UNIT 1
1. What is the content of Self – Exploration
Self-exploration is the process of investigating and understanding oneself through honest inner
dialogue. It involves examining our desires, thoughts, and expectations in light of natural
acceptance. The key content includes understanding the purpose of life, harmony at all levels
(self, family, society, and nature), and determining what is valuable to us through experiential
validation. Self-exploration does not impose beliefs but enables us to verify truths ourselves. It
leads to clarity about what to do, why to do, and how to do.
2. What do you understand about the terms Svatva, Swatantrata, and Swarajya?
● Svatva means self-awareness or knowing one’s true nature.
● Swatantrata refers to living with self-discipline and inner freedom, not controlled by
external pressures.
● Swarajya is self-governance or mastery over one’s desires and actions, aligned with
right understanding.
Together, these terms form the basis of living a responsible and meaningful life in
harmony with self and society.
3. What do the abbreviations SVDD, SSDD, and SSSS signify?
These abbreviations explain the relationship between physical resources and happiness:
● SVDD: Sadhan Viheen Dukhi Daridra – lacking resources and unhappy.
● SSDD: Sadhan Sampann Dukhi Daridra – has resources but is still unhappy.
● SSSS: Sadhan Sampann Sukhi Samruddh – has sufficient resources and is happy.
This shows that having resources alone doesn’t guarantee happiness; right
understanding is essential.
4. What is the meaning of prosperity? How can you say that you are prosperous?
Prosperity means the feeling of having more than enough physical resources to fulfill one’s
needs, with the capacity to help others. It is not just having possessions, but having the right
understanding of needs and ensuring they are adequately met. A person is prosperous if they
experience no deprivation and are not in tension for physical needs. For example, if you have
enough food, clothing, shelter, and can share with others, you are prosperous.
5. Define the term Natural Acceptance.
Natural acceptance is the innate, universal, and continuous desire within every human being to
do what is right and fulfilling. It does not change with age, time, place, or situation. It forms the
foundation for right understanding and helps in evaluating beliefs and desires. For example, we
naturally accept trust in relationships, not distrust. It helps in making decisions based on inner
clarity rather than external influence.
6. Explain the process of Value Education.
Value Education is a holistic process that develops the ability to live in harmony with oneself
and others. It begins with self-exploration, helping students understand their aspirations,
differentiate between right and wrong, and live accordingly. It covers understanding harmony at
four levels – individual, family, society, and nature. Through dialogue and reflection, it cultivates
ethical behavior, emotional intelligence, and responsible living.
7. Define the term Happiness (Sukh).
Happiness or Sukh is a state of inner harmony and satisfaction within oneself. It is a continuous
feeling of well-being that arises from right understanding and right conduct. Unlike sensory
pleasure, which is temporary and dependent on external stimuli, happiness is long-lasting and
internal. It is experienced when there is no contradiction or conflict within the self.
8. Relate Human and Animal Consciousness.
Humans and animals both have a body, but consciousness differs. Animals operate solely on
Body Consciousness – they function based on instincts and pre-programmed behavior. Humans
possess both Body and Self (I) Consciousness. Humans can reason, evaluate, and make
choices using their 'I' or self. This gives humans the responsibility to understand values and live
in harmony.
9. What should be the content of value education to make it complete? How do values
relate to our day to day living?
Complete value education should include understanding of:
● The human being and human values
● Harmony in self, family, society, and nature
● Ethical skills and decision making
Values are principles that guide our actions and decisions. In daily life, they reflect in how we
treat others (respect, trust), make decisions (responsibility), and handle resources (care and
sustainability).
10. How does value education help in fulfilling one’s aspirations?
Every human aspires for happiness and prosperity. Value education provides the right
understanding to achieve these in a sustainable way. It helps distinguish between temporary
pleasure and lasting happiness. By aligning our desires with natural acceptance and ethical
living, value education enables fulfillment without conflict or exploitation.
11. Define the term Right Understanding.
Right understanding is the ability to see and know reality as it is. It is achieved through
self-exploration and leads to clarity about values, purpose, and conduct. It enables us to live in
harmony with ourselves, others, and nature. It forms the foundation for right evaluation and
action in life.
12. Compare Value Domain and Domain of Skills.
● Value Domain: Relates to understanding, principles, and ethical behavior. It governs
what to do and why to do.
● Skill Domain: Relates to the ability to execute tasks effectively (how to do).
Skills are essential for achieving goals, but without values, they can be misused. For example,
communication is a skill, but honesty in communication is a value.
13. How do values relate to our day-to-day living?
Values guide our behavior in relationships, work, and decision-making. Daily choices – like
being honest, showing respect, or acting responsibly – are based on values. Living by values
brings inner peace, better relationships, and a meaningful life. Without them, one may face
conflicts, stress, or social issues.
14. What is the need of Value Education?
Modern education focuses on information and technical skills but often neglects human values.
Value education is needed to develop a responsible, ethical, and harmonious society. It helps
individuals lead a fulfilling life by understanding self, relationships, and sustainable living. It
prevents problems like stress, violence, and environmental degradation.
15. What are Preconditioning?
Preconditioning refers to beliefs, ideas, or assumptions we acquire from society, media, family,
or past experiences without self-verification. These influence our thoughts and behavior, often
subconsciously. They may not always align with natural acceptance and can lead to confusion
or conflict unless examined through self-exploration.
UNIT 2
1. What do you mean by Imagination?
Imagination is the ability of the Self ('I') to visualize or form mental images of past experiences,
future events, or even things that have not yet occurred. It is a continuous and essential activity
of the Self that allows us to interpret, anticipate, plan, and innovate. Imagination can influence
our desires, expectations, and decisions. While it is a powerful tool, unverified imagination can
also lead to confusion or unrealistic expectations unless guided by right understanding.
2. How can we ensure Harmony in Self (‘I’)?
Harmony in the Self is achieved through right understanding, where there is consistency
between our thoughts, desires, and expectations. This requires self-exploration and aligning
one’s thoughts and imagination with natural acceptance. When we understand the purpose of
life and act accordingly, we feel peaceful, happy, and resolved. Practices such as reflection,
introspection, and value education promote inner harmony and reduce conflict.
3. What do you mean by Sukh?
Sukh, or happiness, is the state of harmony within oneself. It is a continuous and holistic feeling
of well-being and satisfaction, arising from right understanding and appropriate conduct. Sukh is
not dependent on sensory pleasure or external stimuli but comes from the resolution of inner
conflicts and alignment with one's values and purpose. It is the ultimate aspiration of every
human being.
4. What do you mean by Sensations?
Sensations are the signals or inputs received from the external environment through our five
senses (eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue). These sensations are experienced by the Self and
can lead to feelings of pleasure or pain. However, they are temporary and depend on external
stimuli. Unlike sukh, sensations do not provide lasting happiness and can sometimes become
addictive or misleading without right understanding.
5. Contrast between the needs of Self and needs of the Body.
The Self and Body have fundamentally different needs:
● Self (‘I’) needs are qualitative like happiness, trust, love, respect, and knowledge – they
are continuous and non-material.
● Body needs are physical, such as food, clothing, shelter, and medicine – they are
quantitative and temporary.
Satisfying body needs alone does not ensure happiness. To live a fulfilling life, both sets
of needs must be understood and balanced appropriately.
6. Define the Lack of Confidence.
Lack of confidence is a state of uncertainty and hesitation in one's thoughts and actions. It
arises from confusion, fear of failure, or self-doubt, often due to lack of right understanding or
preconditioning. When individuals are not aware of their potential or do not trust their own
capabilities, they struggle to take decisions or act effectively. Developing right understanding
through self-exploration helps build real confidence.
7. What are the needs of the ‘Self’ and the ‘Body’?
● Self (‘I’) needs: happiness, peace, respect, love, knowledge, and understanding – these
are qualitative and continuous.
● Body needs: food, water, clothing, shelter, hygiene, and medicine – these are physical,
material, and periodic.
To live in harmony, both types of needs must be recognized, prioritized correctly, and
fulfilled in the right manner.
8. Define Mutual Fulfilment.
Mutual fulfilment refers to the experience of completeness and harmony in relationships when
both individuals value and respond to each other’s feelings, needs, and aspirations. It is based
on trust, respect, and affection. When people relate to each other on the basis of values and
natural acceptance, both feel fulfilled and satisfied, leading to peaceful coexistence.
9. What do you mean by Suvidha?
Suvidha refers to physical facilities or conveniences that help in the proper functioning and
comfort of the body. Examples include food, shelter, clothing, and transportation. Suvidha
supports physical well-being but does not ensure happiness or peace unless accompanied by
right understanding and values. Misplaced focus on suvidha alone can lead to overconsumption
and dissatisfaction.
10. What is Svasthya?
Svasthya means good health or being in a state of harmony between the Self and the Body. It
is a balanced state where the Self is aware and the body is maintained through proper
nourishment, rest, exercise, and hygiene. True svasthya is not just the absence of disease but
also includes mental well-being and inner peace. It is achieved by caring for the body as a
responsibility and living with right understanding.
11. What is Pre-conditioning?
Pre-conditioning refers to the assumptions, beliefs, or patterns of thinking we adopt from
society, media, family, or past experiences without verifying them through self-exploration.
These can misguide our decisions and actions, leading to conflict or dissatisfaction.
Pre-conditioning can be related to success, beauty, status, etc., and needs to be critically
examined for us to live with clarity and confidence.
12. List a few quantitative needs of the Self.
The needs of the Self are primarily qualitative, but certain aspects can be quantified in terms of
time or frequency for better understanding and improvement:
● Time spent in self-reflection
● Frequency of interactions with others based on trust and respect
● Learning sessions to enhance right understanding
Note: Unlike physical needs, these are not measurable in physical units but are
structured to develop consistent harmony and growth.
13. Contrast between ‘Power’ and ‘Activity’ of Self.
● Power of the Self refers to its inherent capacities like imagination, decision-making,
evaluation, and understanding.
● Activity of the Self refers to how these powers are applied – such as desiring, thinking,
and expecting.
Powers are capabilities; activities are expressions of those powers. For example, using
imagination (power), one can plan a future event (activity).
14. What is Lack of Qualitative Improvement in us?
Lack of qualitative improvement means stagnation in personal growth, ethical development,
and emotional maturity. It happens when individuals focus only on external achievements
without working on self-awareness, values, and relationships. Symptoms include stress,
dissatisfaction, broken relationships, and inner conflict. Value education and self-exploration can
help overcome this and foster holistic development.
15. How does the Self enjoy the activities of the Body?
The Self experiences and evaluates bodily activities through sensations and perceptions. When
the body consumes food, moves, or rests, the Self perceives comfort or discomfort. If bodily
actions are in tune with right understanding, the Self experiences harmony and satisfaction. For
example, eating healthy food leads to bodily comfort, which the Self interprets as pleasant. The
Self also controls, directs, and makes decisions regarding bodily actions.
UNIT 3
1. Define the term Relationship and Trust.
A relationship refers to the connection between two individuals where both recognize the
feelings, needs, and aspirations of each other and respond accordingly. It is a mutual feeling of
relatedness.
Trust is the foundational value in any relationship. It means the assurance that the other
person’s intention is always to support and not harm. Trust leads to confidence, respect, and
openness in the relationship. It is based on understanding, not blind belief.
2. Difference between Intention and Competence.
● Intention refers to what one wants to do – the inner desire or goal.
● Competence refers to the ability to actually do it – the skills or capacity
For example, one may intend to help someone (good intention) but may not know how (lack of
competence). Right understanding allows us to assess others based on their intention rather
than judging only by results.
3. What are the two parts in Exploration?
The process of exploration has two main parts:
1. Natural Acceptance: Refers to our inner voice or innate feeling of what is right.
2. Experiential Validation: Refers to verifying our understanding by living it and observing
the outcomes.
Together, these help us evaluate our thoughts and actions without external influence, leading to
harmony and clarity in life.
4. Write down the ways in Right Evaluation.
Right Evaluation involves:
● Assessing people based on intention (wanting to do good) and competence (ability
to do good).
● Understanding that all humans have good intentions, even if their competence is limited.
● Avoiding misunderstandings by differentiating between a person’s desire to help and
their actual ability.
● Observing and verifying through real-life interaction and self-exploration.
5. Define the term Competence.
Competence is the ability or skill to do something successfully. In the context of human values,
it means having the capability to fulfill responsibilities in relationships with clarity and right
understanding. Competence includes emotional, ethical, intellectual, and practical abilities. True
competence involves aligning intention with proper action.
6. Do you want to be related to the other or be against the other? What is your natural
acceptance?
Every human being naturally wants to be related to others. This is evident through our desire
for harmony, affection, trust, and respect in relationships.
Natural Acceptance tells us that we do not want conflict, hatred, or enmity with others. We
inherently seek mutual understanding and care. Being against someone causes discomfort and
stress, whereas being related brings joy and peace.
7. What is Justice? What are its four elements?
Justice is the recognition and fulfillment of mutual expectations in relationships. It is the
assurance that each party values and respects the other.
The four elements of justice are:
1. Recognition of the other
2. Right feeling for the other
3. Fulfillment of the other’s feelings
4. Mutual Happiness
When these are present, relationships are meaningful and harmonious.
8. What is the meaning of Education and Sanskãr?
● Education means ensuring the development of understanding – right understanding
about life, relationships, and conduct.
● Sanskãr refers to the actualization of that understanding in the form of values, behavior,
and lifestyle.
In short, education provides knowledge and clarity; sanskãr ensures its consistent application in
life through practice and habit.
9. Write down the five dimensions of human endeavour (care).
The five dimensions of human endeavor where care and concern are expressed are:
1. Education – Ensuring development of human values.
2. Health – Ensuring well-being of self and body.
3. Production – Ensuring goods and services to meet physical needs.
4. Justice – Ensuring mutual fulfillment in relationships.
5. Exchange – Ensuring fair transactions and mutual benefit.
These dimensions require harmony and understanding for a balanced society.
10. Define the term Affection and Guidance.
● Affection is the feeling of being emotionally close and caring toward another person. It
reflects love, concern, and warmth in relationships.
● Guidance refers to the support or advice given to help others make the right decisions. It
comes from concern for the other's well-being and is based on experience and wisdom.
11. Write down the three aspects of Surakshã.
Surakshã means protection or safety. It has three aspects:
1. Physical safety – Protection of the body from harm.
2. Emotional safety – Assurance and trust in relationships.
3. Social safety – Justice, equality, and absence of exploitation in society.
Together, they contribute to a secure and peaceful living environment.
12. Define the term Reverence and Glory.
● Reverence means having deep respect for someone who has achieved excellence in
values and behavior.
● Glory is the appreciation and recognition of an individual’s contribution to society based
on their right understanding and righteous conduct.
These values encourage us to admire and emulate virtuous individuals.
13. Difference between Attention and Respect.
● Attention is the act of focusing on someone or something. It can be temporary and does
not imply understanding or valuing.
● Respect is a deeper feeling of acknowledgment and regard for the other person’s
inherent worth as a human being. It is consistent and arises from understanding.
Respect includes attention, but attention alone does not imply respect.
14. Define Love. How can you say that love is the complete value
Love is the complete value in human relationships. It is the feeling of being related to all,
wanting happiness and prosperity for everyone unconditionally.
Love encompasses all other values like trust, respect, care, and guidance. When we have love,
we naturally express the other values in our relationships. It is complete because it leads to
universal harmony and fulfillment.
15. "When do you feel related to the other?" (incomplete question, assuming meaning)
You feel related to the other when you:
● Trust their intention
● Understand and fulfill mutual expectations
● Share values like respect, care, and affection
When these values are present in the relationship, a sense of relatedness naturally
develops, leading to emotional connection and harmony.
UNIT 4
1. What does ‘Knowledge of Self (I)’ mean?
Knowledge of Self (I) means understanding the activities, needs, and nature of the human self
(the “I” or consciousness). It includes the realization of our feelings, desires, thoughts, and
expectations. By knowing oneself, a person gains clarity about their purpose, decision-making
process, and relationships. This self-knowledge is foundational for living with clarity, harmony,
and responsibility.
2. Show that Existence is in the form of Co-existence.
Existence refers to everything that exists — nature and space. All entities in nature coexist in
mutual relationship and complementarity. For example, plants give oxygen and take carbon
dioxide, while humans do the reverse — a clear case of co-existence. No unit exists in isolation;
each supports and is supported by others. Thus, existence is not chaotic or isolated but
inherently interdependent, forming a web of harmony.
3. What do you mean by ‘Innateness’?
Innateness refers to the unchanging and natural characteristic of a unit in existence. It is
what makes a unit what it is — for example, the innateness of water is to flow, of fire is to heat.
In human beings, the innateness is the pursuit of happiness and fulfillment through
understanding and right living. It doesn’t change over time and is the basis for natural behavior.
4. What is the Svabhava (natural characteristic) of a unit?
Svabhava means the natural characteristic or inherent quality of a unit. For example:
● For physical things like metals, it could be hardness or conductivity.
● For animals, it is identity with the body and self-survival.
● For humans, it includes understanding, harmony, and right conduct.
Svabhava determines the behavior and purpose of the unit in nature.
5. Define Harmony in Nature and why is it important?
Harmony in nature refers to the inherent order and balanced functioning among all natural
units. Each entity performs its role without disturbing others — this leads to ecological balance.
It is important because:
● It ensures sustainability of resources
● It supports human and animal life
● It inspires humans to live responsibly within this natural balance
6. What are the four orders of Nature?
The four orders in nature are:
1. Material Order (Padarth Awastha) – non-living things like soil, water, air.
2. Pranic Order (Pran Awastha) – living plants.
3. Animal Order (Jeev Awastha) – animals with body and limited consciousness.
4. Human Order (Gyana Awastha) – human beings with full consciousness and
self-awareness.
Each higher order includes the features of the lower one and adds new capabilities.
7. Give the difference and similarity between Pranic Order and Animal Order.
Similarity:
● Both are living and have a body.
● Both undergo growth, respiration, and reproduction.
8. What are the units in Nature
Units in nature are individually identifiable entities that participate in existence. Examples
include:
● Soil, water, air (material units)
● Trees and plants (pranic units)
● Animals and humans (conscious units)
Each unit has a specific nature and behavior based on its order.
9. What do you mean by ‘Conformance’?
Conformance is the alignment or agreement of one’s behavior with natural laws. It means
living in harmony with nature, understanding the laws of co-existence, and not exploiting or
harming other units. Humans, through right understanding, can choose to conform consciously
and contribute to universal harmony.
10. Discuss the basic activity in the four orders in nature.
11. Define ‘Units’ and ‘Space’.
● Units: Entities that have definite physical existence, activity, and boundary, like soil,
plants, animals, and humans.
● Space: The infinite, formless, and continuous presence that contains all units. It has
no physical form but enables all interactions and existence.
Space is omnipresent and non-reactive, unlike units which have activity and limits.
12. Comment on the statement: “Nature is limited and space is unlimited.”
Nature (all physical entities like earth, air, plants, animals) has limits — in terms of size,
number, and physical existence. It changes and evolves.
Space, on the other hand, is formless, continuous, and unbounded. It has no start or end, and
all of nature exists within space. Hence, nature is finite, but space is infinite and eternal.
13. Define Bravery, Generosity.
● Bravery: The ability to face danger, fear, or difficulties with courage and confidence,
especially in protecting others or standing up for what is right.
● Generosity: The quality of being kind and giving without expecting anything in return. It
reflects concern for others' well-being.
Both are expressions of self-awareness and harmony in relationships.
14. "As the seed, thus the plant". Explain.
This means the quality of the seed determines the nature of the plant. A mango seed
cannot produce a coconut tree. Similarly, the foundational values and intentions (like a seed)
within an individual shape their personality, actions, and future. It emphasizes the importance of
right knowledge and values from the beginning.
15. What do you mean by Pranic Order? Give its significance.
Pranic Order consists of all living plants. These units have the property of respiration, growth,
and reproduction but lack self-awareness.
Significance:
● Plants support the entire food chain.
● They maintain atmospheric balance (oxygen, CO₂).
● They represent the essential link between non-living and conscious beings.
They are vital for sustaining life and maintaining ecological harmony.
UNIT 5
1. What is Ethical Human Conduct?
Ethical human conduct refers to a value-based way of living where an individual’s thoughts,
behavior, and actions are in harmony with their values and societal expectations. It means:
● Being honest, responsible, and trustworthy.
● Acting with integrity and fairness.
● Making decisions based on truth, justice, and compassion.
It reflects the expression of one’s understanding of self and society, ensuring mutual
happiness and well-being.
2. Define Economic Value and Political Value.
● Economic Value: Refers to the worth of goods and services in terms of money or
market utility. It includes financial prosperity, wealth generation, and material security.
● Political Value: Refers to the values that guide governance and leadership, like
justice, equality, representation, and public welfare. It ensures the development of a
harmonious and fair society through responsible administration.
3. What do you mean by ‘Universal Human Order’?
The Universal Human Order is a vision of a society where peace, harmony, and prosperity
are ensured for all human beings on the planet. It is based on:
● Right understanding of human values.
● Mutual respect and trust.
● Coexistence with nature.
It promotes an undivided society and universal family through ethical and
value-based living.
4. What are the reasons for unethical practices in the profession today?
Some major reasons include:
● Greed and excessive material desires.
● Peer pressure and competitive environment.
● Lack of value education and ethical awareness.
● Short-term gains prioritized over long-term consequences.
● Inadequate laws or failure in implementation.
Unethical practices arise when professional goals are pursued without concern for
human well-being and social harmony.
5. Define Utility Value and Artistic Value
● Utility Value: Value assigned to an object based on its usefulness in satisfying physical
needs (e.g., food, clothes, tools).
● Artistic Value: Value based on aesthetic appeal or emotional expression, often found
in art, music, or creativity, contributing to emotional and cultural well-being.
6. What do you mean by the Humanistic Constitution?
Answer:
A Humanistic Constitution is a value-based legal and governance framework that promotes:
● The dignity of every individual.
● Equality, justice, and mutual well-being.
● Harmony between individuals, society, and nature.
It prioritizes holistic human development and ethical governance over merely
legalistic control.
7. Define the following terms:
(i) Beneficence – The act of doing good or providing benefits to others; showing kindness and
promoting well-being.
(ii) Compassion – A deep awareness of others’ suffering combined with the desire to relieve it.
It reflects empathy and human sensitivity.
8. Mention a few criteria for evaluation of holistic technology.
● Is it people-friendly (safe, usable)?
● Is it eco-friendly (sustainable)?
● Does it fulfill real human needs?
● Does it promote equity (accessible to all)?
● Is it in harmony with society and nature?
Holistic technology should support ethical development and avoid harm to humans or
the environment.
9. Mention some of the unethical practices in society today.
● Corruption in public and private sectors.
● Environmental pollution and exploitation of resources.
● Gender and caste-based discrimination.
● Misuse of authority or power
● Spreading fake news or misinformation.
These practices harm the trust, well-being, and harmony of society.
10. Differentiate Self-Organization and Self-Expression.
11. Comment on Profession – in the light of comprehensive human goal.
A profession should not only provide income but also:
● Contribute to individual happiness.
● Fulfill societal needs.
● Protect environmental sustainability.
In light of the comprehensive human goal (right understanding, prosperity,
fearlessness, and co-existence), a profession must be guided by ethics and
responsibility to serve both self and society meaningfully.
12. What do you mean by Professional Ethics?
Professional ethics refers to the moral principles and standards that guide behavior in a
professional setting. It involves:
● Honesty, accountability, and fairness.
● Avoiding harm and respecting others.
● Upholding integrity and transparency in work.
It ensures trust and respect in professional relationships and promotes a healthy work
culture.
13. What do you mean by Humanistic Education?
Humanistic education is an approach that:
● Focuses on the overall development of the individual.
● Includes understanding values, ethics, and purpose of life.
● Encourages critical thinking, creativity, and compassion.
It integrates knowledge with wisdom, aiming for individual and societal well-being.
14. What do you mean by competence in Professional Ethics?
It refers to the ability to apply ethical principles effectively in one’s profession. It includes:
● Technical skill + moral clarity.
● Decision-making with responsibility.
● Balancing personal success with social good.
A competent professional not only excels in performance but also ensures fairness and
accountability.
15. Define the following terms:
(i) Policy – A definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency, planning, or ethics in
governance or organizations.
(ii) Character – The set of moral and mental qualities that define a person’s behavior,
decisions, and value
