Waste Management and its practices in Rural and

Urban areas

 Presented By:
 Ketki
 Shalini
 Kewal
 Sanskruti
 Manohar
 Alfiya
From F.Y. B Pharmacy

 Subject Teacher: Mr. Vivek Upadhyay Sir

 Mentor: Ms. Sheetal Mahajan Ma’am
 Class Incharge: Ms. Parvin Shaikh Ma’am

 Introduction to Waste

Introduction to Waste and Its Management:

 What is Waste?
Waste refers to any material, substance, or by-product that is no longer useful or
needed and is discarded. This includes household garbage, industrial by-products,
agricultural residues, medical waste, and more.

 Types of Waste:

Solid Waste – plastic, paper, glass, metals, etc.

Liquid Waste – wastewater, chemicals, oils.
Organic Waste – food scraps, garden waste.
Hazardous Waste – batteries, paints, medical waste.
E-waste – discarded electronic devices.

 What is Waste Management?

Waste Management is the process of collecting, transporting, processing, recycling, or
disposing of waste materials in a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly manner.
 The goal of waste management is to reduce the harmful effects of waste on human
health and the environment.

 Causes of wastes:

Waste is caused by human activities that produce unwanted or unused materials. It can
be generated at every stage of life — from households, industries, agriculture, and
commercial activities. The main causes of waste include:

1. Overconsumption
Buying more than necessary leads to increased packaging and product waste.

2. .Improper Resource Use

Inefficient use of raw materials in production processes creates excess byproducts and
scrap.

3. Lack of Awareness
Many people are unaware of proper waste disposal and recycling practices, leading to
careless dumping.

4. Urbanization and Industrialization

Growing cities and industries produce large amounts of solid, liquid, and hazardous
waste.

5. Agricultural Practices
Use of fertilizers, pesticides, and crop residues adds to organic and chemical waste.

6. E-waste and Technology Advancement

Frequent upgrading of electronic devices results in increased electronic waste.

7. Food Wastage
Expired, spoiled, or leftover food is often discarded at household and commercial
levels.

8. Construction and Demolition

Building activities generate debris, cement waste, metals, and plastics.
 Effects of waste production:

Waste production has several harmful impacts on the environment, human health, and
economy. These effects can be short-term or long-lasting, depending on how the
waste is managed.

1. Environmental Effects

Soil Pollution: Harmful chemicals from solid waste and hazardous materials seep into
the ground, making soil infertile.
Water Pollution: Waste dumped in rivers, lakes, or oceans contaminates water sources,
affecting aquatic life and drinking water quality.
Air Pollution: Burning of waste releases toxic gases like carbon monoxide, methane,
and dioxins, contributing to smog and climate change.
Climate Change: Landfills release methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon
dioxide, leading to global warming.

2. Effects on Human Health

Diseases: Improper waste disposal attracts pests like rats and mosquitoes, which
spread diseases like dengue, malaria, and cholera.
Respiratory Problems: Burning waste or inhaling air near landfills can lead to asthma,
lung infections, and other respiratory issues.
Waterborne Illnesses: Contaminated water due to waste leads to diarrhoea, typhoid,
and other serious health conditions.

3. Economic Effects

Increased Cleanup Costs: Improperly managed waste leads to higher government

spending on cleaning and maintenance.
Loss of Tourism: Dirty cities and polluted natural areas reduce tourism and affect the
local economy.
Decreased Land Value: Areas near dumpsites or polluted zones lose value due to poor
living conditions.

4. Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems

Animal Deaths: Animals can die from eating plastic or getting trapped in waste.
Habitat Destruction: Dumping waste in natural areas destroys habitats of birds, fish,
and other wildlife.
 Bioaccumulation: Toxic chemicals from waste can enter the food chain, affecting
animals and eventually humans.

 Waste Management:

 Waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, treating, and disposing

of waste materials generated by human activity. It aims to reduce the adverse effects
of waste on human health, the environment, and aesthetics. As the global population
grows and urbanization increases, managing the ever-growing volume of waste has
become a major environmental and public health challenge.
 Effective waste management involves a combination of strategies such as reduce,
reuse, recycle (3Rs), composting, incineration, and landfilling. Different types of
waste such as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, and electronic waste—
require specific methods of handling and disposal.
 Modern waste management emphasizes sustainability, encouraging individuals,
communities, and industries to minimize waste generation and adopt eco-friendly
practices. Governments, environmental organizations, and businesses play a crucial
role in implementing regulations, awareness programs, and innovative technologies to
manage waste efficiently.

 Waste management practices In Rural areas:

Waste management in rural areas focuses on handling smaller amounts of primarily

organic and biodegradable waste. These areas often lack formal systems, so practices
are typically community-based, low-cost, and eco-friendly. Here are common waste
management practices used in rural regions:

1. Segregation at Source
Waste is separated into biodegradable (organic), non-biodegradable (plastic, metal),
and hazardous waste.
Promotes easier disposal and recycling.

2. Composting

Pit composting or vermicomposting is widely used.

Converts kitchen and agricultural waste into natural fertilizer.
Improves soil health and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.
 3. Biogas Production

Cow dung and organic waste are used in biogas plants.

Provides clean cooking fuel and reduces dependency on wood or LPG.

4. Reuse and Recycling

Items like bottles, cloth, and containers are reused creatively.

Local recycling practices are used for plastic, metal, and glass.

5. Community Waste Collection

Village-level initiatives or panchayat-run programs collect and manage waste.

Community bins and regular clean-up drives promote hygiene.

6. Awareness Campaigns

NGOs and government programs educate villagers on hygiene, waste segregation, and
environmental impact.
School programs and posters increase participation.

7. Natural Decomposition

In some cases, waste is left to decompose naturally in designated areas.

Suitable for biodegradable materials but needs to be managed to avoid health issues.

 Waste management practices in Urban areas:

Urban areas produce a high volume and variety of waste due to dense populations,
commercial activities, and industries. Effective waste management in cities requires
organized systems, modern technology, and active public participation. Here are the
key practices followed in urban settings:

1. Waste Segregation at Source

Households and businesses separate waste into:

Biodegradable (food, garden waste)
Recyclable (plastic, metal, paper)
Hazardous (batteries, chemicals)
Reduces the burden on landfills and improves recycling efficiency.

2. Door-to-Door Collection

Municipal corporations or private contractors collect waste daily from homes and
shops.
Workers are trained and often equipped with protective gear and separate bins.

3. Recycling and Reuse

Waste materials like paper, plastic, and metal are sorted and sent to recycling plants.
Urban residents are encouraged to reuse materials and reduce single-use plastics.

4. Composting and Biogas Plants

Organic waste is processed through:

Composting units in societies or parks.
Biogas plants that convert food waste into energy.
Reduces landfill pressure and generates useful by-products.

5. Sanitary Landfills

Properly engineered landfills are used for non-recyclable and residual waste.
Includes layers to prevent soil and water pollution.

6. Incineration

Used to burn hazardous or non-recyclable waste.

Reduces waste volume, but must be managed to control air pollution.

7. E-Waste Management

Specialized centers collect electronic waste like mobile phones, computers, and
appliances.

8. Public Awareness and Regulations

 Urban governments run campaigns for segregation, cleanliness (like Swachh Bharat
Mission).
Strict laws and penalties for littering and improper disposal.

 Effects of waste management:

Positive Effects (when managed properly)

1. Environmental Protection
Reduces pollution of air, water, and soil by safely disposing of harmful waste.

2. Public Health Improvement

Prevents the spread of diseases by controlling waste that attracts pests and pathogens.

3. Resource Conservation
Recycling and reusing materials conserve natural resources like water, minerals, and
trees.

4. Energy Savings
Using recycled materials often consumes less energy than producing new ones from
raw materials.

5. Job Creation
Waste management industries create jobs in collection, recycling, and waste treatment
sectors.

6. Cleaner Surroundings
Proper disposal leads to cleaner, more livable communities and reduces unpleasant
odors.

Negative Effects (when mismanaged)

1. Pollution
 Uncontrolled waste dumping contaminates air, water, and soil, harming ecosystems.

2. Health Hazards
Exposure to hazardous or biomedical waste can cause serious diseases and infections.

3. Climate Change
Decomposing waste in landfills releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas
contributing to global warming.

4. Water Contamination
Leachate from waste sites can seep into groundwater or rivers, harming aquatic life
and drinking water sources.

5. Wildlife Harm
Animals may ingest plastics or other waste, leading to injury or death.

 Areas successfully implemented waste management programs:

Areas that have successfully implemented waste management programs, along with
the processes they followed:

1. Indore, Madhya Pradesh (India)

Known as India’s cleanest city (Swachh Survekshan winner for multiple years)

Process Followed:

Segregation at Source: Mandatory 6-category segregation (wet, dry, hazardous,

sanitary, plastic, and domestic biomedical).
Door-to-Door Collection: 100% covered by GPS-tracked vehicles.
Processing Facilities: Composting plants, plastic-to-fuel units, and bio-methanation
plants.
Citizen Engagement: Awareness drives, rewards for best practices, and school
programs.
Strict Enforcement: Heavy penalties for littering or non-segregation.
2. Pune, Maharashtra (India)

Community-led waste management with support from SWaCH cooperative

Process Followed:
Partnership with Waste Pickers: SWaCH (a cooperative of waste pickers) provides
collection and segregation services.
Decentralized Composting: Many housing societies compost their own wet waste.
Dry Waste Collection Centres (DWCCs): Segregation and recycling of dry waste.
Citizen Participation: Regular workshops, door-to-door awareness programs.

3. San Francisco, California (USA)

Zero Waste Goal (Target: 100% diversion from landfill)

Process Followed:

Mandatory Three-bin System: Green (compost), Blue (recycle), Black (landfill).

Food Waste Composting: Mandatory composting of organic waste for households and
restaurants.
Strict Regulations: Bans on plastic bags, styrofoam, and non-recyclables.

4. Kamikatsu, Japan

One of the most advanced zero-waste towns

Process Followed:

Waste Segregation into 45 Categories: Citizens sort their waste before disposal.
No Waste Collection: People bring sorted waste to the town center.
Reuse Center: Free store for items still usable.
Community Responsibility: Strong culture of environmental respect and civic duty.

5. Seoul, South Korea

Smart and tech-driven waste system

Process Followed:

Volume-Based Waste Fee System: Residents pay based on how much waste they
generate.
Smart Bins: RFID-enabled bins track waste disposal and billing.
Food Waste Management: Separate food wastebins, converted into biogas or fertilizer
Public Awareness: Education campaigns, school curriculum on recycling.
 Conclusion: Waste management is a crucial component of sustainable development
in both rural and urban settings. While the types and volumes of waste generated
differ between these areas, the core goal remains the same — to minimize the
negative impact of waste on human health and the environment.

In rural areas, waste is generally organic and biodegradable, allowing for simple and
low-cost practices such as composting and community-based collection systems.
However, rural areas often face challenges such as lack of awareness, infrastructure,
and technical support.

In contrast, urban areas produce larger volumes of mixed and hazardous waste due to
dense populations and industrial activities. Urban waste management requires more
advanced systems like segregation at source, recycling plants, incineration, and
engineered landfills. Urban local bodies often have better access to technology and
funds but may struggle with enforcement and public participation.