Private school

A private school or independent school is a school not administered or funded by the government,
unlike a public school.[note 1] Private schools are schools that are not dependent upon national or
local government to finance their financial endowment.[1] Unless privately owned they typically have
a board of governors and have a system of governance that ensures their independent operation.

Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New

Hampshire, founded in 1781, one of the
oldest private boarding schools in the
United States

Share enrolled in private institutions at the

pre-primary education level (2015)

Share enrolled in private institutions at the

primary education level (2015)
 Share enrolled in private institutions at the
tertiary education level (2015)

Private schools retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by
charging their students for tuition, rather than relying on taxation through public (government)
funding; at some private schools students may be eligible for a scholarship, lowering this tuition fee,
dependent on a student's talents or abilities (e.g., sports scholarship, art scholarship, academic
scholarship), need for financial aid, or tax credit scholarships that might be available.[2] Roughly one
in 10 U.S. families have chosen to enroll their children in private school for the past century.[3]

Some private schools are associated with a particular religious denomination or religion, such as
Roman Catholicism, various branches of Protestantism or Judaism. Although private schools may
have a religious affiliation, the precise use of the term excludes parochial (and other) schools if
there is a financial dependence upon, or governance subordinate to, outside (religious)
organizations. These definitions generally apply equally to both primary and secondary education.

Types

In the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia, Canada and
New Zealand the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels,
and it is almost never used of universities or other tertiary institutions.[4] Private education in North
America covers the whole gamut of educational activity, ranging from pre-school to tertiary level
institutions.[5] Annual tuition fees at K–12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free'
schools to more than $45,000 at several New England University-preparatory schools.[6]

The secondary level includes university-preparatory schools, boarding schools, and day schools.
Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors,
including the school's location, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions, and the school's
financial endowment.[7] Some private schools are boarding schools, and many military academies
are privately owned or operated as well.
Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such
schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects, to impress their
particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as a
general label to describe what the founders based their belief, while still maintaining a fine
distinction between academics and religion. They include parochial schools,[8] a term which is often
used to denote Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K–12 private
education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and Orthodox Christians.

Many educational alternatives, such as private schools or online schools, are privately financed.[9]
Private schools often avoid some state regulations, although in the name of educational quality,
most comply with regulations relating to the educational content of classes. Religious private
schools often add religious instruction to the courses provided by local public schools.

Special assistance schools aim to improve the lives of their students by providing services tailored
to the particular needs of individual students. Such schools include tutoring schools and schools to
assist the learning of disabled children.

By country

Australia

Scotch College in Melbourne

In Australia, private schools are mostly operated by an independently elected school council or
board of governors and range broadly in the type of school-education provided and the socio-
economics of the school community served. Most private schools are run by religious institutes
while others have no religious affiliation and are driven by a national philosophy (such as
international schools), pedogogical philosophy (such as Waldorf-Steiner schools), or specific needs
(such as special schools).[10]

Australia has one of the most privatised education systems in the world with 30 per cent of primary
students and more than 40 per cent of secondary students attending private schools. In contrast
the OECD average is 18 per cent.[11] Catholic schools make up a sizeable proportion of total
enrolment (nearly 15%) and are usually regarded as a school sector of their own within the broad
category of private schools, often charging lower fees than Protestant private schools. Enrolment in
non-government schools have been growing steadily at the expense of enrolments in government
schools, which have seen their enrolment share reduce from 78.1 percent to 65 percent since 1970,
although the rate of growth of private schools has slowed in the later years.[10]

Australian private schools differ from those in other OECD nations as the Australian Government
provides funding to all schools including private schools. In 2013, after release of the (first) Gonski
Report, the funding formula was changed to compute individual school funding compared to a
School Resourcing Standard (SRS). The SRS uses exam results from the National Assessment
Program – Literacy and Numeracy tests, calculates the SRS from a cohort of well-performing
schools, and applies this formula to other schools on the assumption that they should be able to
achieve similar results from similar funding. The funding provided to private schools is on a sliding
scale and still has a "capacity to pay" element; however, on average, funding granted to the private
school sector is 40 percent of that required to operate government schools, the remainder being
made up by tuition fees and donations from parents. The majority of the funding comes from the
Commonwealth Government, while the state and territory governments provide about one-third of
the Commonwealth amount. The Turnbull government commissioned Gonski in 2017 to chair the
independent Review to Achieve Educational Excellence in Australian Schools, commonly called
Gonski 2.0.[12] The government published the report on 30 April 2018.[13]

Following negotiation, bilateral agreements between the Commonwealth of Australia with each
state and territory commenced on 1 January 2019, with the exception of Victoria, whose bilateral
agreement commenced on 1 February 2019. The funding agreements provide states with funding
for government schools (20 percent) and non-government schools (80 percent) taking into
consideration annual changes in enrolment numbers, indexation and student or school
characteristics. A National School Resourcing Board was charged with the responsibility of
independently reviewing each state's compliance with the funding agreement(s).[14]

Private school fees can vary from under $100 per month[15] to $2,000 and upwards,[16][17] depending
on the student's year level, the school's size, and the socio-economics of the school community. In
late 2018 it was reported the most expensive private schools (such as AAGPS and CAS schools in
New South Wales, GPS and QGSSSA schools in Queensland, AGSV and APS schools in Victoria)
charge fees of up to $500,000 for thirteen years of education.[18][19][20] The oldest private school in
Australia is The King’s School, founded in 1831.

Catholic schools form the second-largest sector after government schools, with around 21% of
secondary enrolments.[21] Catholic schools, typically have a strong religious focus and usually most
of the staff and students are Catholic.[22]

Canada

In 1999, 5.6% of Canadian students were enrolled in private schools,[23] some of which are religious
or faith-based schools, including Christian, Jewish, and Islamic schools. Some private schools in
Canada are considered world-class, especially some boarding schools. Private schools have
sometimes been controversial, with some[24] in the media and in Ontario's Provincial Ministry of
Education asserting that students may buy inflated grades from private schools.[25]

Finland

In Finland, education takes place in state-run, municipality-run, and private schools. To qualify for
public funding, all schools must receive a license from the Ministry of Education and Culture and
align with the national curriculum and educational standards. While education is generally free,
schools that offer instruction in languages other than the official languages of Finland (for example
in English) may charge modest fees.[26][27] There are also unlicensed private schools that do not
follow any national curriculum and do not receive public funding. Certificates obtained from such
institutions are not recognized as valid proof of education.[28]

In 2018, private schools accounted for 3% of basic education institutions and 9% of upper
secondary education institutions. All Universities of Applied Sciences are either privately owned or
municipality-owned companies or foundations. Some private Universities in Finland operate without
legal mandate and are not overseen by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Graduates from these
universities must undergo the same verification process as those holding foreign degrees.[28][29]

Germany

The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and
cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights.
This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a
second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future.[30]
Italy

In Italy education is predominantly public; about one-fifth of schools are private, attended by about
one out of 10 Italian schoolchildren. The Italian constitution states that education is to be public,
free, and compulsory for at least eight years.[31]

India

Students at a private school in Hnahthial

An independent school in Hnahthial

In India, private schools are called independent schools, but since some private schools receive
financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. Demand for private
schools has been growing over the years.[32] While a consensus over what is the most significant
driver of this growth in private schooling has not yet emerged, some authors have attributed this to
a higher demand for English-medium education,[33] a dissatisfaction with the quality of public
schools,[34][35] greater affordability of private schools,[32] and non-availability of preferred field of
study in government schools.[36] After the adoption of the Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, private
schools were required to be 'government-recognised'. A private school would be eligible for
government recognition when it met certain conditions.[32]

At the primary and secondary level, India has a large private school system complementing the
government run schools, with 29% of students receiving private education in the 6 to 14 age
group.[37] Certain post-secondary technical schools are also private. The private education market in
India had a revenue of US$450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$40 billion market.[38]
Although there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach,
in what form they can operate (must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution)
and all the other aspects of the operation. Hence, the differentiation between government schools
and private schools can be misleading.[39]

Iran

A lot of criticism towards Iranian government is because of large gap of University entrance Exam
success between public and private school students, number private school growth has seen a 15%
growth dominating Iranian education sector.[40][41][42][43] there is a rise of "luxury" schools.[44]
Studying for one year term in private schools may cost 50 million as of July 2023.[45]

Ireland

In Ireland, the internationally recognised definition of "private school" is misleading and a more
accurate distinction is between fee-charging schools and non-fee-charging schools. This is because
approximately 85% of all schools are private schools (Irish: scoil phríobháideach) by virtue of not
being owned by the state. The Roman Catholic Church is the largest owner of schools in Ireland,
with other religious institutions owning the remaining private schools. Nevertheless, despite the
vast majority of schools being under the ownership of private institutions, a large majority of all their
costs, including teachers' salaries, are paid for by the Irish state. Of these private schools, only a
very small minority actually charge fees. In 2007, 'The number of schools permitted to charge fees
represents 7.6% of the 723 post primary level schools and they cater for 7.1% of the total
enrolment.'[46] If a fee-charging school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school
fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland compared to the rest of the world. Because state
funding plays a fundamental role in the finances of all but one fee-charging school, they must
undergo similar state inspection to non-fee-charging schools. This is due to the requirement that the
state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish state subsidised fee-charging
schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate, for example.

The single fee-charging secondary school in Ireland which receives no state funding, the Nord
Anglia International School Dublin, does not have to undergo the state supervision which all the
other fee-charging schools undergo. Students there also sit the International Baccalaureate rather
than the Irish Leaving Certificate which every other Irish secondary school student sits. In exchange,
however, Nord Anglia students pay some €25,000 per annum in fees, compared to c. €4,000 –
€8,000 per annum fees by students in all other fee-charging Irish schools.[47] Many fee-charging
schools in Ireland also double as boarding schools. The fees for these may then rise up to €25,000
per year. All the state-subsidised fee-charging schools are run by a religious order, e.g., the Society
of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers, etc. The major private schools being Blackrock
College, Clongowes Wood College, Castleknock College, Belvedere College, Gonzaga College and
Terenure College. There are also a few fee-charging international schools in Ireland, including a
French school, a Japanese school and a German school.

Japan

Malaysia

Tsun Jin High School (Chinese: 循人中学;

pinyin: Xún Rén Zhōngxué), a Chinese
independent high school in Kuala Lumpur

Chinese schools were being founded by the ethnic Chinese in Malaysia as early as the 19th
century.[48] They provide secondary education in the Chinese language as the continuation of the
primary education in Chinese national-type primary schools. The main medium of instruction in
these schools is Mandarin Chinese using simplified Chinese characters.

Being private schools, Chinese independent high schools do not receive consistent funding from the
Malaysian government, although they did receive some funding from some state governments as
well as in the 2019 and 2020 budgets under the Pakatan Harapan government. However, in
accordance with their aim of providing affordable education to all in the Chinese language, their
school fees are substantially lower than those of most other private schools. The schools are kept
alive almost exclusively by donations from the public.
Netherlands

In the Netherlands over two-thirds of state-funded schools operate autonomously, with many of
these schools being linked to faith groups.[49] The Programme for International Student
Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranks the education in the Netherlands as the 9th best in the
world as of 2008, being significantly higher than the OECD average.[50]

New Zealand

St Andrew's College, an independent

primary and secondary school in
Christchurch

As of April 2014, there were 88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students
or 3.7% of the entire student population.[51] Private school numbers have been in decline since the
mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools, mostly
due to financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers or the economy. State-
integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for
having to operate like a state school, e.g. they must teach the state curriculum, they must employ
registered teachers, and they can not charge tuition fees (they can charge "attendance dues" for the
upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings). The largest decline in private school numbers
occurred between 1979 and 1984, when the nation's then-private Catholic school system integrated.
As a result, private schools in New Zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities (Auckland,
Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch) and niche markets.

Private schools are almost fully funded by tuition fees paid by students' parents, but they do receive
some government subsidies. Private schools are popular for academic and sporting performance,
prestige, exclusivity and old boys/girls networks; however, many state-integrated schools and some
prestigious single-sex state schools, such as Auckland Grammar School and Wellington College, are
actively competitive with private schools in academic and sporting achievement, history and
character.
Private schools are often Anglican, such as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in
Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden
Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or
Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College in Auckland, Scots College
and Queen Margaret College in Wellington, and St Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School in
Christchurch. However, the Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui
operates three private schools (including the secondary school, St Dominic's College). A recent
group of private schools run as a business has been formed by Academic Colleges Group; with
schools throughout Auckland, including ACG Senior College in Auckland's CBD, ACG Parnell College
in Parnell, and international school ACG New Zealand International College.

Philippines

In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational services. Private
schools are generally free to determine their curriculum in accordance with existing laws and
regulations. Science high schools are special schools for the more intellectually promising students
to foster the problem-solving approach of critical thinking. As separate high schools, they have
specific characteristics not found in regular high schools. However, any private or public high school
can aspire to meet these minimum standards and be considered a science high school.[52]

The Fund for Assistance to Private Education (FAPE) is a perpetual trust fund for private education
created by Executive Order № 156 s. 1968[53] and amended by Executive Order № 150 s. 1994.[54]
FAPE was created on November 5, 1968 by Executive Order No. 156, in implementation of the
project agreement between the Philippine and United States governments to establish a permanent
trust fund that would address the needs of the private education sector in the country.

Portugal

In Portugal, private schools were traditionally set up by foreign expatriates and diplomats in order to
cater for their educational needs. Portuguese-speaking private schools are widespread across
Portugal's main cities. International private schools are mainly concentrated in and around Lisbon,
Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Covilhã, across the Portuguese region of Algarve, and in the autonomous
region of Madeira. The Ministério da Educação acts as the supervisory and regulatory body for all
schools, including international schools.
Singapore

In Singapore, after Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), students can choose to enter a
private high school. Private tuition is a lucrative industry in Singapore, since many parents send their
children for private tuition after school.[55] A straw poll by The Straits Times newspaper in 2008
found that out of 100 students interviewed, only 3 students did not have any form of tuition.[55] In
2010, the Shin Min Daily News estimated that there were around 540 tuition centres offering private
tuition in Singapore. Due to their high demand, tuition centres are able to charge high fees for their
services; they have an annual turnover of SGD$110.6 million in 2005.[55] The official government
stance on private tuition is that "it understands parents want the best for their children and that it is
their decision whether to engage tutors".[55]

South Africa

Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by
missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the
abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly.
The South African Schools Act of 1996[56] recognizes two categories of schools: "public" (state-
controlled) and "independent" (which includes traditional private schools and schools which are
privately governed).

In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to
convert to a "semi-private" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their
admissions policies to accept children classified to be of other races. These schools tend to
produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other "race
groups".[57] Former "Model C" schools are state-controlled, not private. All schools in South Africa
(including both independent and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and
formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.

Sweden

In Sweden, pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same
amount as municipal schools. Over 10% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008.
Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides Swedish
pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer.[58][59][60][61][62] For instance, the biggest
school chain, Kunskapsskolan ("The Knowledge School"), offers 30 schools and a web-based
environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils.[58]

United Kingdom

In the UK, the term "private schools" encompasses schools that are independently funded and not
part of the state system. These schools are known as independent schools. Within this category,
"public schools" refer to a specific group of prestigious, often older, independent schools.[63][64][65]
Private schools also encompass faith based schools. Preparatory schools in England and Wales
prepare pupils up to 13 years old to enter public schools. In Scotland, where the education system
has always been separate from the rest of Great Britain, the term 'public school' was used
historically to refer to state schools for the general public.

According to The Good Schools Guide about 7% of children being educated in the United Kingdom
are at fee-charging schools at GCSE level and 13% at A-level. Some independent schools are single-
sex, although this is becoming less common.[66] In 2011, fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000
and above per year for day pupils, rising to over £27,000 per year for boarders.[67] Costs differ in
Scotland.[68]

One in four independently educated children come from postcodes with the national average
income or below, and one in three receive assistance with school fees.[69] Evidence from a major
longitudinal study suggests that British independent schools provide advantages in educational
attainment and access to top universities.[70][71]

England and Wales

In England and Wales, the more prestigious independent schools are known as 'public schools',
sometimes subdivided into major and minor public schools. A modern definition of a public school
refers to membership of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, and this includes
many independent grammar schools. The term 'public school' historically meant that the school was
open to the public (as opposed to private tutors or the school being in private ownership). Many
private schools actively compete with prestigious state schools (including state grammar schools
and single sex schools) in academic achievements.[72]

There are many old, world-renowned institutions in England that served as inspiration for most
schools of their type abroad. These schools include Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's
School, Harrow School, Westminster School, Charterhouse School and Rugby School. The
Independent Schools Inspectorate regularly publishes reports on the quality of education in all
independent schools.[73]

Scotland

In Scotland,[74] schools not state-funded are known as independent or private schools. Independent
schools may also be specialist or special schools – such as some music schools, Steiner Waldorf
Education schools, or special education schools.[75]

Scottish independent schools currently educate over 31,000 students and employ approximately
3,500 teachers.[76] Schools are represented by the Scottish Council of Independent Schools (SCIS).
All schools are still inspected by the state inspectorate, Education Scotland, and the Care
Inspectorate. Independent schools in Scotland that are charities are subject to a specific test from
the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator, designed to demonstrate the public benefit the schools
provide.[77]

United States

Phillips Academy in Andover,

Massachusetts
 Percent of students attending a private
school
Private school
Private EdChoice
Homeschool
Magnet school
Public charter school
Public school

In the United States, a private school is any for which the facilities and funding are not provided by
the federal, state or local government, or in the case of charter schools, independently with
government funding and regulation (as opposed to a public school, which is operated by the
government). A majority of private schools in the United States are operated by religious institutions
and organizations.[78] In practice, the term "private school" is commonly used to denote a non-
sectarian school, whereas "church school", "Christian school", and (for Catholic institutions)
"parochial school" are used to denote sectarian ones.

Independent schools in the United States educate around 10% of the entire school-age
population.[79][80]

The essential distinction between independent schools and other private schools is self-governance
and financial independence. In contrast, public schools are funded and governed by local and state
governments, and most parochial schools are owned, governed, and financed by religious
institutions such as a diocese or parish. Independent schools may be affiliated with a particular
religion or denomination; however, unlike parochial schools, independent schools are self-owned
and governed by independent boards of trustees. While independent schools are not subject to
significant government oversight or regulation, they are accredited by the same six regional
accreditation agencies that accredit public schools. The National Association of Independent
Schools (NAIS) is a membership organization of American pre-college independent schools.[81]

The NAIS provides this definition of an independent school:[82]

 Independent schools are 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporate entities,
independent in governance and finance, meaning:

1. Independent schools "own themselves" (as opposed to public

schools owned by the government or parochial schools owned
by the church) and govern themselves, typically with a self-
perpetuating board of trustees that performs fiduciary duties
of oversight and strategic duties of funding and setting the
direction and vision of the enterprise, and by delegating day to
day operations entirely to the head of school.

2. Independent schools finance themselves (as opposed to public

schools funded through the government and parochial schools
subsidized by the church), largely through charging tuition,
fund raising, and income from endowment.

Independence is the unique characteristic of this segment of the education

industry, offering schools four freedoms that contribute to their success:
the freedom to define their own unique missions; the freedom to admit
and keep only those students well-matched to the mission; the freedom to
define the qualifications for high quality teachers; and the freedom to
determine on their own what to teach and how to assess student
achievement and progress.

In the United States, the membership organization for independent tertiary education institutions is
the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.[83] Private schools are generally
exempt from most educational regulations at the Federal level but are highly regulated at the state
level.[84] These typically require them to follow the spirit of regulations concerning the content of
courses in an attempt to provide a level of education equal to or better than that available in public
schools.

In the nineteenth century, as a response to the perceived domination of the public school systems
by Protestant political and religious ideas, many Roman Catholic parish churches, dioceses and
religious orders established schools, which operate entirely without government funding. For many
years, the vast majority of private schools in the United States were Catholic schools.[85]

In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v.
Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate "with all deliberate
speed", local families organized a wave of private "Christian academies". In much of the U.S. South,
many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily
concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi). The
academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory.

Funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition, endowments,
scholarship/school voucher funds, and donations and grants from religious organizations or private
individuals. Government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly
forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First
Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments. Non-religious private schools theoretically
could qualify for such funding without hassle, preferring the advantages of independent control of
their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with
charter status. A similar concept, recently emerging from within the public school system, is the
concept of charter schools, which are officially independent public schools, but in many respects
operate similarly to nonreligious private schools.

The nature of private schooling in the United States has been debated by educators, lawmakers and
parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. One of the most
common topics of debate is whether or not the ability to select a private institution takes funding
away from public schools. Many states base their funding off of how many students a school has
but will also offer voucher programs. These programs and similar incentives exist to incentivize
school choice and take stress off of state educational funding. However, it is also believed that
taking students and funding out of public schools decreases the quality of these institutions.[86] Still
even with this, the Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states
may set standards for educational accomplishment. Some of the most relevant Supreme Court
case law on this is as follows: Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S.
205 (1972); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923).
There is a potential conflict between the values espoused in the above cited cases and the
limitations set forward in Article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,
which is below described.[87]

Quality private schools in the United States charge substantial tuition: in 2023, tuition cost close to
$60,000 annually for some day schools in New York City, and between $65,000 and $85,000 for
boarding schools. Nevertheless, tuition may not be sufficient to cover operating expenses,
particularly at boarding schools. Leading schools such as the Groton School, Phillips Academy, and
Phillips Exeter Academy have substantial endowments - running to over a billion dollars -
supplemented by fundraising drives. Boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the United
States have a student body drawn from throughout the United States, and in some cases other
countries, and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity.[88]

See also

Alternative school
Education portal
Convention Against Discrimination in Education

Freedom of education

List of Friends schools

Lutheran school

Right to education

State school

Voucher

Notes

1. For historical reasons, in England and Wales, some elite, fee-charging private schools for 13- to
18-year-olds are described as 'public schools'.

References

1. "Types of school" (https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/private-schools) . GOV.UK. United

Kingdom Government. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

2. "What is a Tax-Credit Scholarship? – EdChoice" (https://web.archive.org/web/2018061820393

2/https://www.edchoice.org/school-choice/types-of-school-choice/tax-credit-scholarship/) .
EdChoice. Archived from the original (https://www.edchoice.org/school-choice/types-of-school
-choice/tax-credit-scholarship/) on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.

3. "Who Goes to Private School? Long-term enrollment trends by family income – Education Next"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215102/https://www.educationnext.org/who-goes-priv
ate-school-long-term-enrollment-trends-family-income/) . Education Next. 17 July 2018.
Archived from the original (https://www.educationnext.org/who-goes-private-school-long-term-
enrollment-trends-family-income/) on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
4. Gibb, Nick (22 February 2018). "Commonwealth countries must ensure that each child has 12
years of quality education" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/02/22/commonweal
th-countries-must-ensure-child-has-12-years-quality/) . The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235 (http
s://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201807030
05529/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/02/22/commonwealth-countries-must-en
sure-child-has-12-years-quality/) from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

5. ourkids.net. "Private Schools Versus Public Schools | Private Vs Public" (http://www.ourkids.ne

t/private-schools-versus-public-schools.php) . www.ourkids.net. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20180630052906/http://www.ourkids.net/private-schools-versus-public-schools.ph
p) from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

6. "The 50 Most Expensive Boarding Schools In America" (http://www.businessinsider.com/most-

expensive-boarding-schools-2014-8#50-cushing-academy-1) . BusinessInsider.com. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170404042949/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expens
ive-boarding-schools-2014-8#50-cushing-academy-1) from the original on 4 April 2017.
Retrieved 3 April 2017.

7. "Private School Endowments" (http://www.houstonschoolsurvey.com/endowments-of-private-s

chools.html#.WxB6skiFPIU) . The Houston School Survey – School Research, Reviews, &
Forum. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180629180406/http://www.houstonschoolsu
rvey.com/endowments-of-private-schools.html#.WxB6skiFPIU) from the original on 29 June
2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.

8. "For most Americans, parochial school education outshines public schools" (https://cruxnow.c
om/church-in-the-usa/2017/08/25/americans-parochial-school-education-outshines-public-sc
hools/) . Crux. 25 August 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033719/http
s://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-usa/2017/08/25/americans-parochial-school-education-outshi
nes-public-schools/) from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.

9. "Alternative Schools: Education Outside The Traditional System" (http://learninglab.legacy.wbu

r.org/topics/alternative-schools-education-outside-the-traditional-system/) . learninglab.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180630080905/http://learninglab.legacy.wbur.org/to
pics/alternative-schools-education-outside-the-traditional-system/) from the original on 30
June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
10. Independent Schools Overview (https://web.archive.org/web/20190811141752/https://isca.ed
u.au/about-independent-schools/about-independent-schools/independent-schools-overvie
w/) , Independent Schools Council of Australia, 2019, archived from the original (https://isca.e
du.au/about-independent-schools/about-independent-schools/independent-schools-overvie
w/) on 11 August 2019, retrieved 27 August 2019

11. Hare, Julie (29 November 2022). "Inequalities baked into Australia's education system" (https://
www.afr.com/work-and-careers/education/inequalities-baked-into-australia-s-education-syste
m-20221118-p5bzj8) . Australian Financial Review. Nine Entertainment. Retrieved
18 September 2023.

12. "What is Gonski 2.0?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190824220721/http://isca.edu.au/blog/

gonski-2-0/) . isca.edu.au. Independent Schools Council of Australia. Archived from the
original (http://isca.edu.au/blog/gonski-2-0/) on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2018.

13. "Through Growth to Achievement: Report of the Review to Achieve Education Excellence in
Australian Schools" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180430004956/https://docs.education.go
v.au/system/files/doc/other/662684_tgta_accessible_final.pdf) (PDF), Department of
Education and Training, Australian Government, 30 April 2018, archived from the original (http
s://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/662684_tgta_accessible_final.pdf) (PDF)
on 30 April 2018, retrieved 30 April 2018

14. "How Are Schools Funded in Australia?" (https://www.education.gov.au/how-are-schools-funde

d-australia) . Department of Education. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

15. "School Fees" (https://www.goodschools.com.au/start-here/financing-your-childs-education/s

chool-fees) , Good Schools Guide, Good Education Group, retrieved 6 April 2019

16. Speranza, Laura (29 May 2011). "$500,000 a child: How much private schooling costs parents"
(https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/revealed-500000-to-educate-your-child-figures-fro
m-australian-scholarships-group-say/news-story/70899e765a169cce6210fa5ad447d276#ixzz
1qAx7iMoz) . The Sunday Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2019.

17. Private School Fees and Costs (http://www.exfin.com/private-school-costs) , Exfin

International Pty LTD., retrieved 7 June 2016

18. Singhal, Pallavi; Keoghan, Sarah (26 December 2018). "Sydney private school fees hit $38,000
for the first time" (https://www.smh.com.au/education/sydney-private-school-fees-hit-38-000-f
or-the-first-time-20181221-p50nqw.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 September
2019.
19. Kinniburgh, Chanel (30 January 2019). "Estimated total cost of a government, Catholic and
independent education revealed" (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/school-life/est
imated-total-cost-of-a-government-catholic-and-independent-education-revealed/news-story/d
6b75abed1328a206deaddaf70f07a9a) . news.com.au. Retrieved 3 September 2019.

20. Bolton, Robert (29 January 2019). " 'Mind blowing': Top private school education nears
$500,000" (https://www.afr.com/policy/health-and-education/mind-blowing-top-private-school-
education-nears-500000-20190129-h1alsk) . Financial Review. Australia. Retrieved
3 September 2019.

21. "Private Schools" (http://www.australian-children.com/private_schools.html) . australian-

children. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190321231842/http://www.australian-childr
en.com/private_schools.html) from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September
2018.

22. The National Education Directory Australia: Private Schools in Australia (http://www.education.
net.au/about/private_schools.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2007082103032
5/http://www.education.net.au/about/private_schools.php) 21 August 2007 at the Wayback
Machine (accessed:07-08-2007)

23. "Trends in the use of private education" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/010704/dq0

10704b-eng.htm) . Statistics Canada. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2012072214513
8/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/010704/dq010704b-eng.htm) from the original
on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.

24. Chubb, J. (2015). "The Private School Stigma." The Atlantic.

25. Burgmann, Tamsyn (10 August 2009). " 'Buying a credit' trend worrying for educators" (https://
www.thestar.com/life/parent/2009/08/10/buying_a_credit_trend_worrying_for_educators.htm
l) . Toronto Star. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140811091254/http://www.thestar.
com/life/parent/2009/08/10/buying_a_credit_trend_worrying_for_educators.html) from the
original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2009.

26. "Frequently Asked Questions - OKM - Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland" (https://okm.f
i/en/frequently-asked-questions) . Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö. Retrieved 29 September
2023.
27. "FINLEX ® - Translations of Finnish acts and decrees: 628/1998 English" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240809040150/https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1998/en19980628?searc
h%5Btype%5D=pika&search%5Bkieli%5D%5B0%5D=en&search%5Bpika%5D=628) .
www.finlex.fi. Archived from the original (https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1998/en199
80628?search%5Btype%5D=pika&search%5Bkieli%5D%5B0%5D=en&search%5Bpika%5D=62
8) on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2023.

28. "Organisation of private education" (https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-sy

stems/finland/organisation-private-education) . eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved
29 September 2023.

29. "Korkeakoulun voi perustaa kuka tahansa – maksullisten tutkintojen laatua ei valvo välttämättä
kukaan" (https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/korkeakoulun-voi-perustaa-kuka-tahansa-maksulli
sten-tutkintojen-laatua-ei-valttamatta-valvo-kukaan/6579228) . mtvuutiset.fi (in Finnish). 18
September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2023.

30. Clara Weiss. (5 July 2011). "Private schools boom in Germany" (http://www.wsws.org/en/articl
es/2011/07/priv-j05.html) . World Socialist Web Site. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20130325015911/http://wsws.org/en/articles/2011/07/priv-j05.html) from the original on
25 March 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.

31. LL.M., Axel Tschentscher. "ICL – Italy – Constitution" (http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it00000_.

html) . www.servat.unibe.ch. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180520165425/http://
www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it00000_.html) from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May
2018.

32. Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (2 October 2020). "The Private Schooling Phenomenon in India: A
Review" (https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1715943) . The Journal of Development
Studies. 56 (10): 1795–1817. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1715943 (https://doi.org/10.1080%
2F00220388.2020.1715943) . hdl:10419/161235 (https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F16123
5) . ISSN 0022-0388 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0388) . S2CID 158006322 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158006322) .
33. Azam, Mehtabul; Chin, Aimee; Prakash, Nishith (January 2013). "The Returns to English-
Language Skills in India" (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668277) .
Economic Development and Cultural Change. 61 (2): 335–367. doi:10.1086/668277 (https://doi.
org/10.1086%2F668277) . hdl:11244/321264 (https://hdl.handle.net/11244%2F321264) .
ISSN 0013-0079 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0079) . S2CID 8499836 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8499836) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023051223
1707/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668277) from the original on 12 May
2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

34. Desai, Sonalde; Dubey, Amaresh; Vanneman, Reeve; Banerji, Rukmini, "Private Schooling in
India: An Educational Landscape" in India Policy Forum 5, ed. Suman Bery, Barry Bosworth,
Arvind Panagariya (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2008).

35. Muralidharan, K., & Kremer, M. (2008). Public and private schools in rural India. In R.
Chakrabarti & P. Petersen (Eds.), School choice international: Exploring public-private
partnerships (pp. 91–110). Boston, MA: MIT Press.

36. Jain, Charu; Prasad, Narayan (2018). Quality of Secondary Education in India (https://link.spring
er.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-4929-3) . doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4929-3 (https://doi.org/
10.1007%2F978-981-10-4929-3) . ISBN 978-981-10-4928-6. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230512162541/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-4929-3) from
the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

37. Joshua, Anita (16 January 2014). "Over a quarter of enrollments in rural India are in private
schools" (http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/school/over-a-quarter-of-enrolments-i
n-rural-india-are-in-private-schools/article5580441.ece) . The Hindu. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20140705190121/http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/school/over-a-q
uarter-of-enrolments-in-rural-india-are-in-private-schools/article5580441.ece) from the
original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.

38. "Indian education: Sector outlook" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004312/http://www.

everonn.com/images/CLSA140308.pdf) (PDF). Everonn. CLSA Research. Archived from the
original (http://www.everonn.com/images/CLSA140308.pdf) (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
Retrieved 23 January 2014.

39. Ramanuj Mukherjee. "Indian Education System: What needs to change?" (http://laxmi.edu.i
n/) . Unlawyered. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072145/http://laxmi.edu.i
n/) from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
40. "‫( "خطر تحصیل طبقاتی‬https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%88%DB%8
C%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-63/3985601-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1-
%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D
B%8C) . 13 .‫ روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد‬January 2024.

41. ‫ سختگیری برای گزینش معلمان در مدارس غیر دولتی بیشتر شد‬،‫ "در پی تأکید علی خامنه‌ای‬.‫ رادیو‬,‫( "فردا‬https://ww
w.radiofarda.com/a/selection-teachers-iran/32465499.html) . ‫رادیو فردا‬.

42. "‫( "»از «مدارس غیرانتفاعی» تا «خصوصی‌سازِی مدارس‬https://kayhan.ir/fa/news/77445/%D8%A7%D8%B

2-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D
8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B
5%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%90-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A
7%D8%B1%D8%B3) .

43. "‫ خامنه‌ای ناراضی است؛ کتاب‌های زبان تغییر می‌کند‬:‫( "رئیس سازمان مدارس و مراکز غیردولتی ایران‬https://ir.voan
ews.com/a/6919115.html) . 15 January 2023.

44. "‫ میلیون تومانی به فرانسه و سوئیس‬۸۰ ‫ سفرهای‬:‫( "!مدرسه «الکچری» نورچشمی‌های نظام‬https://kayhan.london/
1398/03/04/157416/) .

45. "‫ میلیون تومان شهریه می‌گیرند‬۴۸ ‫ مدرسه غیردولتی باالی‬۴۰۰ | ‫( "!ببینید‬https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/new
s/772490/%D8%A8%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B4%DB%B0%DB%B0-%D
9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8
4%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DB%B4%DB%B8-%D9%85%D
B%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B
4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D
8%AF) . ‫( همشهری آنالین‬in Persian). 9 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.

46. "Policy and Education Reports" (https://www.gov.ie/en/collection/policy-and-education-report

s/?referrer=http://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Education-Reports/Fee-Paying-Schools-A
nalysis-of-Fee-Income.pdf) (PDF). www.gov.ie. 14 August 2019.

47. "Our Fees - 2019/20 | Nord Anglia International School Dublin" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
190702174921/https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/schools/dublin/international/admissio
ns/our-fees-2019-20) . www.nordangliaeducation.com. Archived from the original (https://ww
w.nordangliaeducation.com/schools/dublin/international/admissions/our-fees-2019-20) on
2 July 2019.

48. Nan Xia; Yanan Yang; Yok Fee Lee (May 2018). "Chinese Education in Malaysia under
Malaysian Ethnic Politics" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325211378) . Journal of
Politics and Law. 11 (2): 23–36. doi:10.5539/jpl.v11n2p23 (https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fjpl.v11n
2p23) . Retrieved 10 June 2024.
49. Coughlan, Sean (11 February 2003). "State-funded self-rule in Dutch schools" (http://news.bbc.
co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2749035.stm) . BBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20100521132521/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2749035.stm) from
the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.

50. "Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale" (https://web.archive.org/web/2009122902030

7/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf) (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved
25 August 2010.

51. "Directory of Schools – as of 1 April 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413081145/htt

p://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/directories/list-of-nz-schools) . New Zealand Ministry of
Education. Archived from the original (http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/directories/list-of-n
z-schools) on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

52. "DO 69, s. 1993 – Science High Schools" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161029095236/http

s://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-69-s-1993) . Department of Education. Archived from the
original (http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-69-s-1993) on 29 October 2016.

53. Executive Order No. 156; et al. (5 November 1968), Constituting the "Fund for Assistance to
Private Education" as an Irrevocable Trust Fund, Creating a "Private Education Assistance
Committee" as Trustee, and Providing for the Management thereof (https://www.officialgazette.g
ov.ph/downloads/1968/11nov/19681105-EO-0156-FM.pdf) (PDF), 1968, The Official Gazette,
retrieved 9 November 2023

54. Executive Order No. 150; et al. (12 January 1994), Amending Executive Order No. 156, series of
1968, as Amended by Executive Order No. 163, series of 1968, Constituting the "Fund for
Assistance to Private Education" as An Irrevocable Trust, Creating a "Private Education Assistance
Committee" as Trustee, and Providing for the Management thereof (https://www.officialgazette.g
ov.ph/downloads/1994/01jan/19940110-EO-0150-FVR.pdf) (PDF), 1994, The Official Gazette,
retrieved 9 November 2023

55. "Tuition Nation" (http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20080616-71121.ht

ml) . The Straits Times. AsiaOne. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

56. "South African Schools Act (No. 84 of 1996)" (http://www.polity.org.za/article/south-african-sc

hools-act-no-84-of-1996-1996-01-01) . Polity.org.za. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
180609141511/http://www.polity.org.za/article/south-african-schools-act-no-84-of-1996-1996-
01-01) from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
57. "Institute of Race Relations (IRR) — Institute of Race Relations" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0140221235521/http://www.sairr.org.za/sairr-today-1/research-and-policy-brief-model-c-is-the
-model-to-emulate-1-february-2011) . Sairr.org.za. Archived from the original (http://www.sairr.
org.za/sairr-today-1/research-and-policy-brief-model-c-is-the-model-to-emulate-1-february-201
1) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

58. "Making money from schools: The Swedish model" (http://www.economist.com/business/disp

laystory.cfm?story_id=11535645) . The Economist. 12 June 2008. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20161226014533/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id
=11535645) from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

59. "Made in Sweden: the new Tory education revolution" (https://web.archive.org/web/200906270

82940/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/526631/made-in-sweden-the-new-t
ory-education-revolution.thtml) . The Spectator. 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.
spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/526631/made-in-sweden-the-new-tory-education-revol
ution.thtml) on 27 June 2009.

60. Baker, Mike (5 October 2004). "Swedish parents enjoy school choice" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/
hi/education/3717744.stm) . BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090504022545/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3717744.stm) from the original on 4 May 2009.
Retrieved 28 March 2009.

61. "Embracing private schools: Sweden lets companies use taxes for cost-efficient alternatives" (h
ttp://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/11/embracing-private-schools/) .
Washington Times. 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090503073430/http://ww
w.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/11/embracing-private-schools/) from the original
on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

62. Munkhammar, Johnny (25 May 2007). "How choice has transformed education in Sweden" (htt
ps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435386/How-choice-has-transformed-education-in-Sweden.
html) . London: The Telegraph. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100530201829/htt
p://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435386/How-choice-has-transformed-education-in-Sweden.ht
ml) from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.

63. "The UK Private Education System: a Guide - Lumos Education" (https://lumoseducation.com/u

k-private-school-system-a-guide/) . 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2025.

64. "Private schools in the UK" (https://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/choosing-a-school/independ

ent-schools/uk-independent-schools-explained) . The Good Schools Guide. 9 April 2015.
Retrieved 2 February 2025.
65. Green, Francis; Kynaston, David (2019). Engines of privilege : Britain's private school problem.
London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-5266-0127-8. OCLC 1108696740 (https://search.worldcat.or
g/oclc/1108696740) .

66. "ISC Annual Census 2007" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224306/http://www.isc.co.u

k/publication_8_0_0_11_258.htm) . Isc.co.uk. 4 May 2007. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.isc.co.uk/publication_8_0_0_11_258.htm) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 25 September
2011.

67. "Help and advice on finding the right school for your child" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100
109161918/http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/education-advice-and-help/scholarships-and-
bursaries/money-matters.html?Itemid=52) . The Good Schools Guide. Archived from the
original (http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/education-advice-and-help/scholarships-and-bur
saries/money-matters.html?Itemid=52) on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2011.

68. Vasagar, Jeevan (15 August 2010). "A-level results: Public schools expected to take lion's share
of new A* grades" (https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/aug/15/a-level-results-priva
te-schools) . The Guardian. London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2016092719564
0/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/aug/15/a-level-results-private-schools)
from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

69. "ISC Social Diversity Study" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111011164224/http://www.isc.co.

uk/Publications_ISCSocialDiversitySurvey.htm) . Isc.co.uk. 1 March 2006. Archived from the
original (http://www.isc.co.uk/Publications_ISCSocialDiversitySurvey.htm) on 11 October
2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.

70. Sullivan, A., Parsons, S., Wiggins, R., Heath, A., & Green, F. (2014). Social origins, school type
and higher education destinations. Oxford Review of Education, 40(6), 739–763.

71. Sullivan, A., Parsons, S., Green, F., Wiggins, R. D., & Ploubidis, G. (2017). The path from social
origins to top jobs: social reproduction via education. The British journal of sociology.

72. "A comparison of Academic Achievement in Independent and State Schools" (https://www.isc.
co.uk/media/3140/16_02_26-cem-durham-university-academic-value-added-research.pdf)
(PDF). Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring, Durham University.

73. "Home :: Independent Schools Inspectorate" (https://www.isi.net/) . www.isi.net. Retrieved

22 September 2023.

74. "Home" (http://www.scis.org.uk) . SCIS. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

75. "Special needs schools" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090503063906/http://www.scis.org.u
k/schools/special-needs-schools) . Archived from the original (http://www.scis.org.uk/school
s/special-needs-schools) on 3 May 2009.

76. "Facts and Statistics: Pupil numbers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140228125913/http://w

ww.scis.org.uk/facts-and-statistics/pupil-numbers) . Scottish Council of Independent
Schools. Archived from the original (http://www.scis.org.uk/facts-and-statistics/pupil-number
s/) on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.

77. "Public Benefit » SCIS" (http://www.scis.org.uk/public-affairs/public-benefit/) . scis.org.uk.

78. "Number of private schools, by religious orientation and community type: 1989–90 through
2005–06" (http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/tables/table_whs_01.asp) . Nces.ed.gov. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170504022721/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/tables/table
_whs_01.asp) from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

79. Riser-Kositsky, Maya (3 January 2019). "Education Statistics: Facts About American Schools"
(https://www.edweek.org/leadership/education-statistics-facts-about-american-schools/2019/
01) . Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4232) .
Retrieved 26 January 2025.

80. Schaeffer, Katherine (6 June 2024). "U.S. public, private and charter schools in 5 charts" (http
s://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/06/06/us-public-private-and-charter-schools-in-5-
charts/) . Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 January 2025.

81. Membership (https://www.nais.org/about/index.cfm?ItemNumber=145935&sn.ItemNumber=1

482&tn.ItemNumber=62506) , NAIS website, accessed October 6, 2010

82. How do you define independent school? What is the definition of independent school? (https://
parents.nais.org/learn/what-are-independent-private-schools/) Retrieved June 23, 2018.

83. "About NAICU" (https://www.naicu.edu/about-naicu) . Naicu.edu. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

84. "State Regulations of Private Schools" (http://www2.ed.gov/admins/comm/choice/regprivsch

l/regprivschl.pdf) (PDF). US Department of Education. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20150618111629/http://www2.ed.gov/admins/comm/choice/regprivschl/regprivschl.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

85. "CAPE | Private School Facts" (http://www.capenet.org/facts.html) . www.capenet.org.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180913051858/http://capenet.org/facts.html)
from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

86. "Vouchers" (https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/action-center/our-issues/vouchers) .

National Education Association. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
87. Witham, Joan. (1997). "Public or private schools? A dilemma for gifted students?" Roeper
Review, 19, pp. 137–141.

88. R. Scott Asen (23 August 2012). "Is Private School Not Expensive Enough?" (https://www.nytim
es.com/2012/08/24/opinion/is-private-school-not-expensive-enough.html) (Op-ed by
informed person). New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120824231327/h
ttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/opinion/is-private-school-not-expensive-enough.html)
from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.

Further reading

Going to private school won’t make a difference to your kid’s academic scores (https://theconvers
ation.com/going-to-private-school-wont-make-a-difference-to-your-kids-academic-scores-17563
8) The Conversation (2022)