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The on-site waste minimization practices for construction waste

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

The on-site waste minimization practices for construction

waste

Muhammad Fikri Hasmori1, Ahmad Faizul Md Zin1, Sasitharan Nagapan1,

Rafikullah Deraman1, Norhaslinda Abas1, Riduan Yunus and Mustafa Klufallah2
1
Building & Construction Department, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Batu
Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
2
School of Built Environment, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan Kota Ilmu,
Educity 79200 Iskandar Puteri Johor, Malaysia
Corresponding author: mfikri@uthm.edu.my

Abstract. Rapid development in construction industry had caused the increasing of construction
waste. This situation brings many negative impacts towards the environment, cost, productivity,
time, social and economy. The increasing of construction wastes is mainly due to the inefficient
waste management practices in the construction projects. Hence, the effective management
practices in handling construction waste should be highlighted. This study seeks to identify the
waste management practices that are able to engender on-site waste minimization. As much as
54 practices had been found from previous research publications. Mapping technique was used
to determine the frequency for each practice. This study have found five (5) significant
management practices that need to be emphasized in order to achieve on-site waste minimization.
The findings of this paper will help researchers to further investigate the significant management
practices in minimizing on-site construction waste.

1. Introduction
Construction industry is very important in every developing country. The construction industry is an
economic investment and its relationship with economic development is well posited [1]. Both
developing and developed nations have realized and comprehended the important of construction
industry in socio-economic level and sustainable development of a country. It plays a vital role towards
a growth of a nation by providing essential infrastructures and physical structures for activities such as
commerce, services and utilities [2]. The development of construction sector is a part of the living
environment which is affecting the living conditions, social well-being and health. The industry also
engenders employment opportunities and inject money into nation’s economy [3]. However, despite of
these contributions, rapid development of construction industry has led to the increasing of construction
wastes and this situation had become one of the serious issue in Malaysia.
Generally, construction waste is defined as the unused products or materials which resulted from
construction activities during pre-construction, construction and post construction phase [4]. In addition,
Tam et. al, [5] stated that construction waste is defined as any unwanted products from the construction,
renovation and demolition works. Meanwhile, Shen et. al, [6] mentioned that construction wastes are
any building materials, concrete, steel, timber and other material which are resulted from various
construction activities. It can be concluded that construction waste is the excess materials generates from
the construction activities. In Peninsular Malaysia, the amount of solid wastes generated per day
increased from an estimated 23,000 tonnes in 2010 to 25,000 tonnes in 2012 [7]. Currently, Solid Waste

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

and Public Cleansing Management Corporation of Malaysia confirms that approximately 8 million
tonnes of construction wastes per year generated from construction projects [8]. The increasing of
construction wastes is caused by inefficient waste management practices in the construction projects
[9]. All the construction wastes that produced from construction activities will cause negative impact
towards surrounding environment, cost, productivity, time, social and economy [10]. In construction
industry perspective, this issue will contribute to the value reduction of construction productivity and
reduce the performance of overall projects.
Based on the discussion above, an effective construction waste management is the solution to
overcome the issue. According to Yuan [11], construction waste management is one of the sustainable
development approaches to minimise wastes and to avoid negative impacts on the environment. It is
necessary to highlight construction waste management in order to provide mutually beneficial to the
environment, society and the economy. Hence, this paper seeks to identify construction management
practices which will cause the minimization of on-site construction wastes.

2. Construction waste management

The increasing awareness regarding environmental impacts from construction wastes has led to the
development of waste management as an important approach for construction project management.
Managing construction wastes is vital in order to cope with future sustainable development. The
practices of waste management for construction activities comprised with the aim to protect the
environment and with the recognition that wastes from construction and demolition works contribute
significantly to pollution of the environment [6]. Fauziah & Agamuthu [12], defined waste management
as the discipline that encompasses solid waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, and
disposal by considering the environmental, economic, aesthetics and public concerns. In addition, the
management of waste includes monitoring, collection, transport processing and waste disposal.
There are many efforts that have been carried out by the Malaysian government to minimise the
generation of waste. Nevertheless, many contractors failed in implementing good waste management
which led to the mismanagement of construction waste [13]. There are several approaches to
construction waste management. The process of managing construction waste goes far beyond the
disposal of the wastes itself. It is encompassing a strategy to effectively utilize construction resources,
with the view to reduce the quantity of waste and utilizing the generated waste in the most effective
manner. In Malaysia, disposing the wastes directly to landfill sites is the most common approach in
managing construction wastes. This method is chosen among contractor in Malaysia because the waste
materials is assumed to have a little premium value. However, the practices will no longer be applicable
for a long term since construction industry had generated significant amount of wastes and there is
increasing of construction wastes year by year that will further congest the already over-flowing
landfills. As the evidence, it was reported that among 289 landfills which also includes dumpsites, 113
of these landfills are no longer in operation due to protest from surrounding residents or have reached
their full capacity [14]. This has prompted the need for alternatives of waste prevention and the
initiatives to reduce, reuse and or recycle wastes produced which are referred to as the 3R’s of
construction waste management.

Figure 1. Waste management hierarchy [14].

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Basically, construction wastes need to go through a pre-treatment process before being disposed to
landfills. It should be treated according to proper waste management hierarchy as shown in Figure 1
[14]. There are 3R concepts in waste management that need to pass through before being disposal at
landfills. The criteria of waste management started with waste reduction, reuse, recycling and lastly
disposed to landfills. The process of construction waste management at the end will end up at landfill
[12]. Hence, it is vital to effectively utilise the construction resources in order to reduce the generation
of wastes.

2.1. Reduce, Reuse & Recycle Strategy

The term of waste reduction is related with the practices to reduce waste generation at it source. This
ensure waste is minimized before it become much bigger problem. In construction project, it could be
achieved through reducing or avoiding any activities and process that caused waste generation. As early
as the planning stage, the reduce strategy can be implemented and continuously embedded throughout
the construction lifecycle [15]. The reduction in construction waste is considered the most effective and
efficient method to manage construction waste. But, it is an utmost important to recognize the
influencing factors in waste generation before the reduce strategy can be implemented. These factors
comprised of design changes, poor material handling, lack of capability among the labours, poor
management planning, poor site condition, procurement of construction material and external factor
(weather) [16].
Reduction of construction wastes at it sources not only able to reduce waste generation, but also
reduce waste transportation costs, waste disposal and waste recycling. Even in the most sustainable
construction site, waste can’t be eliminated totally. The site definitely will produce certain types of waste
and this waste is called as unavoidable waste. Since the waste generated is not fully avoidable, the next
step should be considered is to reuse some of the construction waste materials such as using broken
brick and concrete as a sub-grade of access road to the construction site [14]. In addition, [15] stated
that reuse is defined as the using of construction resources which is the material, such as timber
formwork, more than once either by means the same function or not. Recycle strategy is defined as a
process of collecting the used, re-used and also the unused things that already considered as waste but
turned into usable new item [17]. At site, these items are sorted inside the construction site or off-site
and will be sent to processing centre to be turned into raw materials or re-manufactured into new or
same products. The sorting of waste for recycling purposes could be done as an on-site or off-site waste
management technique.
According to [18], the on-site recycling technique is the isolation of the construction waste and then
is used as a raw material in other construction processes. Meanwhile, the off-site recycling technique is
the separating and transporting of the construction waste to other organizations so that it can be use as
the raw material. Government participation is crucial to ensure a successful recycling program in the
construction industry. Recycling will not only reduce negative impact to the environment but also will
ensure the availability of the materials in the future.

3. The on-site waste management practices

Mapping method of practices is adopted from [19], in order to provide preliminary idea on what past
researchers had discovered regarding construction waste management practices that contributed to on-
site construction waste reduction. The matrix analysis identified the most prominent practices based on
the frequency of the measures which identified by past researchers around the world. Through a review
of the identified literature, some site management practices for engendering construction waste
minimization are identified as presented in Table 1. All of the stated site management practices for
successful on-site waste management in Table 1 are most likely suitable and applicable to be implement
in the construction project within Malaysia.
As much as 54 measures for successful on-site waste management are identified from 20 literature
review on the research articles. The measures are divided into 5 management groups which are Human
Resources, Material and equipment, Construction method, Administrative and Regulation. The grouping
for construction management practice is adapted and modified from [20] research. There are 4 measures
in Human Resources management group, 9 measures in material and Equipment group, 19 measures in

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Construction Method group, 17 measures in Administrative group and 5 measures in Regulation

management group.

4. Mapping process and analysis of the on-site waste management practices

Based on the on-site waste minimization management practices in Table 1, the highest frequency for the
waste minimization practices are presented in figure 2 with accordance to the code given.
Based on the Figure 2, the most significant practices to minimize on-site construction wastes is A1
(Human resources group) practice following respectively by E1 (Regulation group), C1 (Construction
Method group), D1 (Administrative group) and B1 (Material and Equipment group). In ‘Human and
Resources’ group, 18 out of 20 researchers agreed that education and awareness is the important factor
to engender waste minimization. A study by [38] found that the major barrier in the industry is the lack
of awareness among local contractors, construction labor and architects about waste management
techniques and approach. They perceived that conducting construction waste management usually will
increase the project costs and therefore will reduce company profits. The construction practitioners are
giving more focus on the cost, time, and the quality specified in the contract, less attention is giving
towards waste reduction [39]. Thus, the construction industry practitioners’ awareness regarding
resource saving and environment protection is a vital driver for construction waste minimization.
Education and awareness aspect regarding waste management at site will lead construction actors to
implement effective practices in reducing generated wastes. However, the awareness of having a proper
management of construction wastes is still lacking in Malaysia. Hence, there is an urgent need to
improve the education and awareness of construction industry practitioners in Malaysia.
The second highest frequency of on-site waste minimization practices is E1 which is the usage of
off-site products and components in construction project. In ‘Regulation’ group, as much as 16
researchers admitted that this practice is able to provide directly waste minimization at site. Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, has been dynamically encouraging the practice of
industrialized building system (IBS) and other off-site construction techniques in local construction
industries since 1998 as a method to overcome construction waste problem, conserve landfill capacity
and also helping to achieve the concept of sustainability [40]. Waste reduction is one of the major
benefits when using this practice compared with conventional construction. According to [41], the off-
site construction techniques such as prefabrication, is perceived as a solution to major causes of waste
generated during both the design and construction stages. This practice also contributes to other benefits
on-site such as improved quality control, provide clean and safer working place, improved the
environmental performance, and reduction in construction time and labour requirements. Unfortunately,
because of the higher initial cost that incur during the construction process, there is a significant
percentage of construction projects do not adopt the use of off-site construction techniques in Malaysia.
Hence, it is important for local authority to force a regulation regarding the application of off-site
techniques in construction projects. This practice not only able to reduce construction waste generation
at site, but also will lessen the burdens related with its management and disposal.
Next, the third practice for on-site waste minimization is C1, by providing waste skips for specific
materials (waste segregation). In ‘Construction Method (on-site practice)” group, about 13 of 20
researchers stated this practice is able to reduce waste generated at site. In order to reduce total waste
generated, there is a need for effective separation of waste, by providing waste skips for specific
materials. This approach is based on the understandings that recycling construction material is one of
the best option to reduce negative impact on the environment which also includes in 3R concept of waste
minimization. Although waste segregation itself is not a strategy for waste reduction, but it is a requisite
act to ease the construction materials reuse and recycling. This practice is applied as a method to
facilitate construction waste for the recycling purposed after the waste generated in construction site. It
is because, the application of construction waste recycling requires sorting of generated waste into
‘‘recyclable and non-recyclables” during the construction activities or at the recycling site. This practice
will ease recycling operations and ensures accurate separation of inert and non-inert materials. By
providing waste skips for waste segregation, there is likelihood of on-site reuse of the materials in waste
skips or for other projects [23]. This practice also contributes in preventing waste mixture with soil [20].

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

As such, waste segregation provides both short and long-term benefits of on-site materials reuse and
ease of waste recycling.
The highest frequency for the practice in ‘Administrative’ management group is the standardization
of design and material. Standardization is defined as the extensive use of components, methods or
processes in which there is regularity, repetition and a background of successful practice. The aim of
this practice is mainly to improve the buildability of a structure along with the benefit in reducing
construction waste. This study found that 12 out of 20 literature review had stated this practice is able
to minimize on-site waste generation. Standardisation has the potential to dramatically reduce the current
production of construction waste. This argument is supported by [22] that a substantial reduction in off-
cuts construction materials could be achieved by designing room areas and ceiling heights in multiples
of standard material sizes. Nowadays, the increase in complexity of a structure had caused a lot of design
changes in construction projects. This situation raised due to the increased integration of components
making it more likely that a change in one area of the design will require other areas to be redesigned
[29]. This issue will directly contribute towards the generation of construction waste at site. Hence,
administrative management play a vital role in the implementation of standardize practice for design
and material in order to increase the buildability of a structure. This practice at once will contribute
efficiently in reducing on-site construction waste.
Based on the ‘Material and Equipment’ management group, the study found that the highest
frequency of on-site waste minimization is the proper material handling. There are 8 journals out of the
20 review journals stated that the proper material handling practice could reduce waste production.
Generally, improper handling of construction material is one of the causes waste generation in
construction project. This issue often arises because of the wrong material handling by construction
workers at site which contribute towards waste production [19]. The incompetent supervisor and project
manager, lead to poor workmanships and improper material handling done by construction workers.
Besides that, the used of improper equipment in handling of material will cause damage and loss on the
construction materials, subsequently will contribute to waste generation at site. This issue normally
occurs during delivery process where the wrong equipment is used to bring down construction material
at site. In order to overcome this problem, it is important to use the right piece of handling equipment
which aiming to prevent waste due to breakage and loss on the construction materials. In addition, the
wrong materials handling by construction workers can be overcome by assigning a good and dedication
supervisor at the site.
Table 2 presented the most significant practices in reducing on-site construction waste for each
management groups. These factors are prominently able to engender on-site waste reduction in
construction project.

20 18
16
15 13
12

10 8

0
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1

Figure 2. Frequency for the highest practices in each group based on the given code.

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Table 1. Construction management practices in reducing on-site construction waste.

References

On-site Waste
Group

Code

Freq.
minimization

[21]
[22]
[11]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[16]
[20]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
practices

Improved education/
awareness regarding A1
on-site waste * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18
management of
Human Resources

workforce or/and staff

Appointment of waste
A2
(A1)

* * * 3
manager on-site
Appointment of
A3

labors solely for * * 2

waste disposal
Preventing of waste
A4

* * 2
materials by labors
Using mechanical
handling to reduce
damage on the
B1

* * * * * * * * 8
material during
delivery (proper
handling)
Prevention of over
B4

* * * * * * * 7
ordering of material
Proper selection of
materials (e.g.
B2

* * * * * * * 7
avoiding fragile
Material and Equipment

material being used)

Use materials with a
B3

high content of * * * * * * 6
recycled material
(B1)

Prevention of double
B5

* * * * * 5
handling materials
Buy materials
B6

avoiding unnecessary * * * * 4
packaging
Just in Time
Deliveries (JIT)
B7

* * * * 4
ensure less material
waste
On-site materials
B8

shredders or * * * * 4
compactors machine
Store construction
B9

materials collectively * * * 3
in a separate area
Provision of waste
Construction Method (on-site

skips for specific

C1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * 13
materials (waste
segregation)
practices)

On-site reuse
C2

* * * * * * * * * * * * 12
(C1)

construction materials
Provide adequate and
safe storage to lessen
C3

the amount of * * * * * * * 7
damaged material on-
site.

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Set-up an effective
line of

C4
communication at * * * * * * * 7
construction site to
avoid bad practice
Provide sufficient
space to ease the

C5
* * * * * 5
management of C&D
waste
Providing bins for
collecting wastes for C6 * * * * 4
each subcontractor
Setting up temporary
C7

bins at each building * * * * 4

zone
Periodic check on the
C8

use of C&D waste * * * 3

containers
Soil remains to be
C9

* * * 3
used on the same site
Storing waste at an
C10

* * * 3
easily accessible area
Noticing staff to reuse
C11

* * * 3
recycle materials
Preventing waste
C12

* * * 3
mixture with soil
Detect the
construction activities
C13

that can admit * * * 3

reusable materials
from the construction
Follow the project
C14

* * 2
drawings / design
Informing methods to
C15

deal with the rest of * * 2

wastes after recycling
Keeping the site clean
to minimize loss of
C16

* * 2
material and waste
generation
Time scale of project
can ensure effective
C17

* * 2
waste reduction on-
site
Use of demolition and
C18

excavation materials * 1
for landscape
Central areas for
C19

* 1
cutting and storage
Standardization of
D1

design and material to * * * * * * * * * * * * 12

Administrative

improve buildability
Adequate supervision
(D1)

of waste management
D2

* * * * * * * * 8
activities with clear
instruction
Ensure fewer design
D3

changes during * * * * * * * * 8
construction process

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Supply chain alliances

D4
with supplier and * * * * * * * 7
recycling companies
Waste auditing to
monitor and record

D5
* * * * * * * 7
on-site waste
management
Making sub-
contractors
D6
* * * * * * 6
responsible for waste
disposal (cooperation)
Contract suppliers
D7

managing their * * * * * * 6
product waste
Plan layout of
construction projects
D8

* * * * * * 6
properly (site
planning)
Designing out waste
will reduce material
D9

* * * * 4
management issues
on-site.
Recycling target to be
D10

set for every project * * * * 4

phases
Involvement of
contractors and
D11

* * * 3
product manufacturer
during design stage
Positive incentive for
decreasing or
D12

recycling by * * * 3
contractors/
subcontractors
Rules on dealing with
D13

* * 2
waste-generators
Shortening a period of
D14

collecting waste in a * * 2
site
Design management
to prevent the over
D15

* * 2
specification of
materials
Corrective actions to
D16

reduce waste when a * 1

change has happened
Adequate planning to
D17

stabilize work process * 1

on-site
Usage of offsite
products and
E1

component (low * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16
waste construction
Regulation

technology)
(E1)

The use of a Site

Waste Management
E2

* * * * * * * * * * * * 12
Plan (SWMP) is
important.
Contractual clauses to
E3

penalize poor waste * * * * * * 6

performance

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The 2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

Additional tender
where waste

E4
* * * * 4
initiatives are to be
implemented
Issuing waste
management levels

E5
* * * 3
from owners/clients to
contractors

Table 2. The highest frequency of on-site waste minimization practices based on management groups.

Management group On-site waste minimization practices

Improved education/ awareness regarding on-site waste
Human Resources
management of workforce or/and staff
Using mechanical handling to reduce damage on the material
Material and Equipment
during delivery (proper handling)
Provision of waste skips for specific materials (waste
Construction Method
segregation)
Administrative Standardisation of design and material to improve buildability
Usage of offsite products and component (low waste construction
Regulation
technology)

5. Conclusion
This study has been carried out with the aim to identify construction management practices which will
engender the minimization of on-site construction wastes. As much as 20 research papers had been
reviewed and the result of most significant practices for each management group has been clarified
through mapping method. This study found that improving awareness and education of workforces
regarding construction waste management is very important to achieve on-site waste minimization. In
addition, the practices of the usage offsite products and component (low waste construction technology),
provision of waste skips for specific materials (waste segregation), standardization of design and
material, and proper handling of construction materials also important in order to encourage on-site
construction waste reduction. This study provided soft measures that could be applied in construction
site management practices, irrespective of the construction techniques.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (2020) 012038 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/713/1/012038

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Acknowledgment
This research was supported by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia under the Geran Penyelidikan
Pasca Siswazah (GPPS) - U783.

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