Dr.

Umayal Ramanathan College for Women

Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

COURSE PLAN
PG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

COURSE CODE & NAME

ACADEMIC YEAR:

CONTENTS

1. Institution Vision & Mission, Department Vision & Mission

2. Course Syllabus
3. Course Objectives, Course Outcomes
4. Lesson Plan
5. Students Name list
6. Timetable
7. Lecture Notes
8. Sample PPT
9. Unit wise Question bank
10. University Question Papers (Last 3 years - 21-22, 22-23, 23-24)
11. Internal Question Papers with Answer key
12. Assignment (Minimum 3 with different topics)
13. Result Report
14. Remedial action
15. Gap in the Syllabus

Prepared by

Name of the Staff: Dr.P.Geetha

Designation: Associate Professor & Head

 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

COLLEGE VISION & MISSION

VISION

 To nurture students in the pursuit of knowledge and create institutions of excellence

that produce proactive and responsible citizens.

MISSION
 To promote a value – based education, enriched with qualities of love, humility, knowledge

and wisdom effectively to aspire students’ achievements.

 To provide a caring and inspiring academic ambience where each student is enabled

surfaces their innate talents and realizes their full potential.

 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

PG DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

VISION & MISSION

VISION

 To nurture students in the pursuit of knowledge and create institutions of excellence

that produce proactive and responsible citizens.

MISSION
 To promote a value – based education, enriched with qualities of love, humility, knowledge

and wisdom effectively to aspire students’ achievements.

 To provide a caring and inspiring academic ambience where each student is enabled

surfaces their innate talents and realizes their full potential.

 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

SYLLABUS

Semester–III
Coursecode: CoreCourseVII T/P C H/W
22MCE3C1 DistributedOperating System T 4 4
Fundamentals: What is Distributed Operating System – Evolution of Distributed
ComputingSystem–DistributedComputingSystemModels–WhyareDistributed
Unit –I Computing Systems gaining popularity – What is a Distributed Computing System
–IssuesinDesigningDistributedComputingSystem–IntroductiontoDistributed
ComputingEnvironment.
Message Passing: Introduction – Desirable features – Issues in PC Message
Unit –II Passing – Synchronization – Buffering – Multidatagram Messages – Encoding and
Decoding – Process Addressing – Failure Handling – Group Communication
Remote Procedure Calls: Introduction – The RPC Model – Transparency of RPC
– ImplementingRPCMechanism–StubGeneration–RPC Messages–Marshaling
Arguments and Results – Server Management – Parameter-Passing Semantics –
Call Semantics – Communication protocols for RPCs – Complicated RPCs –Client-
Unit - III
Server Binding – Exception Handling – Security – Special Types of RPC – RPC in
Heterogeneous Environment – Lightweight RPC – Optimization for Better
Performance.

DistributedSharedMemory:Introduction–GeneralArchitectureofDSMsystem –
Design and Implementation Issues of DSM – Granularity – Structure of Shared
Memory – Consistency Models – Replacement Strategy – Thrasing – Other
Unit –IV Approaches to DSM – Heterogeneous DSM – Advantages.
Synchronization: Introduction – Clock Synchronization – Event Ordering –
Mutual Exclusion – Deadlock – Election Algorithm.

Distributed File System: Introduction – Desirable features – File Models – File

Unit –V Accessing Models – File Sharing Semantics – File Caching Schemes – File
Replication – Fault Tolerance – Atomic Transactions – Design Principles.
Text Book:
PradeepK Sinha,2014,DistributedOperating Systems –Conceptsand Design, PHI,
Bookfor Reference:
AndrewSTanenbaum,DistributedOperatingSystems1e,, PHI.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

COURSE OBJECTIVE

 Toprovidehardwareandsoftwareissues in modern distributedsystems.

 To get knowledge in distributed architecture, naming, synchronization,
consistencyandreplication,faulttolerance,security,anddistributedfile systems.

COURSE OUTCOME

Onthesuccessfulcompletionofthecourse,studentwillbeableto:
1 Demonstrateblockchaintechnologyandcryptocurrency

2 Understandtheminingmechanisminblockchain

Applyandidentifysecuritymeasures,andvarioustypesofservicesthatallow
3
peopletotradeandtransactwithbitcoins
4 ApplyandanalyzeBlockchaininhealthcareindustry

5 Analyzesecurity,privacy,andefficiencyofagivenBlockchainsystem

LESSON PLAN

Faculty Name :D r . P . G e e t h a

Department : PG Department of Computer Science

SubjectCode&Name : 2MCE3C1&DistributedOperating System

Year /Semester : 2023-2024 III

 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

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LectureHours

Unit No. ofHrs Allottedas persyllabus No. ofHrsPlanned

Unit -I 15 14
Unit – II 15 15
Unit – III 15 16
Unit – IV 15 15
Unit – V 15 15
Total No. ofHrs 75 75

Sl. Da Hours Top Delivery Book

No te
. ic(s) Methods Referred

UNIT I - Title
1. 11-12-23 III Introduction to Block chain Lecture T1

2. 12-12-23 IV The big picture of the industry Chalk and T1, R1

Talk
3. 14-12-23 II The big picture of the industry size Chalk and TI
Talk
4. 15-12-23 II The big picture of the industry growth Chalk and T1
Talk

5. 16-12-23 I The big picture of the industry - Chalk and T1

structure Talk
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

6. 18-12-23 III The big picture of the industry - Lecture T1

players
7. 19-12-23 IV Bit coin Lecture T1

8. 21-12-23 II Crypto currencies Lecture T1, R1

9. 22-12-23 II Block chain Lecture T1, R1

10. 26-12-23 I Bit coin versus Crypto currencies Lecture T1, R1

versus Block chain
11. 27-12-23 III Distributed Ledger Technology Lecture T1, R1
(DLT)
12. 28-12-23 IV Strategic analysis ofthe space Lecture T1, R1

13. 30-12-23 II Block chain platforms, Lecture T1, R1

14. 2-1-24 II regulators, Lecture T1, R1

15. 3-1-24 I application providers. Lecture T1, R1
16. 4-1-24 III Themajor application: currency, Chalk and T1, R1
identity, chain of custody. Talk

UNIT-II

17. 5-1-24 IV Advantage over conventional Chalk and T1, R1

distributed database Talk
18. 8-1-24 II Block chain Network Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
19. 9-1-24 II Mining Mechanism Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
20. 10-1-24 I Distributed Consensus Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
21. 11-1-24 III Block chain 1.0 Chalk and T1, R1
Talk

22. 12-1-24 IV Block chain 2.0 Chalk and T1, R1

Talk
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

23. 19-1-24 II Block chain 3.0 Chalk and T1, R1

Talk

24. 20-1-24 II Transition Chalk and T1, R1

Talk
25. 22-1-24 I Advancements and features. Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
26. 23-1-24 III Privacy. Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
27. 24-1-24 IV Security issues in Block chain Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
28. 29-1-24 II Test

UNIT-III

29. 30-1-24 II Crypto currency Chalk and T1, R1

Talk
30. 31-1-24 I Crypto currency History Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
31. 1-2-24 III Distributed Ledger Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
32. 2-2-24 IV Bit coin protocols Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
33. 6-2-24 II Symmetric-key Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
34. 7-2-24 II Cryptography Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
35. 8-2-24 I Public-keycryptography Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
36. 9-2-24 III DigitalSignatures Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
37. 10-2-24 IV HighandLowtrustsocieties Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
38. 13-2-24 II TypesofTrust model: Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
Chalk and
39. 14-2-24 II Peer-to-Peer Chalk and T1, R1
Talk
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

40. 15-2-24 I Leviathan Chalk and T1, R1

Talk
41. 16-2-24 III Intermediary Chalk and T1, R1
42. 17-2-24 IV Application of Cryptography to Block Talk
Chalk and T1, R1
chain Talk
UNIT-IV

43. 20-2-24 II CryptocurrencyRegulation Chalk and T2, R2

Talk
44. 21-2-24 II Stakeholders Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
45. 22-2-24 I RootsofBitcoin Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
46. 23-2-24 III Legalviews Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
47. 24-2-24 IV exchangeofcrypto currency Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
48. 27-2-24 II BlackMarket Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
49. 28-2-24 II GlobalEconomy Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
50. 29-2-24 I Cryptoeconomics Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
51. 1-3-24 III Assets Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
52. 4-3-24 IV supplyanddemand Chalk and T2, R2
53. 6-3-24 II inflationanddeflation Talk
Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
54. 7-3-24 II Regulation Chalk and T2, R2
UNIT-V Talk

55. 8-3-24 I OpportunitiesandchallengesinBlockC Chalk and T2, R2

hain Talk

56. 9-3-24 III OpportunitiesandchallengesinBlockC Chalk and T2, R2

hain Talk
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

57. 11-3-24 IV Applicationofblockchain Chalk and T2, R2

Talk
58. 13-3-24 II Industry4.0 Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
59. 14-3-24 II machine to machine communication Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
60. 15-3-24 I Data management in industry4.0 Chalk and T2, R2
Talk

61. 16-3-24 III future prospects Chalk and T2, R2

Talk
62. 19-3-24 IV Block chain in Health 4.0 Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
63. 20-3-24 II Block chain properties Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
64. 21-3-24 II Healthcare Costs Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
65. 22-3-24 I Healthcare Quality Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
66. 23-3-24 III Healthcare Value Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
67. 25-3-24 IV Challenges for using block chain for Chalk and T2, R2
healthcare data Talk

68. 28-3-24 II Challenges for using block chain for Chalk and T2, R2
healthcare data Talk
69. 1-4-24 I Test

70. 2-4-24 III Data management in industry4.0 Chalk and T2, R2

Talk
71. 3-4-24 IV Data management in industry4.0 Chalk and T2, R2
Talk
72. 5-4-24 II Semiar

73. 8-4-24 II Semiar

 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

74. 10-4-24 I Test

75. 12-4-24 IV Revision

STUDENTS NAME LIST

S.No Register Number Name of the Student

1 2923314001 Ishwarya.G
2 2923314002 Keerthika.A
3 2923314003 Oviya.E
4 2923314004 Selshiya.A
5 2923314005 Seeliya.S
6 2923314006 Sheerinbarshana.S
7 2923314007 Sorna.S
8 2923314008 Vasuki.S
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

Timetable for Academic Year (2023 - 2024 )

Programme:M.Sc(Computer Science)
Year / Semester:2023-2024 II
Name of the Subject: Block Chain Technologies
Name of the Faculty & Designation:Dr.P.Geetha Associate Professor & Head

Hour/
Day I II III IV V
DOS
D1

D2
DOS
D3

D4
DOS DOS
D5

D6

LECTURE NOTES
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

Unit-I

The Big Picture of the Industry

The "big picture" of any industry refers to the broad understanding of the entire landscape in which
businesses, technologies, and economic forces interact. It involves knowing how various players,
trends, and external factors shape the industry’s present and future. Whether in technology, healthcare,
finance, or any other field, understanding the big picture allows companies and individuals to make
informed decisions, anticipate changes, and stay competitive.

Here are some key aspects that form the "big picture" in various industries:

1. Economic Factors

 Globalization: Many industries today are interconnected globally. Products, services, and even labor
may span multiple countries, and global economic trends (e.g., trade policies, inflation) have
widespread effects.
 Market Dynamics: Supply and demand, consumer preferences, and competition influence market
conditions. Industries also face the challenges of changing pricing models, cost control, and the
emergence of new competitors.
 Economic Cycles: Every industry goes through cycles of boom, stagnation, and recession.
Understanding these cycles helps businesses anticipate future trends and adjust accordingly.

2. Technological Innovation

 Automation and AI: Across industries, automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping job
roles, increasing efficiency, and creating new business models. Robotics, AI-based customer service,
and predictive analytics are some examples.
 Digital Transformation: Technologies such as cloud computing, big data, the Internet of Things (IoT),
and blockchain are revolutionizing the way industries operate, enabling companies to become more
agile and data-driven.
 Emerging Technologies: Technologies such as 5G, quantum computing, biotechnology, and
autonomous vehicles are expected to disrupt traditional industries and create entirely new sectors.

3. Consumer Trends

 Shifting Consumer Preferences: In industries like retail, entertainment, and food, consumer
preferences are changing toward sustainability, personalization, and ethical sourcing. Companies must
adapt to these evolving expectations to stay relevant.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

 Experience Economy: The rise of the "experience economy," where consumers prefer experiences
(e.g., travel, entertainment) over material goods, is shaping industries like hospitality, tourism, and
entertainment.
 Online and E-commerce: Digital commerce continues to rise, especially after the pandemic, with more
businesses adopting e-commerce platforms, omnichannel strategies, and direct-to-consumer models.

4. Regulatory and Legal Landscape

 Compliance and Standards: Industries are heavily influenced by government regulations, legal
requirements, and compliance standards. For instance, financial institutions face regulations such as
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and Basel III standards, while healthcare companies are
governed by HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).
 Environmental Regulations: Industries are increasingly held accountable for their environmental
impact. Sustainable practices, reducing carbon footprints, and meeting green regulations are
becoming essential for businesses in sectors like manufacturing, energy, and agriculture.
 Intellectual Property: In industries like software and entertainment, intellectual property rights
(patents, trademarks, copyrights) protect innovation, but they also present challenges as global
markets become more competitive.

5. Market Competition

 Competitive Landscape: Industries often experience shifts in competitive dynamics as new entrants
challenge established players. This could be in the form of new startups leveraging disruptive
technologies or big corporations acquiring smaller players to expand their portfolio.
 Consolidation and Mergers: In some industries, consolidation through mergers and acquisitions is
common as companies seek to scale, reduce costs, and increase market share.
 Global Competition: Companies must not only compete within their national markets but also
globally. This may include competing with businesses in emerging markets, where labor and
production costs can be lower.

6. Supply Chain Dynamics

 Global Supply Chains: Modern industries rely on complex, global supply chains to source raw
materials, manufacture products, and distribute them worldwide. Disruptions to supply chains—such
as trade wars, pandemics, or natural disasters—can have significant impacts on business operations.
 Just-in-Time Manufacturing: Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing techniques are widely used in industries
like automotive and electronics to minimize inventory costs. However, this system can be vulnerable
to disruptions.
 Sustainability and Sourcing: Many industries are moving toward more sustainable supply chain
practices, such as using renewable materials, reducing waste, and ensuring fair labor practices.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

7. Workforce and Human Resources

 Talent Acquisition and Retention: Companies across all sectors need skilled labor, but there is often a
shortage of qualified candidates, especially in fields like technology and healthcare. Companies are
therefore focusing on employee engagement, career development, and creating a positive work
culture.
 Remote Work and Flexibility: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift to remote and hybrid
work. Many companies in sectors such as tech, education, and customer service have adopted flexible
working arrangements, influencing office space demand and work-life balance.
 Upskilling and Reskilling: As industries evolve, workers need new skills. For example, manufacturing
workers may need to learn to work with robotics, while marketers need knowledge of AI-driven
analytics. Companies are investing in training programs to ensure their workforce is future-ready.

8. Sustainability and Social Responsibility

 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Businesses are increasingly expected to show responsibility not
just for profits, but also for their social and environmental impacts. Consumers and investors are
prioritizing sustainability, and companies that fail to address this risk losing credibility and market
share.
 Green Technologies: Companies are adopting eco-friendly practices and technologies to reduce
energy consumption, minimize waste, and support renewable energy. Industries like automotive
(electric vehicles), energy (solar/wind power), and agriculture (sustainable farming) are leading this
change.
 Social Justice and Diversity: There's an increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in
the workplace, and companies are expected to address social issues such as gender equality, racial
equity, and accessibility.

9. Investment and Financing

 Venture Capital and Startups: Many industries, especially in technology, finance, and biotech, are
shaped by venture capital investments. Startups often drive innovation and disrupt traditional
industries, with large companies investing or acquiring these startups to remain competitive.
 Public vs. Private Funding: Industries vary in the types of funding available. Some, like tech, may rely
heavily on venture capital, while others, like manufacturing or utilities, might depend more on
traditional forms of financing such as bank loans or government grants.
 Stock Market Influence: Stock market performance plays a critical role in an industry’s growth
potential. Companies that perform well on the stock exchange can expand more rapidly, while poor
market performance may indicate declining industry conditions.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

10. Future Trends and Forecasting

 Predictive Analytics: Industries use data analytics to predict future trends, consumer behavior, and
supply chain needs. By understanding these trends, businesses can adjust their strategies, improve
their products, and anticipate challenges.
 Disruptive Innovations: Every industry faces potential disruption from new technologies or business
models. For example, ride-sharing companies like Uber disrupted the traditional taxi industry, and
blockchain has the potential to revolutionize financial services.
 Adaptation to Change: Successful companies in any industry need to be agile and able to adapt to new
technologies, market conditions, and regulatory environments. The big picture involves anticipating
and responding to changes that may not yet be fully visible.

Unit-II

Blockchain Network: Overview

A blockchain network is a decentralized, distributed system that securely records transactions across
multiple computers in such a way that the registered transactions cannot be altered retroactively.
Blockchain technology underpins digital currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, but its use extends
beyond cryptocurrencies to various other applications, including supply chain management, voting
systems, healthcare, and more.

Key Concepts of a Blockchain Network

1. Block:
o A block is the basic unit of data in a blockchain. It contains a list of transactions that have
occurred within a given time frame.
o Each block has three main components:
 Block header: Contains metadata about the block, such as the block number,
timestamp, and the hash of the previous block.
 Transactions: A list of verified transactions that are bundled together within the block.
 Block hash: A unique identifier for the block, generated through cryptographic
hashing.

2. Chain:
o Blocks are linked together in a chain. Each new block contains a hash of the previous block,
ensuring that once a block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered without changing all
subsequent blocks.
o This chain of blocks is immutable, meaning that data once added is very difficult to modify or
delete.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

3. Distributed Ledger:
o A distributed ledger is a database that is shared across multiple nodes (computers) in a
blockchain network. This means that all participants have access to the same version of the
ledger, and there is no central authority controlling the system.
o Each participant (node) in the network holds a copy of the blockchain, ensuring that data is
distributed and synchronized across the network.

4. Decentralization:
o Decentralization means that the blockchain network does not rely on a central authority (e.g.,
a bank or government). Instead, it operates through a peer-to-peer network of nodes that
collectively maintain and validate the ledger.
o This decentralization ensures greater security, transparency, and resistance to censorship.

How Blockchain Works

1. Transaction Initiation:
o A participant (user) initiates a transaction, which could involve sending cryptocurrency,
transferring assets, or other activities depending on the blockchain application.
o The transaction data is broadcast to the blockchain network for validation.

2. Transaction Validation:
o Once the transaction is broadcast to the network, it needs to be validated by nodes
(participants) in the network.
o Consensus Mechanisms: Blockchain networks rely on consensus mechanisms to agree on
which transactions are valid and should be added to the blockchain. The two most common
consensus mechanisms are:
 Proof of Work (PoW): Requires participants (miners) to solve a complex cryptographic
puzzle to validate transactions. This is energy-intensive but very secure (used in
Bitcoin).
 Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen to add a new block based on the amount
of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to "stake" as collateral. This is more
energy-efficient than PoW (used in Ethereum 2.0).

3. Block Creation:
o After the transaction is validated, it is bundled with other transactions into a block.
o A new block is created and cryptographically linked to the previous block in the chain.
o This block is then broadcast to all the nodes in the network.

4. Block Verification and Addition:

o Once the block is created, the network’s nodes verify that the block follows the consensus
rules and that the transactions are legitimate.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

o If a majority of nodes agree, the block is added to the blockchain, becoming a permanent part
of the ledger.

5. Immutability and Security:

o After the block is added, it becomes nearly impossible to alter. Each block contains a
cryptographic hash of the previous block, and altering any block would require changing every
subsequent block, which is computationally infeasible.
o This cryptographic security makes blockchain networks tamper-resistant and trustworthy.

Types of Blockchain Networks

1. Public Blockchain:
o A public blockchain is open to anyone. It’s decentralized and permissionless, meaning that
anyone can participate in the network by running a node, validating transactions, or creating a
wallet.
o Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum.
o Advantages: High transparency, decentralized, trustless system.
o Disadvantages: Slower transaction times, scalability issues, energy consumption (for PoW).

2. Private Blockchain:
o A private blockchain is permissioned, meaning only authorized participants can access the
network. The central authority controls who can join and validate transactions.
o Examples: Hyperledger, R3 Corda.
o Advantages: More control, faster transactions, and better scalability.
o Disadvantages: Less decentralization, reliance on a central authority.

3. Consortium Blockchain:
o A consortium blockchain is a hybrid of public and private blockchains. It is controlled by a
group of organizations (rather than a single entity), and only authorized participants can
validate transactions.
o Example: Energy trading platforms, financial services consortiums.
o Advantages: Combines the benefits of both public and private blockchains, faster consensus
mechanisms.
o Disadvantages: Less decentralized than public blockchains, but more decentralized than
private blockchains.

4. Hybrid Blockchain:
o A hybrid blockchain combines aspects of both public and private blockchains. It allows for
some data to be kept private while other data is made public.
o Example: Certain healthcare platforms.
o Advantages: Flexibility to meet privacy requirements while allowing transparency for certain
aspects of the system.
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

==========================================================================================================

o Disadvantages: Complexity in implementation and governance.

Unit-III

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): Overview

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a system for storing data that is spread across multiple
locations or participants, rather than being held in a central database or server. DLT facilitates secure,
transparent, and decentralized record-keeping across a network of nodes, allowing each participant to
access and update the ledger independently. The most well-known application of DLT is blockchain
technology, which is the backbone of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, DLT can
also refer to other technologies that share the same decentralized principles but may not necessarily
use blocks or chains.

Key Concepts of Distributed Ledger Technology

1. Decentralization:
o Unlike traditional centralized databases where a single authority controls the data, DLT
operates across a network of nodes (computers), each of which holds a copy of the ledger.
This removes the reliance on a central authority and ensures that no single party has control
over the entire system.

2. Distributed Network:
o Data in DLT is distributed across multiple participants, or nodes. These nodes can be located
anywhere in the world. Each node holds a copy of the entire ledger or a subset of the data,
and each copy is kept synchronized with the others in real-time.

3. Immutability:
o Once data is recorded in a distributed ledger, it becomes very difficult or even impossible to
change. This immutability is one of the core features of DLT and is achieved through
cryptographic techniques and consensus mechanisms.

4. Consensus Mechanisms:
o DLT networks rely on consensus algorithms to ensure that all participants agree on the validity
of transactions before they are added to the ledger. These algorithms help maintain the
integrity of the data, even in decentralized environments. Some popular consensus
mechanisms include:
 Proof of Work (PoW): Used in Bitcoin, where participants solve cryptographic puzzles
to validate transactions.
 Proof of Stake (PoS): Used in Ethereum 2.0 and other platforms, where participants
validate transactions based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold.
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 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT): A consensus method used by some private
blockchains that allows for high throughput with low energy consumption.

5. Transparency:
o The ledger in a DLT is accessible by all participants, allowing them to verify and audit
transactions independently. This transparency is a key feature that builds trust in the system.

6. Cryptography:
o DLT networks employ cryptographic techniques to secure data and transactions. This ensures
that the data is tamper-proof, private, and secure. Public-key cryptography is often used to
create digital signatures for transactions, ensuring authenticity and integrity.

Types of Distributed Ledger Technologies

1. Blockchain:
o Blockchain is a specific type of DLT that organizes data into blocks, which are linked (or
chained) together cryptographically. Each block contains a set of transactions, and once a
block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted.
o Blockchain is used for cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum) but has applications in supply
chains, healthcare, voting systems, and more.

2. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG):

o DAG is an alternative to the traditional blockchain structure. Instead of organizing data into
blocks and linking them sequentially, DAG arranges data into a graph structure, where each
new transaction points to previous ones.
o DAG-based systems like IOTA and Hashgraph aim to improve scalability and transaction speed
compared to traditional blockchain. In DAG, there’s no need for miners, and the system can
potentially process more transactions at once.
o Advantages of DAG:
 Scalability: Transactions are processed faster as the network grows.
 No Miners: As DAG doesn’t require miners, the system is more energy-efficient.
 Low Fees: The absence of miners helps reduce the costs of transactions.

3. Tangle (IOTA):
o IOTA uses a specific implementation of DAG called Tangle. It is designed for the Internet of
Things (IoT), allowing devices to transfer small amounts of data and money in a scalable way
without fees.

4. HederaHashgraph:
o Hashgraph is another alternative to blockchain. It uses a consensus algorithm called gossip
about gossip to achieve consensus in a fast and secure way. It is marketed as a faster, more
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secure, and more efficient alternative to blockchain, especially for applications that require
high throughput and low latency.

5. Hybrid Distributed Ledgers:

o Hybrid DLT combines both public and private distributed ledgers to offer the benefits of both.
For example, transactions can be privately validated but still accessible for verification by other
network participants, combining the transparency of a public ledger with the security and
privacy of a private ledger.

Unit-IV

Key Components of Crypto Economics

1. Cryptography:
o Cryptography is fundamental to the functioning of cryptocurrencies. It ensures secure
transactions, protects user privacy, and prevents fraud and counterfeiting. It is used to create
digital signatures, public/private key pairs, and hash functions, which are essential for
securing data and transactions in a blockchain.

2. Incentive Mechanisms:
o Incentive mechanisms are used to encourage participants to act in ways that benefit the
network. In the context of crypto economics, these mechanisms reward users for contributing
to the network (e.g., through mining, staking, or validating transactions). The primary types of
incentives include:
 Block rewards: In proof-of-work (PoW) systems, miners receive newly minted coins as
a reward for validating transactions and adding blocks to the blockchain.
 Staking rewards: In proof-of-stake (PoS) systems, participants who lock up (stake)
their cryptocurrency are rewarded with additional tokens for validating blocks.
 Transaction fees: Participants who help process or validate transactions may receive
transaction fees as an incentive.

3. Consensus Algorithms:
o Consensus mechanisms are the protocols used to achieve agreement among participants on
the state of the blockchain. The economic design of these mechanisms ensures that they are
secure, efficient, and incentivize participants to act honestly.
 Proof of Work (PoW): Miners compete to solve complex cryptographic puzzles, and
the first one to solve it gets to add a block and receive a reward. PoW requires
significant computational resources and energy, making it costly to attack the system.
 Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen based on the number of tokens they hold
and are willing to lock up as collateral. PoS is more energy-efficient compared to PoW.
 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): A variation of PoS, where token holders vote for
delegates who are responsible for validating transactions and creating blocks.
 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT): A consensus mechanism designed for
high-speed transactions with low latency, often used in private blockchains.
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4. Tokenomics:
o Tokenomics refers to the study of the design and economic behavior of cryptocurrencies and
tokens within a blockchain ecosystem. It involves determining the supply, demand, and utility
of tokens, as well as how they will be distributed and used within the network.
 Supply Mechanisms: The total supply of a cryptocurrency is often predefined in its
protocol (e.g., Bitcoin’s supply is capped at 21 million coins). There can also be
mechanisms like inflationary or deflationary models that control the rate at which
new tokens are introduced into circulation.
 Utility: The utility of a token defines its value. It could be used for governance, paying
transaction fees, staking, or accessing services within the ecosystem.
 Governance: In many decentralized projects, token holders have the right to vote on
proposals that govern the future of the protocol. This allows for decentralized
decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem’s development.

5. Game Theory:
o Game theory is used in crypto economics to model the behavior of participants in the
ecosystem and to design incentives that lead to desired outcomes, such as network security,
cooperation, and fairness. The key game-theoretic concepts in crypto economics include:
 Nash Equilibrium: A state where no participant can improve their situation by
unilaterally changing their strategy, which ensures stability in the system.
 Prisoner's Dilemma: A classic example where participants in a system are incentivized
to cheat or defect (e.g., mining pools might attempt to cheat), but the system’s rules
are designed to penalize them.
 Coordination Games: These are situations where players benefit by coordinating their
actions, such as validators agreeing to validate transactions according to the same
protocol.

6. Economic Incentives in Decentralized Systems:

o Block Rewards: A form of incentive given to participants who validate or mine new blocks. It
encourages miners/validators to maintain the integrity of the blockchain.
o Transaction Fees: Users pay transaction fees when making transactions, which incentivizes
miners or validators to include those transactions in the next block. Transaction fees can also
be used to prioritize transactions that need to be processed faster.
o Staking: In PoS and similar systems, participants lock up their tokens in a process called
staking. The stakers are rewarded with additional tokens, and in some cases, they can lose
their staked tokens if they act maliciously (e.g., double-spending).
o Governance Rewards: Some networks reward participants with governance tokens for
contributing to the decision-making process. These tokens may grant voting rights for protocol
upgrades or decisions.

7. Network Effects:
o Network effects refer to the phenomenon where the value of a network increases as more
participants join it. In crypto economics, a well-designed ecosystem benefits from network
effects, leading to higher adoption rates and increased value for all participants.
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o For example, the more people that use a cryptocurrency or decentralized application (dApp),
the more valuable the network becomes, creating a self-reinforcing cycle that drives further
adoption and value appreciation.

Unit-V

Blockchain Properties: Overview

A blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger technology that allows data to be stored
securely and transparently. It consists of a series of blocks that are linked together in a chain, with each
block containing a set of transactions. Blockchain has several distinct properties that make it suitable
for applications such as cryptocurrencies, supply chain management, and digital identity management.

Below are the key properties of blockchain technology:

1. Decentralization

 Definition: In a traditional centralized system, data is stored and managed by a central authority (e.g.,
a bank or a government). Blockchain, however, is decentralized, meaning that the ledger is distributed
across a network of computers (nodes), and no single party has control over the entire system.
 Impact: Decentralization removes the need for intermediaries (such as banks or payment processors),
reducing costs and improving trust and transparency.
 Example: Bitcoin operates on a decentralized network of nodes, where each participant has access to
the same ledger.

2. Transparency

 Definition: Blockchain offers a high level of transparency, as all transactions are publicly recorded on
the blockchain and can be viewed by any participant in the network. This ensures accountability and
verifiability.
 Impact: Transparency reduces the chances of fraud, manipulation, or errors, as all participants have
access to the same data, making the system more trustworthy.
 Example: In Bitcoin’sblockchain, every transaction is visible to everyone, ensuring transparency in the
transfer of funds.
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3. Immutability

 Definition: Once data is added to a blockchain, it is extremely difficult to change or alter. This is
achieved through cryptographic hashing and consensus algorithms, which ensure that any attempt to
modify a block would require altering all subsequent blocks, which is computationally infeasible.
 Impact: Immutability ensures data integrity and security, preventing tampering and fraud. It also
builds trust in the system, as users can be confident that the data cannot be retroactively changed.
 Example: In Bitcoin, once a transaction is confirmed and added to the blockchain, it cannot be
reversed or altered.

4. Security

 Definition: Blockchain uses cryptographic techniques such as hashing, public-key cryptography, and
digital signatures to secure data and ensure the privacy and integrity of transactions.
 Impact: Blockchain provides a highly secure environment for transactions, reducing the risks of fraud,
hacking, and data breaches.
 Example: Bitcoin’sblockchain uses SHA-256 (a cryptographic hash function) to secure each block of
transactions, making it nearly impossible to alter transaction data without detection.
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UNITWISE QUESTION BANK

Unit 1: Introduction
Part A (2 marks)

1. Define Blockchain.
2. Differentiate between Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies.
3. What is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)?
4. List the major applications of Blockchain.
5. Explain the structure of the Blockchain industry.
6. Describe the role of application providers in the Blockchain ecosystem.
7. What is the significance of identity in Blockchain applications?
8. What are the growth trends in the Blockchain industry?
9. Define Chain of Custody in Blockchain.
10. Explain the major players in the Blockchain space.

Part B (5 marks)

1. Discuss the key differences between Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, and Blockchain.

2. Explain the concept of Distributed Ledger Technology and its advantages.
3. Analyze the strategic importance of Blockchain platforms in the industry.
4. Describe the importance of regulators in the Blockchain ecosystem.
5. How does Blockchain contribute to secure identity management?

Part C (10 marks)

1. Explain the Blockchain ecosystem in detail, covering the big picture of the industry, its size, growth,
and structure.
2. Analyze the major applications of Blockchain, focusing on currency, identity, and chain of custody.
3. Discuss the players in the Blockchain space and their strategic roles in the industry.
4. Critically evaluate the challenges in understanding the relationship between Blockchain and
Cryptocurrencies.
5. Assess the impact of Blockchain on various industries with specific examples.

Unit 2: Network and Security

Part A (2 marks)

1. What is a Blockchain Network?

2. Define Mining Mechanism in Blockchain.
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3. What is Distributed Consensus?

4. Differentiate between Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0.
5. List the key advancements in Blockchain technology.
6. What are the security issues in Blockchain?
7. Describe the concept of Privacy in Blockchain.
8. Explain the transition between Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0.
9. How does Blockchain provide an advantage over conventional distributed databases?
10. Define Block Chain Consensus.

Part B (5 marks)

1. Explain the advantages of Blockchain over conventional distributed databases.

2. Discuss the mining mechanism in Blockchain and its role in validation.
3. Explain Distributed Consensus in the context of Blockchain and its significance.
4. Compare and contrast Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0.
5. Analyze the security issues faced by Blockchain and its solutions.

Part C (10 marks)

1. Provide a detailed explanation of Blockchain Network architecture and its components.

2. Analyze the advantages and limitations of the Mining Mechanism in Blockchain.
3. Critically evaluate the privacy and security challenges in Blockchain.
4. Explain the transition from Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 3.0 and discuss the advancements in features.
5. Examine how Distributed Consensus mechanisms help in maintaining the integrity of Blockchain
networks.

Unit 3: Crypto Currency

Part A (2 marks)

1. What is Cryptocurrency?
2. Define Symmetric-key cryptography.
3. What is Public-key cryptography?
4. Define Digital Signatures.
5. Explain Peer-to-Peer trust model.
6. What is the difference between High and Low trust societies?
7. List types of Trust models in Blockchain.
8. What is Bitcoin protocol?
9. Describe Distributed Ledger.
10. What are the applications of Cryptography in Blockchain?
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Part B (5 marks)

1. Explain the history and evolution of Cryptocurrency.

2. Discuss the role of Symmetric-key and Public-key cryptography in Blockchain.
3. Describe the different Trust models in Blockchain and their applications.
4. Explain the role of Digital Signatures in ensuring Blockchain security.
5. Analyze the application of Cryptography in Bitcoin protocols.

Part C (10 marks)

1. Provide a detailed explanation of Cryptocurrency, its history, and its significance in Blockchain.
2. Analyze the application of Cryptography in Blockchain, with examples from Bitcoin.
3. Discuss the types of Trust models used in Blockchain and how they affect its reliability.
4. Examine the different cryptographic protocols used in Blockchain and their importance.
5. Evaluate the impact of Blockchain on high and low trust societies.

Unit 4: Crypto Currency Regulation

Part A (2 marks)

1. Define Crypto Currency Regulation.

2. Who are the stakeholders in Cryptocurrency regulation?
3. Explain the legal view of Bitcoin.
4. What is the role of exchanges in cryptocurrency regulation?
5. What are the economic implications of cryptocurrencies?
6. Define the term Crypto Economics.
7. What is the effect of inflation and deflation on cryptocurrencies?
8. How does the regulation of cryptocurrencies impact the global economy?
9. What are the roots of Bitcoin?
10. Explain the significance of supply and demand in Crypto Economics.

Part B (5 marks)

1. Explain the stakeholders involved in cryptocurrency regulation and their roles.

2. Discuss the roots of Bitcoin and its impact on global cryptocurrency markets.
3. Analyze the legal challenges faced by the exchange of cryptocurrencies.
4. Describe the concept of Crypto Economics and its implications for regulation.
5. Evaluate the impact of inflation and deflation on cryptocurrency regulation.

Part C (10 marks)

1. Provide an in-depth analysis of cryptocurrency regulation, its stakeholders, and the global economic
impact.
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2. Evaluate the role of legal perspectives in cryptocurrency regulation and the implications for global
trade.
3. Discuss the complexities of regulating cryptocurrency exchanges and the challenges involved.
4. Examine the roots of Bitcoin and its role in shaping cryptocurrency regulation.
5. Analyze the role of Crypto Economics in cryptocurrency regulation, considering supply, demand,
inflation, and deflation.

Unit 5: Challenges in Blockchain

Part A (2 marks)

1. What is Industry 4.0?

2. Define machine-to-machine communication in the context of Blockchain.
3. What are the healthcare challenges in using Blockchain?
4. List the properties of Blockchain that are beneficial for healthcare.
5. Define Healthcare Costs in Blockchain context.
6. Explain the concept of Healthcare Quality in Blockchain.
7. What is the role of Blockchain in improving healthcare value?
8. How does Blockchain impact data management in Industry 4.0?
9. Describe the challenges in Blockchain adoption for healthcare data.
10. What are the opportunities Blockchain offers to Industry 4.0?

Part B (5 marks)

1. Discuss the challenges and opportunities of using Blockchain in Industry 4.0.

2. Explain how Blockchain can be applied to healthcare to improve costs, quality, and value.
3. Describe the data management role of Blockchain in Industry 4.0.
4. Analyze the impact of Blockchain on machine-to-machine communication in Industry 4.0.
5. Examine the major challenges of implementing Blockchain in healthcare data management.

Part C (10 marks)

1. Evaluate the role of Blockchain in Industry 4.0, focusing on machine-to-machine communication and
data management.
2. Discuss the potential for Blockchain in improving healthcare costs, quality, and value.
3. Critically examine the challenges of using Blockchain for healthcare data management.
4. Analyze the future prospects of Blockchain in Industry 4.0 and Healthcare 4.0.
5. Provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities in Blockchain adoption across
industries.
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Unit 6: Contemporary Issues

Part A (2 marks)

1. What are expert lectures and their role in contemporary issues?

2. Define webinars and their importance in modern learning.
3. How do online seminars contribute to understanding Blockchain?
4. List the benefits of attending expert lectures on Blockchain.
5. Explain the relevance of contemporary issues in the context of Blockchain.

Part B (5 marks)

1. Discuss the role of expert lectures in understanding the latest trends in Blockchain technology.
2. Explain the impact of online seminars and webinars in Blockchain education.
3. Analyze how webinars help in solving contemporary issues in Blockchain technology.
4. Discuss the importance of contemporary issues in the study and advancement of Blockchain.
5. Describe how expert lectures and online seminars address current Blockchain challenges.

Part C (10 marks)

1. Provide a detailed analysis of contemporary issues in Blockchain and how expert lectures can address
them.
2. Evaluate the significance of webinars and online seminars in enhancing Blockchain knowledge.
3. Critically discuss how attending webinars and seminars helps in solving contemporary challenges in
Blockchain.
4. Discuss the role of online seminars in promoting global awareness of Blockchain.
5. Analyze the future impact of contemporary issues on Blockchain development and regulation.

UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS

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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT QUESTION PAPER

Internal Assessment Question Paper

Course Title:Blockchain Technologies
Course Code: 23MCE2E2
Duration: [Time Duration]
Maximum Marks: 15
Part A

(1.5 marks each – Answer ALL)

1. Define Blockchain Technology.

2. What is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), and how is it related to blockchain?

Part B

(3 marks each – Either/Or Choice, Answer any 2 questions)

1. a) What are the key features of Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0?
OR
b) Describe the process of Distributed Consensus in a blockchain network.
2. a) Discuss the advantages of Blockchain over conventional databases.
OR
b) Highlight the security issues in blockchain networks and suggest solutions.
3. a) Explain the importance of Privacy and Security in blockchain systems.
OR
b) Discuss how Blockchain Technology can be applied for identity management.

Part C

(6 marks each – Answer any 1 question)

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1. Discuss the strategic analysis of the blockchain industry. What are the major players and how
have blockchain platforms evolved over time? How does this impact the industry’s future?
2. Evaluate the transition from Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 3.0. Discuss the advancements in
mining, consensus mechanisms, and security features that each version has introduced.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT ANSWER KEY

Answer Key
Part A

(1.5 marks each – Answer any 2 questions)

1. Define Blockchain Technology.

Answer:
Blockchain technology is a decentralized digital ledger system that records transactions across
multiple computers in a secure and transparent way. It ensures that the data is immutable,
meaning once recorded, the information cannot be altered or tampered with.

2. What is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), and how is it related to blockchain?

Answer:
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a database that is decentralized, meaning it is shared
across multiple locations or participants. Blockchain is a type of DLT where data is stored in
blocks linked together in a chain, ensuring immutability and transparency.

Part B

(3 marks each – Either/Or Choice, Answer any 2 questions)

1. What are the key features of Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0?

Answer:

o Blockchain 1.0: Focuses primarily on digital currency (Bitcoin). It provides basic functionality
for decentralized, peer-to-peer transactions.
o Blockchain 2.0: Expands on Blockchain 1.0 by introducing smart contracts, allowing developers
to create decentralized applications (DApps) and perform automatic transactions without third
parties.
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o Blockchain 3.0: Enhances scalability, performance, and privacy. It supports complex business
use cases and seeks to solve the issues of energy consumption and transaction speeds.
Examples include platforms like Ethereum 2.0 and Cardano.

OR

Describe the process of Distributed Consensus in a blockchain network.

Answer:
Distributed Consensus refers to the method by which nodes in a blockchain network agree on
the validity of transactions. This process ensures that all copies of the ledger are synchronized
across the network. Consensus mechanisms like Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS),
and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) are used to verify transactions and add blocks to the
chain in a decentralized manner.

2. Discuss the advantages of Blockchain over conventional databases.

Answer:

o Decentralization: Unlike conventional databases, which are centralized, blockchain does not
have a single point of control, reducing the risk of fraud and data manipulation.
o Transparency: Blockchain provides transparency, as all transactions are recorded and visible to
all participants in the network.
o Immutability: Once a transaction is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered, which
ensures the integrity of the data.
o Security: Blockchain uses cryptographic techniques to secure data, making it highly resistant to
hacking or data breaches.

OR

What are the privacy and security issues in blockchain networks? How can these issues be
mitigated?

Answer:

o Privacy issues: Since blockchain transactions are often transparent, user identity and
transaction details may be exposed. Solutions like privacy-focused blockchains (e.g., Monero)
and techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs can mitigate privacy concerns.
o Security issues: Blockchain networks are vulnerable to attacks like 51% attacks, where an
entity controls the majority of the network’s mining power. Using more secure consensus
mechanisms (e.g., PoS) and ensuring decentralized mining can reduce the risk.
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3. Describe a real-world example where blockchain technology is used for identity

management.

Answer:
One example is the SelfKey project, which uses blockchain to provide individuals with control
over their identity and personal data. By utilizing blockchain, SelfKey allows individuals to
securely verify their identity without the need for centralized authorities, providing more
privacy and reducing the risk of identity theft.

OR

Discuss how Blockchain Technology can be applied for identity management.

Answer:
Blockchain can be used for identity management by creating a decentralized, secure, and
immutable digital identity for individuals. Through the use of smart contracts and decentralized
applications (DApps), individuals can control their personal information, sharing it selectively
with authorized parties without the need for centralized databases, thereby reducing the risk of
identity fraud.

Part C

(6 marks each – Answer any 1 question)

1. Discuss the strategic analysis of the blockchain industry. What are the major players, and
how have blockchain platforms evolved over time? How does this impact the industry’s
future?

Answer:
The blockchain industry is rapidly growing and evolving, with major players such as Bitcoin,
Ethereum, and newer platforms like Cardano and Polkadot. Blockchain platforms have
evolved from simple cryptocurrency systems to platforms that support decentralized
applications (DApps), smart contracts, and complex business use cases.

Key players in the ecosystem include:

o Cryptocurrency Networks: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other crypto networks.

o Blockchain Platforms: Ethereum, Hyperledger, and Corda.
o Service Providers: IBM, Microsoft, and other companies providing blockchain as a service.
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The future of the blockchain industry looks promising, with advancements in scalability
(Ethereum 2.0), privacy (Monero, Zcash), and interoperability (Polkadot). These platforms are
expected to drive blockchain adoption across industries like finance, healthcare, and supply
chain management.

2. Evaluate the transition from Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 3.0. Discuss the advancements
in mining, consensus mechanisms, and security features that each version has introduced.

Answer:

o Blockchain 1.0 (Bitcoin): The first iteration of blockchain technology primarily focused on
digital currency and a simple consensus mechanism, Proof of Work (PoW), to secure the
network and validate transactions. However, it faced issues with scalability and energy
consumption.
o Blockchain 2.0 (Ethereum): Introduced smart contracts and Decentralized Applications
(DApps), enabling developers to create more complex use cases beyond digital currency. The
consensus mechanism shifted to PoS (in some cases), which is more energy-efficient.
o Blockchain 3.0 (Ethereum 2.0, Cardano, etc.): Focuses on scalability, performance, and
security improvements. Ethereum 2.0 transitioned to Proof of Stake (PoS), aiming to reduce
energy consumption and improve transaction throughput. Enhanced security features,
including sharding and sidechains, are being implemented to address the limitations of earlier
versions.

ASSIGNMENT
1. The Evolution of Blockchain Technology
2. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and its Role in Blockchain
3. Bitcoin vs. Blockchain vs. Cryptocurrencies
4. Blockchain and its Impact on Global Industries
 Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
Recognized u/s 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956
Affiliated to Alagappa University
(Estd. by Dr.AlagappaChettiar Educational Trust)
Karaikudi - 3

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