12 VII July 2024
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63229
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
IOT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
System
Chaitrashree S R1, Bhavana B Raj2, Chaithanya HR3, Jahnavi N4
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, GSSSIETW, Mysuru
2, 4
Student, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, GSSSIETW, Mysuru
Abstract: The Underground Cable Fault Detection System outlined in this project represents a significant advancement in the
field of electrical network management, addressing the pressing need for real-time monitoring and proactive fault detection. By
integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies, including AC current and voltage sensors, alongside GSM and GPS modules, the
system offers a comprehensive solution for identifying and responding to critical events in electrical infrastructure. The primary
objective of this system is to enhance the reliability, safety, and efficiency of electrical networks by enabling swift detection and
resolution of faults. Through continuous monitoring of current and voltage levels, the system can identify abnormalities such as
over-voltage, under-voltage, and over-loading in real-time. Upon detection of these conditions, automated SMS alerts are
promptly dispatched to designated authorities, providing instant notification of the issue and its precise location via GPS
coordinates. This immediate response mechanism facilitates rapid intervention and maintenance, minimizing downtime and
mitigating potential risks to the electrical system's integrity.
Index Terms: Underground, Faults, Monitoring, SMS Alert, System Integrity.
I. INTRODUCTION
I n an era characterized by increasing reliance on electricity for virtually every aspect of modern life, the importance of
maintaining a robust and reliable electrical infrastructure cannot be overstated. From powering homes and businesses to driving
industrial machinery and supporting critical infrastructure, the uninterrupted flow of electricity is essential for sustaining economic
growth, ensuring public safety, and enhancing quality of life.
However, the complexity and scale of modern electrical networks pose significant challenges in terms of monitoring, maintenance,
and fault detection. Traditional methods of fault detection often rely on manual inspection or periodic checks, which are time-
consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error.
Moreover, the lack of real-time communication between the infrastructure and maintenance personnel hampers the timely
identification and resolution of faults, leading to prolonged downtime, increased costs, and potential safety hazards.
Electrical energy is generated in the generating station and then it is distributed to the different loads at different areas for
consumption through step-up and step-down transformers. Distribution of electrical energy is done via electric cables. The
complexity of the whole network comprises numerous components that can fail and interrupt the power supply for the end
user. For most of the worldwide operated low voltage and medium voltage distribution lines, underground cables have been used
for many decades. Underground high voltage cables are used more and more because they are not influenced by weather
conditions, heavy rain, storms, snow and pollution. Even though the Cable manufacturing technology is improving steadily;
there are still influences which may cause cable to fail during test and operation.
A cable in good condition and installed correctly can last a lifetime of about 30 years. However, cables can be easily damaged
by incorrect installation or poorly executed jointing, while subsequent third-party damage by civil works such as trenching or
curb edging. Study of cable failures and development of accurate fault detection and location methods has been interesting
research topics in the past and present. Fault detection entails determination of the presence of a fault, while fault location
detection includes the determination of the physical location of the fault. However, this fault detection and fault location
detection technology for underground power distribution systems is still in developing stages.
The primary objective of the Underground Cable Fault Detection System is to enhance the reliability, safety, and efficiency of
electrical networks by enabling proactive fault detection and swift response to critical events. By automating the monitoring process
and facilitating real-time communication between the infrastructure and maintenance personnel, the system reduces downtime,
minimizes operational disruptions, and mitigates potential risks to the integrity of the electrical system.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 740
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Conventional methods of fault detection in electrical networks often rely on manual inspection or periodic checks, leading to
delayed identification of issues and increased downtime. Moreover, the lack of real-time communication between the infrastructure
and maintenance personnel hinders timely responses to critical events.
The Underground cable Fault Detection System addresses these challenges by automating the monitoring process and enabling
instant alerts to relevant stakeholders.
Traditional methods of fault detection in electrical networks suffer from limitations such as manual inspection, periodic checks, and
lack of real-time communication. These shortcomings result in delayed identification of faults, increased downtime, and potential
safety hazards. The absence of proactive monitoring exacerbates the risks associated with over-voltage, under-voltage, and
overloading conditions, compromising the reliability and integrity of the electrical system. Addressing these challenges is crucial for
ensuring the uninterrupted flow of electricity, minimizing operational disruptions, and safeguarding public safety.
The Underground cable Fault Detection System aims to overcome these obstacles by providing real-time monitoring, proactive fault
detection, and prompt alerting of critical events.
III. OBJECTIVES
1) Develop a robust fault detection system for electrical lines.
2) Integrate AC current and voltage sensors for real-time monitoring.
3) Implement GSM and GPS modules for remote alerting and location tracking and Enable automatic SMS alerts to authorities in
case of over-voltage, under-voltage, and overloading conditions.
4) Enhance the reliability and efficiency of electrical network management.
IV. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1) By Implementation of a robust system to detect faults in the underground cables.
2) Setup of a system to collect data from sensors and underground cable and establishment of communication between the fault area and
control room.
3) Develop an application to track the location of the fault area and created a system to send an alert message to pre - registered mobile
number when fault is occurred.
V. METHEDOLOGY
A. Existing System
The existing system for fault detection in electrical networks typically relies on manual inspection, periodic maintenance checks,
and limited automation. In this conventional approach, technicians conduct visual inspections of electrical equipment and
infrastructure at regular intervals, looking for signs of wear, damage, or abnormal operation. Additionally, periodic tests may be
performed to measure voltage, current, and other parameters, but these tests are often infrequent and may not capture real-time data.
One of the primary limitations of the existing system is its reactive nature. Faults and abnormalities are typically identified only
after they have already occurred, leading to delayed responses and increased downtime. Moreover, the lack of real-time
communication between the infrastructure and maintenance personnel hinders the timely identification and resolution of issues,
potentially compromising the reliability and safety of the electrical system.
Some of the methods used to locate faults in Real - Time underground cables are classified as follows :-
1) Online Method: This method utilizes the process of the sampled voltages & current to determine the fault points. The online
method for underground cable is less than overhead lines.
2) Offline Method: In this method a special instrument is used to test out the service of cable in the field. There are two offline
methods as follows:
a) Tracer Method: In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines. The fault point is indicated from audible
signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to pinpoint fault location very accurately.
Ex:
i) Tracing current method.
ii) Sheath coil method.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 741
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
b) Terminal Method: It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends without tracing. The voltage
drop varies with the default length on the cable, as the current varies. A plurality of resistors is used to represent the cable and a
DC voltage is supplied at one end and the defect detected by detecting the voltage variation the defect area to accelerate the
tracking of the buried cable. Here we mainly concentrate on the open circuit fault detection system and location tracking with
message alert in any mode.
Ex:
i) Murray loop method.
ii) Impulse current method
Overall, the existing system for fault detection in electrical networks is characterized by manual intervention, limited automation,
and reactive maintenance practices. While these methods may suffice for routine inspections and periodic checks, they fall short in
terms of real-time monitoring, proactive fault detection, and rapid response to critical events. As such, there is a pressing need for
more advanced and integrated solutions, such as the proposed Underground Cable Fault Detection System, to address these
shortcomings and enhance the reliability and efficiency of electrical network management.
B. Proposed System
The proposed Underground Cable Fault Detection System integrates a sophisticated array of components to create a comprehensive
solution for monitoring and managing electrical networks. At its core are AC current and voltage sensors, which continuously
monitor the electrical parameters of the network in real-time. These sensors provide accurate measurements of current flow and
voltage levels, enabling early detection of abnormalities such as over-voltage, under-voltage, and over-loading conditions.
Complementing the sensor array are GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and GPS (Global Positioning System)
modules, which add advanced communication and location tracking capabilities to the system. When anomalies are detected by the
sensors, the system automatically triggers the GSM module to send SMS alerts to designated authorities, providing instant
notification of the issue. Simultaneously, the GPS module provides precise coordinates of the fault location, enabling rapid
intervention and maintenance by guiding personnel to the site of the fault.
By integrating these components, the proposed system offers a proactive approach to fault detection and management, enabling
utilities, industries, and communities to enhance the reliability, safety, and efficiency of their electrical infrastructure. With its
ability to provide real-time monitoring, remote communication, and precise location tracking, the Underground Cable Fault
Detection System represents a significant advancement in the field of electrical network management, offering unparalleled
capabilities for ensuring uninterrupted power supply and safeguarding critical infrastructure.
The methedology implied in the proposed Underground Cable Fault Detection System is as follows :-
1) Selection of appropriate AC current and voltage sensors for accurate monitoring.
2) Integration of GSM and GPS modules for remote communication and location tracking.
3) Development of a micro-controller based system for real-time fault detection and alert generation.
4) Testing and validation of the system under various operating conditions to ensure reliability and accuracy.
Selection of Voltage and Current Sensors: Arduino-compatible voltage and current sensors are chosen based on their
compatibility with the micro-controller platform and their ability to provide accurate measurements of electrical parameters. Sensors
with analog or digital output interfaces are preferred for seamless integration with Arduino boards. Examples include voltage
dividers for voltage sensing and Hall effect sensors for current sensing.
Integration of GSM and GPS Modules: GSM and GPS modules compatible with Arduino are selected to facilitate remote
communication and location tracking. Arduino libraries and communication protocols compatible with these modules are utilized to
establish communication and retrieve data. For instance, SIM800L GSM modules and SIM808 GPS/GSM modules are
commonly used with Arduino for SMS communication and GPS positioning, respectively.
Arduino Micro-controller Unit and System Integration: The Arduino micro-controller serves as the central processing unit,
responsible for interfacing with sensors, processing data, and controlling external modules. Arduino boards such as Arduino Uno or
Arduino Mega are commonly used due to their versatility and compatibility with a wide range of sensors and modules.
Software development involves writing firmware using the Arduino IDE and libraries to configure sensor inputs, handle
communication with GSM and GPS modules, and trigger actions based on detected faults.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 742
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
System Integration and Testing: System integration involves connecting sensors, GSM and GPS modules, and other peripherals to
the Arduino board, configuring communication interfaces, and writing code to implement fault detection algorithms. Testing and
validation are conducted to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the system under various operating conditions. This includes
testing sensor readings, GSM communication, GPS positioning, and the overall responsiveness of the system to simulated fault
conditions.
VI. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
Fig. 1 : Block diagram of the proposed system
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed IOT based underground cable fault detection system. It shows connection between
various blocks. These blocks together define the functionality of Arduino UNO.
By utilizing the Arduino micro-controller as the brain of the system, the design methodology enables seamless integration and
control of sensors and modules, resulting in a robust and effective Line Fault Detection System. Arduino's user-friendly
development environment and extensive ecosystem of libraries and resources streamline the design process, allowing for rapid
prototyping and deployment of the system for real-world applications in electrical network management.
VII. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 2 : Circuit diagram of the proposed system
The circuit diagram of the proposed system is as shown in the Fig. 2. Design methodology for the Line Fault Detection
System involves utilizing the Arduino micro-controller as the central processing unit to collect and process data from various sensors
and modules. The Arduino platform offers flexibility, ease of use, and extensive community support, making it an ideal choice for
integrating and controlling the system components.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 743
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
VIII. FLOW CHART
Limitations, the system's advantages outweigh its disadvantages, making it a valuable tool for ensuring the reliability and
efficiency of electrical infrastructure. Further research and development in this area can lead to even more advanced and integrated
fault detection solutions in the future. The Underground cable Fault Detection System offers real-time monitoring of electrical
parameters, enabling prompt detection of abnormalities such as over-voltage, under-voltage, and over-loading.
Integration of GSM modules allows for remote communication with authorities, enabling instant alerting of critical events and
facilitating rapid response and maintenance.
The inclusion of GPS modules provides precise coordinates of fault locations, aiding maintenance personnel in quickly locating and
addressing issues.
By enabling proactive fault detection and timely intervention, the system enhances the reliability and uptime of electrical networks,
minimizing downtime and operational disruptions. Improved Safety: The system enhances safety for maintenance personnel by
providing early warning of potential hazards such as overloading or equipment malfunction, allowing for timely intervention and
preventive measures
.
Fig. 3: Flow chart of the proposed system
The flowchart of the proposed system is shown in the above Fig.3. The flowchart begins with the system constantly sending a test
signal (current or voltage) through the cable. Sensor nodes, strategically positioned along the cable length, pick up on this signal and
measure its characteristics (voltage, current levels). These readings are then fed to the Arduino.The Arduino acts as the brain of the
system, continuously comparing the incoming data against pre - defined thresholds. If a deviation falls outside the normal range,
indicating a fault, the Arduino jumps into action.
IX. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The proposed project is done to discover the location of fault in cable lines from the base station to precise location. The underground
cable fault detection system presented in this project offers a comprehensive solution for enhancing the monitoring and management
of electrical networks. By leveraging advanced sensor technologies and communication modules, the system enables real-time
detection of faults and prompt alerting of relevant authorities. Despite certain Future research can explore advancements in
sensor technology, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms to further improve the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of
underground cable fault detection systems.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 744
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
Additionally, exploring the integration of renewable energy sources and distributed energy resources with the IoT - based grid
management systems can pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
Fig. 4 : Hardware setup of the proposed system
The hardware setup of the proposed underground cable fault detection system is shown in the above Fig. 4.
X. ADVANTAGES
1) The Underground Cable Fault Detection System offers real-time monitoring of electrical parameters, enabling prompt detection
of abnormalities such as over-voltage, under-voltage, and overloading.
2) Integration of GSM modules allows for remote communication with authorities, enabling instant alerting of critical events and
facilitating rapid response and maintenance.
3) The inclusion of GPS modules provides precise coordinates of fault locations, aiding maintenance personnel in quickly locating
and addressing issues.
4) By enabling proactive fault detection and timely intervention, the system enhances the reliability and uptime of electrical
networks, minimizing downtime and operational disruptions.
5) The system enhances safety for maintenance personnel by providing early warning of potential hazards such as overloading or
equipment malfunction, allowing for timely intervention and preventive measures.
XI. APPLICATIONS
Some of the applications where our proposed Underground Cable Fault Detection System can be implemented are listed below :-
1) Telecommunication Networks: Underground fiber optic and copper cables are vital for telecom infrastructure. Rapid fault
detection and location minimize service disruptions for phone and internet users.
2) Oil and Gas Pipelines: Early detection of leaks in underground pipelines prevents environmental damage and economic losses.
3) Transportation Systems: Traffic light networks, railway signaling systems, and even electric vehicle charging infrastructure rely
on underground cables. Fast and accurate fault detection keeps these systems operational and ensures public safety.
4) Smart Cities: The growing network of sensors and devices in smart cities relies heavily on underground cables. Efficient fault
detection is crucial for maintaining functionality of everything from traffic management systems to smart lighting.
5) Industrial Automation: Manufacturing facilities and industrial plants have complex networks of underground cables supplying
power and control signals. Early detection of faults minimizes production downtime and ensures safety.
XII. FUTURE SCOPE
Current systems primarily focus on short-circuit faults. Future iterations could incorporate advanced signal processing techniques to
identify a wider range of faults, including partial discharge, insulation degradation, and overheating. This would enable preventive
maintenance and prevent catastrophic failures. While current systems provide a general location based on sensor placement, future
developments might involve integrating techniques like distributed sensor networks, time-domain refractometer, or machine
learning algorithms.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 745
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue VII July 2024- Available at www.ijraset.com
These advancements could pinpoint the fault location with much greater precision, minimizing excavation areas and repair time.
Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of historical data to predict potential faults and identify patterns. This
predictive maintenance approach could optimize resource allocation and prevent outages before they occur.
As reliance on IoT increases, robust cyber-security protocols are crucial. Future systems will likely incorporate advanced encryption
and access control mechanisms to safeguard sensitive data from cyber-attacks.
.
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