OVERRIDING

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What is Overriding
• Is a language feature
• Allows a subclass or child class to provide a
specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by one of its super classes or parent
classes.
• The implementation in the subclass overrides
(replaces) the implementation in the superclass by
providing

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Example
Employee

print()

Temporary
Employee

print()

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Output

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Using the super keyword
• When invoking a superclass version of an
overridden method the super keyword is used.

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Abstraction

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Abstraction
• Refers to the ability to make a class abstract in OOP
• Abstract class
– Cannot be instantiated
– Other functionality of the class still exists
– Cannot create an instance of the abstract class

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Abstract Class
• Use the abstract keyword to declare a class
abstract
public abstract class Employee
{
private String name;
private String address;
...
}

Cannot use
Employee e = new Employee();

Employee.java: xx: Employee is abstract; cannot be instantiated

Employee e = new Employee();
^ 1 error1

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Extending Abstract Class
public class Salary extends Employee
{ Extend Employee
private double salary; class
Salary(String name, String address,
int number, double salary)
{
super(name, address, number);
setSalary(salary);
} Call Employee
class
...
}

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Abstract Methods
• Can declare the method in the parent class as
abstract
• Abstract methods consist of a method signature, but
no method body

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Declaring a Method as Abstract
• The class must also be declared abstract
• Any child class must either override the abstract
method or declare itself abstract
– A child class that inherits an abstract method
must override it
– If they do not, they must be abstract, and any of
their children must override it

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Example

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Packages

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Package
• defined as a grouping of related types
• existing packages in Java are:
– java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes
– java.io - classes for input , output functions are
bundled in this package

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Creating a Package
• Put a package statement with the package name
• At the top of every source file that contains the
classes, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation
types that you want to include in the package
• The package statement should be the first line in
the source file
• There can be only one package statement in each
source file, and it applies to all types in the file

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Example
/* File name : Animal.java */
package animals;
interface Animal
{
public void eat();
}

package animals;
/* File name : MammalInt.java */
public class Mammal implements Animal
{
public void eat()
{
System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}
Now you compile these two files and put them
in a sub-directory called animals
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The Import Keyword
• If a class wants to use another class in the same
package, the package name does not need to be
used. Classes in the same package find each other
without any special syntax
• The fully qualified name of the class can be used.
– import animals.Mamal
• The package can be imported using the import
keyword and the wild card (*)
– import animals.*;

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FreeTTS Example
• Way to use existing packages
– Add jar library
– Import class

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Example FreeTTS

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Polymorphism

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Polymorphism
• The real power comes with methods/behaviors.
• A better example:
– shape object types used by a drawing program.
– we want to be able to handle any kind of shape
someone wants to code (in the future).
– we want to be able to write code now that can
deal with shape objects (without knowing what
they are!).

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Example
public interface Vegetarian {}
public class Animal{}
public class Deer extends Animal implements Vegetarian{}

• Deer class is considered to be polymorphic since this has

multiple inheritance
– A Deer IS-A aAnimal
– A Deer IS-A Vegetarian
– A Deer IS-A Deer
– A Deer IS-A Object

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Types of Polymorphism
• Overloading
• Overriding
• Dynamic method binding

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Example

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Example

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