k|of]u u/LG5 . lgdf{gfTds d"Nof+sgsf] Ps gofF / k|efjsf/L cjwf/0ff
æl;sfOsf] nflu d"Nof+sgÆ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ?kdf u/L o;sf] k|ltj]bg o;k|sf/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
@= d"Nof+sgsf] pb]Zo M
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj:yfsf] jf:tljs d"Nof+sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/fTds lqmofsnfk klxrfg ug]{ /
pkrf/fTds lzIf0faf6 l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= k|of]u ul/Psf] d"Nof+sgsf] ;fwgx? ÷ k|lqmofx?

l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgDglnlvt d"Nof+sgsf ;fwg / k|lqmofsf] k|of]u ub}{ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f
ul/of] .
 sIff cjnf]sg
 k|Zgf]Q/
 b}lgs u[xsfo{ / sfo{k'l:tsf ljZn]if0f
 PsfO kl/Iff / k[i7kf]if0f
 kl/of]hgf / k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg
dflysf] ;fwgx?nfO{ lg0f{o lngsf] nflu dfq geO l;sfOsf] nflu d"Nof+sgdf k|of]u ul/of] . x/]s lbgsf]
l;sfOsf] qmdsf ljleGg txsf] k|Zgx? lgdf{0f ul/ sIffdf k|Zgf]Q/ ul/of] / k[i7kf]if0f lbOof] . sIffdf
k|Zgf]Q/af6 ;Dej gePsf k|Zg / ljz]if ul/ pRr bIftf txsf k|Zgx?nfO{ u[xsfo{sf] ?kdf lbPF . o;f]
ubf{ p4]Zo / k|Zg Ps lt/ l;sfO csf]{ lt/ x'g] ;Defjgf sd eO k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ / l;sfO
pknAwL xfl;Fn u/fpgdf w]/} k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ePsf] dxz'; eof] .
;}4flGts lzIf0faf6 ;d]6\g g;s]sf] l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n u/fpgsf] nflu k|of]ufTds sfo{ / kl/of]hgf
sfo{af6 l;sfO u/fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . h;sf] d"Nof+sgsf] nflu ?la|S;sf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5' / ljBfyL{sf]
c;xhtfsf] ;dodf ;xhLs/0f u/fpFb} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n u/fPF . kl/of]hgf sfo{df
k|of]u ePsf] ?la|S; cg';'rLdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
To;} ul/ PsfOsf] lzIf0f ;dflKt kZrft ljlzli6s/0f tflnsf cg';f/ ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zg ;d]l6 PsfO
kl/Iff lnPF . To; kl5 pQ/k'l:tsfsf] kl/If0f ul/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t k|bfg u/] . ;f] pQ/k'l:tsf]
s]lx gd"gf cg';'rLdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
$= d'Vo k|flKt
o; kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo k|flKtx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 clwsf+z ljBfyL{x?df kf7sf] l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
 k|of]ufTds sfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{df al9 ?rL b]lvPsf] 5 .
 s]lx ljBfyLx?nfO{ k|of]ufTds l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvof] .
 lgoldt d"Nof+sg / k[i7kf]if0f tyf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df pko'Qm lgb]{zg / ;xof]u kfPdf
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf k|efjsf/Ltf a9\g] b]lvG5 .
%= ;'wf/sf nflu l;kmfl/;x?
 ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ljlzli6s/0f tflnsfsf] sG;]K6 lbb} b}lgs kf7 of]hgfdf g} x/]s txsf] k|Zg ;d]6\g]
u/L d"Nof+sg ub}{ lzIf0f ug]{
 ;}4flGts;Fu} k|of]ufTds sfo{nfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ?kn] cl3 a9fpg]
 sd ;lqmo ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm cEof; / ;xof]u lbg]
 d"Nof+sgsf] glthfsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f ;'wf/ ug]{
%= lgisif{
l;sfOsf] nflu d"Nof+sgn] ljBfyL{sf] jf:tljs cfjZostfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;n] lzIf0f
of]hgf, ljlw, d"Nof+sg k|lqmof ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . eljiodf o; l;sfOsf nflu lg/Gt/
d"Nof+sg k|lqmof ckgfpFb} l;sfO cem k|efjsf/L agfOg] 5 .
 cg';'rL !
ljleGg txsf k|Zgx?
sIff M (
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
PsfO M ! -j}1flgs cWoog _
;d"x s M ax'a}slNks k|Zgx?
!= ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g lj1fgsf] s'g If]q;Fu ;DaGwLt 5g\ <[Knowledge level]
c= hLj lj1fg cf= /;fog lj1fg O= ef}lts lj1fg O{= e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg
@= 0.0002 sf] j}1flgs ;+s]t s;l/ n]lvG5 <[Understsnding Level]
c= 2×10-3 cf= 2×10-4 O= 2×10-5 O{= 2×10-2
;d"x v M 1fg txsf k|Zgx? [Knowledge level]
!= lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lk cGt/ut s'gs'g ;Lkx? kb{5g\ < @
@= /;fog lj1fg nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o; If]qsf] @ pknAwLx? n]Vg'xf];\ . #
#= j}1flgs ;+s]t eg]sf] s] xf] < luuf pk;u{sf] dfg slt x'G5 < @
$= lk|;fOh gfk eg]sf] s] xf] < ?n/sf] Go'gtd gfk slt x'G5 < @
;d"x u M af]w txsf k|Zgx? [Understsnding Level]
!= k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ k6s k6ssf] dfkgaf6 cf};t dfg lsg lnOG5 < @
@= olb tkfOsf] cfkmGt ef}ltszf:q d'n ljifo lnP/ pRr lzIff cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] jxfFsf] nflu
k]zfut cj;/x? s]s] x'g ;S5 < @
#= k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ;'/IffTds pkfo ckgfpg'k5{, lsg < @
$= lbOPsf] u'0ff+ssf] d]l6«s pk;u{ n]Vg'xf];\ . @
s=103 v= 10-3
;d"x 3 M k|of]u txsf k|Zgx? [Application Level]
!= tkfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ub}{ x''g'xG5 eg] s] s:tf] ;'/Iffsf pkfox? ckgfpg'x'G5 < ^ aF'bfdf
n]Vg'xf];\ . #
@= lbOPsf] c+snfO{ j}1flgs ;+s]tdf JoQm ug'{xf];\ . @
s= 0.0000312 v= 426000000
#= tkfOsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ df]lt ljGb' eof] eg] ;Gb''s ?Otsf] s'g cfljisf/nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{
;'emfj lbg'x'G5 < @
;d"x ª M pRr bIftf txsf k|Zgx? [Higher Ability Level]
!= j}1flgs k|lqmofut ;Lksf r/0fnfO{ rf6{df b]vfO ;f]lx r/0f cg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO/; lj?4sf] vf]]k
ljsf;nfO{ r/0fa4 ug'{xf];\ . %
@= tkfOn] xfn ;Dd cjnf]sg ug'{ePsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pknAwL / r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ . %
 cg';'rL @
pQ/s'l~hsf
sIff M (
ljifo M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

;d"x s M ax'a}slNks k|Zgx?

!= ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g lj1fgsf] s'g If]q;Fu ;DaGwLt 5g\ <[Knowledge level]
c= hLj lj1fg cf= /;fog lj1fg O= ef}lts lj1fg O{= e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg
Key answer
O= ef}lts lj1fg
@= 0.0002 sf] j}1flgs ;+s]t s;l/ n]lvG5 <[Understsnding Level]
c= 2×10-3 cf= 2×10-4 O= 2×10-5 O{= 2×10-2
Key answer
cf= 2×10-4
;d"x v M 1fg txsf k|Zgx? [Knowledge level]
!= lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lk cGt/ut s'gs'g ;Lkx? kb{5g\ <
pQ/ s'l~hsf M
lj1fg k|lqmofut ;Lkx? M cjnf]sg ug]{, juL{s/0f ug]{, dfkg ug]{, k'jf{g'dfg ug]{ , lgisif{ lgsfNg] , ;+rf/
ug]{,
n]v]df k|To]ssf] nflu )=% sf] b/n] hDdf # c+s .
@= /;fog lj1fg nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o; If]qsf] @ pknAwLx? n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/ s'l~hsf M
/;fog lj1fgsf] kl/efiff n]v]df ! c+s
/;fog lj1fg If]qsf] @ pknAwL n]v]df k|To]ssf] nflu ! c+s
;d"x u M af]w txsf k|Zgx? [Understsnding Level]
!= k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ k6s k6ssf] dfkgaf6 cf};t dfg lsg lnOG5 < @
pQ/ s'l~hsf M
k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ k6s k6ssf] dfkgaf6 cf};t dfg @ j6f n]v]df k|To]ssf] nflu ! c+s ul/ hDdf @
c+s
@= olb tkfOsf] cfkmGt ef}ltszf:q d'n ljifo lnP/ pRr lzIff cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] jxfFsf] nflu
k]zfut cj;/x? s]s] x'g ;S5 < @
pQ/ s'l~hsf M ef}ltszf:q ljifo;Fu ;DaGwLt k]zfut cj;/ dWo] s'g} @ k]zf n]v]df k|To]ssf] nflu !
c+ssf] b/n] hDdf @ c+s
 ;d"x 3 M k|of]u txsf k|Zgx? [Application Level]
!= tkfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ub}{ x''g'xG5 eg] s] s:tf] ;'/Iffsf pkfox? ckgfpg'x'G5 < ^ aF'bfdf
n]Vg'xf];\ . #
pQ/ s'l~hsf M
k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf] pkfodWo] ^ j6f aF'bf n]v]df k|To]snfO{ )=% sf]
b/n] al9df # c+s
@= tkfOsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ df]lt ljGb' eof] eg] ;Gb''s ?Otsf] s'g cfljisf/nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{
;'emfj lbg'x'G5 < @

pQ/ s'l~hsf M
;Gb''s ?Otsf] s'g cfljisf/ n]v]df ! c+s
zNolqmof ljlwaf6 n]v]df ! c+s
;d"x ª M pRr bIftf txsf k|Zgx? [Higher Ability Level]
!= j}1flgs k|lqmofut ;Lksf r/0fnfO{ rf6{df b]vfO ;f]lx r/0f cg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO/; lj?4sf] vf]]k
ljsf;nfO{ r/0fa4 ug'{xf];\ . %
pQ/ s'l~hsf M
j}1flgs k|lqmofut ;Lksf r/0fnfO{ rf6{df b]vfPdf @=% c+s
sf]/f]gf efO/; lj?4sf] vf]]k ljsf;nfO{ r/0fa4 u/]df @=% c+s
 cg';'rL #
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ?la|S;
zLif{s M 9';Lsf] cWoog
c+sg tx pQd -$_ /fd|f] -#_ ;fdfGo -@_ ;'wf/ ug{ kg]{ -!_

cfwf/

;Dk"0f{ ;dfu|Ltof/ kf/L k|fo ;fdfu|L ePsf] ;fdfu|L k'0f{ ;fdfu|L k"0f{ gePsf]
;dfu|Lsf] ;+of]hg eg] ;+of]hg eg] cg'';f/ gePsf] ;+of]hgdf clGtd ;]6ck ck'0f{
;fdfu|L cg';f/ k"0f{, ;kmf / eP klg cfsif{s / s]lx sld tyf
;+of]hg cfsif{s agfPdf ;kmf gePsf] e4f / cndnLbf]
b]lvg]
r/0f a4tf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx? qmda4 r/0fx?df 4ljwf r/0fdf cndn qmlds r/0fx?df
/ ;kmf tl/sfn] b]lvPsf] t/ r/0f x'b} u/]sf]]n] /fd|f] cndn ePsfn]
gcNdnL u/]sf] k'/f u/]]sf] glthf gcfPsf] hyfefjL u/]sf]

kl/of]hgfsf] ;'Idbz{s oGqdf :ki6 ;'Idbz{s oGqdf ;'Idbz{s oGqdf cki6 , clncln
glthf cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] wldnf] b]lvg] t/ wldnf] b]lvg] t/ b]lvg] t/ s]lx
cjnf]sg u/]/ lrq cjnf]sg u/]/ glrgLg]
agfpg ;lsg] lrq agfpg
g;lsg]
k|ltj]bg k"0f{, :ki6, ;kmf, ;Dk"0f{ k"0f{, :ki6, ;kmf, qmlds, lrq klg ck"0f{, c:ki6, ;kmf,
n]vg s'/f ;d]l6Psf],qmlds, ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ;kmf t/ ck"0f{, ;Dk"0f{ s'/f
lrq klg ;kmf g;d]l6Psf],qmlds c:ki6, ;kmf, g;d]l6Psf],qmlds
gePsf] , lrq klg ;Dk"0f{ s'/f gePsf], lrq klg
;kmf g;d]l6Psf], kmf]xf]/
cg';'rL $ M k[i7kf]if0f ;lxtsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] gd"gf
 sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg
@)*@

b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0fn] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifo lzIf0fnfO{

k|efjsf/L agfO l;sfO pknAwL a9fpg] d]/f] k|of;

cg';Gwfgstf{ M /fh s'df/L /fO{

tx M dfWolds
>]0fL M t[tLo
>L jL/]Gb|f]bo dfWolds ljBfno
y'n'ª b'wsf]zL uf=kf= ^, d'SnL
 b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0fn] lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO
l;sfO pknAwL a9fpg] d]/f] k|of;
k[i7e"ld
lzIff hLjgsf] Ps dxTjk'0f{ kIf xf] h;df lzIf0f sfo{n] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x''G5 . To;}n] lzIf0f sfo{
Ps dxTjk"0f{ / hl6n sfo{ klg xf] . lzIf0fsf] qmddf lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L / pknlAw"'ns agfpg
cfOk/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L z}lIfs ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ / z}lIfs lqmofsnfk
;'wf/ ug{ lzIfsn] ug]{ Ps k|fof]lus Pj+ lg0f{o s]lGb|t cg';Gwfg g} sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg xf] . d
ljut b'O{ jif{ cl3b]lv dfWolds lj1fg lzIfssf] ?kdf cWofkg/t 5' . lj1fg tyf k|lalw ljifo
b}lgs hLjg ;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw /fVg] ljifo xf] . t/ klg cWofkg u/fpg] qmddf w]/} h;f] ljBfyL{x?
o; ljifonfO{ hl6n / ;}4flGts ;Demg] k|j[lt b]lvG5 . To;}n] b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DaGwLt pbfx/0fsf]
k|of]uaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ cjwf/0ff a'em\g ;lhnf] agfpg] tyf l;sfO pknAwL a9fpg] k|of; :j?k Ps
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg u/]sf] 5' . o; sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu j}slNks dfu{x?
klg cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo
o; cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= k]zfut bIftf clej[lQ ug]{,
@= lj1fg ljifonfO{ Jofjxfl/s / b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt agfpg]
#= l;sf?x?df l;sfOk|lt hfu?stf l;h{gf ug]{,
$= ljBfyL{x?df j}1flgs k|j[lt / ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/fpg],
%= ljBfyL{sf] a'emfO / lh1f;fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

;d:ofsf] klxrfg
lj1fg xfd|f j/k/ g} eO/x]sf ljleGg 36gf, tYo / l;4fGtx?sf] of]hgfa4, k|lqmofut / Jofjl:yt cWoog
xf] . o; ljifoj:t' cWoogsf] x/]s kIfx? b}lgs hLjg tyf Jofjxf/ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . h'g s'/f ;a}n] /
lgoldt ?kdf k|of]u ub{} / ;xeflu x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] x'G5f} t/ lzIf0fsf] o:tf] b]lvof] ls ljBfyL{x?n] o:tf
kf7x?nfO{ a'em\g klg Psbd sl7gfO dxz'; ul//x]sf lyP . pgLx? lgliqmo /xGy], :d/0f ug{ ufx|f] dfGy] /
jf:tljs hLjg;Fu ljifosf] ;DaGw hf]8\g ;Sb}gy] . h;sf] k|ToIf k|efj ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknJwL
xfl;ndf kl//x]sf] lyof] . h;sf] ;dfwfgsf] lglDt d}n] d]/f] sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfgsf] nflu o;}nfO{ ;d:ofsf]
?kdf klxrfg u/] h'g /x]sf] 5 – æb}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0fn] lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO
l;sfO pknAwL a9fpg] d]/f] k|of; . Æ
;Defljt sf/0fx?
dflysf] ;d:ofsf] nflu ;Defljt sf/0fx? lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M
!= ;}4flGts lzIf0fdf al9 hf]8
@= cjwf/0ffTds c:ki6tf / ;LdLt k'j{1fg
#= ljBfyL{x?sf] lh1f;f / ;lqmotfdf sdL,
$= lzIf0f z}nLdf Jofaxfl/stf cefj
%= ljBfyL{x?df cjnf]sg Ifdtf / kl/sNkgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL
^= ;do, ;|f]t / ;fdu|Lsf] cefj .

;Defljt ljsNkx?
;d:ofsf] sygsf] ?kdf p7fg ul/Psf] ljifodf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt ljsNkx? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 M
!= ljifo j:t'nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf] lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DaGwLt /x]/ k|of]ufTds sIff ;~rfng,
@= ljBfyL{sf] kl/j]z / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ JofVof ug]{,
#= lzIf0f l;sfOdf ICT sf] k|of]u .
$= :yfgLo / b}lgs hLjgsf pbfx/0fsf] k|of]u ug]{,
%= ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg]
^= lrq, lel8of] tyf df]8]nsf] k|of]u ug]{,
&= ;d'xut 5nkmn / cg'ej ;]o/ u/fpg] .
ljsNksf] k|fyldlss/0f
;DalGwt ljsNksf] rogkZrft\ tL ljsNkx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|fyldlss/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
k|of]ufTds sIff ;~rfng,
!= ljBfyL{sf] kl/j]z / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ JofVof ug]{,
@= ;d'xut 5nkmn / cg'ej ;]o/ u/fpg] .
#= :yfgLo / b}lgs hLjgsf pbfx/0fsf] k|of]u ug]{,
$= ljifo j:t'nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf] lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DaGwLt /x]/ k|of]ufTds sIff ;~rfng %= lrq, lel8of]
tyf df]8]nsf] k|of]u ug]{,
^= lzIf0f l;sfOdf ICT sf] k|of]u .
&= ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg]
ljsNksf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltljDjg
plNnlvt ;d:ofsf] klxrfgkZrft\ k|fKt sf/0fx? / ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt lasNkx?sf] p2]Zocg'?k k|of]u
u/L kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf clej[lQ ug{ ljleGg ljleGg ljsNksf]
k|of]u Ps} k6s ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] r/0fa4 ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|fyldlss/0fdf k/]sf] ljsNksf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
5.

rqm g+= != ljBfyL{sf] kl/j]z / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ ljifoj:t'sf] JofVof ug]{,

of] r/0f k"/f ug{ ;j{k|yd d}n] ljBfyL{x?;FFu pgLx?n] ;'g]sf] hfg]sf] s'/fx? 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;fdfGo wf/0ff
lbPF . To;kZrft ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{ cg';f/ pgLx?s} ljBfno ty 3/ j/k/sf] kl/j]zdf /x]/ ljifoo j:t'sf]
JofVof u/LlbPF . h;df ljBfyL{x? cfslif{t eO l;sfOdf rf;f] a9]sf] kfOof] . o;af6 ljBfyL{x?n]
dgf]/~hgfTds ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df l;Sg k|]l/t eP . d}n] o; ljsNknfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] rlqmo
gd'gfcg';f/ o;/L of]hgf, lqmofsnfk, cjnf]sg / k|ltljDag rqmdf k|of]u u/]F .

s_ of]hgf
qm=;= s] ug]{ lsg ug]{ s;/L ug]{
- ;}4flGts cWoofgaf6 dfq - 5nkmn
! ljBfyL{sf] wf/0ff lbg ufx|f] x'g] ePsfn]
kl/j]z / - lzIfs
;Gbe{ - kl/j]z / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ ;xhstf{sf]
cg';f/ ljifoj:t'sf] JofVof ubf{ ?kdf k|:t't
ljifoj:t'sf] l;sfO ;xh x'g],
JofVof ug]{, - k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ug{,

v_ sfof{Gjog
of]hgfsf] p2]Zocg'?o lgwf{l/t ;docjlw leq tf]lsPsf] lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/of] .
u_ cjnf]sg
of]hgfcg'?k ;~rflnt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfngsf] qmddf ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tf / To; lqmofsnfkdf
ljBfyL{sf] ?lrsf] cjnf]sg ul/of] . h;sf] dfWodaf6 ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tfsf d"Nofª\sg ;d]t ul/of] .
3_ k|ltljDag
plNnlvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5gf]6 ljsNk dWo] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] ljBfyL{;Fusf] cGt/lqmof
pkof]uL / Jofjxfl/s ljsNksf] ?kdf k|efjsf/L b]lvof] . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 l;sf?df l;sfOk|lt ;lqmotf,
hfu?stf, OR5fzlQm a9]sf] / l;sfO ;xh ePsf] kfOof] . yk p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt ljsNk g+= @ sf] æ
;d'xut 5nkmn / cg'ej ;]o/ u/fpg] .Æ nfO{ csf]{ ljsNksf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyPF .
 rqm g+= @ ;d'xut 5nkmn / cg'ej ;]o/ u/fpg]
o; ljsNksf] k|of]u ug{ d}n] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;d"xdf 5nkmn sf] nflu ;d:of
;dfwfgsf] nflu k|Zg lbP/ ;fd"lxs ?kdf k|:t't ug{ nfufPF . o;f] ug{ nufpFbf ljBfyL{df hfu?stf,
k|lt:kwf{, ckgTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf] cg'ej ub}{ l;sfOdf lh1f;' eO{ lqmofsnfkdf klg ;lqmo ;xeflutf b]vfP
. d}n] o; ljsNknfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] rlqmo gd'gfcg';f/ o;/L of]hgf, lqmofsnfk, cjnf]sg /
k|ltljDag rqmdf k|of]u u/]F .
s_ of]hgf
qm=;= s] ug]{ lsg ug]{ s;/L ug]{
! ;d'xut 5nkmn - z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / - z}lIfs ;fdu|L
/ cg'ej ;]o/ ;ª\sngdf ;xh agfpg, lgdf{0f /
u/fpg] .
- ljBfyL{x?nfO{ pQ/bfloTj ;ª\sng
axg u/fpg, - lzIfs
- l;sfOdf ?lr clej[l4 ;xhstf{sf]
ug{, ?kdf k|:t't

v_ sfof{Gjog
of]hgfsf] p2]Zocg'?o lgwf{l/t ;docjlw leq tf]lsPsf] lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/of] .
u_ cjnf]sg
of]hgfcg'?k ;~rflnt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfngsf] qmddf ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tf / To; lqmofsnfkdf
ljBfyL{sf] ?lrsf] cjnf]sg ul/of] . h;sf] dfWodaf6 ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tfsf d"Nofª\sg ;d]t ul/of] .
3_ k|ltljDag
plNnlvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5gf]6 ljsNk dWo] t];|f] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f /
;ª\sngdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] / k|of]u ug]{ ljsNk pkof]uL / Jofjxfl/s ljsNksf] ?kdf k|efjsf/L
b]lvof] . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 l;sf?df lqmofsnfk|lt lh1f;', ;lqmotf, hfu?stf / OR5fzlQm a9]sf] kfOof] .
To;}n] cfufdL lbgdf o; ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} o;}u/L cGo ljsNkx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyPF .
rqm g+= # :yfgLo / b}lgs hLjgsf pbfx/0f / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{
o; ljsNksf] k|of]u ug{ d}n] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg ;d'xdf ljefhg u/L ljBfyL{n] ;ª\sng / lgdf{0f
u/]sf] :yfgLo ;fdu|L k|of]u u/fpFb} :yfgLo s'/fx?sf] pbfx/0f k|of]u u/]F . h;df ljBfyL{ cfkm} ;lqmo eO
;xefuL eP h;n] ubf{ ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df /fd|/L a'‰g'sf] ;fy} l;sfOdf ?lr a9]sf] / pgLx?sf] l;h{gfTds
clej[lå ;d]t ePsf] kfOof] / l;sfO klg lbuf] eof] . h;n] l;sfO pknAwL a9\gdf ;xof]u eof] . d}n] o;
ljsNknfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] rlqmo gd'gfcg';f/ o;/L of]hgf, lqmofsnfk, cjnf]sg / k|ltljDag
rqmdf k|of]u u/]F .
s_ of]hgf
 qm=;= s] ug]{ lsg ug]{ s;/L ug]{
! :yfgLo / -;}åflGts 1fgsf] k|efjsf/L - :yflgo ;fdu|L
b}lgs hLjgsf l;sfO ug{, / pbfx/0fsf]
pbfx/0f / - l;sfOnfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|of]u ug]{
;fdfu|Lsf] - ljBfyL{x?df ?rL, pQ/bfloTj - lgb]{zs /
k|of]u ug]{ axg / clego ;Lksf] ;xhstf{sf]
ljsf; u/fpg ?kdf k|:t't
v_ sfof{Gjog
of]hgfsf] p2]Zocg'?o lgwf{l/t ;docjlw leq tf]lsPsf] lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/of] .
u_ cjnf]sg
of]hgfcg'?k ;~rflnt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfngsf] qmddf ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tf / To; lqmofsnfkdf
ljBfyL{sf] ?lrsf] cjnf]sg ul/of] . h;sf] dfWodaf6 ljsNksf] k|efjsfl/tfsf d"Nofª\sg ;d]t ul/of] .

3_ k|ltljDag
plNnlvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5gf]6 ljsNk dWo] t];|f] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f /
;ª\sngdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] / k|of]u ug]{ ljsNk pkof]uL / Jofjxfl/s ljsNksf] ?kdf k|efjsf/L
b]lvof] . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 l;sf?df lqmofsnfkk|lt lh1f;', ;lqmotf, hfu?stf, OR5fzlQm a9]sf] / l;sfO
lbuf] ePsf] kfOof] . To;}n] cfufdL lbgdf o; ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} o;}u/L cGo ljsNkx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] lyPF .

lgisif{ M
;}4flGts s'/fnfO{ dfq Wofg lbg' eGbf Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbFb} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo agfP/ kf7df
ePsf] kf7;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ljBfyL{ /dfOnf] dfG5g\, w]/} ljBfyL{
klg Jo:t x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ l;sfOdf s]lGb|t ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfs;Fu ePsf] 1fg nfb\g] eGbf klg ljleGg
lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fg], ICT sf] k|of]u ug]{, ljBfyL{sf] cfkm};Fu ePsf] cg'ej / ;Lk k|of]u
u/L gofF s'/f kQf nufpg ;xh u/fpFbf pgLx?df 1fgsf] ;|f]t cfˆg} cg'ej x'g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg
;lsG5 .