CAM 11 TEST 1 – LISTENING

SECTION 1 Questions 1-10

Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HIRING A PUBLIC ROOM

Example the Main Hall - seats 200
Room and cost
 the 1 ………………… Room - seats 100
 Cost of Main Hall for Saturday evening: 2 ………………… £
 + £250 deposit (3 ………………… payment is required)
 Cost includes use of tables and chairs and also 4 …………………
 Additional charge for use of the kitchen: £25
Before the event
 Will need a 5 ………………… licence
 Need to contact caretaker (Mr Evans) in advance to arrange 6 …………………
During the event
 The building is no smoking
 The band should use the 7………………… door at the back
 Don't touch the system that controls the volume
 For microphones, contact the caretaker
After the event
 Need to know the 8 ………………… for the cleaning cupboard
 The 9 ………………… must be washed and rubbish placed in black bags
 All 10 ………………… must be taken down
 Chairs and tables must be piled up

SECTION 2 Questions 11-20

Questions 11-14
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD for each answer.

Fiddy Working Heritage Farın

Advice about visiting the farm
Visitors should
 take care not to harm any 11 …………………
 not touch any 12 …………………
 wear 13 …………………
 not bring 14 ………………… into the farin, with certain exceptions

Questions 15-20
Label the map below. Write the correct letter A-I, next to Questions 15-20.
15 Scarecrow ………. 18 Black Barm ……….
16 Maze ………. 19 Covered picnic area ……….
17 Café ………. 20 Fiddy House ……….

SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
Study on Gender in Physics
21 The students in Akira Miyake's study were all majoring in
A physics.
B psychology or physics.
C science, technology, engineering or mathematics.

22 The aim of Miyake's study was to investigate

A what kind of women choose to study physics.
B a way of improving women's performance in physics.
C whether fewer women than men study physics at college.

23 The female physics students were wrong to believe that

A the teachers marked them in an unfair way.
B the male students expected them to do badly.
C their test results were lower than the male students'.
24 Miyake's team asked the students to write about
A what they enjoyed about studying physics.
B the successful experiences of other people.
C something that was important to them personally.

25 What was the aim of the writing exercise done by the subjects?
A to reduce stress
B to strengthen verbal ability
C to encourage logical thinking

26 What surprised the researchers about the study?

A how few students managed to get A grades
B the positive impact it had on physics results for women
C the difference between male and female performance

27 Greg and Lisa think Miyake's results could have been affected by
A the length of the writing task.
B the number of students who took part.
C the information the students were given.

28 Greg and Lisa decide that in their own project, they will compare the effects of
A two different writing tasks.
B a writing task with an oral task.
C two different oral tasks.

29 The main finding of Smolinsky's research was that class teamwork activities
A were most effective when done by all-women groups.
B had no effect on the performance of men or women.
C improved the results of men more than of women.

30 What will Lisa and Greg do next?

A talk to a professor
B observe a science class
C look at the science timetable

SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Ocean Biodiversity
Biodiversity hotspots
 areas containing many different species
 important for locating targets for 31 ……………
 at first only identified on land
Boris Worm, 2005
 identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks
 found that ocean hotspots:
- were not always rich in 32 ……………
- had higher temperatures at the 33 ……………
- had sufficient 34 …………… in the water
Lisa Ballance, 2007
 looked for hotspots for marine 35 ……………
 found these were all located where ocean currents meet
Census of Marine Life
 found new ocean species living:
- under the 36 ……………
- near volcanoes on the ocean floor
Global Marine Species Assessment
 want to list endangered ocean species, considering:
- population size
- geographical distribution
- rate of 37 ……………
 Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 38 …………… for each one
Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity
 increase the number of ocean reserves
 establish 39 …………… corridors (e.g. for turtles)
 reduce fishing quotas
 catch fish only for the purpose of 40 ……………

READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Crop-growing skyscrapers
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth's new is the urgent need to scale up this technology
population will live in urban centres. Applying the to accommodate another three billion people. Many
most conservative estimates to current demographic believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming
trends, the human population will increase by about is required, employing cutting-edge technologies.
three billion people by then. An estimated 109 One such proposal is for the 'Vertical Farm'. The
hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food
will be needed to grow enoµgh food to feed them, if crops are grown in environmentally controlled
traditional farming methods continue as they are conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres,
practised today. At present, throughout the world, they would drastically reduce the amount of
over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops transportation required to bring food to consumers.
is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to
waste by poor management practices. What can be construct and safe to operate. If successfully
done to ensure enough food for the worid's implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer
population to live on? the promise of urban renewal, sustainable
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since production of a safe and varied food supply (through
hothouse production of tomatoes and other year-round production of all crops), and the
produce has been in vogue for some time. What is
eventual repair of ecosystems that have been greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead
sacrificed for horizontal farming. light: even so,
many still need artificial lighting. A multi-storey
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow
facility with no natural overhead light would require
most of the crops we now take for granted. Along
far more. Generating enough light could be
the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked,
prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a
arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we
future aspiration than a likelihood for the near
evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the
future.
human population now lives vertically in cities. This
means that, for the majority, we humans have One variation on vertical farming that has been
shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food- developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that
bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to
and can do no more than hope for a good weather get enough sunlight. This system is already in
year. However, more often than not now, due to a operation. and works well within a single-storey
rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is
Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and not certain, however, that it can be made to work
severe monsoons take their toll each year, without that overhead natural light.
destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.
Vertical farming is an attempt to address the
The supporters of vertical farming claim many undoubted problems that we face in producing
potential advantages for the system. For instance, enough food for a growing population. At the
crops would be produced all year round, as they moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce
would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum the detrimental impact it would have on the
growing conditions. There would be no weather- environment, particularly as regards the use of
related crop failures due to droughts, floods or energy. While it is possible that much of our food
pests. All the food could be grown organically, will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts
eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and currently believe it is far more likely that we will
fertilisers. The system would gre9tly reduce the simply use the space available on urban rooftops.
incidence of many infectious diseases that are
acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the
system would consume energy, it would return
energy to the grid via methane generation from
composting non-edible parts of plants. It would also
dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the
need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is

that the plants would require artificial light. Without
it,
those plants nearest the windows would be exposed
to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing
the efficiency of the system. Single-storey
Questions 1-7
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on
your answer sheet.
Indoor farming
1 Some food plants, including ....................... , are already grown indoors.
2 Vertical farms would be located in ......................, meaning that there would be less need to take them long
distances to customers.
3 Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce ...................... .
4 The consumption of ...................... would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.
5 The fact that vertical farms would need ...................... light is a disadvantage.
6 One form of vertical farming involves planting in ...................... which are not fixed.
7 The most probable development is that food will be grown on ...................... in towns and cities.

Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 Methods for predicting the Earth's population have recently changed.

9 Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.
10 The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.
11 Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.
12 Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.
13 Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

THE FALKIRK WHEEL

A unique engineering achievement The Falkirk which the water level could be raised or lowered -
Wheel in Scotland is the world's first and only that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This
rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the had
ambitious £84.5m Millennium Link project to restore been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link.
navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the When the project was launched in 1994, the British
historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic
Canals. twenty-first-century landmark which would not only
be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but
The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that
also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration
the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below
of the region.
the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two
canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a Numerous ideas were submitted for the project,
sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting
tanks, from giant see-saws to overhead monorails. half minutes while using very little power. It takes
The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate
steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk the Wheel - roughly the same as boiling eight small
Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed domestic kettles of water.
to have been inspired by various sources, both
Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at
manmade and
the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter
natural, most notably a Celtic doubleheaded axe, but
the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel
also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage
gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from
of a whale or the spine of a fish.
the water in the canal basin. The water between the
The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which
constructed and assembled, like one giant toy prevents
building set, at Butterley Engineering's Steelworks in the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is
Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In
carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic
painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an motors
accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle
In the summer of 2001, the structure was then connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which
dismantled begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per
and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept
being bolted back together again on the ground, and in the upright position by a simple gearing system.
finally lifted into position in five large sections by Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of
crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense the same width, connected by two smaller cogs
and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to travelling
make the structure more robust, the steel sections in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so
were bolted rather than welded together. Over ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.
45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes
each bolt was hand-tightened. straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above
the canal basin.
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-
shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the
fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks.
water-filled ' gondolas' , each with a capacity of The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats
360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the over the full 35-metre difference between the two
arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, canals, owing to the presence of the historically
whether or not they are carrying boats. This is important Antonine Wall, which was built by the
because, according to Archimedes' principle of Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under
displacement, floating objects displace their own this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and
weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, finally on to the Union Canal.
the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs
exactly the same as the boat. This
keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its
enormous mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a
Questions 14-19
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14-19 on your
answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth & Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history.
15 There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.
16 The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.
17 The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.
18 The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.
19 The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.

Questions 20-26
Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.

How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel

21 ……………….. 24 ………………..
22 ……………….. 25 ………………..
23 ……………….. 26 ………………..

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Reducing the Effects of Climate Change

Mark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engi.neering projects
being explored by scientists
A Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the
atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the
best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting
back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority
are having great difficulry even stemming the race of increase, lee alone reversing it. Consequently, an
increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering - a term which
generally refers co the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents,
geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A - reducing our dependency on fossil fuels -
fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.

B Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at lease on a small localised scale. For decades, May Day parades
in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement
powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the
amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger
Angel of the University of Ariwna. His scheme would employ up co 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing
about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth.
This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.

C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests in deserts and
depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have focused on achieving a general cooling of
the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning
is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back
into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.

D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several
scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form
clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions,
such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led co a shore-term cooling of global
temperatures by 0.5 °C. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it's possible to preserve the ice sheets of
Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in
the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region's
native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus
enabling radiation ro be reflected by che snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow ro ice-
forming areas could also be used ro slow down warming, say some climate scientists.

E But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-
engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is 'no substitute for developing
renewable energy: the only permanent solution'. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National
Laborarory is equally guarded about the role of geoengineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were ro end
geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return ro its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and
probably within ten to twency years. Thar's certainly something to worry about.'
F The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur
into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. 'Geo-engineering
plans to inject scrarospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would ace ro cool the planet, and act to increase the
extent of sea ice,' says Rasch. 'But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.'

G 'A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can "overshoot",' says Dr Dan Lunt, from the
University of Bristol's School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and
aerosol schemes on the climate. 'You may bring global temperatures back co pre-industrial levels, buc the risk
is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before
industrialisation.' To avoid such a scenario, Lum says Angel's project would have to operate ac half strength; all
of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.

H The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most
researchers have little Faith in the ability of politicians to agree - and then bring in - the necessary carbon cuts.
Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering.
According ro Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund's International Arctic
Programme, 'Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn't exclude
thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.'

Questions 27-29
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon
28 an example of a successful use of geo-engineering
29 a common definition of geo-engineering

Questions 30-36
Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet.
GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Produce Aim
put a large number of tiny spacecraft into to create a 30 ...................... that would
orbit far above Earth reduce the amount of light reaching Earth

place 31 ...................... in the sea to encourage 32 ...................... to form

release aerosol sprays into the stratosphere to create 33 ...................... that would reduce
the amount of light reaching Earth
fix strong 34 ...................... to Greenland ice
sheets to prevent icebergs moving into the sea

plant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose to allow the 35 ...................... to reflect
their leaves in winter radiation
 change the direction of 36 ...................... to bring more cold water into ice-forming
areas
Questions 37-40
Look at the following statements (Questions 37-40) and the list of scientists below. Match each statement with
the correct scientist, A-D. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 The effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting.

38 Geo-engineering is a topic worth exploring.
39 It may be necessary to limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering projects.
40 Research into non-fossil-based fuels cannot be replaced by geo-engineering.

List of Scientists
A Roger Angel
B Phil Rasch
C Dan Lunt
D Martin Sommerkom