For Notes Contact Me ¢ Engineering Notes ¢ IIT JEE NCERT Notes e Class 9, 10, 11, 12 notes e Government Exam Study Materials SOe\e WhatsApp Telegram YouTube FreeUp Pay Here Be Happy © and Keep Learning Scan to pay with any UPI appEnvisiwonment - The word enviswnment is domived from a French word “ envispniges” which means oe These. of any type. AU the ite ahd non= olga thing. sumpundng a cgahism thelude in an environment + gtecording to Enviownment Protection let | water, aty and land, intesrelattonship among | themselves and also with “the human being other lotng cargant’smn ahd banpperrty. _Nedioral _Enviaonment Man-made Envionment (Ex. — Grondeny poture (environment made by | dliffererrt equipmert ) _Combonants of Exvinonment — BL ane four components of envioormment. it. | dbmosphere 2 | Lithosphere S| Hychrosphere 4. Bingpbaneod Amosthine = Atmosphent. sunnoundd the earth ancl fender the — ling —magisms_ > The _ahmosphene. “divided iro _laygeas Km a wb __Troposphane Dy Shradesphenre __ ily Pesosphere Lithesbhone contain the cust 2 Lithasphene — of the eanth surfack di solid land and pean the — below the caust and liquid la centre of the planet Te is tombe Pe Soil _bamticle _ tndorlyina mocks down the depth of an pnd $0 km- metab in” the molten tote + Qusstion) Befine seam “envinennent” - Explain the _impurtanbes vmermantal chudies In fresent da 2 judi 2) What is envizorment 2 Explain the chanacteastics 3. Hydrosphere — Tt is composed of all Pater on the earth . Th Includes — oe i : . includes. z givers, lakes, glaciers and : ; even — moisture in the ain . The hydrosphenre” oxfends oom the easth surface to ute 12 Ems ~~ ownwards » | The _hydaosphere maybe of fio compo ___-and. _oca0 : ok The ive xt collects water fama the i of the oarth b deposit Ht inte _the mcean which ane tne bigger meseavoiy of the, water: | of the dotal water, 941 of water is jer de reel 3/- water is Fresh water _ Oud i salt wa’ It _tombosed of all Living owgant mS. omganisms are celf 4. Biosphere — 7 e imal i | Plants, animals and single a | the past of biosphere. _IJithin the _biosbhene + ali_livin isms firm 2 (ological communihes | ba Am the physical sumoundings of an anca: These communities are called ag BIOMES. The biosphere _is sesponsible fry the secycling of enirgy ate etiey on. the: a8 - f Dey mm on. the earth. Environ ental Eno cAtron — Enviaonmermtal educatim is the What is 7 —dugation thrush environment Why $ How? about the enviamment Be fis the envionment, Tr ic the [_ Results bo | ognizing the values of environment: 7 + —and_aelationshifs bfw envreonment be human H - Tt also +yies +> dowvelsp knowledge skilli What is envivonmental education ? Giscuss tis imbortan., & necessity for the aes people / citizens. = ly ® Exytern eet od public auarences about Srvtmmety attitude Haase ie prolection op ehviamnmont ahd_maintam meledtionshib behren environment and its caganisins [human beings. i Tt also helps ‘im Geating Fre balance _b/w = lifferent components of a ecosystem and id {wing organism | | |___Tinboatance of _Enviawnmental Education __ I |_ de Et holps the ewrmmy and umbaet the welfare of human oc i ety = — 2- Tt helps ih_solving the enyitonmenta| tesucs (ike pollution, over exbloidatt™ of | resources , frod pmbloms %& Reese. (rota, Cn ah, EOS ee 5 in plain, ria balan ce a ——4+Envimenimental _eclucachon guide uc to __ i “concexve our fast depleting mache BesousceS es | Scobe of Envizonmental Education Envirwnmertal education hac a very bral_— Scope because tt effects the large no- woof areas and achects thet influence. living And _hon~ living organisms The majoy aveas age — 587 LOn- 2. Biodiversity R Us cmsewation. 3. ‘Praventing natural disactexs, S- | Human pebulahna db related issues des Need of Public Avarensss 4+ The envi sonmental studies ave define! Poogram | that gives the shident an opborchuun thy to experience the inteveljsplinery hahere th ar— disciblinamy matune of the Sub ject. 2+ Tt educates the students about the fundamentals | of environmental issues. G.| Tt bavvides “the Shidents a comblede_combrehorsion | gbout the yamvus inter-related. relation shibs within the envionment behveen living, be non-living factors. A_thowpugh knowledge about the environment | i very essential fe eveyy individual as it helps -bo Increase public awareness, Tt pavvides the facts abd sbinimions obinims that rncVivete the public to involve thomeelves cto —havtecting the environment + Th_1997, an Eaxth Summit was held 4p high lig ht + tho key issues of ehvironment elated to m1public. T+ was United Nations Conference pe tener tak Be duelpinent bali The Euwsystem = . Rast colned by Emst Haecke] tn’ 1869. The Tt is denive fom Greek word ‘Oikos % Logo > raganing Home & Steely, S80, Ecolo. stuf the Ecole of the Seganism in thers natal heme, indesacting tol there Sua Unclin gS. The eam Ecosystem was. given by AG. Tan leg - “An Ecosystem ‘includes 4 opm of biotic toromunihes Of Sbectes inden ching lof one ahothey in gh azea pray theiy Sram ndings & all the was Thaongh which tho exchange the erngy and’ matey w/ each othox. ” a Therefore Ecology is often defined -a the Study the Evosy tem >”. L The team Ecosystem coceabos beth ivi dn living of an avea that indepied with one annthors’ AIL tho Lompimnencts. are infewdlebenoloct «on each other by some waspect. Ecosystems are alwaye i alterations te theie bioke & objohe cembmmerts. {aTypes of — Ecosystems — — Natural ace Coane by mnatuse) elif | Ecosystem Corte lect boy humans) There ave aiff. types of ecosystem ‘in the biospheve ivhich ave bavad |y classified inte Q categuates a te | Natuaa( Ecosystem $ The natival ecosystem is ee _fuather classified tnt, aquatic & fextestyial . a Netaal |p Aquatic =p Tame Ecosystem L . L Freshuatey =| TenFe Coontaslted. ~ UT BRe by naduse) _ Texzestria| 4 £ fara slancl Dessext [TyPes! Tr Forest ; : | TT Polar _ f2}.! artificial (contolled by | Ecosystem humans) ~ | | | Se1g Ecosystem . Discuss As types « le j eS ndasta fond pam ey dem? Biscuss the Clas 8) gece he ae te ot of ae il ate ey ComPonents of Ecos stem) ¥ v E - ‘ + |. Fmimals + Sunlight = Ly] Plants + Welter 1 ‘Blue green algae + Har 7 1 Bacteria; efe- a Soil, ede. —~ AStructuce of Ecvosystem— AW Producers 2- Comsumers oe Becom posers T t | Jo the, Shuchve of Eoryslem is defined 8s | follows : 4) (Poa Nierces 2) Gonsumess 2) De cornpo seas /| “Reducers 1) Producers (ftutotrphs)~ The 9 —thty rap_solan energy and change it_ into — chemical _eneagy of _carbohydwal tes i ( ——_____ihmganic_compound like wales and ix COn— }| ___ [Rronvcees [ Consumers) [DecomPose Rs] CAutote phs) CHeleaotoophs)y ( swducers) “ (Herbivore) _ following neacthom co, + cho Swilidt 5 Cottnoe + 60, 1 _—This press ig “called as | Photosynthesis. : k Q te ulilized two Was — (a) Tig wel by jmaicon fx tat —_garwth and cuavival . _ 059) sia wemaining toyed. energy ts kept ie Ska use. The porducess ave classifiel into 2 categories t-2) Consumers (fetevorohs )— Those animals di SSS (Le eretephs_) - : met have cor therefore they cay” | —__nel_pooduce_theiy lz dtd mpd A cll horte > aan Te . teerotephe are clivided tt categories 2— i - Peed ca tate Mieaue ete. J di Seemdeny Consumers (Pairaary Camirenes 2 | ; These animals feed _on hesbi vere. like cat \. fox, snake, etc. ab _Tearfiany Consumers 2 Thece - ane_lange —— cemmiverien NEM fos secondeagy | cen sumerrss _Ex= Wolves.” -in__ Quartemany Dera & They ave _aleo called ‘omnivores , these are. longest: Cesrnivores. 3) ! Becompuseas( “Recucors) — Bacteria fungi bel ey to. this Categmny . They breakdown the —Rt dead organic mater of _parducess and = _cemsumens fire troie food. and release Simple, “Exergy Flow in the Ezosyefemn = begin with the ithbut of ehen: mt e@ SON. hie hengy “ig Used = _ on _plarts ane 2 ae Bal _ lucese us carbon dibmide and watey __ -§ ana Through a process éatled as rs peg ic Bien the foam _ of starr aK nets. “This -chengy is Aref COV SLUM LES -fetorn plants as the main seurce non Faom _cmsumers , the enon ty is _| Ae red indo. the _decombosexs which transfer oath ten (ast of nya Only tf of he Stan S enaongiys iOY) Biscuss the Plow yf reogy Tran ecotgdlen) , dracwugh y) ‘ rant omexts: : © Oe Ie frock. cha chain? Wha ts is os ee Ye __nepresext | it wf the help of clagram: | Food Chain = ——> as SS - | Eve Food Chain | 3h ea Nee Beath SED e Be) (Bebas\ _ Frege ) - Tt Gagly sake a Jt: firma. Sin nrefers dp tosh of re eats. ater. oiganisn od sell—~ elas a heen filed hg = faery eel_im_fand_ chain ig tenon aca La fasphic Level. _ The food chain is _a linear equine of oxganisms whene nurtients and Ler gy és val transfor fren ene ga ‘to another . 4 Types offend —foDd Chain — 1. Detiou s—ford—Chain 2 $ de Grvazing. food Chain > Et stavts with the goon _plands passes thovwgh | hesbivores -fo a ‘avhiyere and then to __bica-oganisms E that helps in ecpelig the nudsients in [ss _a_feod cham:* _ f Setitus. Food Chain? This ford chain at May eer Rg: rie roan aerrrae y qgorenreg Lee Eimalle, roiege decombosed all_dead srganic+e. Multipte: (interconnected vod chains | geinwneiles 11a “fpederusebs fy foviks web _is ' 1 hestelenie a ford: chairns bust: Aho: i feod: ureb is _combanatinilg, raagers Hare 2 |e bef! hems Sorhchices as Smale Bagpnio—a! separecentation of ctepphte. level —abd_firrction =af Ahn__ eco Ts a gaa _ prgnamid. t€ sfaxts ith coxs at the ae Abd successive! BesPhic. level - 7 the apex is kn pane As __ecelogic one bephic level to uph> ahothen -bobhic _ Jewel Note? Oly 40% of the energy ic tmancferred 4 building ich. -fnom bottom - top. to__mext ubbex pop hic lene! i co om.rs “Types « of Pyramids — _ aa | 1 Pynamid vf _Numbey ~ U n 2.192 of Biomass a. 3: Vamamid of Erengey [Py yauid of Number Number 2 T+ afieseat Parris “and So on in © ot 0 @ of individual of . each tyvphic level. Ex- Ginassland ecosystem, Pond or forrest ecosystem. Tt Rabbit mz ber units anea ‘ mak A Gnassland Ee Pond te < seat Al the pipraraide _ane We mat tat | Pinan dof _Enengy ! The amet of onongy TT pemet at_each tavphic level is called _as “L_gees the beak — sajna dale of the G slationshipe in trophic levels. a 1949, Lindman pranposed that only 167: the enengy is Convenled at each frobhic _ eo jee. only. 407. of the ‘otal energy i fe ang abe evel +b Therefore, the ameurt of onergy -gradesally dlecavnte® cuccessive. foophic Teves ane aluays upsight. 3.1 —Pyaamic of of Biomass: Th ic bared upon the total biomass _( ly matters) “et each Aeophic eo _ Level th each chain . The pyramid” of biomass - can be staaight and can be invented also 2 _becauce it mepmeserts the total _biclogical mass of oxganisins at each _fatbhic_level- Be Aquatic Ecosysiem PnamidB) Discuss the ecological byzaridl & yoo in date. WB) wre o Short note on balanced eengystern: ~ He ZL j | Balanced Ecosystems An ecosysdem is callloct B forpmtion drat Hhone is no dishmhanco tn sntletionshifs of biotic € abiotic compenonts. : Et ic very difficult to find a _frospen balanced ecosystem in nahne as fuunan activities. have. di¢tmbed the halance of ecosden, : i Ex- cutting of -forest Effect of Human fictvities on Crahtion asd 3 “TRere are _seircnal motves “of urban Food = beings fox thein activities that Heusing affect the envinonment, are ac followey) Ane Timing pod a, Grcluictry | [ranih FH pasing S._ Mining - aoe Pigricattune cre Trantbertation oid — 4_Fowd: _ Human beings ane dinactly on indirectly — deperded on _preducons for hein food. Differont food items like fruits “vegelables i __gnains ane produced inthe, land ox in the soll. Thenefone, 4p inenoase the _fsoduction humans ane cleaving the, land by cutting | dofovestation » Th endian fo produce mone iffent chomicale and used that also affect _| the eavivonment . — Ex- | Fentlizens, wigeetieldag __ & Housing : Housing is the cecond dusguiremant and _—infrartant fore living organism < Duo ‘. _unbanization \ J sinoments shave “tneneased rapidly . This leads +» increase in “clefmrestation . Befones - taton is snes pensille fox emf imbalanced ecosysien: 1) bee of s caatiahees pravcesting iscues like buaning 1. Pnoesss - the Cup nesiduc ddy. ~~ STsdanshoy* . te cass And Sigmificance. 8) What is EIA 2 Bisouss fe ST die? 58) What's sustainable develofmont be their oi fa wa 8) whet is impoytana of gu. jn Trolia? Baus li —shstactes in the. path vf suc develefpmbiste W)__Thdusting 4 They cuate the bol lud: vi 5 i ae (Luho ao ; soil_pollutim , ete. mee j Ss: Mining i Tt is a fovcoss. of oxdvacting ary the minenals om ete metals 4 | _nesbective ores ard these ones ane obtained - from viinalng « Tiring inencases deforestation, -—————Shrifping digging in obtain sbecific one fiom _diffenen t_aneac Dai ‘0 dae E amivus motale in indict. “ushich ane i? Dequimed by tron ndusties like steel 3 ss Silver, _qald, ete. > Se Le ee L Envinonmental Depact Assessment £74 Sa ert sss sent L- 1 Tt -i¢ a"toel that seks ty encune, usta inable [+ dlwrelopiment -thnough dhe, evaluation of those — IL tmbacts_avising from _imajox activity ( majec, policy, plan or pavject) ‘that aro likely 4p have ignificant envisonmental affects . Tt is anti- FE 1s_an_acsescment of “the: fooscible. imbact — positive ox impact) neg ative) “that 082. The objective is Te_ensune that decisivn makers — ———tansidon environmental irabact used tn’ decide. —~ the acceptance ox nojection of the pavjoct. ——] J Pyhe fit fren : ~The EIA eee in India has the e_follouing steps} 4+ _Panject Pavbosal : 2. Sereening Vv Z| Public Heaaing 8. Decision~ making. ~ __9-_| Monitoring “the “clearance conditions _Netet= “Tn Tindia, BLA was _ made mandatmy in 4994 under _ +he Envizonmental Pavtectimn fet 1986 -————Oum_need. This 6 dynamic concept which a focuses on the balanced utilization of _ natiaal gesousces Pt preans ue. sheuld 2 |_ovex exbloit ous me ewes ta so that tho, oS ;—nernains available fox the fitune genonatirns. | These mnesounces ano mainly non swirowable __mesouncees like wal boetrothiss othe, fossi | Diets of inate Beste _ he thie tives ano j * paotec€ oun biodiversity. To _prewent soil_onosion, To slew down +he populockion geusth. © incnease tho forest CVn» To_medire the harmful emicsions. To mediucc waste gehonetion To eliminate br x To being benetits for all . PAP bee pePOLLUTION —— ——Stownral_of living _onganis Pollution ic cowaded by the Unwanted __The The fartictlele GraHen can | Jie named by gnavitetpn al Yhamben ryclone sep- anator. = 2. The Gaseous po tlertapls cah Gey,_ sonata throug. “absorption in liquid on snes | catalytic treatment . | 24 using desutphivized . fual (ko ents by Ev. -absmbing he tok gans in_diftemt | ghomical solutions. By planting Tone +moes ard forwsts - e A ere fuol vehicles at using : : eCo-, afeithdly nansbort.nee Ti Lefer Pollution Folluction — E Wale is: four on Eaath in two diffenert forms te. -fresh waen and salt wate . Most of the wualen_om Eaxth is salt waten and S . Wales pollution Possess A Senious pevblem fox the living ongahiéms as the amsurt of “froshwaten is docneasing day— by- clay. 4s Tt is defined as : wbrlance (_oxganic, inorganic , biological eal te in_oaten which ends ve degrade the quality _Bhd_cowates a dangen fox. Nigar Bhd animal life Waden hell po pollution _ changes the ameurt of. dissolved oxygen And biochemical oxygen olemand. Dissqlved oxygen Is the ameunh of oxygen present inthe waten thet 1. useful fox’ animal blant life f=? Bivchomical Oxygen Boman (Gaaionge = > Chemical Oxygen Bemand (cob) 2) Bop C Bicchamical Oxy gen Bemand) - Tt Js tee_acacne. of regen _nequlned thy => Ui iI RS b Ice id e | the foganic matter, preset tn the waste, Tt j jis expnessed in mg/L: be 2) cop (_ Chemical Oxygen Demand) - pei ti Tt be ce, Bg oxygen nequirredd by chemical ——|_____Onidanls 4o choc avy the. cafannic allen. 3COD of a waste will be highs than 4s WD, i ~ ¢ fiatisar ——Tybesof Walon Pollution <1 seamemade- Ty Natunal Water Pollution + Lecanjng & caganis oe dead mation + soil easton, litchin leaching of ——_—_ mocks , ete. _ —B. | Man-made Walen Pollution ¢ ———|_wasles, synthetic wastes , -fesrtili cons,“ pecticidas, L_ Inductaial waste, ee. Waten Pollutants — eS | Nate L 2 Terr Suse ded 41 3 Susbende meee ——l eee Floating” Matter . 2 Onganic. Sipritatic ditergents, 2. | Chemica) fertitisesic, plastic 3 indusbial waste & t 2 Theaganic Nitrates,’ 3. | Biological _ Pathogenic Haciota: vinicx —— Furgis woms, ete ; FTas DOUNLES oy ma mal later’ Pallution Polluction. nm iindendivelbed couminies, souage is tthe“ 4j Om source ef ates pollutants. Seunge contains. abate Upp species of bacdenia and yinus - Le Thhis sewage need a Jaatiaht fox Hfe disposal ‘ of Sewage » 12s Tadustmial waste -faom sugar factories » fannenies paper Industsies and dishilenies. 4. Byproduet ef paper industries The waste -foorn oi snofinwries * 5 G._IWaste from steel industries - a ae Fesrtili ear industaes- Pb (dead) geroraledl from .petwl & waste prnctisng tnaustoy. cts of lletesr Pollution | Pollutant Onigin / Seuace. Effects 4._| Ansenie Pesticide, Thdusties/ |. Toxic Carcinogenic oe Agribultore | (cancen) 2._| Chlovine Tnduchies waste | Phycivlogical 3i_ | Chromium Trdustial vaste, Toxic. ox tannenies (axcinagenic 4. | Cyanido Pesticides a Toxic | Fatal 8 | Lead ““Thdushies | Wales Pips | Plubism 6. [Nitwates| Fertilizer Indushy . | Blue Baby Syndrome F_| Bacteria Sewage Bactenial DiseasePr sa) Sy fale be water bome & water induced cliseag | examples » 2 | (ens ~ Cenina! Nervous Syaten) E; rn = Blue Baby Synd —— CNS Minmata Disease - ie ‘fection of Hg in infants” fonts Tai Trai Bécease = Bue to Infechon of Gt cadviun\ ; Control. Ff Water Pollution ' at jon _tah_b of polluted wales by nemsving “the pollutants upto accebt ble. Guality standard - The polluted, waten can be Ae rafen! n_3 diffencnt brags = 1. Physical _Methads 2 Chesnical Methods a a _ 3 Bivlogica H Second ct} os [TOL Tn phigscal peneasscey the solid pallends remenved. fre wuades by manual oy ___ pchanieal methods. This is called a: paimaay treatment of water Ex-| Sedimentation, filtmation. aad floatabions Those ‘ ended solid fiom the water _ ‘of ‘the pollutants which combine on “mneack with othex Colutims and acmove them. The procesres ane _fpnacibitatin, Coagulation and _ disinfection, oe. 4 _ o. Bh Biological Areatrunt ; Called as secondage tneabaont fhe organic matey available’ int colloidal fou is nemoved , this process’ is canaries ut by acavbic and anacavbic +- Define utes pollutants, fhoin effects - % methods fo 8) conta! thom - micavorganisms This processes ytilize Neel seeaciftows Gotain advance. -foenlrerl all the thnee methods are used Ex- Tin sewage treatment - watey Wi bore a: Pnduced diseases w/ 2 ; _ Soil Poletion — Soit is the thin Leyes of “organic and (noaganic material that towns, the earth Surface « Sevenal Factows tonfobute de the foncation of soil peaWyich inerpaowe-s mechanical weathering of socks due: to change in_Jemb bressunt +l othes physical etfeibudes « The lager contains the organic. mater like dacornposed lars ard _andaals abimal waste, micae- eaganisns and othew _oxgenic — moatenial. This layers is called as hop" ox top soil. “ Soll_pollution is the ifroduction_of substances, biological oxganisms to dhe sort charge of stil qual the Soil sosilting in iy which is likelyMa) Discus dhe soil pollution, Hs cases, effect ior oy ate | apfect an the. phasical, chera cherai cal a biole egical “_____paepeaties of svil Le neduce ids frvduuctiit, ntl Poltection : ischange of industetal waste» ‘ Q Dumping of _industyial waste. dissect int’ epi! ea | p—te Thenease th the used of -fertilizens- Ss. Oppendification af by humans and anim als- 7 . Accumutation as Solid waste Le dumping inte faa. 1" - grtund. fo | NAcia “ain inensases 4.4 ati ae Soil. 4.1 Soil _eavsion ahde causes the “oss of ofesoil, O- 2a_logging’ (i rakes fhe soil toxic), “Effects of Soil Poltutie Soll Patton Ae Redlees soil Productivi featility = y— 2 Tndizect! ox_dinectly _affect the human hvalth- Se hoactive. ces cain cause. abnosmalrties — tn humans ard animals. oN é Combo! of Soil Pollution and el al i i Jd be a beowe. discharging them tty oil: | Solfd = arte should be. property collected , ___ sermogated Bhd then disbosad off by ableanfriala —i Bivdoqradabie organic waste should be useol fay genmnation of bio-g as. B. Recyeling of the uacle shoud be primaled. 4. The use of fentilizens & pesticides sheuld be minimized. _ fl. Noise. Pollution — Sound is a mechanical energy from vibrating euace - Noise can be defined as _—______ah_unplearant ah Unwahled seund and has _ become, bart of our life 2 industrial —contee in this contuy. Lt is_a physical foam of _ pollutant and ts het divectly haxtnful te the life like ___ air, watey, soil. Tis “affect mone, dlinecty. * Sound Tntensiteg Seuhd bewer pex unit ‘area ahd iss ST uxt ts watt!) m® Kk Sound Passe Lavels ¢ Sevhd_prescme is ‘the | free of Tfireo of sound on a sunface area 1 fo the a direction ‘of a Sound. Stunig- Nim," Foo comvennicnce ound prestine levels ia expeessed in dectbals dB: The bontoal _Prlluction fevtbol Board | commifice hac _nocormandal peymissible noise level | gt different locations. Bay GAM-lopm pausial |. 48 iro 6s 55 CommercialFr BA) Discus poise pollution , s8urcos, affects 2 combol mie a SB) Ware a shmt notes on solid Wade Me hk Aten the managing methods: ‘estieto ss Sensi ve. Sé -——_Swuncas of Noise Polution [te Tnducivial Sources 2 Textile mill finting paces rmefal works ete. {2 Trransboat Vehicles? Ain musa pail fran pacin b 3. Heusehold 2 Electaic home apbliancts entertain ments equipments , ____ 4. Colebation: Social 3. moligéauc Fuanthion music Functions .electime, demensfrations . 7 al Plachines : Temacfooe, hasvectsas dhowshens. Constuctin | Pixers, ba _daillos , ete. ZI Effects of Noise Pollution - - Noise Revel pone {hah gobs _fex_rmove_than 8 ‘has pf exposvores th a lay swates tension in mind > Changes tn hacathing pattems. Cortfinuens —— posine may leacl_to feamanent Change in the — heaving cabacity, changes in blood civeulatim. _— Q. Noiselevel abeve than 20 dk lead do sevivus - “_blechemical thanges in the body. €holesdoo! , wae -___ncaease, hypeatension k heart disease ano the -femeut~ . Sido effects 3. Continueus exporre to the high dedbal_of cours ‘fan lead to los of “hearing diw fo damage tn the eas dawm membrane+ 4. Very comm ack headace Las muah pga a._Comisel of Noise Pollution ~ de By neduction in the seuaces of noises 2 By poopew oiling in the mechanical devices. 3. By mone kb mone forestation becacwe frees abscob _Seund intensity. 4. Vs5o of silencess Wherever possible- By_imblenting [oss fo prevent noise psfttion 6. By implanting decibal metens in _inductal_aneas de fa Pories. In Solid Wade Management ~All solid and semi-solid wasle arising from human activities or abimal — achvirHes ave called as solid waste . Human ewage ahd ullage dAo_not come unex this | 2 afto certains highly heterogeneous mace of | discarded materials fon tnbah -gelivities ‘ao Dee eens L Mig A ag activities. Classification of- Solid Waste = Site ee ee lid Waste. ‘Rubbist+ Las Hospital Waste Praia ' 3: Thdudtnial Waste 8%i “0 Agaicuttoral Waste. 49% S. | ub. ia. aD... Ab. OD. Mib_ 7 Mining Waste ABE | Causes. [Reasons of Solid Waste. pone ar ey Urbanization. Oven - population. Technology | Effects_ of Solid Wasfe, ———__ El_is_injwrious to hutnan health, a rentain cases ll can cause death. Solid ware diel ‘ncnoases the frav duction of dicease vectors Vike flies and wale, eles ee Thine is daryen of water follution fcr solid Wo Uf they ase damped fre long peried of time. ‘Le porpore vain ling of Solid wasse: cause tho Garage” of thviemnreck! ecosystem 2x alco becomes the measen for rmicavhial diseases. [Managed of Solid Waste a_i Techniques (YR)= KRessuncees aye things ow ubstan ce , medium whic we complete ovug fask» These nesounces oe may be in differant. foams ahd in pea fades to the © natuse, TFL may be. dufined as a + Chlorination of dainking “water fioeugh oxiclation parmcess. © UW_nadiaton Westape of wale (B): _Walex Induced Qisease — a by some _paracite ‘ quite 2 fds th. — ‘The _pancemic of maleaia ae se unuiead ——by these vectors.“ CS S Ue maquits ne nets _ dusting leoping v Cthon_lwaless Problems — ~@._ Flewsitle Protiom: Bue te ccahinto f ——mniten_by -flownide .~ tt affect __teoth Be body of tho henna (-Q: _fasenic Povblom + Bub fe contamnabion of uate “—___with_arsenic, id cne'ates stomach pain, vomiting, headache, “ueakhess 0 cloalh- @ bead Prtblem's Bue do contamination of waten. ee —wittilead (Ph), iy affects ane coxicthy Cacenogen ic» a _ Pinonat Kesewores ie | Minerals ang _n pala ac — ie Ui lid havi inite, ore Thene ano almost 90 minesals ane bh India} UY is. a Theme able - eS* Crasaipication of Minerals = Oo. _ Fuel “Fuel Dfinevals ae hatroral gas, lignite Q Mefatlic Mnnwrals £ ben; chaoniwm, bauxite - 8 Non- Telallic Minerals : Limestme, dolomite ete "Use of ee == evelopment of — Trdustri al Bada hi __Gensfruction ke feusing « Taansprotation i defence - » Communizahion systems _— Agpicebtunal equi prwert Jewellery pale: Af _MATERTAC CTING @. Nitrogen Cycle & Nitegen és the _inbextart component of ew genchatic inafenial DNA, _ RNAS R pockins. Tf js pbutlding block ef life because every living Srganion nosuine Jovtive 1 gaonss_Nitrogera- “tt tnylve 5 following steps — - cb Nitrogen _ Fixation . Nitzegen Wrake jin Nitogeh Pineal sation 0 ___Nitegen __ Nitei freation: —__Y___Nihogen | Benihificationb__Nubogen Fixation (No—> Nis)? aS the paocess ——_thnewgh hich abaasbhenie et ned ‘ty useable nchegen ——__taxtein_bactevias nD) Nitbgen Uptake (NH Organic N° “The _nitvogen fproducedvin tht finet cles is quickly ‘ublised in ———pnettinfoomation & other caganic- cembousicle by _bacteia ox blants. ca ae - Cid | Nitoqen Minssalisation (0vg:Na> Nyt)! Tn this hrgen 18 _vemvented _ fora | the _hodp of _ _prowss, organic N iS again’ utilize by plants & animals in Giff, own. = LO Nitbi-Fication { Nut —s Nos)! Jv this _pavcess J ammonium baoduced by decompositim, is __tonverted nto _nifterles nitrification provecs ast : __maguines fhe presence of oxygen Wit ts_cavaied gut by bactoias >Denitrification (Nor —> Ng +2) t Joyocess, the oxidized frm of nitrogen as mate b nitite ane comvorted ‘inte Aivitrogen (N.) 2 hideous oxide gas thi which is carried out obit into bacteria and convesrt _nihate, ts a _anacnsbic frncess which is an ; by ae clinvhrogen in _foller ing Sequence . I [Nos > Noy > NO—» N,o0 —N uch [Carson Cree | penal Combustion Prbsgoaptio | fateh SSS hwxi de! | . Breech) digs 5 pong tes doe. | Deoneostey | jal py | i im i} te “rtd iRepboyti NV Pyar ay a ki [il i} } Carbo isthe but dog. block of all. crganistn. nw By -wlume, co “~ ‘ie. abeut 0.03 7. Tn photosynthesis th is a absowbed by the plants ahd_oxygein ee a Once the plants and animals die L714 - neleased in the atmosphere Again fox Meuse, ba Th oceans, the (Oz is found in_lar a ie. 50 Hmes mone than atmasbhene - Tt is in the fowm of caabonafet and bicarbonates.. The Cdr dissolves in, S@awatess to form carbonic acid " which convents canbmates into _buanbmares _Thanefone a ie nahune. Su ulphur 6 Cycle a aaaOrganic Sulfur Decomposition Assimilation Fit (Protein) a Pp Plants Fungi Bacteria Bacteria —_Reduction Anaerobic Respiration Respiration Le ‘sous Bacteria Photosynthetic BacteriaSulbhun is considtred as the secondary eleintnt | afer calcium ke magnesium. Tt is ruquined by animals and plants in very modonate quantity - Sulbhun enten the atmocphine threngh human activity like industial activity in foam of SOa and HyS «This SO, sneact w/ omygen to prduce $0; (sulphur trioxide) . “This Svs swact w/, water +o dorm 1, S04 ( sulphuric acid ). Dil this chemicals ane or _pagticles ane frans- boxted_ to earth soil though: nain, wind & otha fpovesses. “These pacticles absorbed by the plants again dw after twis death, + ane again ovleased Ith the ahmosphore- ENERGY. Resources | } + Boles Enogy — Pvc] Solax calls sé Wind Enorgy - ~~ Windmills TP Hydao Cory — _Sdams {2]. Golax_Enorgy * Th is jhe form of Sunlight that th be Utbliad using a device called sgolax ells ox Pheto voltaic colle. These devices umvert colar: aa into electrical egy which (nr _be_ used as th, ____enrngy into_electataal aeblacament for electaical elevises . Ofhah than Sola, call | PVCS, Solaz encngy cah also be used _Usin _ solay_cooken, solay heater and othe solar devi —S3_ Benefits = —— oA venewable fxm ef energy —~ tb No Pollubm- a —_tliy No waste peoducts a —dy__ No _ebviammental damage to plants w ahimals . _ + Wind Entnge 2 Tt ts obtained — by uchlizing the kinetic ensngy of the wind using specific Aovices Called _as windmills » Those “dawees ane geronate clechicity + Windmills anc fige struchae: (rane (ikke) which ane “sretated with the power L wind ® 4 Hoarbine” ‘is commected wl ae notation which gerGrates the oloctricity. (Bay Bensfirs kored as solay chergy > Must) Ha Hydro _Eningy: This form of energy is used a yeroate chechaicity using rnudti punprse Pavjects 7 bevjects ane useful fer 1 iwigation, oajey SUpbly & called as dams. tance,yr i; - Current Environmental Tsruas of Babee — © Gowen House € is_menease In the embexatune of -eaath f Ww] the increase _in_gpeen “ — * mainly CO2. The goeen hause gases —— y W527), ° = 247.) —— N20 - 187%, CFC = 6%. The_xise in Jempevahne of arth . = _Sounces of Gti ave _Industaial 2 asstemebile, ——_paliution _bnainly + — —— —- A Tmpact of Otio,~ » _ Glofig]_ Warming —— Hee = Melting of — Chlaciens a = lirwate hange = - So tye im bateipltatina. ae Effect om humen health - bo lad 2, aniiralc. . _ Global Wm Waaming $ This fermuis used to dosaibe Hp inenwase tn dus, avg. emp _ of 2arth suface ~% ahmorbhene _} oceans Had bac been: ebserved _ ) ih srecont “Adocacng: “The rain’ of | iy ts GH _ effet which is_tortinueusly imowasing’ glebal teynbewertune+ v. tree ( Talengovernmertal oer on Climate Chant) A define the global warming. as gradual _incoeste- vin eaith Jen due tothe _qaeen_heuse —— n__|_effect Caused by _inoneased [evel of (0, — or de othe GHG pollutant Climale Change ? TF is ginenally observed p~ fe ae gee ues the diffecnt statistice f urenthen 2 fhein—~ Uaaem ope Crepe ay pce —dtfines— climate as the _ aygs—_wealhen -”a Q, tecie snelaled statistics fte_a given Sbecific peri iodic salging fron 10-36 yas > Climate co change mainly highlights — = Aug. demp -__ Ppt”. = Ranft E = Proust k fleods 4 lenes 3 x nal i x D> Caves of Climale Change — Nahmal— Volcanic eauplons , umtinental Azift. oarth He fitt. db __Man-made- Pollution, defmres tation bunning of fossil fol, hanmful emissione, even pvbulation. —__* Impact Climate Change - cae Rice in Sea Wlevets = Natal idisactes> = __ Effect onewesthon _ = fy agmadtune. = bin htuman health « Acid Rein Bris one cf tho most foam of pollution which is obsenved in imdustoially polluted areas. T+ js also called Qs whsien plaguss. TH is Nigh ty. obsenved in the aheas hone the $0, pollution is deminant+ Tn acid. aainy H,Sd4 comes! down 40 cash h effect? the earth - lives.ee Cause 4! Acid Rain: — in_+he autpmoblle foo llutim: $0, zeacts ae te byeduce $03." Suning gain tnisi_s act w/ He0 -2 preduce S04 $01 + 0, —>SDd ~ SO, + Hao —> HpS04 _ z Noy. 7 NQ La __ Nd, + H20 > HNDs + HNO. pic pl of water reduced tm below S in atid rain. Gfeets of Acid Rain — - 1) On Envneramen? — (a) Acidic soi] sth) water neservors : = (0) _Yellewing of plant leaves 2) on Animals /“Humans— (ay Skin iceuce aes ~ 1») Respiratory povblems( cause) -W Fever cough etc. 3) On Arthitctunet — cay Designs of building be reamumats and Sesigns ane clam eb nl tremugh 2 bomen Called _cevavston- This poscese spoik A the design b she I brightness | _rrwnuments 3, % damages the glass motals, air ote. -t Ozone Layer? Layer of ozone gas pyesent im ceatrsphe™ this layer filers tte _haemful UY gadiafion of sun k~ ___paptect us forme the. expsosure de UV mais _hhth- A macts wi) CFCs, it gets doputed 2. form 0. —