PROF ED CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

the possibilities of improving the teaching-learning high personal regard for teaching profession,
The Managerial Approach in curriculum situation. concern for professional development, and
development is when the school principal is the continuous improvements as teachers.
curriculum leader and at the same time Thematic teaching is a mode of instructional
instructional leader. delivery used by teachers when teaching a subject Social Regard for Learning focuses on the ideal
focusing on a theme. that teachers serve as positive and powerful role
The Planning Phase of curriculum models of the value in the pursuit of different
implementation includes decisions about the Generic Competency Model is where the subject efforts to learn.
needs of the learners, the achievable goals and specialist teaches his/her subject and activities
objectives to meet the needs, the selection of the will draw on processes and skills important to each A teacher that organizers the parents of his
content to be taught, the motivation to carry out discipline. teachers into a Homeroom Parent-Teacher
the goals, the strategies most fit to carry out the Association so that he will be able to establish a
goals, and the evaluation process to measure Content-based instruction is the integration of learning environment that responds to the needs
learning outcome. content learning with language teaching. of the children and the community is adhering to
the Community Linkages (Domain 6) NCBTS
Curriculum assessment is the process where a BEC was the national curricular innovation Domain.
teacher would gather information about what his implement by virtue of DepEd Order No. 43, s.
students know and can do. 2002. UbD is anchored on three points that are
INTERRELATED ACADEMIC GOALS, which are
Curriculum Evaluation is the process of obtaining The New Teacher Education Curriculum for acquiring knowledge, understanding content, and
information for judging the worth of an educational BEEd and BSEd is implemented by virtue of CMO transferring or applying knowledge as it is
program, product, procedure, educational No. 30, s. 2004. understood.
objectives or the potential utility of alternative
approaches designed to attain specified objectives. The Learning Environment is the NCBTS domain Teaching for Understanding, the main tenet of
where a teacher creates an environment in her UbD, is where understanding is reached through
Curriculum planning includes decisions about classroom that promotes fairness, safe and the formulation of a "big idea", which would lead
the needs of learners, the achievable goals and conducive to learning. the students to an "understanding" or to answer
objectives to meet the needs, the selection of the an "essential question" beyond the lessons taught.
content to be taught, the motivation to carry out Diversity of Learners emphasizes the ideal that
the goals, the strategies most fit to carry out the teachers can facilitate the learning process even Backward Design Concept exemplifies the
goals and the evaluation process to measure with diverse learners, by recognizing and concept of "teaching for understanding", wherein
learning outcomes. respecting individual differences and by using curricula are based on a desired result rather than
knowledge about their differences to design diverse the traditional method of constructing the
Curriculum Development is the process of sets of learning activities to ensure that all learners curricula, focusing on facts and hoping than and
selecting, organizing, executing, and evaluating can attain the desired goals. understanding will follow.
the learning experiences on the basis of the needs,
abilities and interests of the learners, and on the Personal Growth and Professional Development The three STEPS OF BACKWARD DESIGN are 1.
basis of the nature of the society or community for emphasizes the ideal that teachers value having a Identifying desired results, 2. Defining acceptable
 evidence, and 3. Planning learning experiences Cognitive Domain is the domain of thought process, Valuing is concerned with the worth or value o a
and instruction. which includes knowledge, comprehension, student attaches to a particular phenomenon,
application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. object, or behavior.
Defining acceptable evidence through the
different types of assessment refers to the process Knowledge is the recall, remembering of prior Organization is concerned with bringing together
by which educator will teach and gauge the level of learned materials in terms of facts, concepts, different values and building a value system.
a student. theories and principles, also known as the lowest
cognitive level. Characterization of value or value complex is the
STAGE 3 OF THE BACKWARD DESIGN of the development of a lifestyle based on a value system.
UbD-Based curriculum is when a teacher would Comprehension is the ability to grasp the
prepare her lesson based on the following meaning of material and indicates the lowest form Psychomotor Domain is the domain of the used of
sequence: Explore, Firm-up, Deepen, and of understanding. psychomotor attributes, which includes perception,
Transfer. set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt
Application is the ability to use the learned responses, adaptation, and origination.
Medium of Instruction Rationalized refers to the material in new and concrete situation.
use of mother tongue as medium of instruction Perception is the use of sense organs to guide
from pre-school to Grade III in President Aquino's Analysis is the ability to break down material into motor activities.
10 ways to fix Philippine Education. component parts so that its organizational
structure may be understood. Set refers to the readiness to take a particular type
Outcome-Based Education is an approach to of action.
education in which decisions about the curriculum Synthesis is the ability to put parts together to
are driven by the exit learning outcomes that the form a new whole. Guided response is concerned with the early
students should display at the end of the course. stages in learning complex skills.
Evaluation is the ability to pass judgment on
Brain-Based Learning's suggests that the brain something based on a given criteria. Mechanism is where responses have become
learns naturally, an approach to teaching based on habitual, and performance skills are executed with
research in neuroscience and allows teachers to Affective Domain is the domain of valuing, attitude ease and confidence.
connect learning to students' real life experience. and appreciation, which includes receiving,
responding, valuing, organization, and Complex overt responses are skillful performance
Benjamin Bloom and Robert Magerdefined characterization of value or value complex. and with complex movement patterns.
educational objectives as an explicit formulation of
the ways in which students are expect to change Receiving is the students' willingness to pay Origination refers to creating new movements and
by the educative process, and intent attention to particular events, stimuli or classroom patterns to fit the situation.
communicated by statement describing a proposed activities.
changed in learners. The K-12 Basic Education Curriculum was
Responding is the active participation on the part officially implemented by virtue of RA 10533.
The three BIG DOMAINS of objectives are Cognitive, of the students.
Affective, and Psychomotor Domains. The K-12 Program provides sufficient time for
mastery of concepts and skills, develops lifelong
learners, and prepares graduates for tertiary
education, middle-level skills development, The seven LEARNING AREAS under the Core The Aim of Education in Essentialism is to promote
employment, and entrepreneurship. Curriculum are Language Literature, the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a
Communication, Mathematics, Philosophy, competent person.
The SALIENT FEATURES of the K-12 Program are Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences.
Universal Kindergarten, Contextualization and Curriculum is derived from the Latin word currere, Progressivism is where subjects are
Enhancement, Spiral Progression, Mother Tongue- which means, "run" or "move quickly." interdisciplinary, integrative, and interactive.
Based Multilingual Education, Senior High School, The Aim of Education in Progressivism is to promote
College and Livelihood Readiness, let Century Curriculum, according to traditional schools is a democratic and social living.
Skills. group of subjects arranged in a certain sequence
peculiar to a specific field for the purpose of Reconstructionalism is where teachers act as
Universal Kindergarten lays the foundation for instruction. agents of change and reform in various educational
lifelong learning and for the total development of a projects including research.
child where the student learns the alphabet, Robert M. Hutchins believes that curriculum for The Aim of Education in Reconstructionism is to
numbers, shapes, and colors through games, basic education should emphasize 3Rs, and college improve and reconstruct society, since education is for
songs and dances in their Mother Tongue. education should be grounded on liberal change.
education.
Contextualization and Enhancements includes The GUIDELINES FOR A GOOD CURRICULUM
examples, activities, songs, poems, stories, and Joseph Schwab believes that discipline is the sole must encourage inquiry and creativity, be
illustrations, which makes the lessons relevant to source of curriculum. democratic with regards to procedure, accept
the learners and easy to understand. individual differences, take into consideration
The MAJOR FOUNDATIONS of curriculum are scientific and scholarly findings and methods,
Mother tongue-based multilingual education Philosophical, Historical, Psychological, and minimize memorization and maximize discovery,
will allow the students to learn best through their Social. take into consideration the potential for
first language. achievement through either the individual learner
The FOUR EDUCATION PHILOSOPHIES that relate to or the group, and must employ teacher resources
Spiral progression is where subjects are taught curriculum are Perennialism, Essentialism, in a multi-dimensional role.
from the simplest concepts to more complicated Progressivism, and Reconstructionism.
concepts through grade levels in spiral The two SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
progression. Perennialism believes that teachers help students CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT are the
think with reason based on the Socratic methods Essentialist and Progressivist.
Senior High School is two years of specialized of oral exposition or recitation, explicit or
upper secondary education where students may deliberate teaching of tradition values. The Essentialist considers the curriculum as
choose a specialization. The Aim of Education in Perennialism is to educate something rigid composed of various subject areas,
the rational person, and to cultivate the intellect. book-centered, and memorization method is used
The subjects that Grades 11 and 12 will take are to master facts and skills.
defined by their choice of career track, which may Essentialism is the physical foundation related to
fall under either the Core Curriculum of specific the statement, "The teacher is the sole authority in The PROGRESSIVIST includes the Pragmatists,
Tracks. his/her subject area or field of specialization." Experimentalists, Reconstructionists, and
Existentialists.
 The Progressivists conceives the curriculum as Realism is education based on natural
something flexible based on areas of interest, phenomena and social institutions, and should be John Dewey define curriculum as "the total
learner-centered, and is aimed toward the holistic based on the actualities of life. learning experience of the individual."
development of the learner.
The Psychological Dimensions is the Traditionalists view the curriculum as "a body of
The three DIMENSIONS IN CURRICULUM consideration of the Principles and Laws of subject or subject matter prepare by the teacher
DEVELOPMENT are Philosophic-Theological Learning such as Association, Field Theories, etc. for the student to learn."
Dimensions, Psychological Dimensions, and Social
Dimensions. The SOCIAL DIMENSION includes curriculum for Curriculum theorists like Bobbit, Charters,
individual development (Individual or Italian Kilpatrick, Rugg and Caswell believes that
The PHILOSOPHIC-THEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS Humanism), curriculum for social development curriculum is CHILD-CENTERED.
includes Essentialism, Idealism, Pragmatism, (Social or Northern Humanism), and curriculum
Progressivism, Existentialism, Reconstructionism, for individual and social development (Democratic Ralph Tyler believes that curriculum is a science
and Realism. Education, John Dewey). and an extension of a school's philosophy.

Essentialism is value centered and includes ideals The three APPROACHES TO CURRICULUM Ralph Tyler views curriculum as it is based on
that are essential to one's culture and should never DESIGN are Subject-Centered Curriculum, Child- students' needs and interest, it is always related to
be forgotten. Centered Curriculum, and Problem-Centered instruction, subject matter is organized in terms of
Curriculum. knowledge, skills, and values, the process
Idealism is the preservation of one's freedom and emphasizes problem solving and curriculum aims
the concentration should be on moral, intellectual, Subject-Centered Curriculum is organized on the to educate generalist and not specialists.
and aesthetic development of the learner. basis of separate and distinct subjects, each of
which embodies a body of knowledge and skills. "Learning should be organized so that students
Pragmatism believes that education must be can experience success in the process of mastering
useful to the society and that the meaning of ideas Child-Centered Curriculum is the child is the subject matter," s related to Behaviorist
lies in it consequences. considered the center of educative process. Psychology.

Progressivism emphasizes self-activity and Problem-Centered Curriculum is where the child Cognitive theorists believe that learning
believes that education must be flexible. is guided toward maturity within the context of the constitutes a logical method for organizing and
social group, which helps the child to solve his interpreting learning.
Existentialism believes that education should problems.
enable man to make choices in life. Humanistic psychologists believe that
Marsh and Willis viewed curriculum as "all curriculum is concerned with the process not the
Reconstructionism aims to develop inherent experiences in the class which are planned and products; personal needs not subject matter,
powers of the learner, and espouses a critical re- enacted by the teacher, and also learned by the psychological meanings and environmental
examination and reconstruction of the current students." situations.
problems and situations to modify them.
Caswell and Campbell viewed curriculum as "all "Society as ever dynamic, is a source of very fast
experiences children have under the guidance of changes which are difficult to cope with," is related
teachers." to the Social Foundations of Curriculum.
 Learner-Centered organizes the learning CHED, DOST, or any professional organization who
The Philosophical foundations of curriculum experiences and content around the life of the has stake in education.
help in answering what schools are for, what child.
subjects are important, how students should learn A written curriculum is a curriculum that
and what material and methods should be used. Experience Curriculum places emphasis on the appears in school, district, or division documents.
immediate interests and needs of the child and not
The Historical development of curriculum on the anticipated needs. Taught curriculum are the different planned
shows the different changes in the purposes, activities, which are put into action in the
principles and content of the curriculum. Core Curriculum also called social function or classroom that are carried activities that are
Area-of-Living Curriculum, where the learning implemented in order to arrive at the objectives or
The three TYPES OF CURRICULUM PATTERNS experiences are organized on the basis of major purposes of the written curriculum.
are Traditional, Integrative, and Unified. functions of social aspects of living intended to
enable the learner to study the problems that Supported curriculum are resources like
Subject, Correlated, and Broad-Fields Curriculum demand personal and social action. textbooks, computers, audio-visual materials,
are under the TRADITIONAL CURRICULUM which support and help in the implementation of
PATTERN. The Unified Program is a balance between the the curriculum.
direct teachings of the subject skills and unified
Subject Curriculum is where the school subjects learning experiences based on problems, which are Assessed curriculum is that which is tested and
constitute the bases for organizing school life centered. evaluated.
experiences of the learners and various subjects
are offered based on their logical relationship so as The CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD Learned curriculum refers to the learning
to meet the multifarious needs of the child. CURRICULUM are that it complements and outcomes of the students, which are indicated by
cooperates with other programs of the community, the results of the tests and changes in behavior
Correlated Curriculum articulates and it provides for the logical sequence of subject that can either be cognitive, affective, or
establishes relationships between two or more matter, is continuously evolving and is complex of psychomotor.
subjects on the basis of a topic or a theme to help detail.
students gain a better understanding of the topic. A hidden curriculum is the unintended
The seven TYPES OF CURRICULUM OPERATING curriculum, which is not deliberately planned but
Broad-Fields Curriculum combines several IN SCHOOLS are Recommended Curriculum, may modify behavior or influence learning
specific areas into larger fields. Written Curriculum, Taught Curriculum, outcomes.
Supported Curriculum, Assessed Curriculum, Peer influence, school environment, physical
Integrative Curriculum eliminates school subject Learned Curriculum, and Hidden Curriculum condition, teacher-learner interaction, mood of the
division, aims to foster integration of the learner to according to Glatthorn. teachers and many other factors make up the hidden
his socio-cultural milieu and is leaner-centered curriculum.
and socially oriented. A recommended curriculum is a curriculum
proposed by scholars and professional Objectives is the element or component of the
Under INTEGRATIVE CURRICULUM PATTERN organizations. curriculum that provides the bases for the
are Leaner-Centered, Experience Curriculum, and The recommended curriculum is the curriculum that selection of learning content and learning
Core Curriculum. may come from a national agency like the DepEd, experiences which also set the criteria against
which learning outcomes will be evaluated.
 In Ralph Tyler's Model of curriculum
Learning experiences is the component of the development, the considerations that should be
curriculum is the instructional strategies, made are purpose of the school, education
resources and activities that will be employed. experiences related to the purpose, organization of
the experiences and evaluation of the
Content of the curriculum is the subject matter experiences/outcomes.
that is to be included.
The Humanistic Design Model in developing a
Evaluation is the component of the curriculum curriculum is attributed to Abraham Maslow and
that is where the methods and instruments that Carl Rogers.
will be used to assess the results of the
curriculum.

Interest in selecting subject matters is a criterion

that should be considered in developing a
curriculum.

The CONSIDERATIONS that should be used in the

selection of learning content of a curriculum are if
its frequently and commonly used in daily life,
suited to the maturity levels and abilities of
students, valuable in meeting the needs and the
competencies of a future career.

Learning experiences are the components of the

curriculum that includes instructional strategies
and methods that put into action the goals, and
use the contents in order to produce an outcome.

The goals, instructional strategies, the learners,

the teachers, the content and all the materials
needed in the curriculum are considered as the
INPUT based on Stuffle beam's CIPP Model.

Hilda Taba's model of curriculum development

is called the "grassroots approach," which means
that teachers who teach or implement the
curriculum should participate in developing it.
 PROF ED FACILITATING LEARNING, Individual differences refers to the idea that no the person strives to develop himself to his full
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT two individuals are exactly the same or alike. potentials.

In Piaget's concrete operational stage, a teacher According to Erikson, Piaget and Freud, play
Components of the Educative Processare the
should provide the activities that involves a child's allows the child to learn physical skills as well as
learner, teacher and the school.
skills in classification and order, which requires social skills.
appropriate use of logic.
The factors affecting the growth and development
A child that is 3-5 years old, according to Erikson,
of an individual are heredity and environmental
Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud is Ego-centric.
influences.
emphasizes the importance of sensitive periods in
development. Children who are two years of age are labeled as
Heredity is the process by which the new
"terrible two" by Erikson because of the
organism is endowed with certain potentials
Contrary to Freud's theory that the primary assertiveness and will of these children, illustrated
(inherited from parents) for his later development.
motivation of human behavior is sexual nature, by using the word "No!"
Erikson asserts that it is Social in nature.
Environmental influences are the interaction
(Psychosocial Theory) The factors affecting individual differences are
between an individual's inherited traits, his
age differences and personal adjustments, sex
surrounding and his nurture.
The superego is primarily concerned with the idea differences, family and community background,
of right or wrong, and is often viewed as physical conditions, emotional response and
Maturation is the process by which heredity exerts
"conscience" of personality, according to Freud. attitudes (EQ), and mental abilities and specific
influence long after birth.
aptitudes (IQ).
Based on Erikson's theory on psychological
The Phylogenetic principle of development
development, a child who is cold towards the Stimulus-Response (S-R) or Association Theory of
states that development follows an orderly
people around him failed in the basic goal of "trust" Learning states that in every stimulus there is a
sequence, which is predictable and true to all
in the stage "Trust vs. Mistrust". corresponding response.
members of a certain race.

Under Freud's Phallic Stage in the Psychosexual The three fundamental laws of learning by the
The two predictable trends of development are
Development theory, a boy is closer to his mother Association Theory are the law of readiness, law
cephalocaudal trend and proximodistal trend.
(Oedipus Complex) and a girl is closer to her father of exercise and law of effect
(Elektra Complex).
The cephalocaudal trend is defined as the
Law of Readiness is when an individual is
development from head to foot where as the
Based on Piaget's developmental stage, when a prepared to respond or act whereallowing him to
proximodistal trend is the earlier development of
grade 1 pupil likes to play with his friends, but gets do so is satisfying, and preventing him would be
the body nearest the center.
angry when defeated is under Pre-operational annoying.
Stage, which is characterized by egocentricism
The Ontogenetic principle of development
Law of Exercise is where the constant repetition
states that the rate of development is unique to
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, when of a response strengthens its connection with the
every individual where it is brought about by one's
one is asked to develop himself to the fullest, he is stimulus, while disuse of a response weakens it.
heredity as well as environmental influences.
trying to satisfy his Self-Actualization, wherein
 Law of Effects is where learning is strengthened if and give him a degree stability and substance or Identical elements, Generalization, and Gestalt
it results in satisfaction, but is weakened if it leads define his behavior. theory of transfer.
to vexation or annoyance.
Gestalt Learning of Cognitive Field Theory states Mental discipline asserts that education is largely
The Theory of Condition of Learning states that the that learning involves the catching, and a matter of training or disciplining the mind with
process of learning consists of acquisition of new ways generalization of insights, which often are acquired vigorous mental exercises n the classics, grammar,
of reacting to stimuli developed through attaching new first on a nonverbal level or the level of feeling and logic, mathematics, and science on the assumption
stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to may be verbalized later or may not be verbalized at that such training makes a person equally effective
established modes of behavior. all. in all areas where a given faculty is employed.

There are two types of conditioning theory, which Instrumental Conceptualism of Cognitive Field Identical elements is the theory of transfer of
are classical condition and operant Theory believes that learning is thinking and implies that school should list the aspects of
conditioning. thinking is the process whereby one makes sense situations that are important to the child even out
out of the various and somehow unrelated facts of the school or in later courses and teach the
Classical conditioning consists of eliciting a through a process called conceptualization or pupils to cope with different identical experiences
response by means of a previously neutral or categorization. or situations in real life.
inadequate stimulus.
The Subsumption Theory by David Paul Ausubel Generalization by Charles Judd said that there
Operant conditioning is a theory that believes one considered that a primary process in learning is are two levels or kinds of knowledge -wrote
can train an organism either by presenting him a subsumption in which new material is related to learning or memorization without any meaning
reward or punishment as a consequence of his relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on and generalized knowledge with many intellectual
actions. a substansive, non-verbatim basis. associations.

Social Learning Theory of Learning viewed that The theory on Conditions of Learning or the Gagné Gestalt theory of transfer is the belief that when
children's learning process involves observation and Assumption sates that different types of learning exist, transfer of learning occurs it is in the form of
imitation. and that different instructional conditions are generalizations, concepts, or insights, which are
necessary for each type of learning developed in one learning situation and employed
The Cognitive Field Theory of Learning defines in other situations.
learning as a relativistic process by which a learner The five major CATEGORIES OF LEARNING
develops new insights and changes the old ones. according to Gagné are verbal information, Motivation is the stimulation of action toward a
intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills particular objective where previously there was little or
Insight learning of Cognitive Field Theory and attitudes. no action toward that goal.
postulated that the more intelligent the organism
and the more experiences he has the more capable Transfer of learning occurs when a person's The two types of motivation are intrinsic and
he is of gaining higher insight. learning in one situation influences his learning extrinsic motivation.
and performance in other situations.
Vector and Topological Theory of Cognitive Field Intrinsic motivation refers to the inherent or
Theory states that individuals exist on a field of The major theories concerning TRANSFER OF internal stimulus of the individuals to learn.
forces within his environment that move, change, LEARNING are Mental discipline, Apperception,
Extrinsic motivation is based on incentives, Rewarding a child for doing things correctly is a of music may sound sad, but when each note is
which are artificial devices, which are employed to technique called Reinforcement, where it is a played, there is nothing sad about it.
evoke attitude conducive to learning. behavioral consequence that strengthens a
behavior. Tabula Rasa or the belief that the mind is a "blank
Insight learning is regarded as "serendipity" when sheet" will make the teacher conduct lessons that
an idea suddenly strikes the mind and a solution A person possessing Interpersonal Intelligence is give sensory impressions because the teacher
to a problem is arrived at. characterized by "people-orientedness skills" and believes that by doing so, he/she imprints salient
has a capacity to make people laugh. inputs in the students' mind.
Metacognition is where a teacher is attempting to
develop the student to think about their thinking, Reading disability in children who is neglected Society is a group of individuals with well defined
or to reason about one's own thinking. and abused is related to emotional factors. limits which persists in time, thus enabling them
to develop a set of common ideas, attitudes,
Instincts are under the mental dimension of Id The brain's ability to change from experience is interact and of techniques for living and fitting
according to Freud. known as Plasticity. together.

According to Piaget, a child in the concrete John Watson's quote, "Men are built not born" Group is a unit of interacting personalities with
operational stage cannot imagine the steps came from his belief that environmental interdependence of roles and status existing
necessary to complete an algebraic equation. stimulation is directly affecting a person's between them.
development.
Fear of something that was caused by a painful The seven KINDS OF GROUPS, which are the
experience in the past is an example of Classical Attention Deficit Disorder is usually primary group, secondary group, in-group, out-
Conditioning. characterized by impatience to wait for his/her group, peer group, reference group, and voluntary
turn during games, disregard for rules and show associations.
Operant condition theory is illustrated in a child inability to delay gratification.
who tries to complete all tasks given to him Social stratification is the system or process of
correctly to have a candy as a "reward." A child who always fights with his/her classmates, assigning men their respective ranks in a society
who has a very short attention span, and who has based on income or wealth, education, occupation,
Based on Thorndike's theory that punishment frequent tantrums is believed to be suffering from and lifestyle.
will only weaken the response and not Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
permanently remove it, a child punished for Social mobility is the process of moving from one
stealing money won't steal in the near future but A child who treats his friends aggressively due to social stratus to another, it ma either be
does not guarantee that the child won't steal his past experiences with his father who is also horizontal, vertical, or lateral.
anymore. aggressive is demonstrated by the Social
Cognitive theory. Socialization is the process by which the
The association and cognitive theories of individual acquires the social and cultural heritage
learning are complementary meaning they Based on Jung's theory, a child who prefers to be of his society.
support each other in terms of principles and alone is an "Introvert"
practice. The three LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION are vegetative
Based on Gestalt's psychology that states, "the level, sentient level and rational level.
whole is more than the sum of all its parts," a piece
 The Vegetative level of the socialization process is preserve and maintain the tranquility of his social Mores occurs when folkways become compulsive
the stage characterized by the preoccupation with milieu. for the welfare of the society and it has acquired
food, where the desire is primarily for survival. moral significance, where failure to conform to this
Social control is the means by which people are results to ostracism or condemnation.
The Sentient level is geared towards the led to fill their expected roles in the society even
satisfaction of sensual passions and desire. against their will just to achieve social order. Sub-culture refers to the attitude of a certain
group to deviate from the habitual practices of the
The Rational level is where a person has already Anthropology is the study of human differences, majority.
acquired morality and a sense of justice. cultural and biological against the background of
the nature all humans share. Cultural relativism refers to the practices
Status is the position a person occupies in a considered immoral or taboo to a certain group of
society by virtue of his age, birth, sex, marriage, Culture is the complex whole, which includes people, yet moral to other societies, including
occupation, and achievement. knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and polygamy and pre-marital sex.
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
The two TYPES OF STATUS are ascribed and member of society as defined by Edward B. Taylor. Culture shock is the term used to denote the
achieved. feeling of depression, often expressed as
The two KINDS OF CULTURE are non-material homesickness, caused by living in a foreign
Ascribed status is a position assigned to an culture and material culture. environment.
individual without reference to his innate
differences and abilities and is assigned at birth. Non-material culture is intangible, which Cultural values refer to the collective ethical,
includes beliefs, morals laws, customs, traditions, aesthetics and religious values of the community
Achieved status is not assigned to an individual folkways, mores, etc. including artistic inclination, poetry, music,
at birth, but is left open for competition and painting, literature, and such other practices,
individual effort. Material culture is tangible and includes man's which the entire society considers as vital elements
technologies, etc. of their existence.
Role is the part that the individual is expected to
play in his social group and is the sum of the The CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE are it is Filipino cultural values that makes the Filipino
culture patterns associated with a particular learned, all people have varied culture, it is a group unique and distinct from other peoples of the world
status. product and it is transmitted. includes non-rationalism, emotional closeness and
security of the family, authority, economic and
Social Deviations refers to the failure of the The importance of culture is that through the social improvement, utangnaloob, personalism,
individual to play the role expected from him by the development of culture man can set aside certain indolence, ningaskugon, mañana habit,
society. laws of nature to conform to his needs and man hospitality, and fiesta syndrome.
can overcome his physical handicaps.
Internalizations is the process of making an Non-rationalism is a Filipino cultural value that is
attitude or a practice a part of one's automatic and Folkways are customary ways of behaving, which the tendency to perceive thoughts, objects, events,
unthinking responses. have become habitual and repetitive to an and persons as sacred.
individual group such as caring for the elders and
Social order is the way the individual is expected saying "po" and "opo".
to behave in a society where he belongs in order to
NON-RATIONALISM includes animism, fatalism, Organic growth consists of three elements: (1) Inability to Conserve is the lack of perception of
social acceptance, pakikisama, euphemism, and increase in size (2) differentiation of structure and conservation of mass, volume and number after
go-between. (3) alteration of form. the original form has changed.

Emotional closeness and security of the family is Childhood is the time for a boy or girl from birth Animism is when the child believes that inanimate
a Filipino cultural value, which means there is a until he or she is an adult Adolescence is the period objects have “lifelike” qualities and are capable of
mutual dependence among relatives, granting of transition from the action.
special favors or privileges among the immediate or
even distant relatives. Childhood to adulthood Adolescence is a period Seriation is the ability to arrange objects in an
of change, problem age, a time to search for order according to size, shape or any other
Authority refers to the emphasis on the power identity and a time of unrealism. characteristic.
and importance of authority figure.
The brain’s ability to change from experience is Classification is the ability to name and identify
Economic and social improvement is the desire known as Plasticity. sets of objects according to appearance, size or
to improve the standard of living of his family and other characteristic, including the idea that one set
his hometown. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development of objects can include another.
concerns the emergence and acquisition of
Utang na loob means sense of gratitude. schemata – schemes of how one perceives the Decentering is when the child takes into account
world. multiple aspects of a problem to solve it.
Personalism emphasizes the importance of the
person with whom one has immediate face-to-face Theory of Cognitive Development incudes (1) Reversibility is when the child understands that
contact and connection, which includes pakiusap, Sensorimotor (2) Pre-operational (3) Concrete numbers or objects can be changed then returned
lagay, areglo, and palakasan. operational and (4) Formal Operational to their original state.

Indolence means laziness. Symbolic functioning is characterized by the use Conservation is the understanding that quantity,
of mental symbols, words or pictures which the length or number of items is unrelated to the
Ningaskugon means great enthusiasm at the child uses to represent something which is not arrangement or appearance of the object or items.
beginning of a task but gradually fades. physically present.
Elimination of egocentrism is the ability to
Mañana habit refers to procrastination or putting Centration is characterized by a child focusing or perspective. View things from another’s
for tomorrow what can be done today. attending to only one aspect of a stimulus or
situation. Each of Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial
Hospitality means cordially entertaining guests development are marked by a conflict, for which
and visitors even to the point of sacrificing their Intuitive thought occurs when the child is able to successful resolution will result in a favorable
own welfare. believe in something without knowing why he or outcome.
she believes it.
Fiesta syndrome refers to the lavish spending Forgetting is the inability to access information
during fiestas and other occasions. Egocentrism denotes the tendency of a child to when needed. There are . Two main ways in which
only think from her or his own point of view. forgetting likely occurs: Decay and interference.
Decay is when information is not attended to, and emotional development of children and social group. It helps the child to solve his
eventually fades away. adolescents. problems.

Interference is when new or old information Emotional intelligence describes an ability, Franklin Bobbit presented curriculum as a
blocks access to the information in question. capacity or skill to perceive, assess and manage science that emphasizes the student’s needs.
the emotions of one’s self, of others and of groups.
Aphasia is a loss of the ability to produce and/or According to Werett Charters, the listing of
comprehend language, due to injury to brain areas Self-awareness is the ability to read one’s objectives and matching of these with
specialized for these functions. emotions and recognize their impact while using corresponding activities ensures that the content
gut feelings to guide decisions. or subject matter is related to the objectives.
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that
manifests primarily as a difficulty with written Self-management involves controlling one’s William Kilpatrick claimed that the purpose of the
language, particularly with reading and spelling. emotions and impulses and adapting to changing curriculum is child development.
circumstances.
Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of To Harold Rugg, the curriculum should develop
persistently slow learning of basic motor and Social awareness is the ability to sense, the whole child. Rugg emphasized social studies,
language skills during childhood and a understand and react to other’s emotions while and that teachers plan the curriculum in advance.
significantly below-normal global intellectual comprehending social networks.
capacity as an adult. Hollis Caswell saw curriculum as organized
Relationship management is the ability to around social function or themes, organized
Autism is a brain development disorder inspire, influence and develop others while knowledge and learner’s interest. Caswell believes
characterized by impairments in social interaction managing conflict. that curriculum is a set of experiences.
and communication, and restricted and repetitive
behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years Curriculum is viewed as a listing of subjects to be Ralph Tyler believes that curriculum is a science
old. taught in the school. and an extension of the school’s philosophy. It is
Curriculum also refers to the total learning experience based on the student’s needs and interest. The
Asperger’s Syndrome is characterized by of individuals not only in schools, but in society as curriculum aims to educate generalists and not
difficulties in social interaction and by restricted well. specialists.
and stereotyped interests and activities.
Subject-centered curriculum is organized on the Recommended curriculum is proposed by
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 is a genetic subjects, each of which embodies a body of scholars and professional organizations. The
disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an knowledge and skills. The learner is expected to curriculum may come from a national agency like
extra 21 chromosome. Individuals with Down acquire these knowledge and skills. Basis of DepEd or CHED.
Syndrome can have a lower than average cognitive separate and distinct
ability, often ranging from mild to moderate Written curriculum appears in school, district,
learning disabilities. Child-centered curriculum is when the child is division or country documents. An example is the
considered the center of the educative process. Basic Education Curriculum.
Media, parenting, role models and peer groups
are some major factors affecting the social and Problem-centered curriculum is when the child Taught curriculum is what teachers implement or
is guided toward maturity within the context of the deliver in the classrooms or schools.
 generalization to achieve the overall aims of the Domains are distinctive spheres of the learning
Supported curriculum are resources like curriculum, then it is significant. And Subject process, and are also a well-defined area for
textbooks, computers, audio-visual materials matter is significant if it will develop the cognitive, demonstrating positive teacher practices.
which support and help in the implementation of affective psychomotor skills of the learners.
the curriculum. Strands are specific dimensions of positive teacher
The authenticity of the subject matter selected is practices under the broad conceptual domain.
Assessed curriculum is that which is tested and it validity
evaluated. At the end of the teaching episodes, Indicators are concrete, observable and
series of evaluations is done by the teachers to For a learner-centered curriculum, interest is the measurable teacher behaviors, actions, habits,
determine the extent of learning or to tell if the key criterion. A learner will . value the content if it routines and practices known to create, facilitate
students are progressing. is meaningful to him or her. and support enhanced student learning.

Learned curriculum is what the students actually Utility is the usefulness of the content or subject The 7 Domains of the NCBTS Framework: (1)
learn and what is measured. This refers to the matter. Social Regard for Learning (2) The Learning
learning outcomes achieved by the students. Environment (3) Diversity of Learners (4)
Learnability entails that subject matter in the Curriculum (5) Planning, Assessing and Reporting
Hidden curriculum is the unintended curriculum. curriculum should be within the range of the (6) Community Linkages (7) Personal Growth and
This is not deliberately planned but may modify experiences of the learners. Professional Development.
behavior or influence learning outcomes.
Feasibility is when the subject matter or content The three components of the educative process
The elements or components of the curriculum learned within the time allowed. include the learner, the teacher and the school.
include: (1) aims, goals and objectives, (2) subject
matter/content, (3) learning experiences, (4) Available resources, expertise of the teacher and Learning is a mental activity by means of which
evaluation approaches the nature of the learners. The overall goal of the K knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes and ideals are
to 12 Curriculum is the holistic development of acquired and utilized, resulting in the progressive
Self-sufficiency, significance, validity, interest, every Filipino learner, with 21” century skills, to be adaptation and modification of conduct and
utility, learnability and feasibility are the criteria to adequately prepared for work, entrepreneurship, behavior
be considered in the selection of subject matter middle-level skills development and higher
content or knowledge for the curriculum. education. Behavioral Learning Theory operates on the
According to Scheffler, the prime guiding principle principle of Stimulus-Response. Conclusions are
for content selection is helping the learners to Outcomes-Based Education is an approach to based on observations of external manifestations
attain maximum self-sufficiency in learning, but in education in which decisions about the curriculum of learning.
the most economical manner. are driven by the exit learning outcomes that the Stimulus-Response (S-R) or Association Theory states
students should display at the end of the course. that for every stimulus there is a corresponding
Economy means less teaching effort and response.
educational resources, effort but more results and NCBTS define good teaching through the following:
effective learning outcomes. Less learner’s (1) Domains (2) Strands (3) Indicators Connectionism which was formulated by Edward Lee
Thorndike assumes that human activities are based
When the content or subject matter will contribute on the association or connection between stimulus
to basic ideas, concepts, principles and and response.
The three fundamental laws of learning includes: conditioned stimulus is frequently presented he has the more capable he is of gaining higher
Readiness, Exercise and Effect. without the paired stimulus. insight.

Law of Readiness states that when an individual Stimulus Generalization happens when the Gestalt Learning claims that the whole is more than
is prepared to respond or act, allowing him to do conditional response is also elicited by other the sum of its parts and the whole gets its meaning
so is satisfying, whereas preventing him would be stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. from its parts.
annoying.
Spontaneous recovery happens when a Gestalt view learning as a change in knowledge,
Law of Exercise states that constant repetition of conditioned response which does not appear for skills, attitudes, values or beliefs and may or may
a response strengthens its connection with the sometime but reoccurs without the need for not have anything to do with the change in overt
stimulus, while disuse of a response weakens it. further conditioning. behavior.

Law of Effect states that learning is strengthened Operant Conditioning is a theory based on the Instrumental conceptualism is the term applied
if it results in satisfaction, but it is weakened if it experiment conducted by Burrhus Frederick Skinner to the theory of learning as advocated by Jerome
leads to vexation or annoyance. on a hungry rat. Bruner who believed that the acquisition of
whatever form of knowledge is always a dynamic
Theory of Conditioning states that the process of BF Skinner claimed that one can train an and interactive process because the learner
learning consists of the acquisition of new ways of organism by presenting him a reward or purposively participates in the process of
reacting to stimuli developed through attaching punishment as a consequence of his actions. knowledge acquisition who selects, structures,
new stimuli to established modes of behavior. retains and transforms information.
Feedback Principle states that an organism's
Classical Conditioning is based on the experiment on responses maybe reinforced by presentation or David Ausubel’s theory is concerned with how
the reaction of the dog conducted by Ivan Pavlov. removal. individuals learn large amounts of meaningful
material from verbal/textual presentations in a school
Principles under Classical Conditioning includes: Social Learning Theory is based on the studies of setting.
Adhesive Principle, Excitation, Extinction, Stimulus Richard Wallace and Albert Bandura. They claimed
Generalization and Spontaneous Recovery. that children’s learning process involves According to Ausubel, learning is based upon the
observation and imitation. kinds of superordinate, representational and
According to the Adhesive Principle, a response combinatorial processes that occur during the
is attached to every stimulus. For every stimulus, Cognitive Field Theory otherwise known as Field reception of information.
there is always a corresponding response. Theory describes how a person gains
understanding of himself and his world in a A major instructional mechanism proposed by
Excitation is also known as the law of acquisition. situation where his self and his environment Ausubel is the use of advance organizers. These
It occurs when a previously neutral stimulus gains compose of totality of mutually interdependent, organizers are introduced in advance of learning
the ability of eliciting the response. coexisting events. itself, and are also presented at a higher level of
Insight Learning Theory is based on the abstraction, generality and inclusiveness.
Extinction is also known as unlearning and experiment conducted by Wolfgang Kohler on the
occurs when the conditioned response is no longer chimpanzee. He postulated that the more Based on the Gagne Assumption, different types of
elicited by the conditioned stimulus because the intelligent the organism and the more experiences learning exist, and that different instructional
conditions are most likely to bring about these
different types of learning.

Gagne identifies five major categories of learning:

verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive
strategies, motor skills and attitudes.

Motivation is the stimulation of action toward a

particular objective where previously there was
little or no attraction toward that goal.
Motivation is either intrinsic or extrinsic. Key Processes:
Schema is the basic building block of intelligent
Intrinsic motivation refers to the inherent or behavior, a form of organizing information that a
internal stimulus of the individual to learn. It is person uses to interpret the things he or she sees,
based on the natural desire of the individual to hears, smell, and touches (Singer & Revenson,
satisfy his drives and motives without the need for 1997). A schema can be thought of as a unit of
reward and punishment. knowledge, relating to one aspect of the world
including objects, actions, and abstract
Extrinsic motivation is based on incentives (theoretical) concepts. We use schemas to
which are artificial devices employed to evoke understand and to respond to situations. We store
attitude conducive to learning. Rewards and them and apply them when needed.
praises like medals, good grades, prizes,
scholarships and the like as well as punishments COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
are good examples of this form of motivation. Assimilation is the process of fitting new
information into pre-existing cognitive schemas.
Gross motor skills involve large body movements
like running and climbing, which typically improve Accommodation is the process of taking new
rapidly in early childhood. information in one's environment and altering pre-
existing schemas in order to fit in the new
information. This happens when the existing
schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to
be changed to deal with a new object or situation.

Equilibration is the force which moves

development along. Piaget believed that cognitive
development did not progress at a steady rate, but
rather in leaps and bounds.
Equilibrium occurs when a child's schemas can deal
with most new information through assimilation.
However, an unpleasant state of disequilibrium occurs
when new information cannot be fitted into existing Conservation is the awareness that altering a Erikson’s Psycho-social Theory Development
schemas (assimilation). substance's appearance does not change its basic Erikson asserts, functions by the epigenetic
properties. Children at this stage are unaware of principle. This principle says that we develop
Object permanence is a child’s understanding conservation and exhibit centration. through a predetermined unfolding of our
that objects continue to exist even though he or personalities in eight stages. Our progress through
she cannot be seen or heard. Irreversibility is a concept developed in this stage each stage is in part determined by our success, or
which is closely related to the ideas of centration lack of success, in all the previous stages
Egocentrism occurs when a child is unable to and conservation. Irreversibility refers to when
distinguish between their own perspective and that children are unable to mentally reverse a sequence If a stage is managed well, we carry away a certain
of another person. Children tend to stick to their of events. In the same beaker situation, the child virtue or psychosocial strength which will help us
own viewpoint, rather than consider the view of does not realize that, if the sequence of events was through the rest of the stages of our lives. On the
others. Indeed, they are not even aware that such reversed and the water from the tall beaker was other hand, if we don't do so well, we may develop
a concept as "different viewpoints" exists. poured back into its original beaker, then the same maladaptation and malignancy, as well as
amount of water would exist. endanger all our future development.
Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are
capable of actions and have lifelike qualities. An Piaget stated that “hypotheco-deductive A malignancy is the worse of the two, and involves
example could be a child believing that the reasoning" becomes important during the formal too little of the positive and too much of the
sidewalk was mad and made them fall down, or operational stage. This type of thinking involves negative aspect of the task, such as a person who
that the stars twinkle in the sky because they are hypothetical "what-if" situations that are not can't trust others.
happy. always rooted in reality. It is often required in
science and mathematics. A maladaptation is not quite as bad and involves
Artificialism refers to the belief that too much of the positive and too little of the
environmental characteristics can be attributed to Abstract thought emerges during the formal negative, such as a person who trusts too much.
human actions or interventions. For example, a operational stage. Children tend to think very
child might say that it is windy outside because concretely and specifically in earlier stages, and
someone is blowing very hard, or the clouds are begin to consider possible outcomes and
white because someone painted them that color. consequences of actions.

Transductive reasoning refers to when a child Metacognition is the capacity for "thinking about
reasons from specific to specific, drawing a thinking" that allows adolescents and adults to
relationship between two separate events that are reason about their thought processes and monitor
otherwise unrelated. For example, if a child hears them.
the dog bark and then a balloon popped, the child
would conclude that because the dog barked, the Problem-solving is demonstrated when children
balloon popped. use trial-and-error to solve problems. The ability to
systematically solve a problem in a logical and
Centration is the act of focusing all attention on methodical way emerges. PSYCHOANALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
one characteristic or dimension of a situation, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes
whilst disregarding all others. that human behavior is largely driven by
unconscious forces and early childhood SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT counting systems, symbols, traditions) that mediate
experiences. It suggests that the mind consists of Zone of proximal development (ZPD)- learning. Vygotsky emphasized that development
three parts: the id, ego, and superego, which Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a child cannot be understood without reference to the cultural
interact to shape personality and behavior. The is in the process of learning to complete. The lower context.
theory also emphasizes the role of unconscious limit of ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child Example: In a culture that values storytelling,
desires, conflicts, and defense mechanisms in working independently (also referred to as the children may develop strong verbal and memory skills,
shaping an individual's psychological child’s actual developmental level). The upper limit while in a culture focused on technology, children
development. is the level of potential skill that the child is able to might excel in digital navigation and problem solving.
reach with the assistance of a More
Knowledgeable Other (MKO). Language/Speech- Language is both a
communication tool and a powerful instrument of
Scaffolding- is a concept closely related to the idea intellectual adaptation.
of ZPD, although Vygotsky never actually used the For Vygotsky, language is central to cognitive
term. Scaffolding is changing the level of support development. It begins as a means of social
to suit the cognitive potential of the child. Over the communication and gradually becomes inner speech
course of a teaching session, one can adjust the (thinking). He distinguished: Social speech (to
amount of guidance to fit the child’s potential level communicate with others), Private speech (self-
of performance. More support is offered when a directed speech used by children for thinking out
child is having difficulty with a particular task and, loud), Inner speech (internalized thought).
over time, less support is provided as the child Example: A child talking to themselves while building
makes gains on the task. with blocks ("Now I’ll put this one here") is using
Social Interaction- Vygotsky argued that private speech, which helps them plan and control
cognitive development is primarily the result of their actions.
social interaction with more knowledgeable
others—such as parents, teachers, or peers.-
Learning first occurs on a social level
(interpsychological) before it is internalized at the
individual level (intrapsychological). Through activities
like dialogue, cooperative play, or joint problem-
solving, children learn new concepts and skills.
Example: A child learns how to solve a puzzle by
working with an older sibling who gives hints and
suggestions. Over time, the child internalizes the
strategies and can solve similar puzzles independently.

Cultural Factors- Culture provides the tools (both

physical and symbolic) and values that shape the
way individuals think and learn.-
Cognitive development varies across cultures because
each culture offers different tools (e.g., language,
SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Carol Gilligan’s Ethics of Care (Critique of
Kohlberg) - Argued that Kohlberg’s theory was
male-centered and overlooked a relational, care-
based approach to morality often more prevalent in
females.
Proposed two orientations: o Justice Orientation
(rules, fairness, typical in Kohlberg) o Care Orientation
(empathy, relationships, context-specific)
Example: A girl may judge a moral dilemma not just
by fairness but by how actions affect relationships.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)-

Morality is learned through observation, imitation,
reinforcement, and punishment.
Emphasizes the role of models (parents, peers, media)
and self-regulation in moral behavior.
Example: A child sees their parent return a lost wallet
and internalizes the value of honesty.

Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory is
a framework for understanding how a child’s
development is influenced by different levels of
environmental systems, ranging from immediate
surroundings to broader societal forces.
Proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, this theory
emphasizes that development is dynamic and shaped
by the interaction between the child and their
environment.
PROF ED ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Diagnostic tests are used to measure a student's Diagnostic assessment is a type of assessment
strengths and weaknesses, usually to identify given before instruction where it aims to identify
Assessment of learning focuses on the deficiencies in skills or performance. the strengths and weaknesses of the students
development and utilization of assessment tools to regarding the topics to be discussed.
improve the teaching-learning process. Formative testing is done to monitor students'
attainment of the instructional objectives. Formative assessment is a type of assessment
Measurement refers to the quantitative aspect of used to monitor the learning progress of the
evaluation where it involves the outcomes that can Summative testing is done at the conclusion of students during or after instruction.
be quantified statistically. instructional and measures the extent to which
students have attained the desired outcomes. Summative assessment is a type of assessment
Measurement is also defined as the process in usually given at the end of a course or unit.
determiningand differentiating the information A standardized test is already valid, reliable and
about the attributes or characteristics of things. objective and is a test for which contents have been The MODES OF ASSESSMENT are Traditional
selected and for which norms or standards have Assessment, Performance Assessment, and Portfolio
Evaluation is the qualitative aspect of determining been established. Assessment.
the outcomes of learning and it involves value
judgment. Standards or norms are the goals to be achieved, Traditional assessment is in which student
expressed in terms of the average performances of typically select an answer or recall information to
Testing is a method used to measure the level of the population tested. complete the assessment.
achievement or performance of the learners.
Criterion-referenced measure is a measuring Performance assessment is an assessment in
Test consists of questions or exercises or other device with a predetermined level of success or which students are asked to perform real-world
devices for measuring the outcomes of learning. standard on the part of the test-takers. tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of
essential knowledge and skills.
The three CLASSIFICATIONS OF TESTS are Norm-referenced measure is a test that is scored
according to manner of response, according to on the basis of the norm or standard level of Portfolio assessment is based on the assumption
method of preparation, and according to the accomplishment by the whole group taking the that it is a dynamic assessment.
nature of answer. tests.
The most reliable tool for seeing the development
Objective tests are tests, which have definite The TYPES OF ASSESSMENT are Placement in a student's ability to write is a portfolio
answers and therefore are not subject to personal Assessment, Diagnostic Assessment, Formative assessment.
bias. Assessment, and Summative Assessment.
The KEY TO EFFECTIVE TESTING includes the
Teacher-made tests or educational tests are Placement Assessment is concerned with the Objectives, Instruction, Assessment, and Evaluation.
constructed by the teachers based on the contents entry performance of the student, where its
of different subjects taught. purpose is to determine the prerequisite skills, Objectives is the specific statements of the aim of
degree of mastery of the course objectives and the the instruction, where it should express what the
best mode of learning. students should be able to do or know as a result
of taking the course.
 Instruction consists of all the elements of the educational outcomes or abilities so that the which can be used to determine whether a test is
curriculum designed to teach the subject, resulting scores are representative of the total useful to use as a predictor or as a substitute
including the lesson plans, study guide, and performance in the areas measured. measure.
reading and homework assignment.
Fairness mandates that the test should not be Objectivity is the degree to which personal bias is
Assessment is the process of gathering, describing biased to the examinees. eliminated in the scoring of the answers.
or quantifying information about the performance
of the learner and testing components of the Evaluation is used to examine the performance of Nominal scales classify objects or events by
subject. students and comparing and judging its quality. assigning numbers to them, which are arbitrary
and imply no quantification, but the categories
The factors to consider when constructing GOOD The TYPES OF VALIDITY are Content Validity, must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
TEST ITEMS are validity, reliability, administrability, Criterion-related validity, and Concurrent Validity.
scorability, appropriateness, adequacy, fairness, and Ordinal scales classify and assign rank order.
objectivity. Content validity is a validation that refers to the
relationship between a test and instructional Interval scales or also known as equal interval or
Validity refers to the degree to which a test objectives and it establishes the content so that the equal unit is needed to be able to add or subtract
measures what it is intended to measure. test measures what it is supposed to measure. scores.
To test the validity of the test, it is to be pretested in
order to determine of it really measures what it intends Criterion-Related Validity is a type of validation Ratio scale is where the zero is not arbitrary; a
to measure or what it purports to measure. that refers to the extent to which scores from a test score of zero includes the absence of what is being
relate to theoretically similar measures. measured.
Reliability refers to the consistency of scores
obtained by the same person when retested using The two types of CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY Norm-referenced interpretation is where an
the same instrument or one that is parallel to it. are Construct Validity and Predictive Validity. individual's score is interpreted by comparing it to
The test of reliability is the consistency of the results the scores of a defined group, often called the
when it is determined to different groups of individuals Construct validity is a type of validation that normative group.
with similar characteristics in different places at measures the extent to which a test measures a
different times. hypothetical and unobservable variable or quality, Criterion-Referenced Interpretation means
such as intelligence, math achievement, referencing an individual's performance to some
Scorability states that the test should be easy to performance anxiety, etc. criterion that is a defined performance level.
score, directions for scoring should be clear, and
the test developer should provide the answer sheet Predictive validity is a type of validation that The stages in TEST CONSTRUCTION are Planning
and the answer key. measure the extent to which person's current test the test, Trying Out the test, Establishing Test
results can be used to estimate accurately what Validity, Establishing the Test Reliability, and
Appropriateness mandates that the test items that person's performance or other criterion, such Interpreting the Test Score.
that the teacher construct must assess the exact as test score, will be at a later time.
performances called for in the learning objectives. Frequency distribution is a technique for
Concurrent validity is a type of validation that describing a set of test scores where the possible
Adequacy states that the test should contain a require the correlation of the predictor or score values and the number of persons who
wide sampling of items to determine the concurrent measure with the criterion measure, achieved each score are listed.
 Measures of central tendency is computed to A teacher must use an Essay type of test the Formative testing is the test most fit for mastery
know where on the scale of measurement a student's ability to organize ideas. learning because it is done after or during a
distribution is located. discussion where the feedback can be used to
NSAT and NEAT results are interpreted against a determine whether the students have a mastery of
Measures of dispersion is used to know how the set mastery level, which means that the tests fall the subject matter.
scores are dispersed in the distribution. under criterion - referenced test because it
describes the student's mastery of the objectives A characteristic of an imperfect type of matching
The three commonly used MEASURES OF CENTRAL set is that an item may have no answer at all.
TENDENCY are the mean, median and mode. The first step in planning an achievement test
is to define the instructional objective. Determining the effectiveness of distracters is
The mean of a set of scores is the arithmetic mean included in an item analysis.
and is found by summing the scores and dividing Skewed score distribution means the score are
the sum by the number of scores. concentrated more at one end or the other end. Discrimination index is the difference between
the proportion of high-performing students who
Median is the point that divides the distribution in Normal distribution means that the mean, the item right and the proportion of low-students
half, which is half of the scores fall above the median, and mode are equal. who got an item right.
median and half of the scores fall below the
median. When the computed value or r for Math and A positive discrimination index means that more
Science is 0.90, it implies that the higher the students from the upper group got the item
Mode is the most frequently occurring score in the scores in Math, the higher the scores in Science correctly.
distribution. because r=0.90 means a high positive
correlation. A negative discrimination index takes place
Range is the difference between the highest score when the proportion of the students who got an
and the lowest score. An objective that is in the highest level in Bloom's item right in the low performing group is greater
taxonomy is rating three different methods of than the students in the upper performing group.
The variance measures how widely the scores in controlling tree growth because it deals with
the distribution are spread about the mean. evaluation. Zero discrimination happens when the
proportion of the student who got an item right in
Variance is the average squared difference Inferential is a type of statistics that draws the upper-performing group and low-performing
between the scores and the mean. conclusions about the sample being studied. group is equal.

The standard deviation indicates how spread out Generosity error is the error teachers commit When points in the scatter gram are spread evenly
the scores are, but it is expressed in the same units when they tend to overrate the achievement of in all directions, this means that there is no
as the original scores. students identified by and aptitude tests as gifted correlation between two variables.
because they expect achievement and giftedness to
A graph of a distribution of test scores is better go together. A norm-referenced statement is comparing the
understood that the frequency distribution or a performance of a certain student with the
table of numbers because the general shape of the Portfolio assessment measures the students' performance of other student/s.
distribution is clear from the graph. growth and development.
Content is a type of validity that is needed for a
test on course objectives and scopes. In the parlance of test construction, TOS means Sharing the secrets of a counselee with other
Table of Specifications. members of the faculty is in violation of
When there are extreme scores the mean will not confidentiality.
be a very reliable measure of central tendency. Range is a measure of variation that is easily
affected by the extreme scores. Counselors can break confidentiality rule in cases
The sum of all the scores in a distribution always of planned suicide or planned hurting/killing of
equals the mean times the N because the sum of Mode is the measure of central tendency that can somebody.
all the scores is equal to the product of the mean be determined by mere inspection because mode
and the number of scores (N). Formula: Mean = can be identified by just counting the score/s that Sinforoso Padilla is considered the father of
Summation of Scores/N occurred the most in a distribution. counseling in the Philippines.

A Z-value can be used to compare the performance The description of each criteria to serve as Portfolio is the pre-planned collection of samples
of the students, because it tells the number of standard, very clear descriptions of performance of student works, assessed results and other
standard deviations equivalent to a raw score, level, rating scale, and mastery levels of output produced by the students.
where the higher the value of Z score, the better achievement are considerations that are important
the performance of a certain student is. in developing a SCORING RUBRIC. Assessment is said to be authentic when the
teacher gives students real-life tasks to
Mean is the measure of position that is appropriate A rubric is developmental. accomplish.
then the distribution is skewed.
Performance-based assessment emphasizes The main purpose of a teacher using a
The analysis of Variance utilizing the F-test is the process and product. standardized test is to engage in easy scoring.
appropriate significance test to run between three
or more means. Kohlberg and other researchers used moral Marking on a normative basis follows the normal
dilemma to measure the awareness of values. distribution curve.
In standard deviation, the higher the value of
standard deviation the average, the scores are PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TEST includes A scoring rubric is important in a self-assessment
farther from the mean value, the smaller the value Sentence Completion test, Word Association test, to be effective.
of the standard deviation on scores are closer to and Thematic Apperception Test.
the mean value. on where as the average, the The main purpose of administering a pretest and
An anecdotal report is a note written by the a post-test to students is to measure gains in
When the value of standard deviation is small, the teacher regarding incidents at the classroom that learning.
scores are concentrated around the mean value might need special attention in the future.
because the smaller the value of the standard An assessment activity that is most appropriate
deviation the more concentrated the scores are to One of the strengths of an autobiography as a to measure the objective" to explain the meaning of
the mean value. technique for personality appraisal is it makes the molecular bonding" for the group with strong
presentation of intimate experiences possible. interpersonal intelligence is to demonstrate
When the distribution is skewed the most molecular bonding using students as atoms.
appropriate measure of central tendency is Carl Roger is considered the main proponent of
Median. Non-Directive counseling.
Emphasis on grades and honors goes with the The purpose of criterion-referenced test is to
spirit of " assessment of learning". Test consists of questions or exercises or other determine whether each student has achieved
Interactive whiteboards provides touch control of devices outcomes of learning. specific skills or concepts and to find out how
computer application that enhances the Objective tests are tests which have definite much students know before instruction begins and
experience in the classroom through visual answers and therefore are not subject to personal after I has finished.
learning and interactive activities such as drawing, bias.
writing, or manipulating images in the computer. Validity is the degree to which the test measures
Teacher-made tests or educational tests are on what it intends to measure. A valid test is always
Digital video-on-demand are replacement of hard the contents of different subject taught. reliable.
copy videos (DVD, VHS, etc.) with digital video Constructed by the teachers based strengths and
accessed from a central server, which allows the weaknesses. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores
teachers and students to access video clips obtained by the same person when retested using
immediately. Diagnostic tests are used to measure a student’s the same instrument or one that is parallel to it.
usually to identify deficiencies in skills or
Online media are streamed video websites that performance. Administrability requires that the test should be
enhances a classroom lesson. administered uniformly to all students so that the
Formative testing is done to monitor student’s scores obtained will not vary due to factors other
Online study tools are tools that motivate attainment objectives. than differences of the student’s knowledge and
studying by making studying individualized for the skills.
students. Summative testing is done at the conclusion of
instruction and of the instructional measures the Scorability states that the test should be easy to
Digital games are provided as tools for the extent to which students have attained the desired score. Directions for scoring should be clear.
classroom that provides the students with higher outcomes.
motivation. Appropriateness mandates that the test items
Standardized tests are already valid, reliable and that the teacher construct must assess the exact
Podcasts enables teachers to reach a student and objective. Standardized tests are tests for which performances called for in the learning objectives.
can help sharpen students' vocabulary, writing, contents have been selected and for which norms
editing, public speaking, and presentation skills. or standards have been established. Adequacy states that the test should contain a
wide sampling of items to determine the
Assessment refers to the process of gathering, Norm-Referenced Test is designed to measure the educational outcomes or abilities so that the
describing or quantifying information about performance of a student compared with other resulting scores are representative of the total
student performance. students. performance in the areas measured.
The purpose of norm-referenced test is to rank each
Measurement refers to the quantitative aspect of student with respect to the achievement of others in Fairness mandates that the test should not be
evaluation. It involves outcomes that can be broad areas of knowledge and to discriminate high and biased to the examinees.
quantified statistically. low achievers.
Objectivity represents the agreement of two or
Evaluation is the qualitative aspect of determining Criterion-Referenced Test is a test designed to more raters or a test administrator concerning the
the outcomes of learning. It Involves value measure the performance of students with respect score of a student.
judgement. to some particular criterion or standard.
Nominal scales classify objects or events by Distribution in half: that is, half of the scores fall Portfolio assessment is the systematic,
assigning numbers to them. above the median and half of the scores fall below longitudinal collection of student work created in
the median. The median is response to specific, known as instructional
Ordinal scales classify and assign rank order. objectives and evaluated in relation to the same
The mode is the most frequently occurring score criteria.
Interval scales contains the nominal and ordinal in the distribution.
properties and is also characterized by equal units
between score points. The Measures of Variability indicate how spread
out the scores tend to be.
In ratio scales, the zero point is arbitrary.
The range indicates the difference between the
The process dimensions, which is, what a student highest and lowest scores in the distribution.
is expected to know and what The table of
specifications is a device describing test items of The variance measures how widely the scores in
the content and he or the distribution are spread about the mean

Item analysis refers to the process of examining The standard deviation indicates how spread out
the student’s response to each she is expected to the scores are, but it is expressed in the same units
do with that knowledge. Item in the test. as the original scores.

Difficulty index (DF) refers to the proportion of The percentile rank of a score is the percentage of
the number of students in the upper and lower the scores in the frequency distribution which are
groups who answered an item correctly. lower.

Discrimination index is the difference between Normal curve is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve,
the proportion of high-performing students who whose end tails are continuous and asymptotic.
got the item right and the proportion of low-
performing students who got an item right. Positively skewed when the curve is skewed to the
right. Most of the scores of the students are very
A frequency distribution is merely a listing of the low.
possible score values and the number of persons
who achieved each score. Negatively skewed when a distribution is skewed
to the left. Most of the students got a very high
Measures of Central Tendency are useful for score.
summarizing average performance.
Rubrics is a scoring scale and instructional tool to
The mean of a set of scores is the arithmetic assess the performance of student using a task-
average. The point that divides the specific set of criteria.
PROF ED PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING The philosophy of Confucius is Humanistic, The INBORN TENDENCIES OF THE CHILD are
where it occupies mainly with Human relationship Intelligence, Emotion, Imitation, Curiosity,
As provided by the Code of Ethics for Teachers, and Virtues. Gregariousness, Play, Collecting and hoarding,
in line with RA 7836, a teacher shall at all times, Competition, and Manipulation.
be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, RA 9155 changed DECS to DepEd and
mutual confidence, and faith in one another, self- transferred the sports to Philippines Sports Lewis Terman's defines intelligence as the ability
sacrifice for the common good and full cooperation Commission and culture to the National to learn in terms of abstract ideas, while Colvin
with colleagues. Commission for the Culture and Arts. viewed intelligence as the ability to adjust to new
environment.
As provided in Article XIV of the 1987 Organizational chart is a diagram that shows the
Constitution on Education, Science and different positions in the schools structure, the Emotionis the blending of sensations caused by
Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports, Section 3, different channels available and the flow of the profound and widespread changes in the body.
when all requirements are met, religion should be communication.
taught within the regular class hours. The three types of PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Crow & Crow defined emotion as an effective
are starting principles, guiding principles, and experience that accompanies generalized inner
According to Plato, the idea of higher education ending principles. adjustment, and mental and physiological stirred
helps the souls to search for truth, which up states in the individual and that shows itself in
illuminated it. Starting principles refer to the nature of the child, his overt behavior.
psychological and physiological endowments.
UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Imitationis the tendency of the sees or observes.
Scientific and Cultural Organization, which aim to Guiding principles are the methods of instruction,
promote peace and security in the world by or the combination of techniques in carrying out Gregariousness refers to the desire of the
promoting collaboration among nations through the educative process. individual to be with other people because man is
education, science, culture, and communication. a social being.
Ending principles are the educational aims and
The medium/media of instructions in schools objectives, which are divided into two: Play is the natural impulse possessed by men and
during the Spanish era was/were Spanish. psychological (growth and development of the animals where it is an activity, which the
child) and philosophical (based on the culture of individual engages in for the satisfaction of his
The philosophers that were proponents of the people). desires.
PERENNIALISM were Robert Hutchins and
Mortimer Adler. Intelligence as defined by W. Sternis a general Collecting and hoarding means the interest in
capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his keeping the objects, which a child is interested to
Paolo Freire was known as a Social thinking to new requirements. possess.
Reconstructionist.
A Goal is a statement of the intended general Competition implies a struggle between two or
The basis of partnership between community outcome of an instructional unit or program more persons for the same object or purpose to
and school are mutual trust for one another's whereas a Learning Objective is a statement of one equal or surpass others, whereas rivalry suggests
values, perspectives and experiences. of several specific performances, the achievement a personal contest for selfish ends, resulting in
of which contributed to the attainment of the goal. envy and jealousy.
Manipulation is the natural impulse of the child, Operant Conditioning focuses on giving of reward student's eye to tell them that he disapproves of
which involves a skillful or dexterous management to students to increase the occurrence of repeating their mischievous behavior.
or control of actions by means of intellect. a desired behavior.
Reward power of a teacher is his/her authority to
The features of COOPERATIVE LEARNING are "Porma (Form) over substance" is a negative trait give the students the grade they deserve.
face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, where a student focuses more on the outside
and group accountability for learning. appearance of the report rather than the content. When teachers encourage active class
participation through individual and group
The theory of Multiple Intelligence by Dr. "Tangible performance changes when learners activities, it allows the student to feel important in
Howard Gardner, proposes eight different undergo the learning process" serves as the basis a group.
intelligences to account for a broader range of of the utilization of Performance Objectives.
human potential in children and adults because he rules and regulations on a case-to-case basis does
suggested that the traditional notion of intelligence Individual Differences is a concept that expects not promote sound classroom management.
based on IQ testing is too limited. teachers to provide varied learning activities to suit
the needs of the various learning style of the Practices that promote SOUND CLASSROOM
The eight INTELLIGENCES ACCORDING TO students. MANAGEMENT are enforcing firm and fair
GARDNER are linguistic, logicalmathematical, discipline in the classroom, developing a system of
spatial, bodilykinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, Coherence is a characteristic of the instructional coming in and going out of the room and
intrapersonal, naturalist and existential plan that shows "interconnectedness" and establishing rules, regulations, and routines
intelligence. smoothness from beginning to the end. starting on the first day of school.

The CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO Evaluation serves as the piece de resistance An example of a "low-profile" classroom
LEARNERS according to Gregorio are shyness, (finale) of Goal-Oriented Instruction. management is when a teacher raises the pitch of
sensitiveness, lack of perseverance, lack of his/her voice.
resourcefulness, and lack of industry. According to Krathwohls' Affective Domain, the
lowest level of affective behavior is Responding An effective classroom management teaches the
According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, men in followed by Valuing, Organization, and student to develop self-control rather than
nature are basically good and that the influences Characterization. dependence on others to control their behavior.
of society are what makes man evil.
A teacher manifests Expert Power when he shows "In Loco Parentis" or "instead of parent", it is a
To develop POSITIVE BEHAVIOR in children, his students his vast knowledge of a subject legitimate authority exercised by teachers in the
contribution, responsibility, and cooperation must matter. classroom where they take on some of the
be emphasized. functions and responsibilities of a parent.
Referent Power is shown when teacher makes his
Albert Bandura proposed a theory known as students feel important, accepted, and appreciated "With-it-ness," according to Kounin, is one of the
Social Learning Theory, which states that modeling all the time. characteristics of an effective manager where
is essential in pedagogy. he/she is aware of all the things happening around
Signal Interference is an influence technique him/her.
illustrated when a teacher would a look in a
The best way to manage an off-task behavior is to Analysis Questions requiresthe students to A Critiquing session allows the evaluation of
not over-react, such as by making simple eye breakdown an idea into its parts, to distinguish member's work by the group and encourages the
contact. these parts and know their relationships to one giving of constructive comments on how to improve
another. the work of others.
A teacher's Referent Power means that she
accepts the student the way they are, illustrated Synthesis Questions is where the student puts Coherence is the local organization and
by being firm yet fair, compassionate, and together or integrates a number of ideas or facts comprehensibility of lesson plan from start to
approachable. into new arrangement. finish.

A teacher that does follow-up questioning in Evaluation Questions is where the students The primary concern of using a teaching aid is
order to elicit more from his students and to make appraise, criticize or judge the worth of an idea, a that it should be suited to the objective of the
them think more critically is using the Probing type statement or a plan on the basis of a set of criteria lesson.
of questioning. provided to them or which they themselves have
developed. Simulation operates on the principle "I am what I
Teachers providing activities for the whole-brain should be,' and is when the teacher allows the
thinking and not just on one particular learning BLOOM'S COGNITIVE TAXONOMY is as follows, student to put what they learned into practice.
dimension is encouraging learning facilitation. Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis,
Synthesis, and Evaluation, where Evaluation is the In order to develop logical-Mathematical skills in
The HIERARCHIES OF QUESTIONS that the highest. students, teachers can use Problem Solving
teachers usually ask regardless of the subjects Activities.
being taught are Knowledge (Memory) Questions, Lesson Plan is the termed applied to the statement
Comprehension Questions, Application Questions, of objectives to be realized and the methods to be According to Thorndike, punishment does not
Analysis Questions, Synthesis Questions, and used in the attainment of such objectives within guarantee the removal of negative behavior from
Evaluation Questions. the specified time. the child.

Knowledge (Memory) Questions trains the ability The COMPONENTS OF A LESSON PLAN are Mastering concepts in class through repetition is
to recall, bring to mind appropriate materials Objective, Subject Matter, Learning Activities, utilizing the Drill method.
learned previously such as specific names, facts, Evaluation, and Assignment.
places, figures, events, concepts, principles, and Projective Technique allows the innermost
others. A Time line is a type of teaching tool appropriate thoughts of the students to come out such as when
for graphically representing a lesson in a teacher would show an ambiguouspicture to
Comprehension Questions trainsthe students to chronological form. students and ask them to respond to some
understand oral and written communications and questions. An Anecdotal Record contains
make use of them. The ultimate test of a good classroom management significant/untoward incidents/reports that
is if it can be applied in the student's daily lives. happens to students.
Application Questions requires the students to
transfer what they have learned to new situations A Sequence Chain can be used as a graphic A well-managed and learning-productive class is
with little or no supervision. organizer to present the Water Cycle. shown when students are actively involved to
reach the goal.
Intrapersonal intelligent pupils will learn best The greatest contribution of EFA (Education for playing activities to allow the child to show his/her
with activities that call for more time with the self. All) to the public is it gives opportunities for all personal emotions.
kinds of learners where regular or special.
Venn Diagram is a graphic organizer that can be Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory
used to illustrate the similarities and differences of Realia should only be brought inside the room if encourages teachers to present the lesson on wide
two subjects. it's feasible. variety of ways to consider the different
intelligences of students.
A teacher who wants his students to work together Using a globe as a teaching aid or any tangible and
harmoniously may incorporate Cooperative scaled replica of something falls under Models. A classic characteristic of Operant Conditioning
Learning in his/her class, which allows the advocated by BF Skinner is the use of
student to work together promoting teamwork. To promote higher-order thinking skills, Divergent reinforcements.
questions must be asked by the teacher because
Fishbone Diagram is a graphic organizer con it allows the students to think more creatively Phillips 66 is a technique wherein the group is
cause and effect. since it is an open ended types of questions. divided into 6 groups and allows them to discuss a
topic for 6 minutes.
The best classroom device is the teacher because Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience refers to
the devices themselves cannot teach. watching demonstrations as an experience that is Closed ended questions limit the ability of the
almost the same as the actual one. students to think creatively and critically.
To be able to respond to the teacher's professional
development needs is the rationale behind the In order to ensure the smooth transition of The highest-level in Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy
teacher's professional training programs. activities in class, teacher should make the of Needs is Self-Actualization.
materials readily available and accessible.
Teachers in the community should not make Kohlberg developed the Moral development
him/herself aloof because he/she can still The best time for teachers to set routine activities theory and pioneered in the use of moral dilemma
maintain objectivity even if he/she is friendly with like rules in getting materials and standing in line technique.
community members. should be established during the first day of
school. Albert Bandura developed the Social Learning
As a "trustee of the cultural and educational Theory and advocated "children learns from what
heritage of the nation and is under obligation to Low-profile classroom control means the teache they see in the environment."
transmit to learners such heritage," teachers must of students without disrupting the lesson.
conduct lessons on the life stories of Filipino An example of a low-profile classroom control Jerome Bruner postulated that learning is a
heroes that allows the class to appreciate the technique that teachers can employ in their classroom simultaneous process of acquisition,
country's rich cultural past. managing behavior without disrupting the lesson. transformation and evaluation.

Geography is the leading factor behind the The teacher should primarily consider According to Erikson, identity and role confusion
proposal by the DepEd that lead schools must appropriateness of the device to the lesson. normally occur during high school.
manage stand-alone schools in some far-flung
areas. If teachers want to focus on attitudinal change Modeling or learning through observation is
among her students, they must facilitate role- central to Learning Theory of Albert Bandura.
Criterion is defined as an acceptable standard of Technical skill is a general term to address the A sign of an underachieving student is showing
performance and a statement that indicates a competency needs of various industries. minimum effort in every task.
degree of accuracy.
Peer review is where one lets his/her classmate Reactive is the opposite of proactive.
Graphic organizers are used to illustrate look at his/her work for evaluation.
relationships among details, enables students to Guidance involves personal help given by someone
identify important ideas and details and Highlighting is where when conducting research designed to assist the person where he wants to go,
information are presented in concrete form. or doing readings, one uses colored writing what he wants to do, or how we can best
instrument to emphasize key points. accomplish his physical, social, intellectual, and
In consensus decision making the teacher allows personal assets and liabilities as confronted by
his students to arrive into one specific plan of Teachers must be flexible so that their students particular situations, so that he can make wise
action through gathering the majority's decision. could be creative learners. and intelligent choices and embark upon suitable
courses of action.
The task analysis model of lesson organization Global education allows students to be more
arranged in sequence is facts, concepts, principles, accepting/tolerant of other cultures. Discipline means instructing the child in the
and generalization. ethical principles (right from wrong), Why or Why
Stakeholders, the key players of any Not, and How to decide and act according to
IPPD (Individual Plan for Professional system/organization/process are composed of principles.
Development) was developed for teachers to serve teachers, students, parents, administrators and
as a guide for the professional's continuous members of the community. The four classifications of CHILD-REARING
learning and development. PRACTICES are authoritarian, permissive,
John Dewey's contribution to the development of ambivalent and role modeling.
Information Processing Theory asserts that sociological foundations in learning are education
when learners treat information as personal and as as a social process, teaching of the basic R's and Authoritarian views the child as a mini-adult,
part of his/her schema then retrieving concepts the role of the school as an extension of home- which sets unrealistic expectations and goals for
contextually is a lot easier. based education. the child.

According to Lev Vygotsky, guidance enables Quality Educational System fosters coordination Permissive allows the child to grope through
teachers to help learners acquire skills. among basic education, technical-vocation situations too difficult for him to cope with, with
education and higher education and has no guidance and control.
Portfolio is one of the best ways to practice connection from level to level.
outcome-based education. Ambivalent style occurs when opposite or
The teacher is responsible for an enriching conflicting values exist in the parent/teacher
Shared values are synonymous with vision-core environment that allows a highly diverse class to himself, or one set of moral values is followed in
values. optimize their learning. contrast with the other.

The concepts of Total Quality School Model must Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a type of Role modeling is where role is the part assumed
be applied by all stakeholders to make a school learning that life-long and is acquired from real-life by anyone and modeling is the art of one who acts
successful. activities and interactions. as a standard of imitation.
Counseling is defined as helping individuals used in the attainment of such objectives specified
towards overcoming obstacles for personal growth time. Brainstorming is used to generate ideas. Quantity
according to the American Psychological is more important than quality.
Association. A learning objective is a statement of what
students will be able to do within the when they A supervised study is a common technique used
The GOALS OF COUNSELING by Blackman and have completed instruction. in problem solving instruction. This is appropriate
Silberman are problem definition, development A learning objective is a statement describing a for discovery or inquiry learning, laboratory
and social history, establishing specific goals of competency or performance capability to be acquired activities and if there is a good access to reference
counseling, and to determine methods to be used by the learner. materials.
to bring out desired change.
The three essential characteristics in ensuring Pygmalion (Rosenthal) Effect refers to situations
The strategy of teaching refers to the science of clear statements of objectives are: behavior, in which students performed better than other
developing a plan to attain goal and to guard criterion and conditions. students simply because they were expected to do
against undesirable results. so.
A goal is a statement of the intended general Technology can refer to material objects of use to
Method of Teaching refers to the series of related outcome of an instructional unit or program. humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it
and progressive acts performed by a teacher and can also encompass broader themes, including
the students to attain the specific objectives of the Cognitive learning domain is concerned primarily systems, methods of organization, and techniques.
lesson. with higher education. The psychomotor domain
refers to the use of basic motor skills, coordination Educational technology is the study and ethical
Technique of Teaching refers to the personalized and physical movement. practice of facilitating learning and improving
style of carrying out a particular step of a given performance by creating, using and managing
method. Facilitator of learning, Affective domain is concerned with learning of appropriate technological processes and
beliefs, attitude and values. resources.
The roles of teacher include: model, classroom
manager, motivator, evaluator of student’s Low-inquiry questions focus on previously A device Is any means other than the subject
performance, parent surrogate, counselor and a learned knowledge in order to answer questions matter itself that is employed by the teacher in
friend. With posed by the teacher, who requires the students to presenting the subject matter to the learner.
perform eliciting meaning of a term, supplying an
Classroom management is the administration or example of something and providing a specific, The multimedia is an audiovisual package that
direction of activities special reference to problems predictable answer to a question. includes instructional media, such as text,
involving discipline, democratic techniques, use of graphics, audio animation and video clip. More
supplies and other materials, the physical features High-inquiry questions focus on previously than one
of the classroom, general housekeeping and the learned knowledge in order to answer questions
social relationships of the pupils and teachers. posed by the teacher, who requires the students to Hypermedia is multimedia packaged as an
perform an abstract operation, rating some entity education computer software, where information is
Questioning is the starting point of learning. to its value, dependability, importance or presented and student activities are integrated in
sufficiency with a defense of the rating, finding a virtual learning environment.
Lesson Plan is the termed applied to the statement similarities or difference and making inferences to
of objectives to be realized and the methods to be account for the occurrence of something.
The internet where individuals can subscribe and Informal education is a type of education which Curriculum content comes from the questions and
receive new files from people Podcasting is a can be acquired anytime and anywhere. interests of the students.
relatively new invention that allows anybody to by
subscription. Naturalism is an educational philosophy which Nationalism emphasizes on the development of
adheres to the belief that education should be in loyalty, patriotism, national feeling and
An affinity diagram is used to cluster complex, accordance with the nature of the child. responsible citizenship.
apparently unrelated natural and meaningful Idealism focuses on the conscious reasoning of the
groups. mind in order to attain truth. This includes the Constructivism is a philosophy of learning which
activities pertinent to the human mind such as asserts that reality does not exist outside of human
Tree Diagram is used to chart out, in increasing introspection and intuition and the use of logic. conceptions. It is the individual that construct
detail, the various tasks that must be reality by reflecting on his own experience and
accomplished to complete a project or achieve a Realism is concerned with the actualities of life, gives meaning to it.
specific objective. what is real. Ultimate reality is the world of
physical objects. Reality is independent of the The primary goal of Reconstructivism is to
A fishbone diagram shows the relationship of human mind. achieve the elusive social change. In
possible causes and sub-causes directly related to utilitarianism, actions are geared toward the
and identifies its effect/problem. In existentialism, learning is based on the greatest total amount of Happiness that one can
willingness of the student to choose and give achieve.
Circle or Pie graph is recommended for showing meaning to the subject. Essentialism refers to the
parts of whole. traditional or back to the basic approach in In rationalism, the source of knowledge is the
education. mind, independent of the senses.
A bar graph is used in comparing the magnitude Experimentalism is a form of empiricism and
of similar items at different entities or seeing Pragmatism stresses on the application of what asserts that the only reliable form of knowledge is
relative sizes of the parts of a whole. have learned rather than the transfer of the gained through scientific experiments.
organized body of knowledge.
Formal education refers to the hierarchically According to Hedonism, pleasure is the only good
structured and chronologically graded learning In perennialism truth is universal and does not thing to a person.
organized and provided by the formal school depend on circumstances of place, time and
system and for which certification is required in person. Curriculum must be based on recurrent Epicurianism is considered as a form of ancient
order for the learner to progress through the themes of human life for it views education as a hedonism, it identifies pleasure with tranquility
grades or move to higher levels. recurring process based on eternal truths. and reduction of desire.

Non-formal education refers to any school-based According to humanism, education is a process UNESCO defies global education as a goal to
educational activities undertaken by the DECS The unfolding of human character proceeds with become aware of the educational conditions or lack
and other agencies aimed at attaining specific the unfolding of nature. And should not be taken of it, and aim to educate all people to certain world
learning objectives for a particular clientele, abruptly. standards.
especially the illiterates and the out-of-school
youths and adults, distinct from and outside the Progressivism focuses on the child as a whole The 1987 Constitution states that the state shall
regular offerings of the formal school system. rather than of the content or the teacher, protect and promote the right of all citizens to
quality education at all levels and shall take
appropriate steps to make such education institution of the Licensure Examination for
accessible to all. Teachers (LET) which shall replace the Professional
Board Exam for Teachers (PBET) and the
RA 7722 is otherwise known as the Higher transferring of authority of administering the LET
Education Act of 1994 which states that the state from the Civil Service Commission and DECS to
shall ensure and protect academic freedom. the Board for Professional Teachers in the
Professional Regulation Commission.
CHED is tasked by the state to identify centers of
excellence in program areas needed for the The three basic skills a professional teacher must
development of world class scholarship, nation possess are functional skills, cost of living index.
building and development. Adaptive skills and professional skills.

RA 7796 is known as the Technical Education Functional skills involve the skills of a teacher in
Skills Development (TESDA) Act of 1994. This planning, organizing, controlling, communicating,
law provided for the creation of the TESDA. motivating, developing and managing.

Batas Pambansa 232 or Education Act of 1982 Adaptive skills are the skills like creativity,
states that students have the right to receive dependability, resourcefulness, persuasiveness,
primarily through competent instruction, relevant discipline, memory, perceptiveness and other
quality education in line with national goals and personal skills related to self-management.
conductive to their full development as person with
the human dignity. Professional skills refer akin to work content. It
includes the teacher’s knowledge of the subject
Education For All (EFA) 2015 institutionalize matter to be taught, as well as his understanding
early childhood care and development and provide of the philosophical, psychological, legal, social,
universal quality primary education. historical dimensions of education.

Characteristics of a Child Friendly School The NCBTS Is a unified framework for teacher
System (CFSS) include: gender sensitive and not development. It is an integrated theoretical
discriminating, child-centered, promotes good framework that defines the different dimensions of
health, has the best interest of child in mind and effective teaching.
works closely with children’s families. RA 7836 is
known as the Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994. This

Law provided for the creation of the Board of

Professional Teachers composed of five (5)
Commissioners appointed by the President of the
Philippines upon the recommendations of the
recognized and accredited association of teachers,
PROF ED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Connectivism is a learning theory for the digital Technology integration refers to using learning
age where it combines relevant elements of many technologies to introduce, reinforce, supplement
Technology refers to material objects of use to learning theories, social structures, and and extend skills.
humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it technology to create a powerful theoretical
can also encompass broader themes, including construct for learning in the digital age. Educational media are channels or avenues or
systems, methods of organization, and techniques. instruments like books, magazines, television,
Audiovisual aids are defined as any device used to Internet, etc.
Educational technology is human invention aid in the communication of an idea.
and/or discoveries that satisfy educational needs Instructional technology are concerned with
and facilitate learning. Device is any means other than the subject matter instruction as contrasted to designs and
itself that is by the teacher in presenting the operations of educational institutions.
The three main schools of thought or subject matter to the learner.
PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK behind Technology in Education refers to the application
educational technology are Behaviorism, There are four CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEVICES, of technology in the operation of education
Cognitivism, and Constructivism. which are extrinsic, intrinsic, material devices, and institutions.
mental devices.
BEHAVIORISM was the theoretical framework Technology of Education deals with the active
used by Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Edward Extrinsic devices are used to supplement a use of mass media and computer science for the
C. Tolman, Clark L. Hull, BF Skinner and othersto method used such as picture, graph, filmstrips, individual pupils' learning process under the
describe and experiment with human learning. slides, etc. teacher's supervision.

BF Skinner's contribution includes his extensive Intrinsic devices are used as a part of the method Instructional technology is a systematic way of
writing on improvements of teaching based in his or teaching procedure such as pictures designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total
functional analysis of Verbal Behavior and a accompanying an article. process of learning and teaching in terms of
system he called programmed instruction. specific objectives.
Material devices are devices that have no bearing
Cognitive theories look beyond behaviors to on the subject matter such as black board, chalk, INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY in the
explain brain-based learning and consider how books, pencils, etc. instructional process must be geared to interactive
human memory work to promote learning. and meaningful learning, the development of
Mental devices are a kind of device that is related creative and critical thinking, the development and
Constructivism is a conceptual model of learning in form and meaning to the subject matter being nurturing of teamwork and efficient and effective
that refers to the role of learning to help the presented such as questions, projects, drills, teaching.
individual live or adapt to his personal world. lesson plans, etc.
Constructivists perceive technology as a partner
Constructivism is defined as where the learner Non-projected Audiovisual Aids are those that do in the learning process, for it makes the learner
builds a personal understanding through not require the use of audiovisual equipment such gather, think analyze, synthesize information and
appropriate learning activities and a good learning as a projector and screen, which includes charts, construct meaning with what technology presents.
environment. graphs, maps, illustrations, photographs,
brochures, and handouts.
 Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a directly at the symbolic level of thought without
paradigm in the school system where the teacher adequate foundation of the concrete, and to strive Technology as intellectual partner to support
and students interact through a computer. to bring the students to the symbolic or abstract learning by reflecting is used when technology help
level to develop their higher order thinking skills. learners to articulate and represent what they
Computer-Based Teaching/ Computer-Based In Jerome Bruner's knowledge representation, the know.
Learning means individualized (self-study) learners are taught through a sequence of actions,
learning. then through a series of illustrations and through a Technology as information vehicles for exploring
series of symbols (enactive to iconic to symbolic). knowledge to support learning-by-constructing is
Computer-Aided Instruction is instructional applied when technology is used for accessing
techniques that vary both instruction and time Jerome Bruner's knowledge representation in needed information.
according to learner requirements. teaching is applied when the learners are taught
by beginning with the concrete, the uses pictures Technology as a social medium to support
The PHASES OF A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO followed by symbols. learning by conversing is applied when a teacher
TEACHING may be reduced to three, such as encourages her students to work on their
formulation of instructional objectives, the process According to the Traditionalist's point of view, assignments in groups using the social media
of instruction itself, and the assessment of the role of educational technology in learning is network.
learning, which will once more lead to the that it servers as a presenter of knowledge, just like
formulation of instructional objectives. teachers. Technology can be used as a tool for
collaborating with others, and for supporting
Activities and technology for instruction must be The Constructivist's view of the role of discourse among knowledge-building
appropriate to the lesson objectives, the learners, educational technology in learning is that it communities.
and the nature of the lesson content. engages learners in active, constructive,
intentional, authentic, and cooperative learners, The most frequent reasons given for USING
Edgar Dale's research led to the development of the servers as tools to support knowledge TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
Cone of Experience, which also became the basis of construction, and is a social medium to support are to improve access to education and training, to
"learning-by-doing" and/or "experiential learning" or learning by conversing. improve the quality of learning, to reduce the cost
"action learning". of education, and to improve the cost effectiveness
Constructivism is a framework of educational of education.
Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience theorized that technology that believes that the role of teachers is
learners retain more information by what they do to become facilitator providing guidance so that Integrating technology with teaching means the
as opposed to what they heard, read, or observed. learns can construct their own knowledge. use of learning technologies to introduce,
reinforce, supplement, and extend skills.
Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience gives primary When teachers represent and stimulate A teacher using Power Point presentation with inserted
importance on psychomotor experience and is a meaningful real-world problems, situations and video clips in teaching manifests technology
model that incorporates several theories related to context in teaching, they are using technology as integration in teaching and learning.
instructional design and learning process. context to support learning-by-doing.
The three LEVELS OF INTEGRATION are
Dale's Cone of Experience implies to use many Technology as tools to support knowledge Simple/Basic Integration, Middle Level
instructional materials to help the students construction is used when learners produce Integration, and High Level Integration.
conceptualize his experience, avoid teaching organized, multimedia knowledge bases.
Simple/Basic Integration is employed in According to Lucido, the computer as a tutor does Strip drawings are commonly called comics or
teaching-learning process when there is no not replace the teacher but assumes previous roles comic strips that can be used by teachers who
substantial change in the teaching-learning assigned to them. wants to teach patterns of dialogues among
process from previous method. characters in a story.
Some examples of COMPUTER-ASSISTED Charts are a diagrammatic representation of
Middle Level Integration is when there is INSTRUCTIONS (CAI) are simulation programs, relationships among individuals within an
purposeful use of technology to support key instructional games, problem solving software, and organization.
learning areas. multimedia encyclopedia and electronic books.
The different TYPES OF CHARTS are Time chart, Tree
High Level Integration is where technology is the Mass media is referred to as vehicles or various or stream chart, Flow chart, Organizational chart,
central instructional tool. ways of information and communication. Comparison and contrast chart, Pareto chart, and
Gantt chart.
The different CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF Drawing may not be the real thing, but having a
LEARNING are Meaningful Learning, Discovery concrete visual aid that correctly represents the Time chart is a tabular time chart the present
Learning, Generative Learning, and real thing is a helpful aid. data in ordinal sequence.
Constructivism.
Diagrams are any line drawing that shows Tree or stream chart depicts development, growth
Meaningful Learning is a conceptual model of arrangements and relation as of parts to the whole, and changes by beginning with a single course
learning created by the application of educational relative values, origins and development, (trunk), which spreads out into may branches or
technology that enables students to willingly chronological functions, distribution, etc. by beginning with the many tributaries, which
perform class work to find educational technology then converge into a single channel.
that enables students to willingly perform class The different TYPES OF DIAGRAMS are Affinity
work to find connections between what they Diagrams, Tree Diagram, and Fishbone Diagram. A flow chart is a kind of chart that can be used to
already known and what they can learn. show and/or analyze a process from beginning to
Affinity Diagrams are used to cluster complex, end.
Discovery Learning is where new ideas and new unrelated data into natural and meaningful
decisions are generated in the learning process, groups. Organizational Chart shows how one part of the
regardless of the need to move on and depart from organization relates to the other parts.
organized activities. Tree Diagram are used to chart out, in increasing
detail, the various tasks that must be Comparison and contrast chart are used to show
Generative Learning is where learnerscreate a accomplished to complete a projects or achieve a similarities and differences between two things.
personal model or explanation to the new specific objective.
experiences on the context of existing knowledge. Pareto chart is a type of bar chart, prioritized in
Fishbone Diagram, also called "cause-and-effect" descending order of magnitude or importance from
Constructivism is where learning consists of what diagram, is a structured form of brainstorming left to right, which shows at a glance the factors
a person can actively assemble for himself and not that graphically shows the relationship of possible that are occurring most.
what can receive passively. cause and sub-causes directly related to and
identifies effect/problems that is commonly used Gantt chart is an activity time chart.
to analyze work-related problems.
The different TYPES OF GRAPHS are Circle or Pie Virtual field trips are a way that can use for
graph, Bar graph, Pictorial graph, and Graphic students to visit art museums that they may not A browser is a software package that allows one to
Organizer. have access to otherwise. look at information on the internet in graphic
rather than just text format.
Pie graph is a symbol recommended to represent Social action projects are a kind of Internet-
parts of a whole. based project that has kids creating solutions to E-mail address is a series of symbols or letters
local, regional, national, and international that act as an address for a site on the internet.
Bar graph is used in comparing the magnitude of problems.
similar items at different entities or seeing relative Avatar is a 3-D image that a person can choose to
sizes of the parts of a whole. Telementoring is pairing a student with a space represent himself in virtual reality.
Bar graph is a type of graph that illustrates a scientist so the student can get first-hand
particular data series through rectangles. information on recent developments. A three-dimensional (3D) image presentation
reproduced from a pattern of interference is a
Pictorial graph makes use of picture symbols. Keypals projects are a way to get kids Hologram.
communicating with their peers to improve
Maps are a representation of the surface of the communication skills and exchange information. GPS (Global Positioning System) is an
earth or some part of it, according to Dale. instrument that uses a satellite to pinpoint and
Never use copyrighted items unless the source is exact location. GUI (Graphic User Interface) is a
The different TYPES OF MAPS are Physical Map, credited is a rule that can help teachers make sure software that displays option to user in graphic
Relief map, Commercial or economic map, and they are complying with copyright laws when they format consisting of menus and icons.
Political Map. use materials from Internet sites.
Audio-visual is a material with combined sounds
Physical map combines in a single projection data WWW stands for World Wide Web, which is an and pictures or sounds and video.
like altitude, temperature, rainfall, precipitation, interconnected system of electronic pages
vegetation, and soil. containing almost everything. A file format that can be used by a student or a
teacher if they want to store or send video
Relief map has three-dimensional representations Skype is a face-to-face communication that is sequences on a network is MPEG (Motion Picture
and shows contours of the physical data of the made possible through a computer. Experts Group).
earth or part of the earth.
E-Mail is an electronic mail sent via the internet Audio-visual is a material with combined sounds
Commercial or economic map also called through a computer. and pictures or sounds and video.
product or industrial map since it shows land
areas in relation to the economy. Google is an internet search engine. A file format that can be used by a student or a
teacher if they want to store or send video
Political map gives detailed information about Software is the term used to refer to a computer sequences on a network is MPEG (Motion Picture
country, provinces, cities and towns, roads and program. Experts Group).
highways, where oceans, rivers, and lakes are the
main features. Chat room is a location in the internet set-up were JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a
a teacher and a student can converse in real time file format for storing and sending graphic images
by typing their message to each other. on a network.
 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the
primary programming language used to develop
web pages.
An HTML is used to either create new web pages or
modify existing ones.

To make the presentation readable, a match image

should be selected or inserted in a slide or page.

Content like text and images on a slide or page

must be coherent to make them meaningful and
readable.

PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format

invented by Adobe systems to save documents in
smaller file size and retains the original look of the
original layout, fonts, and other graphic elements.
PDF is usually the format of documents downloaded
such as an application form, to make it easer to
transfer with its original format and appearance.

The BMP (bitmap) format is a commonly used

graphic format for saving files.

Students perform tasks to uncover what is to be

learned in Discovery Learning.

Multimedia is defined as an audiovisual package

that includes more than one instructional media
such as text, graphics, audio, animation, and video
clip.

Hypermedia is a multimedia packaged as

educational computer software where information
is presented and student activities are integrated
in a virtual learning environment.
 PROF ED THE TEACHING PROFESSION find ways and means to feed, clothe, shelter and Aristotle believed that virtue is brought by doing
protect himself, and compete with other animals not by knowing and advanced the idea that man is
Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, for survival. a social animal and must use his reason to attain
interest, skills, and abilities and other human his ultimate end, which is 'the summumbonum' or
qualities through training, self-activity, and Ancient civilizations such as the Jewish, highest/supreme Good.
transmitting these vital elements of human Chinese, Egyptian, Greeks, and the Roman
civilization to posterity. Civilizations have all CONTRIBUTED TO The Ancient Roman civilization contributed
EDUCATION. pragmatic and progressive education.
The three TYPES OF EDUCATION are Formal
The Ancient Jewish civilization contributed There are three TEACHING METHODS that Jesus
Education, Non-formal Education, and Informal
religious education. Christ used and contributed, which are the
Education.
Parable, Conversational Method, and Proverbial or
The Ancient Chinese civilization contributed Gnomic Method.
Formal education refers to the hierarchically career oriented education.
structured and chronologically graded learning, Christian Education became part of the
organized and provided by formal schools and The Ancient Egyptian Civilization contributed mainstream society in Rome when Emperor
where certification is required in order for the practical and empirical education. Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official
learner to progress through the grades or move on religion of the Roman world.
to higher levels. The Ancient Greek Civilization contributed
liberal and democratic education. The different MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS in
Non-formal education refers to any school-based education are Monasticism, Scholasticism, The
educational activities undertaken by the DECS The Sophists in ancient Greek were the Medieval University, Chivalry, and The Guild
and other agencies aimed at attaining specific wandering scholars who went to Athens to teach System.
learning objectives for a particular learner. Athenian boys by collecting fees from them.
Monasticism is where education was a religious
Informal education is a type of education that can Protagoras was the most famous sophist who discipline, strict, rigid, and punishment was
be acquired anytime and anywhere, also known as stated that man is the measure of all things. severe.
the education for all seasons.
The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to Charlemagne supported the Monastic schools and
counteract the influences of the Sophists who were even established court schools to educate his
The two theories concerning the exact ORIGIN OF
not Athenians, among them were Socrates, Plato, constituents.
EDUCATION are the Theory of Divine Education and
and Aristotle.
the Theory of Evolution.
Scholasticism is where education was an
Socrates was a Greek Thinker who believed that intellectual discipline and its purpose was to bring
The Theory of Divine Creation advocates that knowledge is virtue and all virtuous actions are reason to faith and support theology by using logic.
God equipped man with intellect and free will. based on knowledge.
St. Thomas of Aquinas was one of the foremost
The Theory of Evolution believes that education Plato believed that the social class the person proponents of the Scholastic movement.
started when the primitive man began his quest to belongs to determine their education.
 The Medieval University started as technology of the East, the invention of the printing
"universitasmagistrorumetscholarium" or press and other events. John Milton believed that boys should study
corporation of teachers and students, chartered by formal grammar and formal education must be
the pope or the kings. Humanism is a philosophy that believes that emphasized.
Emperor Frederick I chartered the first organized education aims to liberate man from the oppressive Francois Rubela is suggested that education
university, University of Bologna in 1158. and demanding medieval institutions like the should be made attractive and pleasant rather
church and the state to enable him to fully develop than compulsive.
THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY was composed of a his potentials.
Studiumgenerale (student body), Nation, Michael de Montaigne emphasized the use of field
Councilors, Facultas, Dean, and Rector. Italian or Individual humanism stressed that trips/educational tours in the teaching-learning
individual freedom is a prerequisite to the process and introduced the concept of finishing
Chivalry is where education was used as a social achievement of a rich and fulfilled life. schools.
discipline, where a boy of noble birth has to pass
through several stages to be fully accepted as a Northern or Social Humanism advocated that John Amos Comenius wrote "Orbis
member of his social class. education is an avenue for societal regeneration. PictusSensualism" or the World of Sensible Things
Pictured, which is considered as the first textbook
Under CHIVALRY, a boy of noble birth has to go
Reformation highlighted the protests of the people on using of visual aids in classroom teaching.
through as a page, squire, and knight to be fully
who were dissatisfied by the policies of the Roman
accepted as a member of his social class.
Catholic Church caused by the massive corruption Francis Bacon suggested the used of inductive
A page is an attendant to the noble courts at the and indulgences of the church. method of teaching and believed that all scientific
age of 7 years old. A squire is an attendant to a progress must be based on nature.
knight at the age of 14 years old. Martin Luther, considered as the father of
Reformation, wrote the 95 theses that denounces Richard Mulcaster argued that education should
A knight is a full-pledged warrior who has vowed the Catholic Church and posted it in the doorpost be in accordance with the nature of the child and
to protect the women and the poor, defend the of his Cathedral on October 31, 1517. its aim is to secure the expression and
church and the state, attack the wicked, and shed development of childish tendencies and not to
blood for the sake of his country and his fellow Catholic Counter – Reformation was the suppress them.
countrymen. response of the Roman Catholic Church to the
protess of the "Reformers" led by Rev. Martin WolgangRatke advocated that everything should
The Guild System provided education for the Luther. constantly be repeated to ensure mastery.
middle class that acquired their fortune from the
profits in commercial and industrial endeavors Realism was an educational philosophy that Disciplinism is a philosophy, which believes that
brought by the "Crusades". advocates that education should be concerned education is based on discipline.
with the actualities of life and prepare for its
Renaissance is considered as the revival of ancient concrete duties. John Locke is an advocate of Disciplinism and
learning brought by the discovery of the "New believed that when the child is born his mind can
The proponents of REALISTIC EDUCATION were
World" by Christopher Columbus, the fascinating be compared to a "tabula rasa”, or a blank tablet
John Milton, Francois Rubelais, Michael de
stories of Marco Polo about the wealth and and experiences will be the ones to write on that
Montaigne, John Amos Comenius, Francis Bacon,
tablet.
Richard Mulcaster, and WolgangRatke.
 Naturalism is an educational philosophy, which The Sociological Movement in Education is
adheres to the belief that education should be in where education is looked upon as the process In accordance with the Code of Ethics for
accordance with the nature of the child. geared toward the propagation, perpetuation, and Professional Teachers, every teacher shall
Jean Jacques Rosseau believed that man at birth improvement of the society and the total participate in the Continuing Professional
is naturally good and societal influences make development of an individual. Education (CPE).
man evil, and that the stronger the body, the more
it obeys and the weaker the body the more it In a situation where mutual attraction and
John Dewey, a proponent of the sociological
commands. subsequent love develop between teacher and
movement, believed that education must be
learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost
democratic and considered as life and not just the
The Psychological Movement in Education calls professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip
preparation for life.
for the application of basic psychological principles and preferential treatment of the learner.
like individual differences, transfer of learning and John Dewey postulated the famous "Learning by
other to the educative process. Doing Dictum", which states that the learner In accordance to RA 7836, every teacher shall be
learns best if he is an active participant in the physically, mentally and morally fit.
Among the educators who belong to the
teaching learning process.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MOVEMENT were Johan Heinrich
The Education Act of 1982 provided for the
Pestalozzi, Johan Friedrich Herbart, Friedrich Wilhelm
A teacher has a right and duty to determine the establishment and maintenance of an integrated
August Froebel and Maria Montessori.
academic marks and the promotions of learners in system of education
Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi advocated that the subject or grades he handles, provided that
learning is through observation and experience such determination shall be in accordance with In the Education Act of 1982, Section 2 this act
and education is basically a "contact of souls" and generally accepted procedures of evaluation and shall apply to and govern both formal and non-
the teacher must feel respect and sympathy for the measurement. formal system in public and private schools in all
children he teaches. levels of the entire educational system.
To manage an off-task behavior, a teacher should
Johan Friedrich Herbart was known for the always consider not only the goodness of one but Act No. 2706, also known as "Private School
Herbatian Method of Teaching, which is composed of the entire class. Law", enacted on March 10, 1917 made the
of Preparation, Presentation, Association, recognition and inspection of private schools and
Generalization, and Application. It is a responsibility of teachers to seek correctives colleges by the Secretary of Public Instruction
for what may appear to be an unprofessional and obligatory so as to maintain a standard of
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel established a unethical conduct of any associate. efficiency on all private schools and colleges in the
child-centered school in 1840, which came to be country.
known as "Kindergarten". Asking what a student wants to be when he/she
grows up is an indication of Idealism, where ideas Commonwealth Act No. 578 enacted on June 8,
Maria Montessori developed a child-centered that exist in the mind are the only reality. 1940, conferred the status of "persons in
curriculum and emphasized manipulation and authority" upon the teachers, professors, and
experimentation to promote independence and Pursuing a degree in Education to fulfill a dream person charged with the supervision of public or
creativity. of becoming a teacher shows Realism, where it duly recognized private schools, colleges,
stresses that reality is not in the mind but in the universities.
external world.
EO No. 27 issued on July 4, 1986 seeks to include vocational and technical courses whose schools teacher education based on a set of criteria
courses or subjects on hum rights in the school charge less than 1,500 pesos tuition fee. provided.
curricula, in textbooks, and other reading RA 7796 known as the Technical Education Skills
materials and in the qualifying examinations on RA 7079 known as the "Campus Journalism Act Development Act of 1994 or the "TESDA Act of
government service. of 1991" was signed into law on July 5, 1991 to 1994" approved on August 25, 1994 provided for
provide for the promotion and protection of press the creation of the Technical Education Skills
EO No. 189 issued on June 10, 1987, placed all freedom in the campus by providing for the Development Authority or TESDA.
public secondary school teachers under the establishment and maintenance of a student
administrative supervision and control of the publication in all levels of education in both public RA 7797 was passed on August 18, 1994, and
Department of Education, Culture and Sports. and private schools. provided for the lengthening of the school calendar
from two hundred (200) days but not more than
RA1079 approved on June 15, 1959 provided that RA 7610 enacted on June 17, 1992 otherwise two hundred twenty (220) days beginning in the
Civil Service eligibility shall have no time limit. known as the Special Protection of Children school year 1995-1996.
Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination
RA No. 1425 approved on June 12, 1956 Act, or the Anti-Child Abuse Law further amended RA 7877, known as the "Anti Sexual Harrasment
prescribed the inclusion in the curricula of all by RA 9231 in order to strengthen the law for the Act of 1995" was signed into law on February 14,
schools, both public and private, from elementary protection of the Filipino Children from abuse 1995, provided that all forms of sexual harassment
schools to the universities, the life, works and exploitation and for the elimination of the worst in the employment, education or training
writings of Jose Rizal especially the Noli Me forms of child labor. environment are unlawful.
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
RA 7731 passed on June 2, 1994 stated that those RA 7880 known as the "Fair and Equitable
RA No. 4670 known as the "Magna Carta for who failed the NCEE shall no longer be denied or Access to Education Act", which states that the
Public School Teacher" approved on June 18, refused enrolment by any School, College, or "State shall provide for the development of its
1966 to promote and improve the social and University to any post-secondary program citizenry as represented by all legislative districts
economic status of public school teachers, their necessitating a minimum of four (4) years. ensuring then fair and equitable access to the
living and working conditions, their employment infrastructure and tools necessary for quality
and career prospects. RA 7743 approved on June 17, 1994 provided for education."
the establishment of Public Libraries and Reading
RA 6655 known as the "Free Public Secondary Centers in all Barangays all over the country to be RA 8047 known as the "Book Publishing
Education Act of 1988" approved on May 26, undertaken by the National Library in coordination Industry Development Act", recognized that the
1988 provided for free public secondary education with the Department of Interior and Local book publishing industry has a significant role in
to all qualified citizens and promote quality Government (DILG). national development, considering that books
education to all levels. which are its products are instrumental in the
RA 7784 known as an "Act to Strengthen citizenry's intellectual, technical and cultural
RA 6728 known as the "Act Providing Teacher Education in the Philippines by development - the basic social foundation for the
Government Assistance to Students and Establishing Centers of Excellence" approved on economic and social growth of the country.
Teachers in Private Education" was approved on August 4, 1994 provided that there shall be
June 10, 1989 and provided for tuition fee identified, designated, established, and developed RA 8941 known as the "Flag and Heraldic Code
supplement for students in private high schools, in strategic places in each of the regions in the of the Philippines approved on February 12, 1998
country, one or more centers of excellence for proved the design of the National Flag, hoisting
 and display of the National Flag, conduct of flag The Ten Commandments is the basic foundation
raising ceremony, Pledge to the Flag, the National of Christian morality, which guides their behavior
Teachers are not punishers but counselors as
Anthem, and the National Motto. and dealing with moral issues.
mandated by the law that no teacher should inflict
corporal punishments to the students.
RA 8545 amended RA 6728 to establish a fund for Epicurianism is a philosophy that is summarized
the purpose of subsidizing salaries of private by, "Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow you will
Essentialism is concerned with the fundamental
school teachers. die."
of education skill and knowledge without which a
person can't be either individually or socially
RA 9155 known as "An Act Instituting A Frame Plato is an idealist that believes that the truth is
efficient.
of Work Of Governance For Basic Education, universal and changeless.
Establishing Authority and Accountability,
A Pragmatist teacher is one who focuses on the
Renaming the Department of Education, A theory of philosophy that defines views about
thinks at work and what works is not only for
Culture and Sports As The Department of learner, the teachers and the school is the
himself but also for the entire community.
Education" was approved on August 11, 2001. Philosophy of Education.

In line with Reconstructivism, emphasis in

Progressivism connotes growth and development
education should be on how to become
and is described by engaging students in problem
economically self-reliant.
solving activities that is a reflection of the personal
and social experiences that can help them in
Partnership between the school administrators,
solving their own real-life problem.
faculty and the community is the best attribute to
Progressivism is where there is an environment that bring about better programs and initiatives.
stimulates or invites participation, involvement and
the democratic process. Respect for authority requires the teachers to be
careful with the statements he/she tells about
Existentialism is defined as the philosophy of
superiors especially in front of his/ her students.
subjectivity of self- hood whose fundamental
doctrine proclaims man's freedom in the
An integral part of the teaching process is
accomplishment of his destiny.
classroom management.

Reconstructivism covers the underlying factors

The Fundamental Moral Principle is "Do Good
that constitute reality or society and where
and avoid evil.”
students are encouraged to become involved in the
problems whether political, social or economical
"Moral example has greater effect on pupils'
that confronts the society and is able to arrive at
discipline than laws and codes of punishment," is
solutions in order to reconstruct society.
an advice for teachers from Confucius.

Perennialism maintains that education involves

According to Max Scheler's Hierarchy of Values,
confronting the problems and questions that have
Values of the Holy is the highest form of values.
challenged people over the centuries.
 PROF ED SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF Skepticism is the doctrine that any true Deduction is reasoning through a process that is
EDUCATION knowledge is impossible and everything is open to from a general principle to specific included within
doubt. the scope of that principle.
Philosophy is defined as the quest for truth based
on logical reasoning aside from the factual The advocates of SKEPTICISM were Pyrrho and Syllogism is argumentation in which a conclusion
observation. Rene Descartes. is derived from two propositions called premises.

The BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY are Posteriori advanced the idea that knowledge Major term is the predicate of conclusion found in
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology, and Logic. comes from experience. major premise. Minor term is the subject of
conclusion - found in minor premise. Middle term
Metaphysics deals with the nature of being and Priori is the reasoning that knowledge comes from is found in two premises and not in the conclusion.
reality, essence, truth, space, time, causation, pure reason alone, and knowledge is independent
essence of God, and the origin and purpose of the and comes from experience. Dialect is a means of discovering the truth by
universe. proceeding from an assertion or thesis to a denial
Axiology seeks to rationalize the questions like or antithesis and finally reconciling the two into
what is value and what are the values to be desired synthesis.
The subdivisions under METAPHYSICS are
in living and the likes.
Cosmology, Teleology, and Ontology.
Human act is an act that proceeds from the
deliberate free will of man.
The two subdivisions of AXIOLOGY are Ethics and
Cosmology explains and theorized on the origin
Aesthetics.
and the nature of the universe including Acts of Man is an act that does not proceed from
creationism and evolutionism. Ethics is defined as the art and science that deals the deliberate free will of man is sometimes
with the morality of human acts. instinctive.
Teleology explains the purpose in the universe. Morality means the distinction between right and
wrong.
The three TYPES OF HUMAN ACTS in relation to
Ontology deals with the meaning of existence and Aesthetics is fundamentally concerned with
reason are Good, Evil, and Indifferent.
tries to resolve the question of whether existence is beauty and standards or tests of values.
identical with space, time, nature, spirit or God. Good is in harmony with the dictates of right
Logic is the science and art of correct thinking and reason.
Epistemology is the study of knowledge. correct reasoning.
Evil is in opposition to the dictates of reason.

The subdivisions under EPISTEMOLOGY are The different areas of concern of LOGIC are Induction,
Indifferent is when it stands in no positive relation
Agnosticism, Skepticism, Posteriori, and Priori. Deduction, Syllogism, and Dialect.
to the dictates.
Agnosticism is the doctrine that conclusive Induction is reasoning that is done through the
knowledge of ultimate reality is an outright process of inferring a general law or principle from The ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS are Knowledge,
impossibility and claims that it is impossible for the observation of particular instances to a general Freedom, and Voluntariness.
man to prove the existence of God. conclusion.
The MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS are Ignorance, The PROPERTIES OF VALUE are Relative, Subjective, Secondary values are obligatory values.
Concupiscence, Fear, Violence, and Habit. Objective, Bipolar, and Hierarchal.
Moral/Ethical are obligatory in character and is
Relative is the subject to change, good for what
the basic and urgent in life and activities of man.
Ignorance is the absence of intellectual knowledge and for whom.
in man.
Religious is the ultimate Divine Value.
Subjective is good for one but not for others.
Concupiscence refers to the bodily appetites or
Cultural value includes poetry, music, painting,
tendencies like love, hatred, joy, grief, passion, Objective has an absolute character.
and unique characteristics important to a culture.
daring, fear, and anger.
Bipolar is good and bad such as beautiful - ugly.
The FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS to
Fear is shrinking back of the mind from danger.
determine cultural values are Extensiveness,
Hierarchal is scaled graduation and according to
Duration of Value, Intensity, and Prestige of value
Violence is an external force applied by a free priority.
carrier.
cause, which impairsman's free will.

The ten (10) CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALUES SOCIAL VALUES are friendship, family ties, and
Habit is born of frequently repeated acts.
according to Andres are Useful or utilitarian, the likes.
Pleasurable or delectable, Befitting or becoming good,
Law is defined as an ordinance of reason
Accidental values, Natural human values, Primary The hierarchy of values refers to the different
promulgated for the common good by the one who
values and Secondary values, Moral/Ethical, scales or graduation of prioritizing values.
is in charge of the society.
Religious, Cultural Value, and Social values.
PLATO'S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is Knowledge,
The different TYPES OF LAW are According to
Honor, Money/ business, Pleasure, and Passion.
author, According to duration, According to Useful or utilitarian is where other useful things
manner of promulgation of physical, According to are obtained from it. MAX SCHELLER'S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is
prescription and According to effect of violation. Pleasurable or delectable provides pleasure to the Pleasure values, Vital or welfare values, Spiritual
Conscience is a practical judgment of reason upon subject. or cultural, and Sacred.
which an individual act is considered good, which Befitting or becoming good develops, completes Defective norms of morality are the different
is to be performed or evil, which is to be avoided. and perfects the subject. philosophical beliefs about morality, which
somehow do not conform to the universally
The STATES OF CONSCIENCE are correct or true Accidental values are temporal, impermanent, accepted standards of human morality.
certain, erroneous, and doubtful. and variable.

Values are anything that can be desired and Natural human values befit man every place at The DEFECTIVE NORMS OF MORALITY are
something chosen from alternatives acted upon every time. Hedonism, Utilitarianism, Moral Rationalism, Moral
and enhances creative integration and Evolution, Moral Positivism,Moral Sensism, and
development of human personality. Primary values are chosen, acted upon, necessary Communism.
for authentic development of man and is chosen
Hedonism is the belief that morality is determined
from alternatives.
by the acquisition of pleasure.
 Naturalism, Idealism, Pragmatism, Progressivism, to realize this, the school must concentrate on
Utilitarianism refers to actions that are geared Existentialism, and Essentialism. intellectual, moral judgment, and aesthetic
toward the total amount of happiness that one can development of the students.
achieve.
Humanism was a philosophy that rejected Pragmatism is the doctrine that claims that the
supernaturalism, regarded man as a natural object meaning of a proposition or idea lies in its practical
The types of UTILITARIANISM are individual or and asserted the essential dignity and worth of consequences.
egoism, and social or altruism, which is the greatest man and his capacity to achieve self-realization
Pragmatists are concerned with the total development
good for the greatest number. through the use of reason and scientific method.
of the child through experiencing or through self-
Moral rationalism is the belief that human reason activity.
Realism is the type of education in which natural
is the sole source of all moral laws advocated by
phenomena and social institutions rather than Progressivism claims that the child's growth and
Immanuel Kant of Prussia.
language and literature are made the chief development as an individual depend on his
subjects of study. experiences and self-activity.
Moral Evolutionism is the idea that morality is
not absolute but keeps on changing until such
Realism advocates that education should be Existentialism emphasizes the freedom of human
time that it reaches the perfect state, which is
concerned with the actualities of life and prepare beings to make choices in a world where there are
advocated by Friedrich Nietzsche.
for its concrete duties. no absolute values outside man himself.
Moral Positivism advocates that state laws are the
Disciplinism asserted that the mind is made up of Existentialists believe that education should
bases of all moral laws, ergo it is good if it is in
certain faculties such as memory, reason, will, enable man to make choices for his life.
accordance with the laws and anything that
judgment, etc. and each of which needs special
opposes the state laws must be rejected as
activities for its training and development. Essentialism ascribes ultimate reality to essence
advocated by Thomas Hobbes.
embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.
Rationalism claimed that human reason was the
Moral Sensism is the belief that man is endowed
sole source of knowledge and the sole determiner In a highly pluralistic society, a teacher should
with special moral sense that can distinguish good
whether things or actions were acceptable or not. implement a learning environment that is safe,
or evil meaning that an action is moral if it is in
Naturalism advocated that education should be in secure, and gender sensitive.
harmony with this human sense and immoral if
accordance with the nature of the child meaning
not in harmony with this sense.
all educational practices should be focused According to Confucius, Rousseau and Mencius,
towards the natural development of all the innate "Man in nature is good," this characteristic of
Communism is an economic theory, which is
talents and abilities of the child. man makes him easier to be taught.
based on the ideals of a classless society, which
denies the existence of God, views religion as
Idealism holds that knowledge is independent of RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education
opium and does not recognize human freedom and
sense perception or experience and lays stress on Act transfers the functions, programs, and
immortality of man's soul.
the mental idea, intrinsic or spiritual value rather activities of the Department of Education to the
than physical fact or material value. Philippine Sports Commission.
The MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION are
Idealism claims that education must provide for the
Humanism, Realism, Disciplinism, Rationalism, Learning to live Together is vital in building a
development of the mind of every pupil, and in order
genuine and lasting culture of peace in the world.
 Socrates is known for his Socratic Dialogue, where Learning to Be refers to the role of education in
"The principles of spontaneity as against a student uses the question-and-answer as a developing all the dimensions of refusal, problem
artificiality will make you accomplish something. model for discussion. solving and decision making. The complete person:
Leave nature to itself and you will have harmony." to achieve the physical, intellectual, emotional and
is an advice from the Taoist. Ethics/morality can be summed up in doing what ethical integration
is right (especially if it is for the common good) and
Philippine Education Placement Test allows avoid what is evil. Gender and Development or GAD is an approach
out-of-school youth and others who did not finish on socially constructed basis of the difference
school to have and equitable access to education. The pillar of learning that is concerned on the between men and women and emphasized the
material development rather than the human need to challenge of the individual into a complete
In a multicultural education, teachers must development is Learning to Do. man. The existing gender roles and relations.
consider children's cultural identities and be
aware of their own biases. The Four Pillars of Education all started with the Gender socialization is a process by which
report entitled Learning the Treasure Within of the norms, and expectations in relation to roles
Under the Pillar of Learning to Know, the role of International Commission of Education for the relation to gender are learned by men and women.
the teacher is to be facilitator, catalyst, monitor, Twenty-first Century, chaired by Jacques Delors in
and evaluator of learning because the process of 1996. Gender stereotype is a form of pre-judgement,
learning to think is a lifelong one and can be bias or limitation given to roles and expectations of
enhance by every kind of human experience. Learning to Know implies how to learn by males and females.
developing one’s concentration, memory skills and
Doctrine of Salvation is best described as the ability to think; acquiring the instrument of The primary goal of Multicultural education is to
highest goal of the faithful. understanding. transform the school so that male and female
students, exceptional students, and students from
The first essential characteristic of culture is Learning to Do represents the skillful, creative diverse cultural, social class, racial and ethnic
that it is learned. and discerning application of knowledge. groups experience an equal opportunity to learn.
The most important component in educational
To perform a job or work, the learning to do must be
reform is the parent's involvement.
fulfilled. This entails the acquisition of competence
Induction is reasoning that is done through the
that enables people to deal with a variety of situations,
According to Paulo Freire, man's ultimate process of inferring a general law or principle from
and to work in teams.
vocation and destiny is humanization, which can the observation of particular instances to a general
be achieved through the process of Learning to Live Together is vital in building a conclusion.
conscientization, a process of becoming aware of genuine and lasting culture of peace in the world.
the contradictions existing within oneself and in Deduction is reasoning through a process which
society, and of gradually being able to bring about A wide range of skills is necessary for learning to live
is the reverse of induction that is from a general
personal and social transformations. together: self-control, handling emotions,
principle to particulars included within the scope
communications, interpretation of behaviors, critical
of that principle.
RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education thinking, relationship building and cooperation,
Act considered the school as the "heart of the negotiation, mediation and
Dialectic is a means of discovering the truth by
formal education system." proceeding from an assertion or thesis to a denial
or antithesis and finally reconciling the two into
synthesis.

Human Act proceeds from the deliberate free will

of man.

Acts of Man are acts that do not proceed from the

deliberate free will of man. These are sometimes
instinctive.