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Practicals Richmond

The document outlines a practical workshop for physics at Richmond College, detailing various experiments and tasks related to physics principles. It includes instructions for conducting experiments, recording observations, and analyzing results. The content appears to be in a mix of English and another language, possibly providing specific guidelines for students participating in the workshop.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

1K views135 pages

Practicals Richmond

Uploaded by

pawanithewsarani

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

PHYSICS
P R A C T I C A L S

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

fN!;sl úoHd m%dfhdA.sl mÍlaIK

01& j¾ksh¾ le,smrh
02& uhsfl%daóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkh
03& f.da,udkh
04& n, iudka;rdi% kshuh
05& >Q¾K uQ,O¾uh i;Hdmkh lsÍu
06& U k,h Ndú;d lr øjhl idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùu
07& fyhd¾ WmlrKh Ndú;fhka tlsfkl ñY% jk øj foll idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùu
08& nr fh¥ mÍlaIK k,hla Wmldrfhka øjhl >k;ajh fiùu
09& ir, wj,ïnhl foda,k ld,h weiqfrka g fiùu
10& fy,slaiSh ÿkaklg iïnkaO lr we;s jia;=jl ialkaOh yd foda,k ld,h w;r iïnkaOh
11& èjksudkh Ndú;fhka iriq,l ixLHd;h fiùu
12& èjksudkh Ndú;fhka weÈ lïìhl ixLHd;h iy lïmk È. w;r iïnkaO;djh i;Hdmkh lsÍu
13& ixjD; k<hla yd tla iriq,la Ndú;fhka jd;h èjks m%fõ.h iy wdka; fYdaOkh fiùu
14& ixjD; k<hla yd iriq,a lÜg,hla Ndú;fhka jd;h èjks m%fõ.h iy wdka; fYdaOkh fiùu
15& /,s;s gexlsh Ndú;fhka ;rx. j, .=K wdo¾Ykh
16& p, wkaùlaIh Ndú;fhka ùÿre l=Üáhl j¾;kdxlh fiùu
17& m%siauhla ;=,ska isÿjk lsrKhl wm.ukh mÍlaIdlr tuÕska m%siaufha wju wm.uk fldaKh fiùu
18& wjê fldaK l%ufhka m%siauhl øjHfha iy øjhl j¾;kdxlh fiùu
19& j¾Kdj,sudkh
20& W;a;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu
21& wj;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu
21& fl<jrla jeiQ flaYsl k<hlska fndhs,a kshuh i;H nj fmkaùu
23& pd,aia kshuh i;H nj fmkaùu
24& ksh; mßudfõ § jdhqjl mSvkh iy ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh w;r iïnkaOh i;Hdmkh lsÍu
25& ñY%K l%ufhka >k øjHhl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu
26& isis,k l%ufhka øjhl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu
27& ñY%K l%ufhka whsia j, ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiùu
28& c,fha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiùu
29& Tm oeuQ le,ßógrhla weiqßka jd;fha idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj fiùu
30& i¾,a l%uh u.ska f,dayhl ;dm ikakdhl;dj fiùu
31& úh<s fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh iy úoHq;a.dul n,h fiùu
32& óg¾ fia;=j Ndú;fhka f,dayhl m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiùu
33& úNjudkh Ndú;fhka fldaI foll úoHq;a.dul n, ixikaokh lsÍu
34& úNjudkh Ndú;fhka fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiùu
35& Odrd ;=,dj
36& w¾O ikakdhl vfhdavhla i`oyd I-V jl%h ,nd.ekSu
37& g%dkaisiagrhla Ndú;d lr fmdÿ úfudapl úkHdifha§ IB yd IC w;r ixl%duKsl ,dlaIKsl jl%h ,nd.ekSu
38& lïìhl wdldrfhka we;s f,dayhl ^jdfka& hx udmdxlh fiùu
39& flaYsl m%jdy l%ufhka øjhl ^c,fha& ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh fiùu ^fmdhsfi,a iQ;%h weiqfrka&
40& wkaùlaI lodjla Ndú;fhka c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh fiùu
41& flaYsl Woa.uk l%ufhka c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh fiùu
42& fÊ.¾ l%ufhka øjhl mDIaÀl wd;;sh fiùu
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

j¾ksh¾ le,smrh

1& j¾ksh¾ le,smrfha my; oelafjk fldgia kï lr tajd uÕska flfrk ld¾hhka i|yka lrkak'

Q E
P
F

Y
X

a) X yd P - ........................................................................................
b) Y yd Q - ........................................................................................
c) X yd Y -
........................................................................................
d) P yd Q - ........................................................................................
e) E - ........................................................................................
f) F - ........................................................................................

2& fuu WmlrKfhka ñkqula ,nd.ekSug fmr l< hq;= ld¾hhka i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& m%Odk mßudK fldgil È. x fõ¡m%Odk mßudK fldgia n .Kkla iudk fldgia N .Kklg
fnod j¾ksh¾ mßudKh ilid we;¡ l=vdu ñkqu i|yd m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lrkak'

4& WmlrKfha uQ,dxl jrola we;aoehs mßlaId lrkafka flfiao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

4
5& my; oelafjk WmlrKj, uQ,dxl jro .Kkh lrkak'

a) 0 1 cm 2 cm
......................................

0 1
0 1 cm 2 cm
b)
......................................

0 1
6& by; 5 fldgfia a) yd b) WmlrK uÕska ,nd.;a ñkqul mdGdxlh my; rEmfha oelafõ' ksjerÈ
ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'

2 cm 3 cm ......................................
a)

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0 1
7& a) my; oelafjk j¾ksh¾ le,smrfha l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
0 1cm 2cm

b) tys we;s jdish l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

5
8& m%;sY; fodaIh 1% jk mßÈ 0.1mm l=vdu ñkqula we;s j¾ksh¾ le,smrhla uÕska ,nd.; yels
wju ñkqu l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& by; 7& fldgfia j¾ksh¾ le,smrhg wkqj j¾ksh¾ mßudK i,l=Kla kej; jrla m%Odk mßudK
i,l=Kla yd iumd; lsÍug j¾ksh¾ mßudKh p,kh l,hq;= wju ÿr fldmuKo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& my; rEmhg wkqj ñkqïj, ksjerÈ w.hka ks¾Kh lsÍug j¾ksh¾ le,smrfha l=uk fldgila Tn
Ndú;d lrkafkao@

a) d1 - ....................................................................

b) h1 - ....................................................................

c) d 2 - ....................................................................

d) h2 - ....................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

uhsfl%daóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkh

1& m<uqfjkau l=vdu ñkqu .; hq;=h'th mÍlaIKd;aulj isÿ lrkafka flfiao@

5& ksjerÈ msysàfï mj;sk nj y÷kd .kafka flfiao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

7& l=vd hlv f.da,hl úYalïNh uekSug wjYH hehs is;uq

i) fuys mdGdxl lsysmhla ,nd .kafka flfiao@
ii) ñkqï lsysmhla .ekSu u.ska wju jk fodaIh l=ulao@
iii) by; mdGdxl u.ska úIalïN ñkqu i|yd jvd fyd| w.hla ksudkh lrkak'
iv) úIalïN ñkqu oYuia:dk lShlg ;nkafkao@ fya;=j l=ulao@

8& lvodishl >klu 0'06mm muk fõ’

i) fuu ñkqu tla lvodishla Ndú;fhka .ekSu iqÿiq fkdùug fya;=j l=ulao
ii) m%;sY; fodaIh 1% blaujd fkdhk mßÈ f;dard .; hq;= wju lvodis .Kk
fidhkak

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

f.da,udkh

1& olajd we;s f.da,udkfha fldgia kï lrkak'

2& bial=remamqfõ wka;rd,h 1mm yd jD;a; mßudKh fnod we;s fldgia .Kk 100 kï WmlrKfha
l=vdu ñkqu l=ulao @
........................................................................................
3& fuu.ska ,nd .; yels ñkqï 2 la ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& j'ksh¾ le,smrh yd uhsfl%dóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkhg idfmalaIj fuys mßudK j, úfYaI;ajhla
,shkak'
........................................................................................
5& m<uqfjka .;hq;= mdGdxlh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
6& by; mdGdxlhg wkqrEm msysàfï bial=remamq ;=v mj;sk nj yÿkd .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

7& W;a;, mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh ,nd.ekSfï§ Bg wkqrEm mdGdxlh ,nd.kakd wdldrh olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

8& by; msysàï 2 ys mdGdxl 2ka Tn ,nd.kakd ñkqu l=ulao @

........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

9
9& by; ñkqu h yd mdo 2 w;r ÿr a u.ska jl%;d wrh R ioyd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& mdo folla w;r ÿr jvd ksjerÈj ,nd .; yels l%uh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& W;a;, mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh ,nd.ekSug wkqrEm msysàï by; rEmfha oelafõ'
(a) tla tla wjia:dfõ mdGdxl ,shkak'
.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

(b) olajd we;s h ys w.h l=ulao @

.........................................................................................................

(c) mdo 2la w;r ÿr 3'2 cm kï jl%;d wrh l=ulao @

.........................................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

12& wj;, mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh ,nd.ekSug wod,j msysàï by; we;'
(a) tla tla msysàfï mdGdxlh ,shkak
.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

(b) by; msysàï u.ska h ys w.h ,nd.kak'

.........................................................................................................
13& wêl Ndú;fhka miq iuyr f.da,udk j, bial=remamqj nqre,a ùu ksid fodaIhla we;s úh yelafla
mßudK foflka l=uk mßudK mdGdxlfhao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
14& by; fodaI j,lajd .ekSug .;yels l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

15& by; wdldrhg mdGdxl .ekSug bial=remamqj jg 10la jug lrljd ñkqug wod< msysàug jg
mßudKfha fldgia 15la ol=Kg lrljk ,§' ñkqu l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

16& fuu l%ufha úfYaI jdish l=ulao @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

n, iudka;rdi% kshuh

A B

P Q
R

n, iudka;rdi% uQ,O¾ufha i;H;dj fiùu yd th Ndú;fhka fok ,o jia;=jl nr fiùu'

1& mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍug wjYH WmlrK ish,a, ,shd olajkak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& A yd B lmams iqug úh hq;=h'Bg fya;= fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& lmamsj, >¾IKhla mj;S oehs mßlaId lrkafka flfiao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& tfia fkdfõ kï ta i|yd .kakd l%shdud¾.h l=ulao @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

12
6& ieye,a¨ ;=,d;eá f;dard .ekSug fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& mÍlaIKh i|yd fhdod.;a ;=,d;eá ieye,a¨ fkdfõ kï ta i|yd .kakd ls%hdud¾.h l=ulao @
........................................................................................
8& fuu mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍfï§ is;a;ï mqjrej isriaj mj;ajd .; hq;= njg YsIHfhl= ;¾l lrhs'
fuu ;¾lh ksjerÈ o keoao hkak fya;= iys;j olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& n, iudka;rdi% kshuh i;H nj fmkaùug wkq.ukh lrk mshjrj,a fláfhka olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& fkdokakd ialkaOhl w.h fiùug mÍlaIKh fjkia lrk whqre olajkak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& P , Q yd R ialkaO f;dard .ekSfï§ tajdfha w.hka w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaOh l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& ks¾udKh lrk ,o iudka;rdi%fha úl¾Kh isria fkdfõ kï ta i|yd n,mE yels lreKq
fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

13& iqÿ lvodish u; ,ïn m%lafIamK ,nd.ekSug ;ka;=fõ fijke,a, Ndú;d l< fkdyelafla wehs@
........................................................................................
14& ialkaO by< my, foda,kh fyda meoa§u isÿfõ kï ,ïn m%lafYamk ,l=Kq lsÍu iqÿiq fkdfõ'
thg fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

13
15& ,ïn m%lafIamK ,l=Kq lsÍfï§ ksrjoH;dj jeä lr .ekSug .;yels ls%hdud¾. fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
16& ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ksrjoH;dj jeä lr .ekSug .; yels ls%hdud¾. fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
17& .,l idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùfï wruqKska hful= úiska m%:ufhka uOH Ndrhg l¿.,a
lene,a,la fhdod moaO;sh jd;fha§ iu;=,s; lr mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk w;r miqj l¿.,a
lene,a, iïmQ¾Kfhkau c,fha .s,ajd mdGdxl ,nd .kakd ,§ '
fuys§ Tyq fomig Ndú; l< Ndrhka úYd,;ajfhka iudk kï l¿.,a lene,af,a idfmalaI
>k;ajh i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak '
• l¿ .,a lene,a, jd;fha we;s úg§ iudka;rdiarfha úl¾Kh Bg hdno noaO mdohla iu.
idok fldaKh = θ1
• l¿ .,a lene,a, iïmQ¾Kfhkau c,fha .s,ajd we;s úg§ iudka;rdiarfha úl¾Kh Bg hdno
noaO mdohla iu. idok fldaKh = θ2
• l¿ .,a lene,af,a >k;ajh = d
• c,fha >k;ajh = ρ

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

18& by; mßÈ jd;fha § yd c,fha § moaO;sh iu;=,s; lr mÍlaIKh isÿlr iudka;rdi%
ks¾udKfha § wjia:d fofla§u ksh;j ;nd .; hq;af;a l=uk w.hla o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
19& fuu l%ufhka >k;ajh fiùfï § we;s úfYaI jdish l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

>Q¾K uQ,O¾uh i;Hdmkh lsÍu

1& mÍlaIKh lsÍug wjYH øjH fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& mÍlaIKh lrk whqre o< rEm igyklska olajkak'

3& mÍlaIKfha§ fhdod .kakd uQ,O¾uh ielúka olajkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& fuys§ m<uqj l, hq;= jeo.;a mshjr l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& fuys§ Ndr kQ,a j,ska t,a,Su fjkqjg óg¾ rE, u; Ndr ;eîu uÕska we;sjk fodaYh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& wegjqfu iu;=,s;;djhg iólrKhla f.dvkÕd th m%ia;drhla w¢k wdldrhg ilikak'

^okakd Ndrh m"fkdokakd Ndrh M"okakd Ndrhg ÿr l1"fkdokakd Ndrhg ÿr l2&
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& o< m%ia;drhla wlaI ,l=Kq lrñka w¢kak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

8& Ndr fol wdikak jYfhka iudk ùfï jeo.;alu l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& fuu mÍlaIKfha È.=jla f,i øjhl idfmalaI >k;ajh fiúh yelsh'ta i|yd iqÿiq rEm igykla
we| mshjr úia;r lrkak'^c,fha >k;ajh ρw "øjfha >k;ajh ρl "jd;fha t,a,d we;s úg okakd
Ndrhg ÿr l1"c,fha .s,ajd we;s úg okakd Ndrhg ÿr l2"øjfha .s,ajd we;s úg okakd Ndrhg ÿr l3&
ie'hq'-fojk Ndrh c,fha yd øjfha .s,ajhs'
^okakd Ndrh - m " fkdokakd Ndrh - M&

10& mÍlaIKfha§ fhdod .;a óg¾ rEf,a ialkaOh fidhk whqre iólrK Ndú;fhka myokak'
^óg¾ rEf,a ialkaOh-M1"msys odrfha isg óg¾ rEf,a .=re;aj flakaøhg ÿr-d"Ndrhg ÿr-l"Ndrh-m&

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

U k,h Ndú;d lr øjhl idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùu

B
hB
hA

1& mÍlaIKhg fhdod .kakd øj foflys úfYaI .=Kdx. úh hq;af;a l=ulao @

........................................................................................
2& øj fol fh§ug m%:u øj foflys ljr .=Kdx.hla ms<sn|j woyila ;sìh hq;= o @
........................................................................................
3& fuys§ fhdod .kafka fmd,af;,aa yd c,h kï A yd B øj fol y÷kd.kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& >k;aj fkdokakd øj foll >k;aj ms<sn|j ir<j y÷kd.; yels l%uhla i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& k,hg m<uqj tl;= l< hq;af;a ljr øjh o @
........................................................................................
6& wfkla øjh tla l< fyd;a jk wmyiq;djh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
7& mÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ k,hg úáka úg tla lrk øjh l=ulao @
........................................................................................

8& wfkla øjh úáka úg fhdod mÍlaIKh l< yels o @ fya;=j l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

18
9& idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùug iqÿiq m%ia:drhg wkql+,j iólrKhla ilia lrkak'
^Po- jdhq f.da, mSvkh , ρA - A øjfha >k;ajh , ρB - B øjfha >k;ajh&
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& m%ia;drh Ndú;fhka idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùfï úfYaI jdish l=ula o @
........................................................................................
11& U k,fha úIalïNh l=vd l=vd ùu ksid we;súh yels fodaIh l=ulao @
........................................................................................

12& k, fol taldldr fkdfõ kï fodaIhka we;sfõo @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

fyhd¾ WmlrKh Ndú;fhka tlsfkl ñY% jk øj

foll idfmalaI >k;ajh fiùu

a
b

e
d
f

1& fyhd¾ WmlrKfha fldgia kï lrkak'

3& fuys§ øj îlr fol tlu uÜgfï mej;sh hq;= fkdjkafka ukao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& úI iys; jdIamYS,S øjHhla fhdod .kafka kï mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk l%uh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& mÍlaIKh i|yd Ndú;d lrk fyhd¾ WmlrKfha k,hkays wNHka;r úIalïNh fldmuK
úhhq;=o@ tfia f;dard .ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& fuu mÍlaIKfha Ndú;d jk m%Odk;u ixl,amh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
7& fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd Ndú;d jk iïu; øj fol i|yka lrkak '
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

8& mÍlaIKh weröug m%:u fyhd¾ WmlrKh msßisÿ lr.kafka flfiao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& fyhd¾ WmlrKfha ndyq ;=< c, yd øj l|ka ia:dmkh lr.kakd wdldrh myokak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& fuu wjia:dfõ§ øj l|ka my<g .uka lsÍu È.gu isÿfõkï thg fya;=j l=ula úh yelso @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& øj l|kaj, Wi uekSfï § m%;sY; fodaIh wju lr.; yelafla flfiao @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

nr fhÿ mÍlaIK k,hla Wmldrfhka øjhl >k;ajh

fiùu

1& mÍlaIKd;aul igyk kï lrkak

2& k<fha my, msrùu i|yd iqÿiq øjHhla kï lrkak'

........................................................................................
3& by; 2&ys i`oyka øjHhg ;sìh hq;= úfYaI fN!;sl .=Kh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
4& by; øjHh fh§fï wjYH;dj l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& fuys § fhdod .kakd jdoh l=ulao @

8& ρ ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd m%ia;drhla we£ug Tn by; ,nd.;a m%ldYkh kej; ilikak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

9& iajdhla; yd mrdhla; úp,H olajñka ,efnk m%ia:drfha o< igykla w¢kak'

10& m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh ^m0 & u.ska >k;ajh i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& m%ia;drh Ndú;fhka c,fha >k;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍfï § wjYH jk wfkla ñkqu yd th ,nd.ekSug
Ndú;d lrk WmlrKh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
12& wka;(LKavh u.ska >k;ajh fiùu iqÿiq fkdùug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
13& riÈh jeks øjhl >k;ajh fiùug fuu l%uh iqÿiq fkdùug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
14& mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï § ñkqï irdj yryd j¾;kfhka isÿ jk n,mEu bj;a lsÍug l=ula l< yelso@
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ir, wj,ïnhl foda,k ld,h weiqfrka g fiùu

a)
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

1& by; rEm igyfka we;s WmlrK j,g wu;rj wjYH jk WmlrK fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& i& jvd flá ;ka;=jla Ndú;d lsÍfï wjdish l=ulao@

........................................................................................
ii& m%;Hia: ;ka;=jla yd ;rula uy; ;ka;=jla Ndú;d lsÍfï wjdish l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& i& jdfka f.da,fhys ialkaOh b;d l=vd jQ úg yd mßudj úYd, jQ úg isÿjk fodaIhka fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii& ma,diaála ",S" rn¾ jeks øjH iqÿiq fkd ùug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iii& o¾Yl ;=v wjYH jkafka l=ula i|ydo@ o¾Yl ;=v foda,k flakaøhg ,ïnlj ;eîu jvd;a
iqÿiq ùug fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& i& mdGdxl .ekSug mÍlaIKh lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

4) ii& wj,ïnfha È. f,i Tn ukskq ,nk ñkqï rEm igyfka ,l=Kq lrkak'

iii& mdGdxl lsysmhla ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iv& fjk;a mdGdxlhla .ekSug ieliSfï§ iSre udre lrk msysàï fol l=ulao@

........................................................................................

b& i& YsIHhd tla foda,khla i|yd muKla ld,h ukshs'ñkqu 2s fõ' úrdu >áldj l=vdu ñkqu 0'5 fõ
kï ld,h ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaYh fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii& úrdu >áldj l=vdu ñkqu 0.5s lao foda,khlg ld,h ;;amr 2 o kï ld, ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaYh
1% lg .e,mSug .; hq;= wju foda,k .Kk fidhkak '^T ys Nd.sl fodaIh 2⚠T f,i .kak'&
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iii& foda,k 25lg ld,h uekak úg ,enqKq w.h 50s la fõ'ld, ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaYh fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

c& i& YsIHfhla ;ka;=fõ È. l uksk ,È'f.da, wrh r kï m%ia;drh we£ug jdohla f.dv k.kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

ii& Tn úiska m%ia:drhg f;dard.kakd ,o iajdhla; úp,Hh yd mrdh;a; úp,Hh olajd m%ia;drhla o<
yevh w¢kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iii& m%ia;drh u.ska g ys w.h ,nd.kakd wdldrh myokak¡

........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

fy,slaiSh ÿkaklg iïnkaO lr we;s jia;=jl ialkaOh

yd foda,k ld,h w;r iïnkaOh

1& fuu mÍlaIKh isÿlsÍug wjYH WmlrK fudkjo @

2& fuu mÍlaIKfha wegjqu ilik wdldrh fláfhka olajkak'

4& wdj¾; ld,h i|yd iólrK ,shd th m%ia:drhla weÈh yelsfia ilia lrkak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& by; ieliQ iólrKfha iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,Hhka fudkjdo @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& by; 4ys iólrKhg wkqj ,efnk m%ia;rfhys o< igyk wÈkak'

7& fuu.ska ÿkq ksh;h .Kkh lrkafka flfiao @

8& fuu iólrKh i;H ùug ;sìh hq;= wjYH;djh l=ulao @

........................................................................................

9& Ndrhla t,a,d we;s ÿkaklg iq¿ úia:dmkhla §u uÕska th isriaj foda,kh ùug i,iajkq ,efí'
túg foda,k l,dj¾;h T,
T = 2π (M + m3)
k
^i&' ÿkafka ialkaOh^m& ks¾Kh lsÍug by; m%ldYkh m%ia:drhla we¢h yels fia ilikak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^ii&' k yd m ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd Tn m%ia;drfhka ,nd.; hq;= rdYSka fudkjdo @

k ks¾Kh lsÍug ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

m ks¾Kh lsÍug ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10& fuys t,aÆ Ndr l=vd jqjfyd;a isÿjk .eg¿ fudkjdo @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

èjksudkh Ndú;fhka iriq,l ixLHd;h fiùu

1& mÍlaIKhg wjYH WmlrK fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& èjks udk fmÜáh wjYH jkafka l=ugo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& èjksudk fmÜáh isÿre úo we;af;a l=ugo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& weÈ lïìfha ia:djr ;rx. we;s jkafka flfiao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& lïmkh jk iriq,la fia;= fol w;r uOHhg wdikakj ;eîug fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& iriqf,a ixLHd;h yd lïìfha ixLHd; ieuúgu iudko@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& lvodis wdfrdaylh lïìh ueo ;nkafk wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& È. wju w.hl isg jeä lrkafka wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& iriq, èjksudk fmÜáh u; ;eîfuka jeä y~la ,efnkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& fïjdfha we;sjk ;rx. j¾. fudkjdo@
• lïìfha ........................................................................
• jdhq fmÜáfha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• iriqf,a oe;sj, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• jd;fha ........................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

28
11& uQ,sl lïmk wjia:dj ,nd.kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

12& uQ,sl wkqkdo È. ^l & t,a,d we;s ialkaOh ^M & iriqf,a ixLHd;h ^f & yd lïìfha tall È.l
ialkaOh ^m& w;r iïnkaOh ,shd olajkak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
13& m%ia;drhla we`§u i`oyd m%ldYkh kej; ilikak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
14& m%ia;drh weiqfrka iriqf,a fkdokakd ixLHd;h ks¾Kh lrkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
15& wkqkdo wjia:dj y÷kd.; yels fjk;a l%u folla i|yka lrkak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

16& lïìfha tall È.l ialkaOh uek .kafka flfiao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

èjksudkh Ndú;fhka weÈ lïìhl ixLHd;h iy

lïmk È. w;r iïnkaO;djh i;Hdmkh lsÍu
1& mÍlaIKhg wjYH WmlrK fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& fuys§ jeäu ixLHd; iys; iriq, u.ska mÍlaIKh wdrïN lrkafka wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& fuys§ ish¨u iriq,a i|yd wkqkdo È.la ,efí hehs ;yjqre lr .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& ish¨u iriq,a i|yd wkqkdo È.la fkd,efnk nj fmkS hhs kï ta i|yd Tn .kq ,nk
mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr l=ulao@

........................................................................................
5& fuys§ èjksudk lïìh iïnkaO lmamsh iqug úh hq;af;a wehs@
........................................................................................
6& lïìh taldldr úh hq;af;a wehs@

........................................................................................
7& fuys§ iriqf,a ñg fl<jr èjksudk fmÜáh u; ;nkafka wehs@

........................................................................................
8& fuys§ m%ia;drh we£ug Tn fhdod .kakd iajdhla; úp,Hh iy mrdhla; úp,Hh l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& ,efnk m%ia:drfha o< yevh w¢kak¡

10& weÈ lïìfha ixLHd;h iy lïmk È. w;r iïnkaO;djh i;Hdmkh lrkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ixjD; k<hla yd tla iriq,la Ndú;fhka

jd;h èjks m%fõ.h iy wdka; fYdaOkh fiùu

1& wjYH WmlrK kï lrkak

mq`Mka

i) m;=,g mq¿ka jeks øjHhla oeóug fya;=j l=ula o@

3& i) mÍlaIKfha wkqkdo jQ lïmk úÈ folg wkqrEm ;rx. rgdj my; w¢kak'

ii) wkqkdo È. l1 yd l2 u.ska ;rx. wdhduh λ wdka; fYdaOkh e iïnkaO m%ldYkh ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iii) l1 , l2 ,f u.ska èjks m%fõ.h i|yd i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

31
iv) l1 = 16.2 cm , l2 = 50.2 cm , f = 512 Hz úg jd;fha èjks m%fõ.h , k,fha wdka; fYdaOkh
fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
v) iriq,a fmÜáfha jeä ixLHd; iriq, Ndú; lsÍfï jdish l=ulao@

........................................................................................

4& i) k,fha È. Y+kHfha isg iSreudre lsÍfï § k,fha È. wkqj wefik y~ ;Sj%;djh fjkiajk
wdldrh wkqkdo wjia:d ;=kla olajd w¢kak
;Sj%;djh

os.

ii) k<fha È. wkqj jdhq lf`oa lïmk ixLHd;h fjkia jk wdldrh m%ia;dßlj olajkak
ixLHd;h

os.

5& wkqkdo wjia:dfõ k,h we;=,; mj;sk ;rÕfha wdldrh l=ulao@ m%.uk o ke;fyd;a ia:djro @
........................................................................................
6& Tnf.a m%;sM,h w¾:dkaú;j jd¾;d lsÍu i|yd mÍlaIKh lrk ld,h ;=< igyka l< hq;= ;j;a
jeo.;a fN!;sl rdYshla we; tu fN!;sl rdYSh l=ula o @
........................................................................................
7& n÷kg mqrjk c,h fjkqjg uOHidr jeks øjHhla iqÿiq fkd ùug fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ixjD; k<hla yd iriq,a lÜg,hla Ndú;fhka

jd;h èjks m%fõ.h iy wdka; fYdaOkh fiùu

1& wjYH WmlrK ,ehsia;=j ms<sfh< lrkak¡

4& i) wkqkdo wjia:dj ,nd .ekSug k,h iïmQ¾Kfhkau .s,ajd tiúh hq;af;a ukao @
........................................................................................
ii) k,h fiñka ti ùfï jdish l=ulao
........................................................................................
iii) wkqkdo wjia:djg fmr jdhq lf`oa ixLHd;h iriqf,a ixLHd;hg iudkfõo@ meyeÈ,s lrkak¡
........................................................................................
iv) wkqkdo wjia:dfõ jeä y~la ,nd §ug fya;=j l=ula o@
........................................................................................
v) fuys§ wkqkdo wjia:d .Kkdjla ,efnk kuq;a uQ,sl wkqkdo wjia:dj mÍlaIKhg fhdod
.ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
vi) n÷kg mq¿,a jeks øjHhla oeófï wruqK l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

5& i) k, újD; fl<jf¾ wdka; fodaIhla we;ehs hkak woyia lrkafka l=ulao @

ii) wdka; fodaIh r|d mj;sk idOl l=ula o@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iii) isyska k,hla Ndú;d lsÍfï wjdish l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& i) mÍlaIKhg m<uqj f;dard .kafka l=uk iriq, o@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

ii) by; f;dard .ekSfï jdish l=ula o@

iii) iriqf,a ixLHd;h yer Tn .kakd mdGdxl fol l=ulao @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iv) Tn .kakd ñkqï l=ulao @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

v) mdGdxl lshùfï § ksrjoH;dj jeä lsÍug .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ljf¾o@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

/,s;s gexlsh Ndú;fhka ;rx. j, .=K wdo¾Ykh

1& m<uqj gexlsfha m;=, ;sria l< hq;=h' th lrkafka flfiao@ th fkdlsÍfuka we;sjk wmyiq;djh
l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& ;rx.hla olajk m%Odk .=Kdx. fudkjdo@ tajdhska /<s;s gexlsh uÕska wdo¾Ykh l< fkdyels
.=Kh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
3& c, ;rx. j, fõ.h fjkia lrkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& c, ;rx.j, ixLHd;h fjkia lrkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& /<s;s gexlsfha ì;a;sj, lïì oe,la fhdokafka ukao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& N%ufKalaI myk Ndú;d lrkafka l=ula i|ydo@ ta i|yd N%ufKalaIh ielish hq;= ixLHd;h
l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& /<s;s gexlshg my< iqÿ ;srh u; §ma;su;a ;Sre iy w÷re ;Sre we;sùug fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E

........................................................................................
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

8& lïmk ixLHd;h jeä lrk úg iqÿ ;srh u; ;rx. igyfkys we;sjk fjki l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& ixLHd;h ksh;j ;ndf.k c,h msÍ we;s Wi jeä lsÍfï§ ksÍlaIKh jk fjki l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& c,h ;=< tla me;a;l .eUqr wvq lsÍug .kakd l%shdud¾.h l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& c,h ;=< ùÿre lodjla ;eîfuka ;rx.j, .=K folla wdo¾Ykh l< yel' tajd fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

12& tu ixisoaê folg wod<j ;rx. fmruqKq yeisfrk wdldrh my; rEmigykaj, we| olajkak

13& .eUqr wvq m%foaYfha isg .eUqr jeä m%foaYhg c, ;rx. fmruqKq heùfï§ tla;rd wjia:djl .eUqr
jeä m%foaYfha ;rx. fmruqKq oDYH fkdfõ' tfia ùug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

14& c, mDIaGfha isg n,anhg Wi 75cm o ;srhg ÿr 25cm o §ma;su;a ;Sre 7la w;r mr;rh 6cm fõ'
i& c, ;rx.fha ;rx. wdhduh l=ulao@
ii& ixLHd;h 50Hz kï tys ;rx. m%fõ.h l=ulao@
iii& /<s;s gexlsfha c,fha .eUqr fldmuKo@

15& ;, ;rx. fmruqKq bÈßfha ndOl uÕska mgq isÿre we;s lrk ,È' my; i|yka wjia:dj,§ isÿre
j,ska bj;g hk ;rx. fmruqKq w¢kak

16& by; .=Kh l=uk kulska ye¢kafõo@

........................................................................................

17& by; isÿùu fyd¢ka o¾Ykh ùug isÿf¾ m<, yd ;rx. wdhduh w;r iïnkaO;djh l=uk
wdldrfha úh hq;=o@

........................................................................................

18& gexlsfha ,laIHdldr lïmk m%Nj 2la ia:dk.; lr ksfrdaOkh wdo¾Ykh flf¾' ;rx.
ksfrdaOkh hkqfjka woyia jkafka l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

19& ks¾udKldÍ iy kdYl ksfrdaOkh hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kajkak

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

20& ;srh u; §ma;su;a ;Sre we;s ùug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

p, wkaùlaIh Ndú;fhka ùÿre l=Üáhl j¾;kdxlh fiùu

1& my; p, wkaùlaIfha fldgia kï lrkak'

A-..............................
B -..............................
C -..............................
D-..............................
E -..............................
F -..............................
G-..............................
H-..............................
I -..............................

2& mÍlaIKh i|yd wjYH øjH ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& mÍlaIKh lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& fuys§ jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka fhdod .kakd ùÿre ;yvqj ;=kS ùu o@ >klï ùuo@ fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& fï i|yd p, wkaùlaIh Ndú;d lsÍfuka ,efnk jdis i|yka lrkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

39
6& mdGdxl ,nd .kakd wjia:d ;=kg wod<j p, wkaùlaIfha mßudK msysàu my; mßÈ fõ' Bg wod<
ñkqï ,shd olajkak' l=vdu ñkqu 0.01mm f,i .kak'

5
3
2

A) ........................... B) ........................... C) ...........................

7& by; B) wjia:djg wod,j my; olajd we;s igyfka O ys m%;sìïnh msysgk ia:dkh I my;
oelafjk mßÈ fõ' igyk Ndú;fhka ùÿrej, j¾;k wxlh i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak'

A r B

r
(n)
O

8& n = OA/IA ùug kï isÿúh hq;= wjYH;djh l=ulao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

9& ta wkqj ,ndf.k we;s mdGdxl weiqßka ùÿrej, j¾;kdxlh .Kkh lr olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& mÍlaIKfha ksrjoH;djh jeä lr.; yels l%u folla i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& fuu l%uh uÕska c,h jeks mdroDYH øj udOHhl jqjo j¾;kdxlh fiúh yels nj YsIHfhla
mjihs' fï iuÕ Tn tlÕ jkafkao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

m%siauhla ;=,ska isÿjk lsrKhl wm.ukh mÍlaIdlr

tuÕska m%siaufha wju wm.uk fldaKh fiùu

1& mÍlaIKh ioyd wjYH øjH fudkjdo @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& m;k lsrKh ,nd.ekSug wod< P1 ,P2 w,afmfk;s isgqùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
lreKq fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& fuys§ tla w,afmfk;a;la muKla isgqùfuka iqÿiq m;k fldaKhlska hq;= lsrKhla ,nd.;
fkdyelafla wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& ks¾.; lsrKh ,nd.ekSug wod< w,afmfk;s 2 fol ^ P3 ,P4 & isgqùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
lreKq fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍug wod< my; rEmigyk iïmQ¾K lrkak'
^m;k lsrKh " ks¾.; lsrKh " w,afmfk;sj, msysàu ksjerÈ j ,l=Kq lrkak &

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

42
6& talf¾Çh nj ksjerÈj ,nd.ekSug w,afmfk;sj, l=uk uÜgfuka ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= o @
........................................................................................

7& Tn m%ia;drh we£ug Ndú;d lrk rdYSka fudkjdo@ tys iajdhla; úp,Hh iy mrdhla; úp,Hh
f,i fhdod.kakd rdYSka kï lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& fuys§ ,efnkqfha wjuhla iys; m%ia;drhls' tys o< igykla w¢kak' tys wju ,laIfha LKavdxl
^p,q& kï tajd y÷kajkak'
........................................................................................

9& q flfrys n,mdk idOl fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& fuys § wju wm.uk fldaKh i|yd jvd ksjerÈ w.hla ,nd.ekSug jl%h jvd iqugj we¢h hq;=h'
ta i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels l%shdud¾.h l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& m%siau fldaKh A f,i .;aúg p i|yd m%ldYkhla q yd A weiqfrka ,ndfokak'

12& m%siau øjHfha j¾;kdxlh i|yd m%ldYkhla fokak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

13& mÍlaIKh i|yd jvd iqÿiq jkafka m<,a uqyqK;la we;s m%siauhls' thg fya;=j l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

14& mÍlaIKh i|yd Tng ,nd ÿkafka Rcq fldaKS m%siauhla kï Tn w,afmfk;s msysgqjk wdldrh
olajñka lsrK igyk we| olajkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

wjê fldaK l%ufhka m%siauhl øjHfha iy øjhl

j¾;kdxlh fiùu

1& mÍlaIKh i|yd wjYH WmlrK yd øjHh fudkjdo@

2& mÍlaIKh wdrïN lsÍug fmr uQ,sl ieliqu ilia lr .kakd wdldrh ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& ^1& w,afmfk;a; AB u; isgq ùug jvd;au iqÿiq ia:dkh l=ulao@

A
R

B C
........................................................................................
^2& thg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
^3& w,afmfk;a; AB iuÕ iam¾Yj ;eîfuka we;s jdish l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& ^1& wjê fldaKh ,nd .ekSug wjYH mÍlaIK igyk ,nd .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

^2& igyk ,nd .;a miq wjYH ks¾udK lrk wdldrh ms<sfj<g olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^3& by; ks¾udKh lsÍfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=uk lsrK y÷kd .ekSugo@
........................................................................................
5& ^1& QM f¾Ldj AC g ,ïNlj ks¾udKh lsÍfï wruqK yd QL=LM f,i ie,lSfï wruqK l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^2& NC w;r§ AC foi neÆ úg b;d meyeÈ,s m%;sìïnhla oDYH fõ' Bg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
^3& BN w;r§ AC foi neÆ úg b;d wmeyeÈ,s m%;sìïnhla oDYH fõ' óg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
^4& by; m%;sìïnh oDYH jkafka tlu ia:dkhlo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& P1 P2 lsrKh ,nd .ekSug we,afmfk;a; isgqjk wdldrh ,shkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& ^1& uek.;a fldaKh 89°20´ la úh' m%siaufha øjHh i|yd wjê fldaKh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^2& m%siaufha øjH i|yd j¾;kdxlh l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
^3& wju wm.uk fldaKh fiùug jvd fuu l%ufha we;s úfYaI jdis yd wjdis l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

8& fuu mÍlaIKh lsÍug m%siaufha j¾;l fldaKfha n,mEula we;sfõo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& AC mDIaGh u; øj ia:rhl isyska ùÿre ;yvqjla ;nkq ,efí'

^1& by; l%ufhka øjHfha j¾;kdxlh fiùug øjHfhaa j¾;kdxlh l=uk wdldrfha úh hq;=o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^2& olajk wjia:d u; P ,laIHhg idfmalaIj wjYH lsrK .uka ud¾.h ;sìh hq;= wdldrh msgm;a
l, igykla wÈkak'

^3& by; wdldrhg ks¾Kh lsÍug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^4& ùÿre ;yvqj w,jd .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^5& fuu wjia:dfõ m%;sìïnfha msysàu AC me;af;a jd;h we;s msysàug jvd fjkiafõo@
........................................................................................
10& fuys§ uek.;a fldaKh 122°12´ la úh' fuu.ska øjfha j¾;kdxlh fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& fjk;a YsIHfhla lrk ,o mÍlaIKhl§ Tyqg ,enqk w.h 89°20´ la úh' óg fya;=j l=ula úh
yelso@
........................................................................................
12& ùÿre ;yvqj m%siaufhka fjka lsÍug n,hla fh§ug isÿ úh'óg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

j¾Kdj,sudkh

1& j¾Kdj,sudk mÍlaIKj,§ wdf,dalh ,nd.ekSu i`oyd fhdod.kakd úfYaI WmlrKh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& j¾Kdj,sudkfha wfkla fldgiaj,ska iajdh;a;j p,kh l< yels fldgia kï lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& iudka;rlh" m%siau fïih iy ÿf¾laIh ilid .; hq;= wkqms<sfj, olajkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& ÿf¾laIh m%Odk mshjr folla hgf;a iSreudre lrhs' tu mshjrj,a olajd ÿf¾laIh iSreudre lrk
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& iSreudre lsÍfuka miq yrialïì msysgkafka lskï ia:dkhlo@

........................................................................................
6& iSreudre lsÍfuka miq ÿf¾laIh mj;skafka lskï iSreudrefõo@
........................................................................................
7& wúÿr ,laIHh fjkia mqoa.,fhla j¾Kdj,sudkh Ndú;d lrhs kï fjkia l< hq;= jkafka l=uk
ldpho@
........................................................................................
8& iudka;rlh iSreudre lsÍfï l%shdms<sfj< olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& fufia iudka;rlh iSreudre lsÍfï wruqK l=ulao@

........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

10& m%siau fïih foi by<ska neÆ úg fmfkk wdldrh my; oelafõ' P,Q,R hkq ix;=,k bial=remamq
;=khs'
I) m%siau fïih uÜgï lsÍu i|yd ABC ;%sfldaKdldr yrialv oelafjk mß§ m%siauh ;eìh hq;=
wdldrh we| olajkak'
ii) m%s;sìïnh fmkSug wei ;eìh hq;= ia:dkhka T1,T2 f,i kï lrkak'

11& m%siau fïih uÜgï lsÍug ix;=,k ial=remamq fhdod.ks' Tn m%siau fïih uÜgï lsÍug fhdod.kakd
ix;=,k ial=remamq fudkjdoehs kï lrkak'
........................................................................................

12& by; oelajQ mßÈ m%siauh ;eîug iy ix;=,k ial=remamq fhdod.ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

13& m%siau fïih uÜgï lrk wdldrh ,shd olajkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

14& ÿf¾laIfhka ksÍlaIKfha§ my; wjia:d olakg ,enqks' tla tla wjia:dfõ fodaIh yd fodaIh uÕ
yrjd .ekSug .;hq;= l%shdud¾.h i|yka lrkak'

15& Èla isÿr muKg jvd úYd, ùfuka yg.kakd fodaIh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
16& m%siaufha YS¾Ih m%siau fïifha flkaøhg uola by<ska ;eîfï wruqK l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
17& m%siau fïih uÜgï lsÍu iy m%siau fldaKh fiùfï mÍlaIKh i|yd iqÿ wdf,dal m%Njhla
fhdod.ekSug YsIHfhla fhdackd lrk ,È' fuys iqÿiq kqiqÿiq nj i|yka fldg Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;=
olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
18& by; mÍlaIKfha§ ksÍlaIs; Èla isÿf¾ m%;sìïnfha ;Sj%;djh idfmalaIj wvq fõ' tfia ùug fya;=j
l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

19& m%siau fldaKh fiùfï§ idudkHfhka mdGdxl hq.< folla ,nd.kS' fufia mdGdxl hq.< folla
,nd.ekSfuka ie,fik jdish l=ulao@
........................................................................................

20& j¾Kdj,sudk mßudKfha m%Odk mßudK fldgia 29la j'ksh¾ mßudK fldgia 30 lg fnod ;snqkq
w;r m%Odk mßudK fldgil w.h 0.5° úh' fuys l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

21& tla mdGdxl hq.<hlg wod< j'ksh¾ msysàï my; oelafõ' tla tla wjia:dfõ mdGdxlh my; ;s;a
fma<sfha ,shd olajkak'

........................................ ........................................

22& ;j;a mdGdxl hq.<hla 108° 48' yd 229° 40' f,i ,enqks' m%siau fldaKh .Kkh lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

23& bkamiq by; m%siauhu iy iSreudre lrk ,o j¾Kdj,sudkh Ndú;d lr m%siaufha wju wm.uk
fldaKh fidhd tu.ska m%siauh ;kd we;s øjHfha j¾;kdxlh fiùug wegjqu ilik ,È'
YsIHfhl= fï i|yd o iqÿ wdf,dal m%Njhla Ndú;d l< yels nj mjihs' Tn Tyq yd tlÕ jkafka o@
fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

24& wju wm.uk wjia:dj y÷kd .kafka flfiao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

25& by; igyfka iudka;rlh yd m%siauh olajd we;' lsrK igykla we| wei ;eìh hq;= ia:dkh
meyeÈ<sj ,l=Kq lrkak'

26& m%siau fïih olajd we;s ÈYdjg p,kh lrhs kï ÿf¾laIfha m:h by; igyfkau we| olajkak'

27& wju wm.uk fldaKh ,nd .ekSfï § ,nd.; hq;= mdGdxl fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

28& wod, mdGdxl foflys w.hka 12° 04' iy 334° 38' kï wju wm.uk fldaKh .Kkh lr by;
w.hkao Ndú;fhka m%siauh ;kd we;s øjHfha j¾;kdxlh fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

W;a;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu

1) mÍlaIKh i|yd Ndú;d jk wegjqfï rEm igykla we| kï lrkak'

2) ;d;aúl m%;sìïn ,nd .ekSug kï jia;= l+r ;eìh hq;af;a l=uk ia:dkhlo@
........................................................................................
3& mÍCIKh isÿ lsÍug fmr tla;rd whs;uhl hï o;a;hla oek isàu myiq fõ' tu o;a;h l=ulao@
........................................................................................
4& tu o;a;h i`oyd o< w.hla ,nd .; yels ir, l%uhla úia;r lrkak'

5& fjk;a jia;= j, m%;sìïn fmkSu j<lajd .; yelafla flfiao@

........................................................................................

6& fuu mÍCIKfha§ m%;sìïnfha msysàu fidhd .kafka flfiao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

9& fuu mÍCIKfha§ wei m%ldY wCIh yryd fomig f.k hdfï§ m%;sìïnh wefiys p,s; ÈYdjgu
.uka lrhs kï m%;sìïnh iumd; lsÍu i|yd ksfõIK l+r f.k hd hq;af;a wei foigo@ wefika
bj;go@

........................................................................................
10& ldph bÈßfha wei ;enQ úg jia;= l+f¾ m%;sìïnhla oDYH fkdfõ kï Bg fya;=j l=ulao@

14& jia;= ÿr, m%;sìïn ÿr, yd W;a;, ldpfha kdNSh ÿr ms<sfj,ska u,v yd f kï f¾Çh m%ia;drhla
we§fuka ldpfha kdNSh ÿr ks¾Kh lsÍug ldp iQ;%h kej; ilikak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
15& by; iólrKfha Tn ,nd .;a iajdhla; úp,Hh my; § we;s rEm igyfka ;sria wCIfhayso
mrdhla; úp,Hh issria wCIfhayso ,l=Kq lrkak'

16& n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%ia:drfhys

o< igykla tu rEm igyfkysu w`Èkak'

17& by; m%ia:drfhka W;a;, ldpfhys kdNSh ÿr i|yd w.hla Tn ,nd .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

wj;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu

1& wegjqu ilik wdldrh we| olajd wod< WmlrK kï lrkak'

2& tu mÍlaIKh i|yd ;, o¾mKh ia:dk.; l< hq;af;a flfiao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd ;, o¾mKhla w;HdjYH jkafka ukao@
........................................................................................
4& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ W;a;, fyda wj;, o¾mKhla fjkqjg ;, o¾mkhla fhdod .ekSu ksid
ie,fik jdish l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& mÍCIKh i|yd Ndú;d lrk o¾Yl l+f¾ iajNdjh l=ula úh hq;=o@ fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& o¾Yl l+frys iy ksfõYl l+frys m%;sìïn fol iumd; ù we;s nj y÷kd.kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

7& m%;sìïn fol wiumd; wjia:djl§ wei m%Odk wlaIhg ,ïNlj fomig f.k hdfï§ m%;sìïn
fofla p,s; iajNdjh úia;r lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

55
9& fuu mÍCIKfha§ wei m%ldY wCIh yryd fomig f.k hdfï§ m%;sìïnh wefiys p,s; ÈYdjgu
.uka lrhs kï m%;sìïnh iumd; lsÍu i|yd ksfõIK l+r f.k hd hq;af;a wei foigo@ wefika
bj;go@

........................................................................................
10& ldph bÈßfha wei ;enQ úg jia;= l+f¾ m%;sìïnhla oDYH fkdfõ kï Bg fya;=j l=ulao@

16& n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%ia:drfhys

o< igykla tu rEm igyfkysu w`Èkak'

fl<jrla jeiQ flaYsl k<hlska fndhs,a kshuh i;H nj fmkaùu

1& wjYH WmlrK i|yka lrkak

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

5& riÈh l| m%udKj;a È.lska ;sìh hq;=h 'fuh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

7& h i|yd ,nd .; yels mrdih i|yka lr h i|yd iDK mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï jdish l=ulaoehs
i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& mgq k,hla Ndú;d lrkafka wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& taldldr k,hla Ndú;d lrkafka wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& flá k,hla Ndú;d fkdl, hq;af;a wehs @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

58
12& k,h isria wjia:dfõ jdhq lf|a È. b;d l=vd fkdúh hq;af;a wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
13& riÈh fjkqjg c,h Ndú; ùug fkdyels ùug fya;= ;=kla i|yka lrkak

riÈh fmdg

c, ìxÿj
jd;h iy
ix;Dma; c, jdIam
h1

h2
l

14& fuu.ska ix;Dma; c, jdIam mSvkh uek .ekSu i|yd wod< wegjqu by; oelafõ' ix;Dma; jdIam
mSvkh iïnkaO jk m%ldYkh ,shd m%ia;drhla we£ug wjYH iólrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'

pd,aia kshuh i;H nj fmkaùu

WIaK;ajudkh

riÈh l|
uka:h

flaYsl k,h
i,l=Kq l, mßudKh

nkaika odylh

1& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ mgq k,hla Ndú;d lsÍfu wruqK l=ulao @

3& fuys§ hï WIaK;ajhl§ jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh hehs i,lkafka c, ;dmlfha c,fha WIaK;ajhhs'
hï fya;=ka ksid tfia i,lSu fodaI iy.; fjhs'
a& fuhg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

b& tau fodaI n,fkdmdk wdldrhg mÍlaIKh isÿ lrkafka flfiao @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

4& WIaK;ajh jeä lrk úg riÈh l| m%idrKh jqjo mÍlaIKh mqrdjg k,h ;=, mSvkh ksh;j
mj;sk nj ikd: lrkafk flfia o @

7& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ ,efnk m%ia;drh Ndú;d lr jd;fha ksh; mSvkfh§ mßud m%idrK;djh
fiúh yel' thg wod< jdoh f.dvk.kak'

8& by; m%ia;drh we£fï§ jdhq iïnkaOfhka l, hq;= m%Odk Wml,amkh l=ula o@
........................................................................................

9& by; wegjqug wkqj mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍfï§ 10°C wka;r j,ska WIaK;ajh fjkia l< o jdhq lf|a
mßudj ie,lsh hq;= f,i fjkila we;s fkdfõ' fuhg fya;=j l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& by; .eg¨j uÕ yrjd .ekSug by; k,h iqÿiq mßÈ úlrKh lr.kafka flfiaoehs
rEm igykla u.ska fmkajkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

61
11& wegjqu úlrKh l, miq mÍlaIKfha ksrjoH;dj jeä ùug fya;= fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& fuys§ k,h Rcqj r;a fkdlsÍug fya;= 2la olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

13& WIaK;ajh jeä ùu;a iu. k,h m%idrKh jqjo tys n,mEula mÍlaIKhg isÿ fkdjk nj
ikd: lsßug bÈßm;a lrk Wml,amkh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

14& fuys§ riÈh fjkqjg c, l|la fhdod .ekSfuka we;s jk m%dfhda.sl .eg¨ 2la i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

15& isrù we;s jdhq l| úh<s jdhq l|la ùfï wjYH;djh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

16& isrù we;s jdhq ialkaOh jeä l< úg ,efnk m%ia;drh by; m%ia;drh u; w¢kak'
^B jdhq f,i kï lrkak&

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ksh; mßudfõ § jdhqjl mSvkh iy ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh

w;r iïnkaOh i;Hdmkh lsÍu'

h
B

1& by; wegjqu u.ska mÍlaIKh isÿlsÍfï§ jeo.;a fldgia lsysmhla A, B,C f,i olajd we;'
tajd kï lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& ksh; mßudfõ§ jdhqjl mSvk m%idrK;dj jk γv w¾: oelafjk m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
........................................................................................
3& tu m%ldYkfha mo w¾: olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& by; m%ldYkh f¾Åh m%ia:drhla we£ug ilia lrkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

63
5& m%ia:drfha o, igykla we| tu.ska P0 yd γv fidhk whqre meyeÈ,s lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& by; m%ia:drh i;H oehs fidhd .kafka flfia o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& A yd B f.a ld¾hhka fya;= iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& mÍlaIKh isÿ wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& mÍlaIKhg fmr n,anh Èhjk whsia ys .s,aúh hq;=h' túg riÈh l| n,anhg we§ hd yelsh'
fuhg fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& fuh j,lajd .kafka flfia o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& fuys§ whsia fhdod mÍlaIKh isÿ lrkafka wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ c,h ;Èka uka: l, hq;af;a wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

13& hï WIaK;ajhl ñkqï .ekSug fmr isÿ l, hq;= l%shd ms<sfj, i|yka lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
-1
14& by; m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh 0'078 ᴼC yd wka;(LKavh 70 cmHg kï γv yd Po w.h fidhkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
15& γv ys w.h iïu; w.hg jvd wm.ukh fõ' thg fya;=j olajkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

ie¡hq¡ #
by; mÍlaIKh fndaâka mSvk wdudkh keu;s WmlrKh Ndú;fhkao isÿl< yel¡

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ñY%K l%ufhka >k øjHhl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu

1& fuu mÍlaIKhg ksl,aika ;dmlhla fhdod .ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& fuys§ úYd, Bhï l=Üáhla fhdod fkd.ekSug;a" Bhï l=vq f,i fhdod fkd.ekSug;a fya;= l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& fuys§ Bhï fnda, c,fha .s,ajd r;a fkdlrkafka wehs@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& Bhï fnda, r;a lsÍug oe,a,la fhdod .; yelso$fkdyelso@ fya;=j i|yka lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& fuys§ le,ß ógrh wksjd¾fhka mßjdrl mshklska jeiSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& fï ioyd f,day mshkla Ndú;h iqÿiq o@ fya;= ioyka lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

7& úlsrKh u.ska moaO;sfha ;dmydksh wju lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod.kakd Wml%uh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

8& le,ß ógrh ;=,g b;d úYd, c, m%udKhla fyda b;d wvq c, m%udKhla fhdod fkd.ekSug
fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

66
o
9& Bhï fnda, j, .s,ajd we;s WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh 100 Cg iudk jQ jydu tajd le,ß ógrhg
tla lsÍu iqÿiqo@ fya;= olajkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& mßjdrl øjH j, úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu i|yd fuu l%uh iqÿiq fkdjkafka wehs@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& fuu mßlaIKh weiqfrka øjhl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu i|yd l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

13& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ ;U le,ß ógrhla fjkqjg ßðf*daï fldamamhla Ndú;d lsÍfï jdish l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

14& mÍlaIKfha§ ,nd.kakd mdGdxl ms<sfj,ska i|yka lrkak'

15& c,fha ú';d'Od' cw "le,ß ógrfha ú';d'Od' co kï wod, ixfla; Ndú;d lr Bhï j, ú';d'Od'^c&
ioyd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

isis,k l%ufhka øjhl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùu

WIaK;ajudkh

îlrh

øjh

uka:h

1& ksõgkaf.a isis,k kshuh m%ldY lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd wjYH WmlrK fudkjdo @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& c,h fhdokafka kï 100°C wdikak WIaK;ajfha c,h fh§u iqÿiq fkdjkafka wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& mßir WIaK;ajhg wdikak WIaK;ajfha c,h fh§u iqÿiq fkdjkafka wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& fï i|yd c,h iqÿiq ùug fya;= fudkjo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& Ndckfha øj uÜgu my,ska we;s úg isÿjk fodaIh l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

68
7& n÷k f,day mshklska fkdj tnkhsÜ mshklska jid we;af;a ukao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

8& øj uÜgu mshfka iam¾Yj ;eîfï wjdish l=ulao@

........................................................................................

9& mDIaGfhka c,h jdIam jk úg isis,k kshuh fhÈh yels o @ fya;=j l=ula o @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& mDIaGfhka ;dm ydks jk l%u fudkjo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& fuys§ iS>%fhka uka: l, hq;af;a wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& n÷fkka ;dm ydks jk iS>%;dj r|d mj;sk idOl fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

13& mDIaGfha WIaK;ajh we;=,; c,fha WIaK;ajhu hehs ksYaÑ; lsÍug fya;= fudkjo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

14& isis,k kshuh i;H nj fmkaùug Tn w¢k m%ia:drfha o< yevh we| P f,i fmkajkak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

69
15& by; mÍlaIKfha§ c,h yd wfkla øjhg wod,j ld,h bÈßfha WIaK;ajh m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

16& a& by; m%ia;drj,ska Tn .kakd ñkqï fol ,l=Kq lrkak

b& Tn .kakd wu;r ñkqï l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
c& Tng wjYH jk wu;r o;a; fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

d& by; o;a; yd ñkqï y÷kajd úYsIaG ;dm Odß;djh fiùug iólrK ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

17& by; ld, foflys uOHhk ;dm ydks iS.%;djh iudk hhs oelaùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

18& c,h yd øjh iudk mßud fhdokafka wehs oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak
........................................................................................
19& moaO;sfha ;dm ydks iS>%;djh r|d mj;sk idOl fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
20& m%ia;drfhka f;dard.;a WIaK;aj 2 jeä mr;rhlska f;dard .ekSfï fodaIh l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
21& WIaK;aj wka;r i|yd b;d wvq mr;rhla f;dard .ekSfuka isÿjk fodaIh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

ñY%K l%ufhka whsia j, ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiùu

1& mÍlaIKhg wjYH WmlrK ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& whsia tl;= lsÍug fmr ,nd .; hq;= mÍlaIKd;aul ñkqï fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& whsia oeófuka miq .; hq;= .; hq;= mdGdxl fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
4& .Kkh lsÍug wjYH wu;r o;a; fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5& mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk wdldrh fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
6& mÍlaIKhg whsia l=vq" úYd, l=Üá" idudkH m%udKfha ^l=vd& whsia leg wdldr 3 ka
f;dard .kafka l=ulao@ wfkla wjia:d fol m%;slafIam lsÍug fya;= fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& le,ß ógrhg whsia tl;= lsÍfï§ wkq.ukh l, hq;= mq¾fjdamdhka 3la ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& Èhfjñka mj;sk whsia f;dar .ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

9& mÍlaIKh iu. isÿ jk ;dm yqjudrej ksid fodaIh wju lsÍug .; yels mÍlaIKd;aul l%uh
l=ula o@ tu l%ufhka fYdaOkh isÿ jk wdldrh l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& le,ß ógrh whsia tl;= lrñka moaO;sh ;Èka uka:kh lsÍfï§ fldmuK W;aidy l,o
ikakhkfhka" ixjykfhka yd úlsrKfhka moaO;sh ;dmh Wrd .kshs' fuu ;dm Wrd .ekSu
yels;dla wju lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾. fudkjo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ whsia c,h u; mdùu je,elaúh hq;af;a wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& iS>%fhka uka: l, hq;af;a wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
13& mßirhg jvd fndfyda fihska wvq WIaK;ajhlg tk;=re mÍlaIKh fkdl< hq;af;a wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
14& ysñÈß Wofha fyda jeys nr Èkl mÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ fodaIh jeäùug fya;=j l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
15& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ tla l, whsia j, nr wfkla ñkqï j,g jvd b;d ksjerÈj .; hq;af;a wehs @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

16& n÷k jgd ;=Idr ne£ ;snqfka kï L ys w.h ksjerÈ w.fhka wm.ukh jkafka flfiao@

........................................................................................

17& uka; lsÍfï§ c,h iaj,amhla bj; .sfha kï L ys w.h ksjerÈ w.fhka wm.ukh jkafka flfiao@

........................................................................................

18& jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fuu mÍlaIKfha m%;sM, flfrys n,mEï lrkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

c,fha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiùu

c,fha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIaG .=ma; ;dmh fiùu yqud,h ,nd .ekSug úoHd.drfha idudkHfhka
Ndú;d lrkafka rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ WmlrKhls'

(Y)

A E

D G
F

^1& a& rEmfha mßÈ AE iy CD hk k, folla ;sîug fya;= jQ lreKq ljf¾o@

b& AE kd,h jvd;a È.= fkdúh hq;= w;r jvd;a flá o úh hq;= ke;' ta wehs @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

c& my; fldgia j, m%fhdack i|yka lrkak'

1& Y - ................................................................................

2& CD - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d& k<fha fl<jr rjqï lrkafka wehs''@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^2& a& mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk úg isÿjk ;dm ydksh fYdaOkh i|yd wm úiska .kq ,nk l%shdud¾.h
l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

b& Y WmlrKh fkdue;sj AE k<fha fl<jr c,h iys; le,ß ógrh ;=<g fl,skau
we;=¿ lsÍug tla YsIHfhla fhdackd lrhs' fuhg Tn tlÕ jkafka o @ fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

c& rEm igyfka G u.ska olajd we;s fldgi my; § we;s rEm igyfka mßÈ fldgilska
m%;sia:dmkh flf¾'fï l%uh ;=< Tn olsk jdis iy wjdis i|yka lrkak'

yqud,h
bj;g

yqud,h
we;=<g R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

d& le,ß ógrhg c,h msrúh hq;= uÜgu rEm igyfka we| olajkak' tfia isÿ lsÍug fya;= o
i|yka lrkak

e& le,ß ógrh mshklska fkdjikafka wehs @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

^3& a& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ yqud,h we;=¿ lsÍug fmr Tn úiska ,nd.; hq;= ñkqï fudkjdo @
ms<sfj,ska tajdg iqÿiq ixfla; fokak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
b& yqud,h tl;= lsÍfuka miq ,nd .kakd mdGdxl fudkjdo @

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

^4& a& c,h ioyd L ys 2'25×^10⁶&Jkg⁻¹ w.h jk w;r whsia ioyd L ys w.h 3'36×10⁵Jkg⁻
¹ fõ'
fuu fjkig fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

b& 100ᴼ C ys we;s c,h 1 cm³ la 100ᴼ C ys we;s yqud,h njg m;alsÍfï§ isÿlrk ndysr ld¾hh
.Kkh lrkak '
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
c& jeäjQ wNHka;r Yla;sh fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

d& by; .Kkh lsÍug fhdod.;a uQ,O¾uh l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

Tm oeuQ le,ßógrhla weiqßka jd;fha idfmalaI

wd¾ø;dj fiùu

WIaK;ajudkh

oe,af.dgq uka:h

msg; mDIaGh TmoeuQ le,ßógrh

ùÿre ;yvqj c,h

wdOdrlh

1& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ le,ßógrfha mDIaGh u; ;=Idr idod .ekSu i|yd Tn wkq.ukh lrk
m¾fhaIKd;aul l%shd ms<sfj< l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& fuu mÍlaIKfha § c, mßudj mqrdu WIaK;ajh taldldÍj ;nd .ekSu i|yd c,h uka:kh
lrkq ,efí' fuh jeo.;a jkqfha wehs@

........................................................................................
5& fuu mÍlaIKfha§ l=vd whsia len,s fhdod .ekSug fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

6& ùÿre ;yvqjla ;=<ska ;=Idr ksÍlaIKh lsÍug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& msg; mDIaGfha Tmh ke;s jk wjia:dfõ le,ßógrh whsia lene,a,la b;sßj ;snqKfyd;a th
bj;a l< hq;=h' thg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& fuu mÍlaIKfha § ,nd.;a mdGdxl ms<sfj,ska 21'4°C yd 21'8°C kï ;=Idr wxlh .Kkh lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh^RH& i|yd m%ldYkhla ix;Dma; jdYam mSvk weiqfrka ,shkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& mÍlaIKd.drhl WIaK;ajh 28°C o ;=Idr wxlh 22°C o kï my; j.=j Ndú;d lr
mÍlaIKd.drfha idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj^RH& ks¾Kh lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

WIaK;ajudkh ( °C ) 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

ika;Dma; c, jdIam
17.53 19.83 22.38 25.20 28.35 31.82 35.66
mSvkh
(mmHg)

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

i¾,a l%uh u.ska f,dayhl ;dm ikakdhl;dj fiùu

B
C

S x y

T
D

1& rEmfha we;s WmlrK j,g wu;rj mÍlaIKh ioyd wjYH wfkl=;a WmlrK ish,a, kï lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& rEm igyfka olajd we;s my; fldgia kï lrkak'
A-................................. C- ....................................
B -................................. D- ....................................
3& yqud,h we;=¿ lrkafka S ;=<ska o@ T ;=<ska o@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

4& tfia lsÍfuka we;sjk jdis 2la ,shkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& c,h y ;=<ska we;=¿ lrkafka wehs@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& yqud,h fjkqjg 100°C mj;sk c,h Ndú;d l< yels o@ fkdyels o@ fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

79
7& WIaK;ajudk w;rg riÈh tla lrkafka wehs@
........................................................................................

8& ksh; mSvk ysi u.ska isÿ lrk ld¾hh l=ula o@

........................................................................................
9& WIaK;audk j, mdGdxl ,n.kafka moaO;sh l=uk wjia:djg meñKs úg o@
tu wjia:djg moaO;sh meñK we;aoehs mÍlaId lrkafka flfia o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& ;U oKav jgd weysÍug fhdod .kakd øjH fudkjd o@ th i;=j ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.h l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
11& ta ioyd ;dm ikakdhl;dj b;d wvq c,h" jd;h jeks oE kqiqÿiq jkafka wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
12& wkjr; wjia:dfõ § oKavg ,ndfok ;dmhg l=ula isÿfõ o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
13& wkjr; wjia:dfõ § oKav yryd ;dmh .,d hdfï YS>%;dj ^dQ/dt& iudk jkafka l=ulg o@
........................................................................................

14& by; ms<s;=rg wod<j ^dQ/dt& fiùug .; hq;= mdGdxl fudkjd o@ tajdg ixfla; o fhdokak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
15& tu.ska ^dQ/dt& g m%ldYkhla ,shkak' (C-c,fha ú';d'Od)
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
16& oKav ;=<ska ;dmh ., hdfï YS>%;djh fiùug .; hq;= mdGdxl fudkjd o@ ixfla; o fhdokak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
........................................................................................
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

80
17& tu.ska ^dQ/dt& g m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
18& K i`oyd m%ldYkhla f.dvk.kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
19& oKafâ úIalïN ñkqu uekSug fhdod .kakd WmlrKh l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
20& fuu l%uh ÿ¾j, ;dm ikakdhl ovq ioyd j,x.= fõo@ fkdfõo@ fya;= olajkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

úh<s fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh iy úoHq;a.dul

n,h fiùu

1& úoahq;a.dul n,h w¾: olajkak

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

2& fuu mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍu i|yd úh<s fldaIh" ñ,s weñgrh iy äðg,a fjda,aÜógrhg wu;rj my;
WmlrK lÜg,h Tng imhd we;' bka mÍlaIKh i|yd w;HdjYH jk WmlrK muKla f;darkak'
Tnf.a tu f;dard.ekSïj,g fya;= olajkak
^ fmakq h;=r" glk h;=r" iïnkaOl lïì" 5ῼl m%;sfrdaOlhla" 10ῼl m%;sfrdaOlhla" Odrd kshdulh
(0-100)ῼ " m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh&
'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& kshñ; ixfla; Ndú; lrñka mÍlaIKhg wod< mßm: igyk weo olajkak

4& fldaIfha úoHq;a.dul n,h = E " fldaIfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh = r " fldaIh ksid mßm:h ;=< we;sjk
Odrdj = I " úh<s fldaIfha w.% w;r úNj wka;rh = V f,i § we;akï" tu ixfla; m%ia;dr igykla
weÈh yels mßÈ ilikak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

82
o

5& by; iólrKhg wod<j m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lrkak

6& m%ia;drh Ndú;fhka fldaIfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh iy úoHq;a.dul n,h fidhd.kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

7& iq¿ fõ,djlska fldaIh úi¾ckh úh' thg n,mE yels fya;= 2la ,shkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

8& mÍlaIKh i|yd äðg,a fjda,aÜógrhla Ndú; lsÍug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& mÍlaIKh w;r;=r fldaIh úi¾ckh ùula isÿ ù we;aoehs ksYaÑ;ju ikd: lr.kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

óg¾ fia;=j Ndú;fhka f,dayhl m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj

ix.=Klh fiùu

A C

1& óg¾ fia;=fõ Ndú;d lrkafka l=uk uQ,O¾uhla o@

........................................................................................

2& .e,ajfkdaógrhg ;sìh hq;= úfYaI ,laIK folla ,shkak

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& uOH Y+kH .e,ajfkdaógrhla Ndú;d lsÍug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................

4& wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOh^5 kῼ& mej;Sfuka .e,ajfkdaógrfha ixfõ§;djhg l=ula isÿfõo@

........................................................................................

5& ix;=,k wjia;dj g wdikak úg wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOh ¨yqj;a l< úg .e,ajfkdaógr W;al%uKhg
l=ula isÿ fõo@
........................................................................................
6& f,day lïìhl m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiùug Tng mejÍ we;fok ,o WIaK;ajhl§
lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh fokq ,nkafka Rθ=R0(1+αθ) iólrKfhks'
fuys iEu ixfla;hlu iqmqreÿ f;areï ,shkak
Rθ = ...................................................

R0 = ...................................................

α= ...................................................

θ= ...................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

7& WIaK;ajh iu. o.r m%;sfrdaOfha wfmalaIs; úp,kh fmkajk m%ia;drhl o, igyk wÈkak

o
θ ( C)
8& by; m%ia;drfhka Wlyd .; yels rdYs u.ska m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh ioyd m%ldYkhla
,nd .kak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& tla tla WIaK;ajj,g wod< lïì o.rfha m%;sfrdaOh Rθ o" m%;sfrdaO fmÜáfha m%;sfrdaOh R o"
ix;=,k È. (jfï isg) l o kï Rθ ioyd m%ldYkhla ,shkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& o%jh r;a lsÍfïÈ lïì oe,la Ndú;d lsÍfï wruqK l=ulao@
........................................................................................

11& fuys§ c,h fjkqjg fmd,af;,a fyda .a,siÍka Ndú;d lsÍug fya;= folla ,shkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

12& fuys§ o.rh yryd Odrjla cks; lrúh hq;= w;r th l=vd Odrdjla úh hq;=h'thg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................

13& fuys§ uka:kh lsÍu wksjd¾h ùug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................

14& lïì o.rh ¨yqj;a ùu je<elaùug .; yels mshjr ,shkak

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

15& iïnkaOl lïí fjkqjg uy; ;U má Ndú;d lsÍfï fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

16& AC lïìfha ;sìh hq;= úfYaI ,laIK fudkjdo

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

17& iam¾Yl h;=r AC lïìh ;Èka iam¾Y lsÍu fyda weof.k hdu fkdl< hq;af;a wehs
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

18& óg¾ fia;=jl jï ysvefia m%;sfrdaOh 7'3ῼ jQ we¨ñkshï lïì lene,a,la we;s úg fia;=j ix;=,kh
fõ'ix;=,k È. fia;= lïìfha jï fl<jf¾ isg 12'6cm o WIaK;ajh 17°c o fõ' we¨ñkshï lïìh
57°c WIaK;ajhlg m;a l< úg kj ix;=,k È. fldmuKo@
(we¨ñkshï j, m%;sfrdaOl;djfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh 3'8 X 10-3 K-1)
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

19& fuys§ c, ;dmlhla Ndú;d fkdlr úÿ,sfhka ;dmk o.rh r;a l< fkdyelafla ukao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

20& fuys§ úúO WIaK;ajj,§ m%;sfrdaOh uekSug WIaK;ajh iaj,am fõ,djla ksh;j ;nd .kafka
flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

úNjudkh Ndú;fhka fldaI foll úoHq;a.dul n,

ixikaokh lsÍu

1& idudkH fjda,aÜógrhlg jvd úNj wka;rhla uekSug úNjudkh iqÿiq jkafka ukao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& mÍlaIKh wdrïNfha§ i¾mK h;=r úNjudk lïìfha fofl<jr iam¾I l< úg isÿjk my; fodaY
i|yd fya;= ,shkak'
(i) lïìh u; lsisu ,laIHhl§ W;al%uKhla fkdfmkaùu'
(ii) lïìh u; iEu ,laIHhl§u W;al%uKh tlu ÈYdjg mej;Su
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& mÍlaIKh i|yd Ndú;d jk .e,ajfkdaógrh l=uk j¾.fha úh hq;=o@
........................................................................................
4& tys wdrlaIdj i|yd .kakd mshjr l=ulao@tfia isÿ lsÍfuka .e,ajfkdaógrh wdrlaId jkafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& úNjudkfha ixfõ§;djh jeä lsÍu i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d jk l%uh l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

6& mÍlaIKh i|yd Ndú;d jk mßm:h w¢kak'

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

87
o

7& (i) ix;=,k wjia:dfõ§ ixikaokh jk fldaIj, wNHka;r m%;sfrdaO fyda Bg fYa%Ks.; m%;sfrdaO
uÕska úNj wka;rh uekSug ndOdjla fkdjkafk l=ula ksido@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

(ii)iudka;r.;j iïnkaO jQ fldaIhla i|yd th j,x.= fkdjkafka ukao@

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

úNjudkh Ndú;fhka fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiùu

1& úNjudkh i|yd fhdod .kakd lïìfha ,laIK fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
( )

A B
( )

r
p Q
I E I

( )

I C

2& lïì Tiafia úNj wka;rh A isg B olajd fjkia jk wdldrh m%ia;dr.; lrkak

3& úNjudk mßm:hl úNj wkql%uKh hkafkka ye¢kafjkafka l=ulao@ th by; m%ia;dr weiqfrka
,nd .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

4& úNjudkhla i|yd úNj wkql%uKh ksh;hla nj isiqfjla mjihs' fuh i;H o wi;H o hkak
fya;= iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd C fldgi tla lrkafka l=ula i|ydo@

6& wegjqfï iEu fldgilau ksis wdldrhg iïnkaOlr we;s oehs fidhd ne,Sug Tn isÿ lrk
mÍlaIdj ,shd olajkak¡
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

7& isiqfjla by; mÍlaIK isÿ l< úg úNjudk mßm:fha hï fodaIhla we;s nj wkdjrKh
lr .kakd ,§¡ fï i|yd n,mE yels fya;= fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh ueksh hq;= fldaIfha úoHq;a.dul n,h E o wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh r o úNj
úNjudkfha úNj wkql%uKh k o kï"
i) iaúph újD;j we;s úg ix;=,k È. l° f,i f.k fldaIfhys úoHq;a .dul n,h i|yd
m%ldYhla f.dvk.kak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii) iaúÉph ixjD; l< úg PQ Tiafia Odrdj I o m%;sfrdaO fmÜáfha m%;sfrdaOh R o kï ix;=,k È.
l i|yd m%ldYhla jHq;amkak lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

iii& m%;sfrdaO fmÜáfha w.h fjkia lrñka uekSu i|yd wjYH m%ia;dßl l%uhla i|yd iqÿiq
iólrKhla jHq;amkak lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

iv) ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhla ,efnk fia ,efnk fia iajdh;a; iy mrdh;a; úp,H kï lrkak'
tu.ska r fidhk wdldrh myokak¡

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& fuys§ l i|yd Wmßu È.la ,efnk mßÈ mdGdxl ,nd .; hq;af;a wehs@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
10& mÍlaIKh isÿ lrk wjia:djl úNjudk mßm:fha úNj wkql%uKh fjkia úh yels kï thg
fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

Odrd ;=,dj

Y
Q

N
N
w S

P X

1& WmlrKh Ndú;d lsÍfï§ Wmldß jk fN!;sl úoHd;aul uQ,O¾uh l=ulao

........................................................................................
2& fuu mÍlaIKfhaÈ bial=remamq nre Ndú;d lrkafka l=uk wjia:dfõ§ o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

3& l=¨Kq uqÿkg riÈh iaj,amhla ne.ska oeñh hq;af;a l=ulgo@

5& w.% udre h;=f¾ wjYH;djh l=ulao@

........................................................................................

6& XY u; n,h my<g mej;Sug Odrdfõ ÈYdj ,l=Kq lrkak'

........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

7& lafIa;%h l%shdlrk È. L" i%dj >k;ajh B" Odrdj I o kï ;=,dj ;=,s;hg fhÈh hq;= ialkaOh
i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& L ksh; úg n,h(F), Odrdj(I) g iudkqmd;sl nj fmkaùug mßlaIKd;aul ms<sfj< l=ula o@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

9& Odrdj ksh; úg È.(L) wkqj i%dj >k;ajh(B) ys yeisÍu mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd wegjqu ilia
lrkafka flfiao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

10& mßm:h we;ska ;eîug fya;=j l=ulao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

11& mßm:h wE§ug Ndú;d lrk ikakdhl lïìj, Odrd .e,Sfuka we;s jk n,mEu wju lsÍug .;
yels l%shdud¾. ,shkak@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

12& wjYH ;rug l=vd mä fkdue;s úg wjYH Ndr ilid .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

w¾O ikakdhl vfhdavhla i|yd I-V jl%h ,nd.ekSu

1& mßm:fha we;s ysia fldgq ;=<g wod< WmlrK j, kï my; bx.%Sis wl=re weiqfrka ,shkak'

A - m%;siu nyqógrh (2.5mA – 25mA)

B - ixLHdxl nyqógrh (0 – 2.5V)
C - 12V ir, Odrd iemhqu
D - 5kΩ f¾Çh úNj fnÿu
E - 1000kΩ, 1W m%;sfrdaOlh

2& fuysoS wm isÿ lrk ls%hdj,sh l=ulao@ ^mdGdxl lsysmhla .ekSug fjkia lrkafka l=ulao@&
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& iajdhla; úp,Hh yd mrdhla; úp,Hh olajñka ;uka wfmalaId lrk m%ia;drfha lgq igyk w¢kak'

4& fuys ndOl úNjh ^oKá fjda,aàh;dj& ,nd .kafka flfiao@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

tu 4 ys ,nd.;a w.h 0.3V nj fokq ,efí'

5& 0V < VF < 0.3V yd 0.3V< VF hk fjda,aàh;d mrdi j,oS weógrfhka mdGdxl .ekSfïoS ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= lreKq l=ulao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

7& mÍlaIKfha mdGdxl ksjerosj .ekSug .; hq;= l%shdud¾. fudkjdo?

11& 100 kΩ, 1W m%;sfrdaOh yryd (I-V) jl%h w¢kak

(VF ~ 0.3V úg I ~ 100mA)

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

g%dkaisiagrhla Ndú; lr fmdÿ úfudapl úkHdifha§

Ib yd Ic w;r ixl%duKsl ,dlaIKsl jl%h ,nd .ekSu

1& mßm:fha we;s ysia fldgq ;=<g wod< WmlrK j, kï my; bx.%Sis wl=re weiqfrka ,shkak'

A - 10V mrdi we;s m%;siu nyqógrh

B - 100 µA weógrh / 50 µA m%;siu nyqógrh
C - 25 mA mrdi we;s m%;siu nyqógrh

2& ,nd .ekSug wfmalaId lrk m%ia;drh fuys w|skak'

3& wegjqu ilid .;a miq Odrdj iemhSug fmr lrkafka l=ulao@
........................................................................................
4& úÿ,sh iemhQ miq VR2 ys w.h fjkia lr C ys w.h 5V g ilikq ,efí' bkamiq mdGdxlhla .kakd
whqre meyeos,s lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

5& m%ia;drh weiqfrka Tn g%dkaisiagrh ms<sn|j ,nd .kakd o;a;h l=ulao@ th ,nd .kafka flfiao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

6& mÍlaIKh id¾:l lr .ekSug .;yels l%shdud¾. fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& lmd yeß fldgfia (Ib=0 wi<) Ib i|yd mdGdxl .ekSfïoS .;hq;= l%shdud¾.h l=ulao @
........................................................................................

8& Tng ;j;a fjda,aÜógrhla imhd we;akï wfkla ,dlaIKsl jl% folo .; yels jk fia by; mßm:h
fjkia lrkak'
^th V0 f,i i,l=Kq lrkak&

9& túg ,efnk ,dlaIKsl jl% fol w|skak'

m%odk ,dlaIKsl jl%h m%;sodk ,dlaIKsl jl%h

10& m%;sodk ,dlaIKsl jl%fha ix;Dma;" f¾Çh m%foaY ,l=Kq lrkak'

11& mÍlaIKfha ksrjoHNdjh mÍlaId lrkafka flfiao @

........................................................................................
........................................................................................

12& VR1 úNjh V g ilid we;akï VR2( V/ ) úNjhg m%ldYkhla β weiqßka ,shkak
^VBE= 0.7V yd C ys w.h 5V f,i .kak&
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

13& fï wjia:dfõ laIu;d ,dNh fldmuK o@

/
14& V =V+4.3 f,i fjkia jk nj okafka kï β fidhkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................

15& laIu;d ,dNh fldmuK o @

16& úúO IB w.hkag wkqrEmj m%;sodk ,dlaIKsl jl%fha m%ia;drhka we`o olajkak¡

R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
98

lïìhl wdldrfhka we;s f,dayhl ^jdfka&

hxudmdxlh fiùu

wdOdrlh

i¾jiu isyska jdfka lïì

m%Odk mßudKh j¾ksh¾ mßudKh

ksh; Ndrh mä r|jkh

1& mÍlaIKh i|yd wjYH wu;r ñkqï yd tajd ,nd .ekSug wod< WmlrK fudkjdo @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
2& ñkqï ,nd .ekSfï§ jk wyUq fodaIh u. yrjd .ekSug l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
3& m%ia:drhla we£u i|yd iqÿiq iólrKhla úlrKh lr iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H kï lrkak'
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
99
4& iqÿiq m%ia:drh ks¾udKh lrkak'

5& m%ia;drh weiqfrka f,day lïìfha hx udmdxlh .Kkh lrkafka flfiao@

6& mÍlaIKfha ksrjoH;djh jeälr.ekSug .;hq;= l%shdud¾. fudkjdo@

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
7& lïì folla Ndú; lsÍfuka w;ajk jdish l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
8& nr tl;= lrñka yd nr bj;a lrñka f,i tlu Ndrhg mdGdxl folla ,nd .ekSfuka
u.yrjd .; yels fodaI fudkjdo@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
9& (a) nr bj;a lrk úg lïìh kej; uq,a È.g m;a fkdjkafkakï Bg fya;=j l=ulao@
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
(b) tu jro ksjerÈ lr kej; mÍlaIKh lrkafka flfiao @
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
100
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R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

109
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R I C H M O N D C O L L E G E
P R A C T I C A L W O R K S H O P

110

CHEMISTRY
P R A C T I C A L S

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113

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114

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115

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130

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