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Activity 12
Collocations: match a word or phrase on the left with a noun or noun phrase on the right to form
expressions in the passages that describe activities or skills. Add them to your list from Activity 5.

A B
1. field a) recommendation, suggestion
2. agreement b) topic, subject, matter
3. litigation c) a document indicating the passage of property when a person
4. skill dies
5. rights d) to declare the right to have something
6. issue e) to hire, to rent for a temporary period
7. to claim f) legal privileges
8. advice g) sector
9. to lease h) accord, pact
10. a will i) ability, capacity
j) legal action, disaccord between two parties _

Activity 13
Choose the correct verb. Remember the correct collocations in activity 8 and the
correct grammar.
1. A Real Estate lawyer (avocat immobilier) makes/ doesn’t give/ gives advice
to his clients about his property.
2. In some specializations the lawyer negotiates / do negotiates / negotiate with
clients.
3. All lawyers settle / doesn’t settle/ do claims between parties. = regler une
revendication)
4. A lawyer often do/ has!does legal research in his job.
5. It is important for a lawyer to know how to make/ draft / drafts legal
documents well.
6. An IP lawyer makes / does/ gives commercial agreements for his clients.

Activity 14
WRITING__________________________________________________
Now write a paragraph about you.
What subjects do you study? How often do you come to the university? Which
subjects do you like in particular? What do you want to do in the future?
Are you interested in one of the specializations described above or a different one?
Which skills do you think you will need? Which can you do now, and which must
you learn how to do for the future?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
 Page 2 of 20

UNIT 2: THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

 Law, the law (DISAMBIGUATION)
Laws are separate individual rules. A law is one individual rule, or an act of Parliament.
Law or the Law is a whole system. Each rule, which we call a law, is part of the whole system, which we
call Law or the Law.
Law is a system of rules that people are supposed to follow in a society or country. The courts and police
enforce this system of rules and punish people who break the law.

Specific vocabulary: law collocations

law + adjective law + verb  Classifica
civil law: droit civil break the law: enfreindre la loi
tion of
criminal law: droit penal enforce the law: appliquer la loi
public law: droit public become law: devenir loi law
private law: droit privé pass a law: promulguer/voter une loi
 Law can
procedural law: droit procédural
be divided
into different classifications which include substantive and
procedural, public and private, civil and criminal, Common law and Civil Law.

1. The first division is between Substantive Law and Procedures of Law

Substantive law is the law that says what you can and you cannot do. It is the ‘substance’ or the rules
and regulations that make the laws.
Procedures of Law or Procedural Laws tell you what you must do when you decide to take a person to
court, or to file a lawsuit

2. The second division is between Public Law and Private Law

Public Law
Public law is a theory of law which governs the relationships between individuals (citizens, companies)
and the states.

Areas of Public Law

Public law includes Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law.

Private Law
Private Law involves individuals. It involves one private entity who sues, or takes to court, another private
party in a civil lawsuit.
Areas of Private Law:
Private law includes Civil Law, Labour Law, Commercial Law, Corporations Law, and Competition Law.

3. The third division is between Criminal Law and Civil Law

Criminal Law, sometimes called penal law, refers to the crimes and their punishment. Criminal acts are
considered offences against the community. Criminal cases are where there is the state, or the
 Page 3 of 20

prosecution, against the accused person. The state is responsible for preventing crime, for protecting the
public. It must bring criminals to justice, and deal with criminal offenders.
Civil Law where one or both parties want compensation. Civil law is all law that is not criminal law, for
example, property law, and contract law, which is the law of personal agreements.

4. The fourth division is between Common Law and Civil Law

Common Law takes abstract rules from specific cases. It is based on the concept of ‘ stare decisis’ where
judges make decisions and these decisions create abstract rules for other cases. It is the system primarily
used in Anglo-Saxon cultures.
Civil Law starts with abstract rules which judges must apply to the cases before them. It is the system
based on Roman law. Fundamentally, Civil law is based on Roman law and Canon law.
There are three major legal systems of the world today: Civil Law, Common Law and Religious Law.
However, each of these systems varies according to countries.

Specific vocabulary

set out : préciser Labour Law : Droit du Travail

Commercial Law: Droit Commercial to file : déposer (une plainte) ;
Competition Law : Droit de la enregistrer une affaire
Concurrence Criminal Law : Droit Pénal
Corporation Law : Droit des Sociétés to appropriate : (s’) approprier
Substantive Law : droit positif, fond du warrant : autorisation, mandat,
droit permission
civil court : tribunal civil case: affaire
Tort Law: Droit de la responsabilité civil case: affaire civile
civile

Activity 1
In which classification of law can we put the following?
1. A law case about a contract between a worker and a company.
2. A law case between a criminal and the state
3. The legal regulations when taking a person to court.
4. The legal system used in Britain, Australia and parts of North America.
5. An administrative law or regulatory law. _
6. The legal system used in Italy, France and other parts of Europe:
7. The laws to decide how parliament can make laws

Activity 2: learning vocabulary

Word building: complete the table below. Most of the words you need are in the text.
verb Adjective noun
classify
divide
substance
proceed proceedings : poursuites
judiciaires)
legalize legal
government
suit (law suit)
Page 4 of 20

administrate
verb Adjective noun
crime/ a criminal
to compensate
to punish

prevention
Justify Just
prosecute
application
Agree

Specific vocabulary
substantiate : justifier, fournir des sue : poursuivre en justice/intenter un
preuves à l’appui de procès à
proceed (against sb): intenter des suit (lawsuit): action en justice/process
poursuites contre qn prosecute : intenter une action/poursuivre
legal proceedings : poursuites judiciaires qn pour qlch)
indicted : inculpé/mis en accusation prosecution : poursuites judiciaires
compensatory : compensatoire prosecutable : passible de poursuites
litigious : litigieux

Activity 3
Do you need a verb, adjective or noun to fill the gaps in these sentences? Use the words in the completed
table above. Remember to put the verbs in their right form.

The laws which _______ our everyday lives and say what we can and cannot do are called ___ ___ laws,
while the laws which control the steps we take when we want to file a ________ are procedural laws.
In criminal law, the case is between the ________ and a criminal and the state decides on a just _______.
In fact, the state must try to ________ crime. In civil law the case is between two individuals who cannot
________
In civil or Roman law, the judge ______ the abstract rule to the case, while in common law the judge
makes decisions on cases which then become _______norms for other cases.

Read the brief descriptions of these four cases. Which classifications of law do they involve? Think of the
following:
Procedural Law – Private Law – Public Law – Criminal Law – Civil Law –
Constitutional Law – Administrative Law – Real Estate Law – Intellectual Property
Law – Family Law

Activity 4
Put the words in the boxes into the gaps and write which classifications of law they involve.
1.case – court - problems - remove – violence
Summary: The ______concerns Mr. and Mrs. Stevenson. They have two children but there are family
_________.The children often see scenes of domestic _______involving their parents. For this reason,
their aunt and uncle want to _______the children from the custody of their parents. Mr. and Mrs.
Stevenson do not accept this and want to take the case to ________
Page 5 of 20

Type(s) of law: _family law

2. case – gun- justice - number - suspect

Summary: The police stop and bring Mr. Defoe to _____, in other words, they convict him, because he
has a _______, a weapon in his car. They also ________he is involved in a criminal case because his car
_______ plate is the same as a car used in a criminal ____ two days before.
Type(s) of law: _criminal law

3. commercial – damage - producer – stop - system

Summary: This case concerns a _______of an air brake system called Breams, and another producer, Mr.
Collins. The Breams Company wants to _____Mr. Collins from using their system and selling it to others.
They say he is taking their ________secrets. But the courts decide that there is no ______to Breams and
that they cannot stop Mr. Collins from using their_______.
Type(s) of law: commercial law

4. claim - deals - properties - sue

Summary: The case _______ with the contamination of the ______of five families by a metal factory
nearby. They want to ______the factory for damages. They also _____they have the right to take the case
to a state court.
Type(s) of law: property law

5. file – keep - live - lives - litigation

Summary: This is a _______case between a divorced couple. Ms. Harbuton is recently divorced and now
lives in Canada. Her husband _______ in Mexico with her young son. She wants her son to _______ with
her because, as his mother, she says she has this right. Her husband wants to _______ the boy. Mrs.
Harbuton intends to a ______ lawsuit against her husband.
Type(s) of law: ___family law
(cases taken and adapted from findlaw.com)

UNIT 3. COMPARING CIVIL LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW

Activity 1
SPEAKING______________________________________________________________

Below is a text about the differences between Criminal, or Penal law and Civil law. Before you read,
discuss the questions below with another student and write answers. You can use the expressions in the
box.

award/ pay damages - file a lawsuit - find a person guilty - put in prison - pay a fine - prove a person
guilty/innocent - win / lose a case - sue a person

1. In your country, if you want to complain and claim your legal rights, what do you do?
________
2. In your country, what are the names of the two parties in a civil lawsuit?
________________
3. Are the names different in criminal law? _____________
Page 6 of 20

4. How does the state punish criminals? ______________ ____________

5. If you win a case in civil law, what happens? _________ _
6. If you lose a case in civil law, what happens? ____________
Activity 2
Read the text about the differences between Criminal, or Penal law and Civil law in common law.
Criminal law and civil law are two separate entities with two separate sets of laws and punishments.
In both cases there are two sides called parties with one party against the other.
In a civil law case a private party - for example, a single individual or a company - files a lawsuit against
the other party. The person who starts the case is called the plaintiff or claimant. The other party is called
the defendant. In a criminal law case it is the government, called the prosecution, against the criminal,
called the defendant or the accused.
There are two types of crimes. Misdemeanors, or summary offences, have a maximum sentence of one
year or less and felonies, or criminal offences, have a minimum sentence of one year to a maximum of a
life time.
One very important difference between criminal law and civil law is the punishment. In criminal law, a
person is found guilty or not guilty and can be punished by incarceration in a prison or with a fine, or in
some countries and on very rare occasions through the death penalty. If he is not guilty, he is acquitted.

In civil cases, the defendant is found liable or not liable. This means he is considered responsible or not
responsible. If he is found liable, he must pay damages or follow orders.
The judge can give the defendant an order for specific performance, in other words, the judge tells the
defendant what he must do to rectify.
In civil law a guilty person is never put in prison. A guilty party is usually called the losing party and they
must reimburse the plaintiff with the quantity of money decided by the judge. This is called punitive
damages.
In law, criminal litigation is considered a very serious process and so criminal defendants have more rights
and protections than civil defendants.
In criminal law the state must prove that the criminal, or defendant, is guilty. The prosecution must prove
that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. That means the court must not have doubts that the
person is guilty. This is a very high level of proof and it is necessary because the criminal can have a long
prison sentence.
In civil law the proof is based on the balance of probabilities. The defendant must show that the plaintiff’s
evidence is false or incorrect. The judge must decide who is probably right. If the judge believes there was
more than a 50% probability that the defendant was negligent then the plaintiff wins. In criminal law the
court needs 99% proof to condemn the accused person.
Criminal law and civil law are very different but each is a system used to correct a wrong action through a
fair judgement.

Activity 3
Complete the table below.
CIVIL CASES CRIMINAL CASES
reason for the law to maintain the rights of to maintain law and
individuals order
person who starts the a private person or entity
case
legal name plaintiff or ___________ prosecutor
level of proof needed beyond __________
 Page 7 of 20

decision liable or ______.

power of the court award of damages or _________ prison ______or ______

Specific vocabulary
plaintiff : plaignant balance of probalities : prépondérance
claimant : requérant des probabilités
punitive damages/specific performance: beyond reasonable doubt : au-delà de
ordonance en nature/ execution integrale tout doute raisonnable
liable or not liable : responsable ou non guilty or not guilty : coupable ou non
responsable coupable
level of proof : niveau de preuve

Activity 4
Read these statements. Are they true or false?
1. In civil law the person who complains about another and starts a lawsuit is called the defendant.
1. In criminal law there are two parties.
2. In civil law the person who loses is guilty.
3. In criminal law the person is acquitted or convicted (déclarée coupable ou non coupable).
4. In civil law, one person pays damages to the court.
5. In common law, in criminal cases the court must have no doubts that the person is guilty.

Activity 5
GRAMMAR FOCUS_____________________________________________________
Expressions for comparing: look at these sentences comparing the two types of cases.

o In a criminal case the person who starts the case is called the prosecutor, • but in a
civil case he is called the claimant or plaintiff.
o In a criminal case, the defendant must be proved guilty ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ •
while/whereas in a civil case the proof is ‘on the balance of probabilities.’
o The standard of proof for criminal cases is • different from the level of proof for
civil cases.

Now write two more sentences using the expressions in bold above and with the information in the
table:
In a civil case the reason for the law is________

Example: In a civil case, the reason for the law is to maintain the rights of individuals while in a
criminal case, the reason for the law is to maintain law and order

In a civil case, the reason for the law is to maintain the rights of individuals whereas in a criminal
case, the reason for the law is to maintain law and order.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________

Activity 6
Page 8 of 20

Read the brief descriptions of the cases in unit 2 again and answer the questions about them:
1. In the first case, are Mr. and Mrs. Stevenson defendants or plaintiffs?
2. Is there a prosecutor involved?
3. In the second case, is there a prosecutor?
4. What is Mr. Defoe’s legal position? _
5. Must Mr. Defoe be proved guilty or liable?
6. In the third case, who is the defendant?
7. Is Mr. Collins guilty, liable or not liable?
8. In the fourth case, who are the claimants or plaintiffs?
9. What standard of proof is necessary in this case?
10. In the fifth case, who is the defendant and who is the claimant?

UNIT 4. A CRIMINAL CASE OR A CIVIL CASE?

Activity 1.
Read the case: Healey v. Williams Jewellers
When Katrina Healey was twelve years old, she decided that she wanted to have her ears pierced. She
needed her parents’ consent because she was under eighteen, but her parents didn’t want to give her their
consent so she asked a friend who was over the age of eighteen to sign the form in a jeweller’s shop in
Barnsley. Unfortunately, the piercing went wrong and her ear swelled. As a result, she had three hospital
operations which disfigured her ear. Her parents decided to sue the jeweller for damages. The case went to
the Barnsley County Court (cour de comté) and, after a trial of three years, a judge awarded Katrina the
sum of £13,900 for damages.
Does this case refer to criminal law or civil law?
The case is in the past, so the verbs are in the past tense.
Activity 2
GRAMMAR FOCUS_____________________________________________________
What are the infinitives of these verbs from the text?
infinitive Simple Past

was / were
wanted

had

PAST TENSE FOR FINISHED ACTIONS IN A PAST TIME:

Time references: last week - 10 minutes ago - yesterday - last Wednesday
Examples:
Last Wednesday we studied common law.
Yesterday the professor finished the lesson early.
Last week the professor taught us some new rules.
NOTICE: Verbs that end in –y change to -ied
Some verbs are irregular – teach = taught
Page 9 of 20

NEGATIVE FORM: On Wednesday we did NOT (didn’t) study international law.

NOTICE: SUBJECT + VERB1 + NOT + VERB2
PAST TENSE QUESTIONS
What did you study at high school?
Did you study international law at high school?
Did the professor give you photocopies yesterday?
Did the students learn the last lesson?
NOTICE. Question word + Verb1 + subject + verb2 + Object… ?
Or : Verb1 + subject + verb2 + object….?

Activity 3
Answer the questions with complete sentences, e.g.
How old was Katrina when the case started? Answer: Katrina was twelve.
1. Where did Katrina go to have her ears pierced?
2. What happened as a consequence of the piercing?
3. What did her parents do?.
4. Where did the case take place?
5. How long did the case last?
6. What was the final verdict?
Activity 4
SPEAKING _______________________________________________________________
Do you agree with this verdict, why or why not___________________________?
Activity 5
READING _______________________________________________________________

Read the text below and put the verbs in the simple past.

A SECOND CASE: Watson v. British Boxing Board

On 21 September 1991, the boxer Michael Watson_____ (take) part in a championship boxing match and
got knocked out. As a result, he ______ (suffer) brain damage and ________(become) partially paralyzed.
The boxer_________(take) the British Boxing Board of Control to a High Court. The case
_____________ (last) eight years but finally Michael Watson _____(win) his case. The judge
________(find) the Boxing Board guilty of negligence and liable for compensation. This______ (be)
a historic case for professional boxing.
Does this case refer to civil law or criminal law?
What type or types of law are involved? Tort law (droit de la responsabilité délictuelle),
Who is the defendant?

Activity 6
SPEAKING ____________________________________________________________
Do you agree with this verdict, why or why not___________________________?

Activity 7
Page 10 of 20

Finish these questions.

1. When ______________a championship boxing match?
2. What ____________as a consequence of the match?
3. Who_______________ to a high court?
4. How long __________?
5. Did __________ his case?
6. What _____ the final verdict?

Activity 8
SPEAKING ______________________________________________________________
Do you agree with this verdict? __________________________________

Activity 9
Read the text below and put the verbs in the simple past.
ANOTHER CASE: Gallagher v. Hake
Raymond Hake ________ (live) in Somerset and _________ (work) as a demolition contractor, that is, he
__________ (demolish) buildings and material. The chief executive of the Environment Agency, Ed
Gallagher, _________ (decide) to prosecute against him because he was disposing large amounts of
pesticides into the local river and polluting it. Mr. Gallagher ______ (say) he had destroyed the river and
had cost the county £500,000 for cleaning. The prosecutor ______ (take) Hake to Yeovil Magistrates
Court where he was found guilty and ordered to do 200 hours’ community service. The court also ______
(tell) him to pay a fine of £1,500. Mr. Gallagher was disappointed with the sentence. The maximum
sentence for the offence was a fine of up to £20,000 and six months in jail.

Activity 10
Answer the following questions
1. Does this case refer to Criminal Law or Civil Law?
2. What type or types of law are involved?
Activity 11
SPEAKING _____________________________________________________________
Do you agree with this sentence? Why or why not?

Activity 12
Write the questions to obtain the following information. e.g.,
Where did Raymond Hake live? He lived in Somerset
1. He was a demolition contractor.
2. He was taken to court because he was polluting the local river.
3. Ed Gallagher, the chief executive of the Environment Agency took him to court.
4. The case took place in Yeovil Magistrates Court.
5. The final sentence was a fine of £1,500 and 200 hours community service.

Activity 13
Read the text below and put the verbs in the simple past.
CASE FOUR Crown Court v. Whalley and son
Page 11 of 20

John Whalley_________ (want) to steal from the post office a parcel in a depot, so he _______ (ask) his
son to mail him in a wooden box. Unfortunately for him, they ______ (put) the box in the wrong
warehouse and a guard ________ (catch) him when he got out, so he __________ (not steal) anything. At
the trial, he ________ (claim) that he had done this for a bet. The trial ________(take) place at
Birmingham Crown Court where the judge________ (find) father and son guilty of conspiracy to steal
from the City Link warehouse. The sentence _____ (be) a year for John Whalley and 18 months’
probation for his son.

Activity 14
Answer the following questions
1. Does this case refer to criminal law or civil law?
2. Who is the defendant?
3. Was there sufficient evidence against him?
4. Who was the main witness?
(cases taken and adapted from ‘AQA Law’ – Jacqueline Martin)

Activity 15
WRITING ______________________________________________________________
Imagine you are questioning the guard about this event.
Write some questions you can ask him; e.g. what time did this happen?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 5. PROGRESS CHECK
Activity 1
Choose the correct collocation:
1. Do you ... a) draft a document or b) make a document?
2. Do you .... a) do a claim or b) settle a claim?
3. Do you.... a) make advice or b) give advice?
4. Do you.... a) do research or b) have research?

Activity 2
Put these words from unit 1 into the sentences:
advice - agreement - field - leasing - litigation - rights - skills - will
Page 12 of 20

1. Intellectual property is a ______of law.

2. Lawyers often give ______ to their clients.
3. All lawyers must have good communication ______.
4. In civil law the judge tries to find an __________ between the two parties.
5. If you sue a person, it is because you want your legal ________.
6. Private client lawyers often prepare ________ documents for civil cases.
7. Real Estate law involves contracts for buying, selling and ____________ houses and buildings.
8. If you want to establish who has your property when you die, you go to a lawyer and prepare your
__________
Activity 3
Use a form – noun, adjective or verb form - of the verb in brackets to complete the sentence. The words
are in the table, activity 3 in Unit 1.
1. When you start a law case there are specific ________ to take (PROCEED).
2. The judge ________ the laws to the cases in his court. (APPLY).
3. There are different _________of law (CLASSIFY)
4. The person who is against the defendant in a criminal case is the _______ (PROSECUTE).
5. ______ Laws are a sub-division of Public Law. (ADMINISTRATE).
6. Contract law is the law of personal _________ (AGREE).
7. In civil law, one of the parties wants _________ (COMPENSATE)

Activity 4
Chosse the correct answers.
1. In a criminal case, who is against the defendant?
. a) The claimant; b) the prosecutor c) the judge
2. In a civil case, what is the right expression if the defendant wins?
a) guilty b) not liable c) liable
3. In which type of case is proof beyond reasonable doubt necessary?
a) civil and criminal b) civil c) criminal
4. If, in a civil case, a defendant is liable, it means...
a) He can go to prison b) The claimant is guilty c) He must do what the judge
orders
Activity 5
The verbs below are from unit 3. Do you know their past tense form? Use them to complete the sentences.
acquit - admit - arrest - complain - deny - lose - win – convict
1. The claimant ____________ the case and the judge awarded him damages
2. They caught the man and the police _________him and took him to prison.
3. The claimant wasn’t very happy because he ______ the case.
4. He said he didn’t take the money but the police said he did. He ______taking the money.
5. He said he was guilty. He __________ he was guilty.
6. They found him not guilty and __________ him.
7. They found him guilty and _______him.
8. The hotel ________that the children were very noisy

Activity 6
Put these words in the correct order to form questions. Ask another student the questions.
1. when /decide /you /did /to study / law?
2. the information / you / find /did /on the Internet?
3. last night /you / where / go /did /? Key:
4. do / what / did /on Saturday evening/ you?
Page 13 of 20

UNIT 6. CRIMES, CRIMINALS AND CRIMINOLOGY.

Activity 1
Look at the crimes in the box below. How many do you know? Use a dictionary to find out. Discuss them
and put them into three categories: very serious, quite serous, not serious .
arson – assault – bag snatching - bribery – burglary – drug trafficking – drunken driving –– forgery –
fraud – kidnapping - manslaughter -- murder - rape - robbery – shoplifting – slander - smuggling – tax
evasion – theft – vandalism

Activity 2
Match the crimes to these definitions:
1. if you make false money or copy another person’s signature, it is _______
2. If you kill someone and you had planned to do it, it is ______
3. If you go into another person’s house at night and take property, it is ____
4. If you deliberately don’t pay all your taxes, it is __________.
5. If you go into a shop and take things and leave without paying, it is _____
6. If you drink too much alcohol and then drive home, it is ________
7. If you steal someone’s property, for example their car, it is _______.
8. If you illegal sell drugs, it is __________.
9. If you bring things, such as drugs or exotic animals, into the country illegally, it is
________.
10. If you talk maliciously about another person to the general public and harm them, it is
________
11. If you take someone away and then ask for ‘ransom’ money, it is _______
12. If you deliberately set a building or a forest on fire, it is _________
13. If you write on public walls or break public property, it is ________
14. If you attack someone violently, it is ______________
15. If you pay someone to do something for you illegally, it is _______
16. If you cheat someone and make them give you money under false pretenses, it is ______
17. If you kill someone but did not intend to do it, it is _______.
18. If you sexually abuse a person against their will, it is _______
19. If you go into a place, for example, a bank, and force people to give you money by threat
or violence, it is. ________
20. If you steal someone’s things, such as a bag, when they are in a public place, it is _______
Activity 3
These are crimes. What are the names of the criminals and what are the verbs?
Can you complete the table below?
CRIME PERSON VERB
Bribery a briber to bribe
bag-snatching to snatch
burglary to burgle/to break into
slander diffamation
a drunken driver
to forge contrefaire
Page 14 of 20

a fraudster to cheat, to deceive

kidnapping
murder
a rapist
robbery
shoplifting Shoplifter to steal from shop/to shoplift
a smuggler
to evade
a thief to steal
a vandal vandale mf vandalise/vandalize

Activity 4
Match each person on the left with the correct definition on the right. Put the verbs
in parentheses in the correct forms of the simple present.

a.an arsonist 1. (to attack) and robs people often in the street (aggresseur)
b. a shoplifter 2.(to set) fire to a property illegally
c. a mugger 3. (to be) anyone who breaks the law
d. an offender 4. (to break) into houses or other buildings to steal
e. a vandal 5. to steal) from shops while acting as an ordinary customer.
f. a burglar 6. (to kill) someone
g. a murderer 7. deliberately (to cause) damage (to) property
h. A kidnapper 8. (to steal) things from people’s pocket in crowded places
i. a pickpocket 9. (get) secret information from another country
j. an accomplice 10. (buy) and sells drugs illegally
k. a drug 11. (to take) away people by force and demands money for their return
dealer
l. a spy 12. (help) a criminal in a criminal act -
m. a terrorist 13.. (use) violence for political reasons

Activity 5
Same instruction as above
a. an assassin 1. (cause) damage or disturbance in places
b. a hooligan 2. (hide) in a ship or plane to get a free journey
c. a 3. (take) control of a plane and makes the pilot change course
stowaway
d. a thief 4. (murder) for political reasons or a reward
e. a hijacker 5. (be) someone who steals
f. a forger 6. (make) counterfeit (false) money or signature
g. a robber 7. (be) a member of a criminal group
(bandit)
h. a smuggler 8. (steal) money etc. by force from people or places
i. a traitor 9. (to marry) illegally, being married already
j. a gangster 10. (be) a soldier who runs away from the army
k. a deserter 11. (bring) goods illegally into a country without paying tax
(Fr.trafiquant(e))
L a bigamist 12. (to betray) his or her country to another
 Page 15 of 20

TWO FAMOUS ASSASSINATIONS

Activity 1
Match the verbs with their synonyms or definitions.
1. to hit a) to conceal, to not show to others
2. to shoot b) to believe someone is guilty _
3. to kill 7. c) to be prosecuted _
4. to suspect 8. d) to fire a gun_
5. to be tried in court 9. e) to strike, to beat _
6. to hide 10. f) to take life from someone

Activity 2
Put these expressions in the possible chronological order of an assassination.
-1_ make a plot -7_escape from the police – 9_be hanged - 3_fire a gun -2_hide in a place -6_the event
takes place -8_be tried in court – 4_shoot a person – 5_the person dies

Activity 3
WREADING_____________________________________________________________

Divide into two groups, group A and group B.

Group A reads the information about John Booth and prepares questions about Lee Oswald.
Group B reads the information about Lee Oswald and prepares questions about Booth.
When you have got your questions ready, ask a student from the other group for the information you need
to complete the passage

Group A.
Read this article and give the information to a student from group B
John Wilkes Booth was born on May 10, 1838 and was famous because he assassinated Abraham Lincoln,
the 16th President of the United States. The crime took place at Ford’s Theater in Washington DC. on
April 14, 1865. Booth shot Lincoln in the head and he died the next day. He was the first American
president to be assassinated. Booth was an American actor and came from a family of famous actors from
Maryland… He was against Lincoln because he won the American Civil War. Booth and a group of co-
conspirators planned to kill Abraham Lincoln and other members of the government. After the shooting,
Booth escaped to Maryland and then hid in a farm in rural Virginia. Soldiers found and killed him two
weeks later. Other conspirators were also tried and hanged.

GROUP A
Activity 4
WRITING ________________________________________________________________
Write the questions you need to complete the information.
Activity 5
SPEAKING _______________________________________________________________
Then ask a student from group B

Lee Harvey Oswald was born on 1) ________. Three United States government investigations accused
him of 2) _______? This took place in 3) _______? Oswald was a 4) _______? _who went to the Soviet
Union and then returned. They first arrested Oswald because the police suspected him of 5) _______?
Later they suspected him of the assassination of President Kennedy. Guns hit John F. Kennedy and other
Page 16 of 20

people at 12:30 pm. on 6) _______? As a result, Kennedy died. Investigations on the case concluded that
Oswald shot the gun from 7) _______? of a building while the President’s car passed through 8)
________? Oswald denied 9) _______? But he did not have a trial. Before they took him to court, while
the police took him from the police station to jail, 10) _________? shot Oswald and killed him while on
live television on November 24, 1963.
Questions: e.g.
1) Where was Oswald born?
2) What ____the government ______Oswald of?
3) Where _____ this assassination ____ place?
4) Who _____ Lee Oswald?
5) What _____the police ______accuse him of?
6) When ______guns _____ John Kennedy and other people?
7) Where _____ Oswald ______ the gun from?
8) Where _____ the president’s _____pass through?
9) What ______ Oswald__________?
10) Who ___________?

GROUP B
Activity 6
WREADING_______________________________________________________________
Read this article and give the information to a student from group A

Lee Harvey Oswald was born on October 18, 1939. Three government investigations accused him of the
assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. This took place in Dallas, Texas. Oswald was an
American marine who went to the Soviet Union and then returned. They first arrested Oswald because the
police suspected him of killing a police officer. Later they suspected him of the assassination of President
Kennedy. Guns hit John F. Kennedy and other people at 12:30 pm. on November 22, 1963. As a result,
Kennedy died. Investigations on the case concluded that Oswald fired the gun from a window on the sixth
floor of a building while the President’s car passed through Dallas. Oswald denied any responsibility for
the murders. But he did not have a trial. Before they took him to court and while the police took him from
the police station to jail, Jack Ruby shot Oswald and killed him while on live television on November 24,
1963.

GROUP B
Activity 7
WRITING_______________________________________________________________

Write the questions you need to complete the information.

Activity 8
SPEAKING________________________________________________________________
Ask a student from group A.
John Wilkes Booth was born on 1) ___________________was famous because he 2) ______________?
The crime took place at 3) _________________? on 4) _________________? Booth shot Lincoln in the
head and he died the next day. He was the first American president to be assassinated. Booth was a 5)
_______________? and came from a family of famous actors from 6) _______________? He was against
Lincoln because 7) ___________________? Booth and a group of co-conspirators planned 8)
Page 17 of 20

_________________? After the shooting, Booth escaped to 9) ____________________? and then hid in a
farm in rural northern Virginia.10) ________________? found and killed him two weeks later. Other
conspirators were also tried and hanged.

Questions: e.g. 1) Where was Booth born?

2) Why ________Booth _________?
3) Where ______ the _______take place?
4) When _______ this crime happen?
5) Who __________?
6) Where _________his family _______ from?
7) Why _________ Lincoln?
8) What _________ the conspirators ______ to do?
9) After the shooting, where ________Booth _______ to?
10) Who ___________?

UNIT 7. THE LEGAL PROFESSION.

Activity 1
SPEAKING______________________________________________________________

What are your ambitions? What would you like to become? A lawyer? A lawyer specialized in family law
or criminal law’ A legal expert in a company? A judge?

Activity 2
Read below about the law profession in different countries

The responsibilities and roles of the different types of legal professions are different from one country to
another. They depend on the history and the legal system of each individual country.
In some countries the role of a lawyer is divided into two types – lawyers who represent their clients in the
high courts, and lawyers who deal with clients but do not discuss cases in the higher courts. This
distinction is called a split (divided) profession.
In the United Kingdom, for example, there is a difference between the profession of a solicitor and a
barrister or advocate. In Italy and France, too, there is a difference between the role of an advocate
(avvocato) and a civil law notary (notaio). In other countries there is no distinction. A system with no
distinction is called a system with a united or fused profession.
It is important to remember that often the same word for a profession can be used differently depending on
the country. Let’s look, for example, at the word: LAWYER.
In the United States, the word generally refers to attorneys, that is, a lawyer who is legally qualified to
prosecute and defend actions in a court of law. It is never used to refer to patent agents, (agents de
brevet) or paralegals (auxiliaire juridique/technicien juridique). A patent agent is a person who is a
specialist in ‘patents’ or licenses for new inventions. A paralegal is someone who has legal qualifications
but who is not a lawyer.
The U.S. legal system has a united legal profession, which means that it does not make a distinction
between lawyers who plead in court, that is defend a client in a trial, and those who do not.
In England and Wales, “lawyer” is a general term for different types of law-trained persons. It includes
practitioners, or people in the profession, such as barristers (lawyers who work in the high courts),
solicitors (who deal with all legal matters outside the courts and in lower courts), legal executives and
Page 18 of 20

licensed conveyancers (specialists in property law). The word ‘lawyer’ can also refer to people who work
in the legal system but do not represent individual clients, such as judges or court clerks.
In Australia, the word “lawyer” is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors but not to people who do
not practice the law.
In Canada, the word “lawyer” differs depending on the province. In the common law provinces, it only
refers to individuals who have been called to the bar, that is, a legal professional who is qualified to
represent a client in a high court.
In India, the term “lawyer” is often commonly used, but the official term is ‘advocate’.
Activity 3
Can you match the a) to present a case orally at a trial, to defend a client in
words or expressions to court
their definitions?1. b) a person who is a legal expert in the field of property
solicitor _ c) a legal specialist in patents giving sole rights to
2. barrister _ inventors
3. advocate _ d) a legal person who deals with clients and all legal
4. patent agent _ work outside the law courts
5. plead in court _ e) qualified to represent a defendant in a high court
6. practitioner _ f) a legal professional who presents cases in the higher
courts
7. conveyancer _ g) a person who practices the profession
8. called to the bar _ h) a legal professional in Scotland who has a similar role
to a barrister

Specific vocabulary
barrister : avocat(e) licensed conveyancer : agent agréé
advocate : avocat(e) immobilier
attorney : avocat(e) call to the bar: admission au barreau
plead in court : plaider devant les paralegals: auxiliaire juridique/technicien
tribunaux/une cour juridique
(legal) practitioner: practicien (du droit) civil law notary : notaire de droit civil
patent agents: agents de brevet

Activity 4
GRAMMAR FOCUS_____________________________________________________

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: WHO, WHICH, THAT

Look at these sentences.
A lawyer is a person WHO practices the law.
It is a word WHICH/ THAT refers to a legal professional.
Page 19 of 20

A law court is a place WHERE trials take place

We use WHO when we define a PERSON
We use WHICH or THAT when we define an OBJECT or THING
We use WHERE when we define a place

Activity 5
Finish these sentences.
1. A barrister is a lawyer ______works in the high courts.
2. An attorney is the American term for a lawyer who is qualified to ______________
3. A patent is a license ______ gives legal rights to inventors.
4. A solicitor is a lawyer __________ works outside the courts or in the lower courts.
5. A conveyancer is a specialist lawyer ___________ deals with _________
6. A paralegal is someone who has legal __________but is not a lawyer.
7. The ‘bar’ in the legal term is a place ______ barristers have their offices and work.
8. A civil notary is a lawyer ______ works for the government.

Activity 6
Finish these sentences about your personal ambitions.
1. I would like to be a person who ______________________________________
2. My ambition is to do a job which_____________________________________
3. I would like to work in an office or a company where _____________________

Activity 7
Read the passage below
More differences between Solicitors and Barristers
Solicitors
Solicitors are lawyers who generally work in civil cases and all legal business outside the law courts. They
advise clients and prepare cases. Sometimes solicitors can present their own cases in the courts. In fact,
nowadays, this is more common and the division between the work of a barrister and a solicitor is not so
precise, but traditionally the solicitor gives information about the client’s case to a barrister who defends
the client in court.
A lot of a solicitor’s work is administrative. His work includes commercial law, conveyancing, family
matters, making wills, tax problems and other legal problems. Solicitors can work alone, in a partnership,
or in a company. They also work in local governments, law centers, the civil service, and in commerce
and industry.
Barristers
Barristers are legal advocates in the higher courts. A barrister doesn’t usually have direct contact with the
client. He receives all the information about the case from the solicitor. This information is called the
‘brief’(dossier/cause). Representing a client in court means that barristers must know how to speak and
think quickly. The responsibility of a barrister is to make sure that the court sees and considers all the
relevant points of law and all the facts in his client’s favor and that justice is done.
The top barristers are called the ‘Queen’s Council’, or QCs, and deal with the complex and serious cases
in the very high courts. Barristers usually work alone but sometimes share an office called a chamber
Page 20 of 20

(cabinet). Traditionally a barrister wears a white wig (perruque) on his head and a black gown (toge) when
he is representing his client at court.

Activity 8
Finish the table with the information in the text. Use the table to talk about the differences between
solicitors and barristers. Use ‘while’ or ‘whereas’ (see unit 3) to connect the information, e.g. A solicitor
deals directly with clients while a barrister doesn’t.
SOLICITORS BARRISTERS
They generally work in __________ They work in _________
They deal with ___________ They deal with ____________
They deal with cases such as ______ They deal with cases such as ________
Their responsibility is _________ Their responsibility is ______________
They work alone or __________ They work alone or ____________
They don’t usually wear a wig and gown They often wear a ____________