GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Dott PS Session 29: Study Material Q8. Examine the pattern of sex ratio found in Ini as well as its consequences. Sex Ratio Pattern in India Historical Trends Early 20th Century: India has experienced a growing deficit of females since the early 1900s, with the sex ratio declining from 972 females per 1,000 males in 1901 to 943 in 2011, Mid-20th Century: Minor improvements were recorded in the 1951 and 1981 censuses, attributed to statistical anomalies rather than actual changes. Recent Trends: The sex ratio improved slightly from 933 in 2001 to 943 in 2011. However, the child sex ratio (ages 0-6) declined from 945 in 1991 to 918 in 2011, indicating ongoing gender bias TABLE 6.6 Trends in sex ratio” in India, 1901-2011 Census All Agi 0-6 Years® Years ee Sex Ratio Decadal Change sex Ratio Decadal Change 1901 972 910 1911 964 872 1921 955 846 1931 950 838 1941 945 831 - 1951 946 860 - 1961 941 845, 976 1971 930, 858 964 1981 934 879 962 1991 927 894 945 2001 933 900 92: 2011 943 929 918 *Number of females per 1,000 males. * Based on single-year age returns from 1961 to 1981. Sources: (i) Census of India, 1991, Series 1, Paper 2 of 1992; (ii) Premi, 2001 and (iii) Census of India, 2011, Primary Census Data Highlight,© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM "P77 Y5" EN) TABLE 6.7 Decadal change in sex ratio’ in states and union territories, 2001-11 Alll Age 0-6 Years 2001 Change 2001-2011 Change Andhra Pradesh 978, ‘Arunachal Pradesh 893 Assam Bihar (Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana 861 Himachal Pradesh 968 Jammu and Kashmir 892 Jharkhand 941 862 Karnataka 965 948, Kerala 1058 948, Madhya Pradesh 919 964 Maharashtra 922 918 Manipur 974 985 894 Meghalaya 972989 930 935 (976 970 900931 970 Odisha 2 (979 943, Punjab 876-895 941 Rajasthan 921 928 846 Sikkim 875-890 888 Tamil Nadu 987-996, 937 Tripura 948 960 943, Uttar Pradesh 398912 957 Uttarakhand 962-963 902 West Bengal 34 950 390 961 939 964 972 965 962 942 935, o 969 871 942 890 834 909 Rec waa als wo ho Busas ER Aand N Islands 846 876 7 968 (Chandigarh. 7 818 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 812 74 Daman & Diu 710 eis, Lakshadweep 948 946 NCT of Delhi 821 868 Puducherry 10011037 * Number of females per 1,000 males. Sources: Census of India, 2011, Primary Census Data Highlights, India.GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com Ihe a A A Bay of Bengal Females per 1000 Nales Below 900 901-940 941 980 ‘Above 980 National Average 943 00,0400, 300, 500 Kins INDIAN Mapnot to Scale Factors Influencing Sex Ratio Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB): Became excessively masculine in recent times due to prenatal sex selection. Mortality Rates: Historical higher mortality rates for females, especially in reproductive ages, have contributed to the deficit. Recent improvements in female life expectancy have mitigated this somewhat. Undercounting: Past censuses often undercounted females, but this has decreased over time.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com =e ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Dott + Gender Bias: Persistent gender bias and son preference, especially in the context of, declining fertility rates, have driven practices like sex-selective abortions. Regional Patterns North-South Divide: Northern states, particularly in the north-west (Punjab, Haryana), exhibit significantly lower sex ratios compared to southern states. However, this divide is gradually blurring with practices of sex selection spreading to the south. Urban vs. Rural: Urban areas like Mumbai and Delhi show low sex ratios due to male- dominated migration for economic opportunities, while rural areas, particularly in the north, also have low sex ratios due to persistent gender bias. INDIA Child Sex Ratio in Age Group 0=6 Yrs, (Chie Sex-rtio es 2011 ese Haryana area arian Fatohadag Hay shes ina ‘aie Kam Pyros Marerdergan Pangsr Rewer Rone Sonat. Yamanagar Puno: aresar Fawtger 20. From Marsa wauser Para | Decline in Child Sangae sexeratio (0-6 Years) Gujarat variena ae Vare one ation (points) Madhya Pracash ‘hind F = Morena +12 -2 teh 2 es 7 = va | otsGUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 m © info@guidanceias.com = ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40007 UPS's SCE) Child Sex Ratio (CSR) Trends: The CSR has shown a rapid decline, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, with over 60% of the decline since 1961 occurring in these decades. Regional Variations: The north-western states have the lowest CSR, with Punjab and Haryana having some of the lowest ratios globally. Southern states generally have better ratios, though there are concerning declines in regions like Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Influences on Sex Ratio Patterns Economic Factors: Economic value of male children in agrarian societies and the dowry system contribute to male preference. Technological Factors: Availability and misuse of sex determination technologies have exacerbated the problem. Cultural Factors: Patriarchal societal norms and gender roles perpetuate male preference. Policy and Legal Framework: Although there are laws against sex-selective practices, enforcement remains a challenge. Recent Developments Positive Changes: Some northern states like Punjab and Haryana have seen improvements in CSR between 2001 and 2011. Ongoing Challenges: Widespread decline in CSR continues in many parts, indicating ongoing gender bias and the misuse of sex determination technologies Examine the geographical variations in pattern of literacy in India. Literacy Pattern in India Historical Trends and Definitions + Early Census Data (1872-1941): © Initial classifications included literate, illiterate, and ‘under instruction’ categories. In 1901, literacy was defined as the ability to read and write a letter. By 1941, literacy was refined to include understanding of a simple message in any language. + Post-Independence Changes: o 1951 census: Literacy rate was 16.67%. © From the 1991 census onwards, literacy rates excluded children below 7 years.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM "P77 Y5" EN) PS TABLE 7.3 ‘Trends in literacy rates in India, 1901-2011 Census Years Literacy Rates (literate as % of total population) Male-Female Gaps All Persons Male Female 1901 9.83 0.60 1911 10.56 1.05 1921 i 12.21 1931 I 15.59 1941 24.90 1951 7 24.95 1961 34.44 1971 2 39.45, 1981 7 46.89 1991 64.13 2001 75.26 2011 80.88 Sources: (i) Census of India, 1981, Provisional Population Totals, Paper 1 of 1981 TABLE 7.4 Literacy rate and levels of educational attainment in India, Levels of Literacy /Educational Percentages Male- Attainment —————————— Female Gap All Male — Female Persons Overall literacy rate 7+ 72.98 80.88, Adult literacy rate 15+ 69.65 79.28 Youth literacy rate 15-24 86.14 90.04 Population with at least matric/ 25+ = 26.89 34.15 secondary level education Population as graduate and above 25+ = 9.11 11.45 ‘Source: Census of India, 2011, Social and Cultural Tables, C-2 and C-13.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 ° ——— (ENT oy Pilar No.108 ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Pee: Delhi-110005 Total population All areas Rural Urban ‘Scheduled castes All areas Ron Baddhists Jains (Others octal and Cultural Tables, C-# and ©9. | we . sa le© GUIDANCE IAS ° Sue, gmenes ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Peat ny TABLE 7.6 States and union territories arranged in descending order of overall literacy rates, 2011 States/ Literacy Rates (7 +) Youth Union Territories aaa Literac All Male ae Persons ; . (age 15-24) Kerala 94.00 96.11 . 99.04 Lakshadweep 91.85 95.56 91.65 98.30 Mizoram 91.33 93.35 2z 91.32 93.40 Goa 9265 84. : 87.74 96.15 ‘Tripura 91.53 85.77 94.30 Daman & Diu 91.54 55 86.07 92.50 Andaman & Nicobar 90.27 8243 7.84 85.04 96.66 Islands NCT of Delhi 90.94 10.18 84.82 93.17 Chandigarh 39.99 81.19 880 84.85 92.31 Puducherry 91.26 80.67 1059 84.41 97.49 Himachal Pradesh 89.53 75.93 80.39 9641 Maharashtra 88.38 75.87 80.25 93.66 Sikkim 81.42 86.55 75.61 79.00 94.20 Tamil Nadu 80.09 86.77 73.44 71.46 96.09 Nagaland 7955 82.75 76.11 78.88 88.21 Uttarakhand 7882 87.40 70.01 75.47 92.03 Gujarat 78.03 85.75 69.68 x 89.17 Manipur 76.94 83.58 70.26 7 87.90 West Be 76.26 81.69 70.54 87.25 Dadar & Nagar 76.24 85.17 64.32 . . 86.78 Haveli Punjab 75.84 80.44 70.73 89.75 Haryana 75.55 84.06 65.94 18.11 89.96 Karnataka 75.36 8247 68.08 14.39 90.79 Meghalaya 7443 75.95 72.89 3.07 84.76 (Odisha 7287 81.59 64.01 17.58 86.03 Asam 7219 77.85 66.27 11.58 82.41 (Chhattisgarh 70.28 80.27 60.24 20.03 87.45 Madhya Pradesh 6932 78.73 59.24 19.49 5 83.71 Uttar Pradesh 6768 77.28 57.18 7 Jammu and Kashmir 67.16 76.75 56.43 ‘Andhra Pradesh 67.02 74.88 59.15 Jharkhand 6641 76.84 55.42 Rajasthan 66.11 79.19 52.12 Arunachal Pradesh 65.38 55 57.70 Bihar 61.80 71.20 51.50 19.70 ‘Source: Census of India, 2011, Primary Census Abstract.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) PS TABLE 7.7 Proportion population (age 25 years and above) with at least matric/secondary level education in India, 2011 States/ Percentage Union TT All Female Persons Andhra Pradesh 25.10 55 16.89 Arunachal Pradesh 23.58 15.54 Asam 2.21 2z 17.14 Bihar 19.92 28.2 11.12 Chhattisgarh 19.10 11.55 Goa 45.35 40.04 Gujarat 27.76 20.84 Haryana 35.19 24.55 Himachal Pradesh 38.96 Jammu and Kashmir 29.97 ‘Jharkhand 21.35 Karnataka 30.93 Kerala 41.70 Madhya Pradesh 19.82 Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan sikkim Tamil Nadu ‘Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar Islands Chandigarh 5 62.64 Dadar & Nagar Haveli 40.45 Daman & Diu 46.92 Lakshadweep : 35.60 NCT of Delhi 3 60.58 Puducherry 5 5 nsus of India, 2011, Social and Cultural Tables, C-8.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com eR cd Ear oa) ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40707 7ST YE CET) Fe SST Literacy Trends Over Time + Early 20th Century: © 1901: Literacy rate was 5.35% (males 9.83%, females 0.60%). © 1941: Literacy rate rose to 16.10%. + Post-Independence: © 1951: Literacy rate at 16.67%. 1981: Increased to 36.17%. 1991: Jump to 52.21% due to a change in methodology. 2001: Rose to 64.84%, 2011: Reached 72.98%. Gender Disparities * Historical Trends: © Persistent gender gap, with male literacy consistently higher than female literacy. © 2011 census: Male literacy at 80.8%, female literacy at 64.63%. + Progress Over Time: © The gender gap has been narrowing, particularly from 1991 to 2011. Regional Disparities + High Literacy States: © Kerala: Highest literacy rate at 94% (96% males, 92% females). © Union Territories like Lakshadweep, Mizoram, and Chandigarh also have high literacy rates. + Low Literacy States: © Bihar: Lowest literacy rate at 61.80%. © Other states with low literacy include Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. Rural-Urban Divide + 2011 Census: © Urban literacy rate: 84.11%, © Rural literacy rate: 67.77% © The rural-urban gap has decreased from over 20 percentage points (2001) to around 16 points (2011), Social Group Disparities + Scheduled Castes and Tribes: © Scheduled Castes (SC): Overall literacy at 66.07% (75.17% males, 56.46% females).GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT ‘3B, Basement, Te LL Near Metro Station, Karol: © Scheduled Tribes (ST): Overall literacy at 58.95% (68.51% males, 49.36% females) © Non-SC/ST population: Higher literacy rates at 76.06%. + Religious Groups: © Jains: Highest literacy rate at 94.88%. © Muslims: Lowest at 68.54% Education Levels * Population with at least Matric/Secondary Education: © 25+ age group: Overall 26.89%, males 34.15%, females 19.43%. © High in states like Goa and Kerala, low in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, Youth and Adult Literacy Rates + 2011 Census: © Youth (15-24 years): Overall literacy at 86.14%, © Adult (15+ years): Overall literacy at 69.65%. District-Level Variations + High Literacy Districts: ©. Serchhip and Aizawl in Mizoram have literacy rates over 90%. © Western coast from Kerala to Maharashtra shows high literacy. + Low Literacy Districts: © Alirajpur in Madhya Pradesh with 36%. ce Low/iteracy in districts along borders of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Conclusion India's literacy patterns reveal significant progress over the past century, with notable improvements in overall literacy rates, particularly post-independence. However, substantial disparities remain between genders, regions, rural and urban areas, and different social groups. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions to ensure equitable access to education across all segments of the population.© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Peart Q10. “Age structure of population is largely a function of the demographic transi India. n.” Discuss with examples from Age Structure and Demographic Transition in India ‘The age structure of a population is a key demographic feature that reflects the proportion of, people in different age groups. It is closely linked to the stages of the demographic transition, a model describing population changes over time due to variations in birth and death rates. India's population provides an illustrative example of how age structure is influenced by demographic transition stages. Stages of Demographic Transition 1. Pre-Transition Stage: © Characteristics: High birth and death rates leading to a stable and young population. Example from India: In the early 20th century, India was characterized by high fertility and mortality rates. The population growth was slow, and the age structure was heavily skewed towards younger age groups due to high birth rates and high infant mortality rates, 2. Early Transition Stage: © Characteristics: Decline in death rates while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. Example from India: Post-independence (1947-1970s), India saw significant improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition, resulting in a sharp decline in mortality rates. This period witnessed a baby boom, leading toa high proportion of children and a youthful population structure 3. Late Transition Stage: © Characteristics: Decline in birth rates, slower population growth, and beginning of population aging. Example from India: From the 1980s onwards, India experienced a gradual decline in fertility rates due to increased access to family planning, improved education, and rising economic development. This led to a demographic dividend, where the working-age population increased relative to the dependent young and old populations. 4, Post-Transition Stag © Characteristics: Low birth and death rates leading to an aging population. © Example from India: Some Indian states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have reached this stage, characterized by low fertility and mortality rates. These states show an increasing proportion of elderly people, reflecting an aging population structure.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com = ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Ded in Bihar to a more youth/young-adult heavy national population, to a far older population in Kerala. India's Age Structures in 2011 Men) {Womer Wen) [Wome Percent of Population —— Bihar India Kerala ‘chart: Pavan Sth The aston Sat Data: Census 201 Age tees Impact of Demographic Transition on Age Structure in India 1. Youth Bulge: © Period: 1960s-1980s © Impact: The high birth rates and declining infant mortality rates led to a large cohort of young people. This youth bulge created pressure on educational systems, employment, and housing, 2, Demographic Dividend: © Period: 1990s-Present © Impact: Declining fertility rates have resulted in a higher proportion of working-age population (15-64 years). This has the potential to boost economic growth, provided there are sufficient employment opportunities and investments in education and healthcare 3. Aging Population: © Future Trends: States like Kerala, with lower fertility rates and higher life expectancy, are experiencing an increase in the elderly population. This shift poses challenges for healthcare, social security, and elderly care. Regional Variations in India 1. Kerala: © Character ‘Advanced stage of demographic transition with low birth and death rates. ‘Age Structure: Increasing proportion of elderly population, lower youth population.© GUIDANCE IAS ° Sue, gmenes ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Peat ny © Challenges: Rising demand for healthcare services, pension schemes, and support systems for the elderly. 31S 19 Median Age in India 2011 } ‘ 2% (Chart: Pavan Srinath | ‘The Transton State Data: Census 2011 Agetables 2. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh: © Characteristics: Early to mid-transition stages with higher birth rates and declining death rates. © Age Structure: High proportion of children and youth. © Challenges: High dependency ratio, need for significant investments in education, healthcare, and job creation. 3. Maharashtra and Gujarat: Characteristics: Late transition stages with declining birth rates and moderate death rates. Age Structure: Balanced working-age population with emerging elderly population concerns. Challenges: Need to balance economic growth with social services for the aging population.© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 07°F 1) Fy" SAE fo) Conclusion The age structure of India's population is a clear reflection of its demographic transition. From a youthful population in the early stages to the potential demographic dividend currently, and towards an aging population in more advanced states, the demographic transition provides a framework to understand and address the diverse challenges and opportunities associated with population changes. Policymakers must tailor their strategies to the specific demographic realities of different regions to harness the benefits and mitigate the challenges of these transitions Q11. Indi set to lose its demograp! idend soon. In this context, examine the complex challenges Indian society will face due to population aging. Introduction India's Demographic Transition: Increasing longevity and falling fertility have led to a dramatic rise in the elderly population (aged 60 and above). Current and Projected Figures: © 2015: Adults aged 60+ comprise 9% of the population (~116 million). © 2050: Projected to rise to 19% (~324 million) ‘Figure 1 Steadily increasing life expectancies at older ages 2% atte Expectancy, Age 60 ae atte Expectancy, Age 80 5 955-1960 970-1975 980-1985 985 - 1990 995 - 2000, ¥ 2000-2005 2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035 zGUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com eR cd Ear oa) ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40707 7ST YE CET) Fe SST Demographic Changes * Fertility Rates: Declined from 5.9 in 1950 to 2.3 in 2013; projected to be 1.88 by 2050. + Life Expectancy: © At birth: Increased from 36.2 years (1950) to 67.5 years (2015); projected to be 75.9 years by 2050. ‘At age 60: Increased from 12 years (1950) to 18 years (2015); projected to rise to 21 years by 2050. At age 80: Increased from 5 years (1950) to 7 years (present); projected to be 8.5 years by 2050. ‘Figure 2. The number of older Indians is growing rapidly as a proportion of the country’s population i i i a 210 : ! Complex challenges Indian society will face due to population aging Health Challenges + Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): © Rise in NCDs: Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes are prevalent. NCD Statistics: + 1990: NCDs caused 40% of deaths (3.7 million). + 2013: NCDs caused 53% of deaths (5.3 million). + Mental Health: © Rising prevalence of mental health issues among the elderly. © Estimated 27 million DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) lost to mental health and substance abuse disorders in 2013. + Multimorbidity: Increase in individuals with multiple chronic conditions, complicating healthcare management.© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ue ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM: 400 "P TF Y Ne) Gender Issues Fe ion of Aging Women tend to live longer than men, leading to a higher proportion of elderly women. © Life expectancy gap: Projected to be 2 years at age 60 by 2050. + Widowhood © High prevalence of widowhood among elderly women, leading to social and economic vulnerabilities. * Educational and Economic Disparities: Lower literacy rates and educational attainment among older women compared to men. © Economic insecurity due to lower workforce participation and patriarchal inheritance laws. Income Security Decline in Traditional Family Support: Urbanization and increased mobility are breaking down traditional family support systems. Workforce Participation: © 42% of adults aged 60+ and 22% of those aged 80+ remain in the workforce. © Majority of older workers cite economic necessity as the reason for continued employment Pension and Retirement: © Only 10% of the population receives a pension © Most workers are in the unorganized sector, lacking formal retirement benefits. Healthcare Costs: © Older adults face significantly higher out-of-pocket healthcare expenses. © Limited health insurance coverage exacerbates financial strain. Policy Responses and Recommendations 1g Programs: National Program for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE). © Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) for health insurance. © Various pension schemes and social welfare programs. + Challenges: © Limited success and low utilization of existing schemes due to lack of awareness and bureaucratic hurdles. © Need for comprehensive and inclusive social safety nets. Future Prospects + Health and Accessibility: © Expansion of community-based healthcare programs.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com 38, Basement, Te LL Near Metro Station, Karol: © Development of geriatric centers and integration with district and village-level health facilities. © Use of technology and telehealth services to improve access. + Gender-Specific Policies: © Addressing health and financial security of older women, especially widows. Ensuring enforcement of inheritance rights and promoting education and workforce participation for women. + Income Security Reforms © Revising pension policies to include informal sector workers. © Providing health insurance and reducing out-of-pocket healthcare costs, Strengthening family support systems through legal and social measures. Conclusion India's population aging presents significant health, social, and economic challenges Addressing these requires multi-sectoral approaches, inclusive policies, and innovations in healthcare, income security, and social support systems to ensure the well-being of the elderly population. Examine the current patterns of workforce in in India, with a particular focus on gender, regional disparities, and sectoral shifts. Definitions and Classification * Census Classification: The Census of India classifies the population into workers and non-workers. © Workers: Those who have engaged in any economically productive activity (with or without compensation) during the reference year. Non-Workers: Those who did not engage in any economic activity. Main Workers: Worked for more than 183 days in the year. Marginal Workers: Worked for less than 183 days in the year. Workforce Participation Rates (WPR) + Overall WPR (2011): 65.4% for the adult population (ages 15-59 years) © Male WPR: 86.6% © Female WPR: 43.1% + Trends Over Time: Increase in WPR from 59.5% in 1981 to 65.4% in 2011. © Significant rise in the proportion of marginal workers from 8.7% in 1991 to 32.1% in 2011.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM ee Ce Consus Workers* Marginal workers Non-workers Secking/ Years (% total population) (% total workers) Anvailable for work Total — Male Female Total.“ Male Female Total» Male Female 1981 59.5, 31.8 87 1.6 29.0 - - 1991 60.2 35.9) 87 0.9 280 47 11.0 2001 61d PO Oe 202 ee Tee A177 Se 2011 63.4 6 4B 248 47.6 18.2 26.9 Gender Disparities 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ° 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+ ‘Age group i & 3 } Female Workforce Participation: Historically low, with a crude participation rate of 25% in 2011. Adult Participation Rates (2011): © Male: 87% © Female: 43%GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226688, 9718793363) © info@guidanceias.com Legal barriers to women's rights to choose to work in India So ‘rea up of women of working ge popuatonin nla thera an tory How states fare overall oneal restitons for States ratings on freedom to work. female jobseekers rote eran ee eon Her feran eh eter icons “Shin, te, neds righ sco Srsoor_ nsppropae tnt sa aT a Ss ie Ss i= drothond a 1S 2 once 1s vont 1s Cin ss one 2 a —— TT Tegan Tange njeseseemed ‘wee Bengal Sete Sincere Cacia 5 5 Top and bottom performers on various parameters Freedomtoworkatnight Freedom Injobs deemed hazardous Freedom Injobs i i il a i iz f [ til i iil H 1991: 8.7% of total workers. © 2001: 21.2% of total workers. co 2011: 32.1% of total workers. + Underemployment: High incidence of underemployment, with many marginal workers seeking or available for work.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) PS Total/ Percentage Distribution of Workforce Age 15-59 Years Rural Urban Persons Male Female Primary Secondary Tevtiary Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary ‘Tertiary Main Workers, Total 512 174 9 314 47.6 62.2 Rural 722 108 16.9 69.6 Urban 88 306 60.683 Marginal Workers Total 70.7 13.3 16.0 65.1 Rural 79.0 10.5 104 75.1 Urban 191 305 50.5 174 ) Primary 512% Primary 11% Sectoral Distribution of Workforce Primary Sector: Still employs a majority of the workforce. © 2011: 51.2% of main workers and 70.7% of marginal workers engaged in primary activities. Secondary Sector: © 2011: 17.4% of main workers and 13.3% of marginal workers engaged in secondary activities. Tertiary Sector: © 2011: 31.4% of main workers and 16% of marginal workers engaged in tertiary activities. Urban vs. Rural: © Urban areas have a higher proportion of workers in secondary and tertiary sectors compared to rural areas.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com —— ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) © Female workers in urban areas have a higher representation in tertiary activities than males. States/ ‘ Marginal Perentage Secking/ Percentage Distribution Union Territories Workers Avuilable for Worke Main Workers Total Marginal Non- Primary Secondary Tertiary Workers Workers Workers S Sector Sector Andhra Pradesh 155 48.2 146 264 ‘Arunachal Pradesh 71 43.7 23.9 33.5 Assam 27.0 48.2 28.9 32.4 381 55.0 16.0 3 2.0 312 58.0 15.7 217 170 24.8 2 649 7.0 29.0 Haryana 5. 39.8 Himachal Pradesh 3 38.0 Jammu and Kashmi 2 28. 58.5 Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala ‘Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur ‘Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Utearakhand ‘West Bengal A and N Islands ‘Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Lakshadweep NCT of Delhi Puducherry© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi Le ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 07°F 1) Fy" SAE fo) Regional Variations + High WPR Regions: Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, and Nagaland have higher WPRs. + Low WPR Regions: © Lakshadweep, West Bengal, Tripura, and coastal districts generally have lower WPRs. Occupational Structure Transformation + Primary Sector Decline: From 67.6% in 1981 to 51% in 2011. * Secondary Sector Growth: From 13.6% in 1981 to 17.4% in 2011. + Tertiary Sector Expansion: From 18.9% in 1981 to 31.4% in 2011. Chhattisgarh: Highest WPR at 71.4%, with significant marginal workforce (31.2%). Bihar: Low WPR at 54.5%, with a high proportion of workers in the primary sector (69.5%). Kerala: Lower WPR at 49.4%, but a high proportion of workers in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Punjab: Lower WPR at 49.4%, with a significant share in tertiary activities (40.8%). Employment and Unemployment Trends Marginal Workers Seeking Work: High proportion of marginal workers are seeking or available for work, indicating underemployment, Jharkhand: 47% of the workforce comprises marginal workers. © Bihar and Odisha: High levels of underemployment, with a majority of marginal workers seeking work. Unemployment Among Non-Workers: Significant proportion of non-workers aged 15- 59 seeking jobs. © West Bengal and Tripura: Over 40% of non-workers are looking for employment. Conclusion India's workforce participation rates and structure reveal significant gender disparities, regional variations, and a growing incidence of underemployment. The transition from primary to secondary and tertiary activities is ongoing, but many workers remain in low- paying, informal sectors. Addressing these issues requires targeted economic policies, improved education and training programs, and enhanced support for marginalized workers to ensure more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.